The Mount of Transfiguration
The Mount of Transfiguration
The Mount of Transfiguration
February 2003
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This is the earliest surviving figural representation of the Transfiguration, a.d.
565–66. Its preservation is due to its remote location at Saint Catherine’s
monastery at Mount Sinai. Christ raises his right hand in the usual benediction
while seven shafts of light radiate out to the world. The intense cerulean blue
of the mandorla, or oval halo, around Christ is the artist’s representation of the
literary image in Exodus 24:10: “Under his feet . . . lapis lazuli clear as the sky,”
thus connecting the two sacred mountains where prophets saw God.
The Mount of Transfiguration
We made known unto you the power and coming of our Lord
Jesus Christ, but were eyewitnesses of his majesty. For he re-
ceived from God the Father honour and glory, when there came
such a voice to him from the excellent glory, This is my beloved
Son, in whom I am well pleased. And this voice which came
from heaven we heard, when we were with him in the holy
mount. We have also a more sure word of prophecy; whereunto
ye do well that ye take heed. (2 Pet. 1:16–19)
1
Concerning the account, Joseph said: “of which account the fulness ye
have not yet received.” Joseph Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, vol. 1, comp. B. H. Roberts (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book,
1973), 208.
2
Terence V. Smith, Petrine Controversies in Early Christianity: Attitudes to-
wards Peter in Christian Writings of the First Two Centuries (Tübingen, Germany:
Gulde-Druck GmbH, 1985), 170.
3
See Raymond E. Brown, Karl P. Donfried, and John Reumann, eds., Peter
in the New Testament: A Collaborative Assessment by Protestant and Roman Catholic
Scholars, 155; T. Smith, 139–40; Jerome H. Neyrey, The Anchor Bible: 2 Peter,
Jude, vol. 37c (New York: Doubleday, 1993), 171–72.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 57
Literary Context
Historical Context
And Moses went up into the mount, and a cloud covered the
mount. And the glory of the Lord abode upon mount Sinai,
and the cloud covered it six days: and the seventh day he called
unto Moses out of the midst of the cloud. And the sight of the
glory of the Lord was like devouring fire on the top of the
mount in the eyes of the children of Israel. And Moses went
into the midst of the cloud, and gat him up into the mount:
and Moses was in the mount forty days and forty nights. (Ex.
24:15–18)
4
Bruce Chilton, “Transfiguration,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 6, ed.
David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 640–42.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 59
when he received the law. Thus, the parallels between the Mount
of Transfiguration and Moses’ experiences on Mount Sinai indi-
cate that the sacred events on the mountains were similar in sig-
nificance. Just as Moses was the receiver of sacred revelation on
Sinai which included the divine dispensation of the law,
covenants, and commandments which governed Israel, so also
would Peter, James, and John receive sacred covenants and teach-
ings which would enable them, with Peter at their head, to lead
the Church after the death of Christ.
Synoptic Accounts
And after six days Jesus taketh Peter, James, and John his
brother, and bringeth them up into an high mountain apart,
And was transfigured before them: and his face did shine as the
sun, and his raiment was white as the light. And, behold, there
appeared unto them Moses and Elias talking with him. Then
answered Peter, and said unto Jesus, Lord, it is good for us to
be here: if thou wilt, let us make here three tabernacles; one for
thee, and one for Moses, and one for Elias. While he yet spake,
behold, a bright cloud overshadowed them: and behold a voice
out of the cloud, which said, This is my beloved Son, in whom
I am well pleased; hear ye him. And when the disciples heard
[it], they fell on their face, and were sore afraid. And Jesus came
and touched them, and said, Arise, and be not afraid. And
when they had lifted up their eyes, they saw no man, save Jesus
only. And as they came down from the mountain, Jesus charged
them, saying, Tell the vision to no man, until the Son of man
be risen again from the dead. (Matt. 17:1–9).
5
T. Smith, 203.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 61
his sayings” before he led them up into the mountain (JST Mark
9:1). Luke includes that one of Jesus’ purposes for ascending the
mountain was to pray (Luke 9:28–29), lending itself to the inter-
pretation that the transfiguration was to take place in a sacred, set
apart place. Jesus’ injunction to Peter, James, and John emphasized
the sacredness of the experience: “Tell the vision to no man, until
the Son of man be risen again from the dead” (Matt. 17:9; see also
Mark 9:9; Luke 9:36).
“After six days Jesus taketh Peter, James, and John his brother,
and bringeth them up into an high mountain apart” (Matt. 17:1).
Here, Matthew emphasized Christ’s removal of Peter, James, and
John to a sacred space in a secret setting. Jesus took παραλαµ-
βáνει Peter, James, and John unto himself. This removal has the
connotation of being taken to oneself, being taken with, or being
received with favor.6 Matthew stressed this taking of Peter, James,
and John as Jesus “bringeth (ναφéρει) them up into a high
mountain.” This emphatic repetition of being taken or led up is
reminiscent of religious, sacrificial rituals and could also be trans-
lated as “to bring up,” “to uphold,” “to offer” (in sacrifice), or “to
restore.”7 The fact that Jesus took them “into a high mountain
apart” emphasizes the secrecy of this removal to a sacred location.
The phrase κατ δíαν literally means “privately, by oneself.”8
Mark emphasized that Jesus took them “apart by themselves,”
illustrating the desire for solitude during these events.9 The
6
Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other
Early Christian Literature, 2d ed., trans. William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 619. See also F. Wilbur Gingrich,
Shorter Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, 2d ed., rev. Frederick W. Danker
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 149.
7
Henry George Liddell, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon: Founded
upon the Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1997), 64. See also Bauer 1979, 63.
8
Liddell, 375. See also Bauer 1979, 371.
9
C. S. Mann, The Anchor Bible: Mark (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1986), 361.
62 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
10
For a discussion of what constitutes a temple and its ritual in the ancient
Near East, see John M. Lundquist, “What Is a Temple? A Preliminary Typology,”
Temples of the Ancient World: Ritual and Symbolism, ed. Donald W. Parry (Salt
Lake City: Deseret Book, 1994), 83–117.
11
Stephen D. Ricks, “Christ and the Temple,” unpublished article in pos-
session of author, 9. See also Joseph Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ
of Latter-day Saints, vol. 4 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1980), 608; hereafter
cited as J. Smith 1980a.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 63
sacredness.12 Joseph Smith taught that one reason why Christ re-
moved Peter, James, and John to the high mountain was so they
could receive the fulness of the priesthood,13 often described as re-
ceiving the temple endowment.14
Although the location of the mountain does not determine
the occurrence of sacred events upon it, traditions of a mountain
location for sacred events are significant in establishing a strong
precedent for future sacred events on the same mountain. New
Testament accounts do not name the mountain upon which the
transfiguration occurred; however, tradition holds to two possible
sites: Mount Tabor and Mount Hermon. Although the Old
Testament texts associated both mountains with holy and sacred
locations of righteousness, the arguments for Mount Hermon as
the location of the transfiguration are more convincing.
Mount Tabor. Moses identified Tabor as a place of worship for
the tribes of Zebulun and Issachar. “And of Zebulun he said,
Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out; and, Issachar, in thy
tents. They shall call the people unto the mountain; there they shall
offer sacrifices of righteousness: for they shall suck of the
12
Donald W. Parry, “Sacred Space and Profane Space,” Temples of the
Ancient World: Ritual and Symbolism, ed. Donald W. Parry (Salt Lake City:
Deseret Book, 1994), 415–16.
13
For a discussion on Christ also receiving the fulness of the priesthood on
the mount, see Joseph Smith, The Words of Joseph Smith, comp. Andrew F. Ehat
and Lyndon W. Cook (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young
University, 1980), 246, 307, n. 38; hereafter cited as J. Smith 1980b.
14
See Ricks, 10. To the significance of Peter, James, and John receiving their
temple endowment on the mount, he quotes Heber C. Kimball,
Jesus took Peter, James, and John into a high mountain, and there gave them
their [temple] endowment. . . . For the same purpose has the Lord called us up
into these high mountains, that we may become kings and priests unto God,
which we never can be lawfully until we are ordained and sealed to that power,
for the kingdom of God is a kingdom of kings and priests, and will rise in
mighty power in the last days.
Heber C. Kimball, “Proclamation of the Gospel to the Dead,” Journal of
Discourses, vol. 9 (London: Latter-day Saints’ Book Depot, 1854–86), 327.
64 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
1
According to an old tradition, Christ had left Caesarea Philippi, and
the scene of the Transfiguration was Mount Tabor. But (1) there is no
notice of His departure, such as in generally made by St. Mark; (2)
on the contrary, it is mentioned by St. Mark as after the
Transfiguration (ix. 30); (3) Mount Tabor was at that time crowned by
a fortified city, which would render it unsuitable for the scene of the
Transfiguration. 17
15
See also Rafael Frankel, “Tabor, Mount,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 6,
ed. David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 305.
16
Ibid.
17
Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, vol. 2, (Grand
Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1950), 92.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 65
18
This reference is one of only two Old Testament references to eternal life:
“life for evermore” (Ps. 133:3) and “life everlasting” (Dan. 12:2).
19
R. H. Charles, ed., The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament
in English, rev. ed., vol. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), 440.
66 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
20
Louis Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, trans. Henrietta Szold, vol. 3
(Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1937), 83; vol. 6, 31–32.
21
Rami Arav, “Hermon, Mount,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 3, ed. David
Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 158–59.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 67
The Transfiguration
22
Bauer 1979, 511.
23
Ricks describes how the transfiguration of Christ itself was a type of a sa-
cred garment used in rituals and temple settings. “The white linen clothing that
the priests wore while performing their ceremonies and the white linens of the
Dead Sea Scrolls covenanters were but a pale reflection of the blinding brightness
of the raiment of Christ’s clothing.” Ricks, 9.
24
Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III, Dictionary
of Biblical Imagery (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1998), 330.
68 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
25
W. F. Albright and C. S. Mann, The Anchor Bible: Matthew, vol. 26 (New
York: Doubleday, 1971), 220. See also Esdras 7:97; and Rev. 1:14–16.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 69
mine own eyes have beheld God; but not my natural, but my spir-
itual eyes, for my natural eyes could not have beheld; for I should
have withered and died in his presence; but his glory was upon
me; and I beheld his face, for I was transfigured before him”
(Moses 1:11). As Moses descended Mount Sinai with the covenant,
he “wist not that the skin of his face shone while he talked with
[God]”; however, Aaron and all the children of Israel witnessed
that his face shone after being in the presence of the Lord (Ex.
34:29–35). Joseph Smith taught that Peter, James, and John were
also transfigured on the mount.26 In both cases, the transfiguration
before the presence of the Lord was likely a result of divine glory
being extended to mortals in a divine presence so that they could
withstand his glory.
26
J. Smith 1980a, vol. 3, 387.
27
While Elias is also used as a title of one who is sent to prepare the way for
the coming of Christ, in this context, it is the Greek version of the Hebrew name
Elijah. Elijah would be known as an Elias, As was John the Baptist, both of
whom had roles in preparing for the mission of Jesus Christ. See Bauer 1979, 345.
See also JST Mark 9:3 which states that John the Baptist also appeared during the
transfiguration.
28
Ryken, 859. Albright, 220. See Rebecca L. Sybrowsky, “The Leadership of
Peter in the Early Christian Church” (master’s thesis, BYU, 2002), ch. 4, for the
historical context of the Jewish respect for the Law and Prophets.
70 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
29
See also Ginzberg 1937, vol. 4, 286, 303.
30
Ryken, 859. See ch. 4, “Upon this Rock,” for a discussion of keys, specif-
ically those which were promised to Peter.
31
J. Smith 1980a, vol. 3, 387.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 71
Testament accounts reveal that Moses held the keys to the law and
to the gathering of Israel while Elijah held the keys to the sealing
of the heavens (see Ex. 3:7–10, 16–17; 1 Kings 17:1–7; 18:1). As
Peter, James, and John received the governing keys of the king-
dom, Moses and Elijah’s presence on the mount suggested that it
was at this time that they conferred their keys upon the apostles.
The Law and the Prophets. As the receiver of the law, Moses
typified the commandments of the Lord and adherence to the
Jewish customs that distinguished Israel from other nations. The
Law of Moses was so significant that Jesus taught several times
that he would not destroy the law but that he would fulfill it.
“Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I
am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. For verily I say unto you, Till
heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass
from the law, till all be fulfilled” (Matt. 5:17–18; see also Luke
16:16–17; 24:44). John later testified that Jesus fulfilled the law:
“For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by
Jesus Christ” (John 1:17). As the leader who received the law,
Moses also held the responsibility to gather Israel to their prom-
ised land (Ex. 3:7–10, 16–17). While this commission was physical,
it also typified a spiritual gathering through obedience to the law,
commandments, and covenants. Thus, Moses not only was sym-
bolic of the Law, but he also represented the physical and spiritual
gathering of Israel to the Savior.
Like Moses, Elijah stands out among the Old Testament
prophets of Israel, being “traditionally held to be the greatest
Hebrew prophet” whose return would be a necessary prelude to
the deliverance and restoration of Israel.32 Malachi spoke of both
Moses and Elijah as he prophesied of the destruction of the
wicked before the coming of Christ in the final days of the earth’s
32
F. L. Cross, ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 2d edition,
rev. F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978),
451–52.
72 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
33
Jerome T. Walsh, “Elijah,” Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 2, ed. David Noel
Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 465. See also Louis Ginzberg, Legends
of the Bible (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1956),
600–01.
34
J. Smith 1980a, vol. 4, 211.
35
Ginzberg 1937, vol. 6, 318–19.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 73
to a worthy servant from the hand of the Lord in a cloud. The di-
alogue in Matthew 16:13–20 and Peter’s presence on the Mount of
Transfiguration reveals that Jesus had judged Simon Peter to be
such a servant who was worthy to hold the keys of the kingdom
of God (see Matt. 16:13–20). Thus, these keys are likely the keys of
the binding and loosening of the heavens which Jesus had prom-
ised Peter that he would receive for the governing of the Church
(Matt. 16:18–19).
The Translation of Moses and Elijah. The traditions of their
translations partially explain Moses and Elijah’s physical presence
on the mount. While the Old Testament text attested to the trans-
lation of Elijah, it recorded that Moses died, but left some uncer-
tainty because no one knew where his sepulcher was: “So Moses
the servant of the Lord died there in the land of Moab, according
to the word of the Lord. And he buried him in a valley in the land
of Moab, over against Bethpeor: but no man knoweth of his sepul-
chre unto this day. And Moses was an hundred and twenty years
old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force
abated” (Deut. 34:5–7).
Although Deuteronomy offered a vague account of Moses’
death, Josephus repeated a tradition that Moses “disappeared” or
was translated:
36
Ibid., vol. 4, 286, 303.
74 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
38
Pheme Perkins, Peter: Apostle for the Whole Church (Columbia, SC:
University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 60.
39
See J. Smith, vol. 1, 36; vol. 5, 152.
40
Martin Hengel, Studies in the Gospel of Mark, trans. John Bowden
(Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985), 62.
76 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
43
Fitzmyer discusses Luke’s word choice in the phrase “gradually withdrew
from him” (vs. 33). He identifies it as literally meaning “‘in their withdrawing
from him.’ Luke uses en to + [infinitive]. . . . The [infinitive] is present, suggest-
ing gradual withdrawal.” Joseph A. Fitzmyer, The Anchor Bible: Luke, vol. 28
(New York: Doubleday, 1981), 801.
44
There are references to an eighth day of the festival celebrations, which
may explain why Luke placed the transfiguration eight days after Peter’s confes-
sion at Caesarea Philippi while Matthew and Mark place the events six days
apart. See Lev. 23:37, 39; Num. 29:35.
78 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
indicated his confusion over the purpose of Moses and Elijah’s ap-
pearance and the current festival.
Terrence Smith discusses the significance of Peter’s comment
in Mark 9:5–6, as these verses, like Mark 8:29–33, “single Peter out
for special mention. His proposal to build tabernacles for the three
heavenly figures (v.5) elicits the Markan comment ‘for he did not
know what to say, for they were afraid’ (v. 6) which would seem to
indicate that the writer thought the proposal was inappropriate for
the occasion.” Smith goes on to propose some possible interpreta-
tions of Peter’s suggestion to build three tabernacles. He argues
that “it does seem clear that Peter wished to construct more per-
manent dwelling-places for the heavenly figures;” however, what is
unclear are Peter’s motives behind the suggestion. Perhaps Peter
merely wished to observe the rituals of the festival, or maybe he
was expressing hope that the building of tabernacles would “en-
sure that the presence of the transfigured Jesus would not be tem-
porary.” A final reason suggested by Smith is that Peter was show-
ing an incorrect assumption in looking at the transfiguration as
the parousia, or the coming of Christ, instead of recognizing it as
a preview of the parousia.45 While there are several possible mean-
ings of and motives behind Peter’s suggestion to build tabernacles
on the mount, the only explanation the New Testament offers is
simply that which Mark proposed: “he wist not what to say; for
they were sore afraid” (Mark 9:6).
Fear. Although they noted the apostle’s fear at different times
during the course of events on the mount, each of the Synoptics
recorded that the disciples were afraid during at least some of the
events. Luke tells us that they were within the cloud which over-
shadowed them, and “and they feared as they entered into the
cloud” (Luke 9:34). Mark described their fear at the time of Moses
and Elias’ appearance. Matthew recorded their fear after they
heard the voice of God the Father: “And when the disciples heard
45
T. Smith, 171–72.
SYBROWSKY: MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION 79
it, they fell on their face, and were sore afraid. And Jesus came and
touched them, and said, Arise, and be not afraid” (Mark 17:6–7).
Mann suggests that a better translation of Mark’s word for fear,
εκφοβοι, would be “religious awe.”46 This is significant because it
indicates that the events on the mount were of so sacred a nature
that they inspired religious awe from Peter, James, and John.
Because such an emotion would likely not be a momentary sensa-
tion, it is probable that their “religious awe” continued during sev-
eral of the forthcoming events on the mount.
46
Mann, 360.
47
Albright, 220.
48
Mann, 361.
80 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
the disciples implies that Jesus likely gave instruction to the apos-
tles in that sacred setting; however, while some gnostic texts pur-
port to contain the Savior’s revelation to the disciples on the
mount,50 the New Testament accounts did not record the instruc-
tions the Savior gave his disciples on that occasion. The cloud left
suddenly, enabling them to see. As they looked around, they
found themselves alone with Jesus on the mount who enjoined
them not to be afraid (Matt. 17:8; Mark 9:8; Luke 9:36).
Although there is no biblical record of Jesus’ instructions to
his disciples at that time, it is clear that on the mount, “the three
disciples are represented as witnessing an event with eschatologi-
cal significance.”51 Joseph Smith recorded that those who endure
in faith and obey God’s will, “the same shall overcome, and shall
receive an inheritance upon the earth when the day of transfigu-
ration shall come; When the earth shall be transfigured, even
according to the pattern which was shown unto mine apostles
upon the mount; of which account the fulness ye have not yet
received.” 52
The Commission
49
Fitzmyer, 802.
50
Gnostic sources identify the transfiguration as the source of Peter’s au-
thority, when he received the gnosis, or knowledge, from Christ. “Then a great
light appeared so that the mountain shone from the light of him who had ap-
peared. And a voice called out to them saying, ‘Listen to my words that I may
speak to you. . . . I am Jesus Christ who am with you forever.” “The Letter of
Peter to Philip” 8.134.9–18 in The Nag Hammadi Library, rev. ed., ed. James M.
Robinson (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1990), 434.
51
T. Smith, 171.
52
J. Smith 1980a, vol. 1, 208.
82 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
it close, and told no man in those days any of those things which
they had seen” (Luke 9:36). After they descended the mountain,
the disciples kept the charge the Savior gave them to keep the
events both sacred and secret. While Peter, James, and John ques-
tioned among themselves the meaning of the phrase “the rising
from the dead,” they asked the Savior “Why say the scribes that
Elias must first come?” Jesus replied, “Elias truly shall first come,
and restore all things. But I say unto you, That Elias is come
already, and they knew him not, but have done unto him whatso-
ever they listed. Likewise shall also the Son of man suffer of them.”
Thus, Jesus, in teaching of his coming crucifixion, testified that
just as Elias suffered at the hand of the scribes and the leaders of
the Jews, the Son of Man also “must suffer many things, and be
set at nought.” The disciples then understood that Jesus was iden-
tifying the Elias which the scribes referred to as John the Baptist
(Matt. 17:10–13; Mark 9:10–13).
“Now, there is some grand secret here, and keys to unlock the
subject. . . . And though they had heard an audible voice from
heaven bearing testimony that Jesus was the Son of God, yet he
says we have a more sure word of prophecy, whereunto ye do
well that ye take heed as unto a light shining in a dark place.
53
Bauer, 1979, 138.
84 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
“Now for the secret and grand key. Though they might hear the
voice of God and know that Jesus was the Son of God, this
would be no evidence that their election and calling was made
sure, that they had part with Christ, and were joint heirs with
him. They then would want that more sure word of prophecy,
that they were sealed in the heavens and had the promise of
eternal life in the kingdom of God. Then, having this promise
sealed unto them, it was an anchor to the soul, sure and stead-
fast. Though the thunders might roll and lightnings flash, and
earthquakes bellow, and war gather thick around, yet this hope
and knowledge would support the soul in every hour of trial,
trouble and tribulation. Then knowledge through our Lord and
Savior Jesus Christ is the grand key that unlocks the glories and
mysteries of the kingdom of heaven.”54
sure word of prophecy received on the mount (2 Pet. 1:19) and his
“authority to interpret the words of Scripture, especially the
prophecies (1:20–21).”56 Terence Smith also discusses Peter’s expe-
riences at the transfiguration as the source of his authority. “In 2
Peter, Peter’s authority rests upon his vision of the Lord’s majesty
at the Transfiguration (1:16–18), an experience which legitimizes
his role as a sure foundation against the ‘myths’ and ‘false words’
of the opponents.” Smith goes on to discuss how in the
Apocalypse of Peter, the transfiguration is used to emphasize
Peter’s position as the founder of the gnostic community. This
portrayal of Peter includes his capacity to convey authoritative in-
terpretations not only because he was the ruler of the community
but also because the Savior explained to him the meanings of key
religious events.57 “And [Christ] said unto [Peter], ‘Be strong for
you are the one to whom these mysteries have been given, to know
them through revelation.’”58 Thus, both 2 Pet. and some extra-bib-
lical sources asserted that the revelation which Peter received on
the mountain, in part, provided a basis for his authority.59
Conclusion
56
Brown, 155.
57
T. Smith, 139–40.
58
“Apocalypse of Peter,” 7.3 in The Nag Hammadi Library, rev. ed., ed.
James M. Robinson (San Francisco: HarperCollins Publishers, 1990), 377.
59
While some gnostic texts attest to the leadership of Peter, they base Peter’s
leadership on the gnosis he received from Christ. In the tradition of Matthew
16:13–20, Peter was described as the one who received revelation; however, the
gnostic interpretation replaced the leadership keys and authority Peter received
with the gnosis or understanding of the mysteries. For a more in-depth discus-
sion of the gnostic interpretation of the Matthew 16 and 17 passages to solidify
their claim for pre-eminence by declaring that Peter was given the “gnosis” rather
than revelation see T. Smith, 131–33.
86 STUDIA ANTIQUA • Vol 2 No 2 • FALL 2002
upon the mount that Peter received the governing authority over
the church. In addition to the appearance of Moses and Elijah, the
transfiguration of Jesus, and the voice of the Father witnessing
the divinity of the Son, it was there that Old Testament prophets
endowed the keys of the kingdom upon Peter, James, and John.60
Besides receiving the governing keys, Peter, James, and John were
witnesses to an eschatological vision and recipients of revelation
pertaining to the governing of the kingdom, including temple ex-
periences. Peter would later testify that upon the mount, they re-
ceived the more sure word of prophecy, an assurance that they
would be joint heirs with Jesus Christ, being sealed up to eternal
life (2 Pet. 1:16–19).61
The experiences on the Mount of Transfiguration were a
preparation for the coming crucifixion of Jesus—not only for
Jesus who conversed about his death with Moses and Elijah (Luke
9:28, 31), but likely also for the disciples. Although they did not
fully understand the significance of the events on the mount
(Mark 9:6, 10; Luke 9:33), Christ taught them of his impending
crucifixion and endowed them with all the keys and knowledge
necessary for the governing of the Church. Thus, while Peter,
James, and John did not receive a full understanding of the events
to come, the transfiguration experience led the disciples to a
clearer knowledge and understanding of the mission of Jesus
Christ, the saving ordinances, and the ruling of the kingdom of
God on the earth. This event was so significant for Peter’s devel-
opment as the leader of the early Christian Church that later,
when testifying of his authority, he referred to his experience on
the mount as a witness to his right to testify of Christ and to lead
his Church.
60
J. Smith 1980a, vol. 3, 387; see also vol. 5, 152.
61
J. Smith 1980b, 201–02, 204–08.