Translation Exercise About The Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases, which include diseases of the heart, are the leading cause of death worldwide.
The majority of cardiovascular disease is noncommunicable and related to lifestyle and other factors,
becoming more prevalent with ageing. Heart disease is a major cause of death, accounting for an
average of 30% of all deaths in 2008, globally. This rate varies from a lower 28% to a high 40% in
high-income countries. Doctors that specialise in the heart are called cardiologists.
Diagnosis
Heart disease is diagnosed by the taking of a medical history, a cardiac examination, and further
investigations, including blood tests, echocardiograms, electrocardiograms, and imaging. Other
invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterisation can also play a role.
Examination
The cardiac examination includes inspection, feeling the chest with the hands (palpation) and listening
with a stethoscope (auscultation). It involves assessment of signs that may be visible on a person's
hands (such as splinter haemorrhages), joints and other areas. A person's pulse is taken, usually at the
radial artery near the wrist, in order to assess for the rhythm and strength of the pulse. The blood
pressure is taken, using either a manual or automatic sphygmomanometer or using a more invasive
measurement from within the artery. Any elevation of the jugular venous pulse is noted. A person's
chest is felt for any transmitted vibrations from the heart, and then listened to with a stethoscope.
Ischemic Heart Disease
Coronary artery disease, also known as ischemic heart disease, is caused by atherosclerosis—a build-
up of fatty material along the inner walls of the arteries. These fatty deposits known as atherosclerotic
plaques narrow the coronary arteries, and if severe may reduce blood flow to the heart. If a narrowing
(or stenosis) is relatively minor then the patient may not experience any symptoms. In this case a clot
or thrombus can form, blocking the artery, and restricting blood flow to an area of heart muscle
causing a myocardial infarction (a heart attack) or unstable angina. In the worst case this may cause
cardiac arrest, a sudden and utter loss of output from the heart. Obesity, high blood pressure,
uncontrolled diabetes, smoking and high cholesterol can all increase the risk of developing
atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.
Heart failure
Heart failure is defined as a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the
demands of the body. Patients with heart failure may experience breathlessness especially when lying
flat, as well as ankle swelling, known as peripheral oedema. Heart failure is the result of many
diseases affecting the heart, but is most commonly associated with ischemic heart disease, valvular
heart disease, or high blood pressure. Less common causes include various cardiomyopathies. Heart
failure is frequently associated with weakness of the heart muscle in the ventricles (systolic heart
failure), but can also be seen in patients with heart muscle that is strong but stiff (diastolic heart
failure). Patients with heart failure are at higher risk of developing dangerous heart rhythm
disturbances or arrhythmias.
Cardiomyopathies
Cardiomyopathies are diseases affecting the muscle of the heart. Some cause abnormal thickening of
the heart muscle (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), some cause the heart to abnormally expand and
weaken (dilated cardiomyopathy), some cause the heart muscle to become stiff and unable to fully
relax between contractions (restrictive cardiomyopathy) and some make the heart prone to abnormal
heart rhythms (arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy). These conditions are often genetic and can be
inherited, but some such as dilated cardiomyopathy may be caused by damage from toxins such as
alcohol. Some cardiomyopathies such as hypertrophic cardiomopathy are linked to a higher risk of
sudden cardiac death, particularly in athletes. Many cardiomyopathies can lead to heart failure in the
later stages of the disease.
Cardiac arrhythmias
Abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias may be asymptomatic or may cause palpitations, blackouts, or
breathlessness. Some types of arrhythmia such as atrial fibrillation increase the long term risk of
stroke. Some arrhythmias cause the heart to beat abnormally slowly, referred to as a bradycardia or
bradyarrhythmia. This may be caused by an abnormally slow sinus node or damage within the cardiac
conduction system. In other arrhythmias the heart may beat abnormally rapidly, referred to as a
tachycardia or tachyarrhythmia.
Konjenital Kalp Hastalığı

Bazı insanlar anormal kalplerle doğarlar ve bu anormallikler konjenital kalp defektleri olarak bilinir.
Bunlar nispeten önemsiz anormalliklerden hayatı tehdit eden ciddi anormalliklere kadar değişebilir.
Yaygın anormallikler arasında ventriküler septal defekt gibi, kalbi iki bölüme ayıran kalp kasını
etkileyen anormallikler yer alır. Halk arasında “kalpte delik” olarak bilinen anormallik de olarak
konjenital kalp hastalığının bir örneğidir. Bazı konjenital kalp defektleri, normalde akciğerlere
döndürülmesi gereken oksijen oranı düşük kanın, vücudun geri kalanına pompalanmasına neden olur.
Bunlar siyanotik konjenital kalp defektleri olarak bilinir ve genellikle daha ciddidir. Büyük doğumsal
kalp kusurları genellikle çocuklukta, doğumdan kısa bir süre sonra veya hatta çocuk doğmadan önce
fark edilir ve nefes darlığına ve daha yavaş bir büyüme hızına neden olur. Konjenital kalp hastalığının
daha minor formları yıllarca fark edilmeden kalabilir ve ancak yetişkinlikte ortaya çıkabilir.

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Cardiovascular Diseases

Konjenital Kalp Hastalığı

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