International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

Dish-Shape Magnetic Flux Concentrator for

Inductive Power Transfer Systems
Marwan H. Mohammed1, Yasir M. Y. Ameen1, and Ahmed A. S. Mohamed2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mosul, Iraq
2
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO 80401-3393, USA
Email: Mar600r@gmail.com; yasir_752000@uomosul.edu.iq; Ahmed.Mohamed@nrel.gov

Abstract—Recently, safety concerns related to electro- resonant frequency (f) [8]-[10]. Consequently, the
magnetic fields (EMFs) in inductive power transfer (IPT) magnetic coupler should be designed to provide high
systems for electric vehicles applications are pointed out. coupling and quality factors to meeting the power transfer
Magnetic flux concentrators are commonly used in the requirement [11]. Typically, an inductive pad consists of
system to direct magnetic field lines and enhance the power
a copper Litz wire that carries the high-frequency current,
transfer capability and efficiency. This article explores the
performance of an IPT system for two different shapes of a magnetic core for directing the flux lines from the
magnetic flux concentrators in terms of magnetic field transmitter toward the receiver, and an aluminum
distribution and power transmission efficiency. The dish- shielding plate for limiting the leakage flux around the
shape and plate-shape flux concentrators are examined and system. Spiral planar coils are typically used in the
compared with a coreless IPT system. A simulation study system to reduce the pad thickness and increase the flux
based on three-dimensional finite-element analysis is carried loops’ travel distance. The magnetic core is placed behind
out to design the magnetic couplers and analyze the IPT the spiral coils to reduce the magnetic path reluctance,
system’s performance. The simulation results are verified enhance the coupling performance, reduce the leakage
analytically and good matches are achieved.
flux and thus increase the values of both k and PTE.
Index Terms—Inductive Power Transfer (IPT), magnetic Exposure to high-frequency EMFs presents a safety
flux concentrator, magnetic field distribution, power concern that has the potential to cause health problems
transfer efficiency, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for humans and living objects in the long-term. Therefore,
the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation
I. INTRODUCTION Protection (ICNIRP) and the World Health Organization
Nikola Tesla dreamed of a ‘‘wireless world’’ at the end (WHO) have attested and issued some guidelines to
of the last century [1]. In fact, we, as researchers, have a ensure the safety of the living objects [12], [13]. For an
dream of providing electrical energy wirelessly through IPT system to meet these safety requirements, leakage
the air as well. The dream has come true recently, as EMFs around the system should be suppressed. For EV
many applications today are based on wireless power inductive charging applications, more attention should be
transfer (WPT) technology, including medical devices, paid to the problem related to exposure to magnetic fields
cell phones, laptops, home appliances and electric due to the high-power operation and large airgap (10-40
vehicles (EVs). Therefore, massive attention has been cm) [7], [14]-[16]. Fig. 1 shows the structure of a typical
given to improve the performance of WPT systems, EV inductive charger along with the distribution of
which is typically measured by the power transmission magnetic fields around the transmitter and receiver coils.
efficiency (PTE) and the compatibility with the safety As it can be noticed, a significant portion of both leakage
requirements [2]-[6]. On this basis, the inductive power and coupled EMFs extend around the system and may
transmission system (IPTS) is one of the best-known present a safety issue if they exceed the standard limits.
WPT technologies that offers the best performance for
high-power applications, such as EV charging. It consists
of two electrically isolated sides. Each side consists of a
power converter, a compensation network, and a power
pad. The power transfer from a primary coil (in the road)
to a secondary coil (in the vehicle) by magnetic induction
while the system operating at resonance [7]. The PTE
depends on the coupling coefficient between the two coils
(k) and the quality factor of each coil, which is related to
the coil’s parameters (inductance and resistance) and

Manuscript received February 11, 2020; revised April 15, 2020; Fig. 1. Structure and operation of an IPT system.
accepted April 29, 2020.
Corresponding author: Marwan H. Mohammed (mar600r@ Different types of EMF shielding techniques are
gmail.com). presented in the literature: passive, active and reactive

©2020 Int. J. Elec. & Elecn. Eng. & Telcomm. 1

doi: 10.18178/ijeetc.200201
 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

shielding, as indicated in Fig. 2 [17]-[19]. Passive shields dimensional (3D) finite-element models (FEMs) for the
show an effective performance for low-power chargers different shapes are developed and analyzed using Ansys
(<50 kW), which can be either a magnetic core, Maxwell software. In addition, circuit models for the
conductive plate or both [20]-[24]. Magnetic core is entire system, including coupler, power converters, and
typically made of a high permeability material such as series-series compensation networks are developed and
ferrite to concentrate and confine the magnetic flux evaluated in the same environment. Both FEMs along
between the coils [18], [19], [25]-[27]. Another fact is with circuit-based models are utilized to design and
that the coil shape has significant impact on the system optimize the proposed dish-shape flux concentrator.
performance and leakage flux. Several coil shapes are
proposed, investigated and compared in the literature; II. NUMERICAL MODELING OF INDUCTIVE COUPLER
however, circular and square coils are the most
A simulation study based on finite element analysis
commonly used due to their simple structure and high
(FEA) has been used to model, design, and analyze the
EMF [28]. Several researches have been conducted
considering the different shapes of the magnetic core for IPT system. The geometric design and the flux
the circular coil. In [29] and [30], a convex-magnetic flux distribution analysis of the inductive coils and their
magnetic flux concentrators have been carried out with
concentrator was proposed in [22], which shows a
the Ansys Maxwell tool. The coils’ parameters are
significant reduction in the magnetic leakage flux and
consequently increasing the coupling performance. extracted from FEA and inserted into a circuit-based
model in Ansys Simplorer to analyze the entire system’s
performance, considering power converters,
compensation networks, and battery load.
A. Design of the Magnetic Coupler Circuit
As stated, the utilization of the ferrite core along with
aluminum plate significantly reduces the leakage flux and
improve the system’s performance [16]. Another
important factor that impacts both k and EMFs is the
shape of the pad. Several shapes pad are presented and
analyzed in the literature, which can be classified into
Non-Polarized Pads (NPP) and polarized pads (PPs).
NPPs consists of a single coil that generates vertical flux
Fig. 2. Types of EMFs shielding for IPT systems. components, such as circular (CP) and rectangular (RP)
pads. PPs consist of multiple-coil that generate both
Different from the abovementioned studies, this paper horizontal and vertical flux components, such as Double-
proposes a dish-shape magnetic flux concentrator for the D (DD), Double-D Quadrature (DDQ), bipolar (BP) and
circular pad. It investigates its performance compared to Quadruple-D pad [31]. These shapes are presented in Fig.
the plate-shape and an air-core coil in terms of coupling 3 and compared in [3] and [32] in terms of design and
factor, PTE, and leakage EMFs. Both dish-shape and applications.
plate-shape flux concentrators are made of ferrite. Three-

Fig. 3. Pad structures for IPT system.

TABLE I: DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE HELIX CP COIL

Coil Parameter Value
Polygon radius 2.5 mm
Coil inner radius 100 mm
Turns space, Rch 7 mm
Number of turns 17

The circular structure is considered in this paper for

simplicity and maturity. The copper coil is modeled as
stranded with large number of strands to emulate Litz wire.
Rectangular cross-section is considered for modeling the
coil to reduce the computational effort, as indicated in Fig.
4. The consists of 17 turns with an inner and outer radius
of 100 mm and 219 mm, respectively, as described in
Fig. 4. Geometry of CP coil. Table I. Both transmitter and receiver coils are identical.

©2020 Int. J. Elec. & Elecn. Eng. & Telcomm. 2

 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

The CP is easy to develop and offers the same tolerance B. Compensation Topologies
for misalignment in all directions. In addition, it offers An effective and efficient power transmission in IPT
the best coupling during the perfect alignment case [26]. systems requires compensation for the large leakage
inductance due to the large air-gap. Resonance network is
typically added to the transmitter and receiver circuits for
this purpose. Four compensation topologies are mainly
used in IPT systems: Series-Series (SS), Series-Parallel
(SP), Parallel-Series (PS), and Parallel-Parallel (PP), as
depicted in Fig. 7. SS topology is considered in this work
due to its simplicity in design, and control, which does
not depend on k and load conditions [26], [33].

(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Magnetic flux concentrators (a) Plate-shape design. (b) Dish-
shape design.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 6. Magnetic coupler structure: (a) air-core concentrator, (b)
conventional plate-shape concentrator, and (c) dish-shape concentrator. Fig. 7. Compensation topology

TABLE II: DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE CONCENTRATORS

III. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF IPT SYSTEM
Plate-shape design Dish-shape design
Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm) The simulation circuit diagram developed in ANSYS
Shielding radius (r) 220 Outer radius (ru) 100 Simplorer is directly linked to the magnetic coupler
Shield thickness (S1) 3 Lower radius (rL) 270 structure created in the Maxwell environment, as
Gap between shield
5 Height (h) 15 indicated in Fig. 8. In fact, FEA in Maxwell provides the
and coil (g)
Material Ferrite Material Ferrite values of the coils' self-inductance, coupling coefficient,
Thickness (S2) 3 and mutual inductance to carry out the simulation of the
IPT system. The system overall efficiency is estimated
The plate-shape and dish-shape magnetic flux for the three magnetic couplers given before with an air
concentrators with ferrite material are designed and gap of 150 mm. The input supply voltage and load
presented in Fig. 5 (a) and (b), respectively. As it can be resistance are selected to be Vs=50V, and RL=7Ω,
noticed, the plate shape is just a flat circular sheet of respectively. Whereas the values of the compensator
ferrite with a radius r, while the dish shape has a small capacitors for the both sides Cp and Cs are calculated
flat sheet with radius rL surrounded by a tilted one with an based on the resonant frequency and self-inductance
outer radius of rU. The dimensions and characteristics of using (1).
both shapes are presented in Table II. The final coupler
1 1
designs considering three cases of flux concentrators are f0   (1)
presented in Fig. 6. The figure shows the air-core pad, 2 Lp C p 2 Ls Cs
conventional plate-shape pad, and the proposed dish-
The resonant frequency is set to be fo=85 kHz, and the
shape pad.
IPT circuit parameters are shown in Table III.

Fig. 8. Circuit diagram of IPT system.

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 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

TABLE III: WPT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS A simulation analysis is performed for measuring the
Parameters Air-core Plate-shape Dish-shape input power (Pin) and output power (Pout) to find out the
concentrator concentrator efficiency of the IPT system. The maximum achievable
Primary coil
resistance, Rp 0.178 Ω 0.178 Ω 0.178 Ω efficiency can be expressed mathematically by (2) [3].
Secondary coil

1  ?
0.178 Ω 0.178 Ω 0.178 Ω 2
resistance, Rs
Primary side max  k 2QP Qs 1  k 2Qp Qs (2)
capacitor, Cp 31.78 nF 20 nF 18.7 nF
Secondary side 31.78 nF 20 nF 18.7 nF
capacitor, Cs where k is the coupling coefficient between coils, Qp, Qs
are quality factor of transmitter and receiver respectively.
The relation between k and the mutual inductance is
given as follows

kM Lp Ls (3)

The quality factors (Qp and Qs) of the coils are related to
their parasitic resistances and self-inductances, as
described by (4).
w0 Lp w0 Ls
Qp  , Qs  (4)
Rp Rs
(a)
where w0 is the angular resonant frequency.
Substituting (3) and (4) in (2), the following equation
is yield:
2
M 2 wo2  M 2 wo2 
max  1  1   (5)
Rp Rs  Rp Rs 
 
According to (5), it can be concluded that the
transmission efficiency is related to M, W0, Rp, and Rs.
The above presented equations are depicted in Fig. 9.
(b) Where, Fig. 9 (a) represents (3) for the variation of k with
Lp and Ls. Whereas, Fig. 9 (b) illustrates the relation of
PTE with k and Q according to (2). Fig. 9 (c) shows the
effect of M and the resonant frequency (w) on the PTE
based on (5). The correlation-free between the PTE with
both Lp and Ls has appeared in Fig. 9 (d).

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The following sections highlight the results achieved
and list some of the interpretations.
A. Analysis of Magnetic Field Distributions by FEM
(c)
As indicated by the ICNIRP standard for WPT
emissions testing instructions, the magnetic field limit is
27μTrms for general-public exposure and 15μTrms in
areas where body-implanted pacemakers are an Interest
[12]. Table IV presents the reference levels for the EMFs
defined by the different standards [11].
TABLE IV: STANDARD REFERENCE LEVELS OF EMFS EXPOSURE
Magnetic field, Brms Electric field, Erms
(µT) (V/m)
Standard
General Occupa- General Occupati-
public tional public onal
ICNIRP 2010
27 100 83 170
(1 Hz – 100 KHz)
IEEE C.95.1 2014
(d) 205 615 614 1842
(3KHz–5 MHz)
Fig .9. (a) The variation of k with Lp and Ls. (b) The relation of PTE
ACGIHTLV 2017
with k and Q. (c) The effect of M and the resonant frequency (w) on the --- 200 --- 1842
(2.5-30) KHz
PTE. (d) The relation of PTE with Lp and Ls.

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 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

(a)
Fig. 11. The variation of the k coefficient with the air-gap

(b)

Fig. 12. FEA results and the calculated results of PTE for the three cases.

Fig. 11 depicts the variation of the k coefficient with

the air-gap for the three presented cases. While, Fig. 12
shows both the FEA simulation results and the
(c) analytically calculated results of PTE for the above cases
Fig .10. Magnetic field distributions analysis of the magnetic coupler: at air-gap equal to 150 mm. The PTEs are almost the
(a) Without concentrator, (b) With traditional plate-shape concentrator, same with a small gain for the dish-shape magnetic flux
and (c) With dish-shape concentrator.
concentrator, but the latter case is preferred for safety
TABLE V: VARIATION OF L, M, AND K VALUES WITH THE AIR-GAP
reasons.
Traditional Dish
Parameter Without concentrator
concentrator concentrator V. CONCLUSION
Air-gap (mm) 100 150 200 100 150 200 100 150 200
Primary Self-
This paper presented a dish-shape magnetic flux
110.3 110.4 110.04 182.55 174.74 172.2 199.39 187.15 183.67
inductance (Lp_µH) concentrator for circular pad in inductive charger for
Secondary Self-
110.3 110.4 110.21 182.52 174.68
172.2
201 188.73 185.27
electric vehicles. A complete design procedure for
inductance (Ls_µH) 3
various magnetic couplers with and without flux
Mutual Inductance
(M_µH)
36.41 23 15.126 80 47.05 29.25 94.73 55.126 34.21 concentrators has been carried out based on 3D FEA. The
Coupling
system performance with the proposed dish-shape flux
0.33 0.208 0.137 0.438 0.269 0.169 0.473 0.293 0.185
Coefficient (K) concentrator has been compared with that with the
conventional plate-shape concentrator. The results show
The magnetic field distributions for the magnetic the dish-shaped concentrator provides less EMFs around
coupler circuit with and without flux concentrators are the system, which allows the system to meet the safety
shown in Fig. 10. For the coils without concentrator requirements defined by the international guidelines. In
structure, there is a sturdy magnetic field distribution addition, it shows a higher coupling performance than the
around the non-effective transmission area as shown in plate-shaped concentrator. This is because of the ability
Fig. 10 (a). For the second case, the use of the plate-shape of the dish-shaped concentrator to direct the magnetic
flux concentrator reduces the divergence of the magnetic flux lines toward the center of the receiver pad. However,
field in the non-effective transmission area and focuses the main challenges for the proposed system are that the
most of the magnetic flux in a targeted direction as shown difficulty of implementation, as it requires special cuts for
in Fig. 10 (b). Whereas the use of the dish-shape flux the magnetic material. This difficulty can be overcome by
concentrator is focusing the field at the center and approximating the shape, considering the commercially
minimizing the leakage flux from the coils shown in Fig. available blocks.
10(c).
The results of the variance for the L, M and k values CONFLICT OF INTEREST
with the air gap for the three cases (as shown in Fig.6) are
presented in Table V. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

©2020 Int. J. Elec. & Elecn. Eng. & Telcomm. 5

 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 585–595,
2012.
Marwan H. Mohammed conducted the research and [16] R. Mai, Y. Liu, Y. Li, P. Yue, G. Cao, and Z. He, “An active-
wrote the paper; Dr. Yasir M.Y. Ameen and Dr. Ahmed rectifier-based maximum efficiency tracking method using an
A. S. Mohamed both made the necessary adjustments and additional measurement coil for wireless power transfer,” IEEE
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analyzed the data; all authors had approved the final
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The authors thank the University of Mosul and the [18] J. Park, D. Kim, K. Hwang, H. H. Park, S. I. Kwak, J. H. Kwon,
and S. Ahn, “A resonant reactive shielding for planar wireless
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 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

and Technology, An International Journal, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 922– Dr. Ahmed A. S. Mohamed received his
937, 2018. B.Sc. (2008) and M.Sc. (2012) degrees in
Electrical Engineering from the Electrical
Copyright © 2020 by the authors. This is an open access article Power and Machines Department, ZU, Egypt.
distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY- He finished his Ph.D. degree in Electrical
NC-ND 4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any Engineering at FIU, Miami, FL, USA, in
medium, provided that the article is properly cited, the use is non- December 2017. Dr. Mohamed is currently a
commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. Research Engineer at the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO
Marwan H. Mohammed received the B.Sc. 80401-3393, USA. From 2008 to 2013, Dr.
degrees from the Electrical Power and Mohamed served as a faculty member at ZU, Egypt. His research focus
Machines Department, Mosul University, Iraq, on electric vehicle wireless charging, power electronics, transportation
in 2014, where he is currently pursuing his electrification, as well as PV power systems. Dr. Mohamed is a Senior
M.Sc. degree in power electronics. His current IEEE member and he was a recipient of the Outstanding Doctoral
research interests include the design and Student Award in fall 2017 from FIU.
analysis of wireless power transfer systems.

Dr. Yasir M. Y. Ameen received bachelor,

master, and Ph.D. degree in Power and
Electrical Machines Engineering from
University of Mosul in 1997, 2000, and 2008
respectively. He is a member in Iraqi
Engineers Union (IEU). He is a Lecturer in
Department of Electrical Engineering. His
research interests include power electronics,
electrical machines and their drives. His
affiliation is Department of Electrical
Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul,
41001, Iraq. Email: yasir_752000@uomosul.edu.iq, Mobile: +964- 770-
164-0663.

©2020 Int. J. Elec. & Elecn. Eng. & Telcomm. 7