T-

AGRO BASED IIMDUSTRIES AND THEIR

IMPACT ON SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT:
A CASE STUDY OF BIJAPUR DISTRICT

By
RAYDURG AKHTARHUSAIN MOHAMMADYUSUF
M A Geography

Under the Guidance of

Dr. S. S. NAREGAL
Professor and Chairman,
Board of Studies in Geography,
Karnatak University, Dharwad

JULY, 1999
 CHAPTER - I

CONCEPTUAL FRAME OF AGRO-BASED

INDUSTRY AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT
- AN OVERVIEW
 CHAPTER I

CONCEPTUAL FRAME OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY

AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT : AN OVERVIEW

Agro-industries play a pivotal role in the economic development of

an agricultural economy like India. It is not only because of their being

labour-intensive and capital saving in character but also because of the

fact that they provide better employment opportunities to the surplus

agricultural labour during off-seasons. According to the Food and

Agriculture Organisation (FAO) these industries provide almost two-thirds

of the employment in developing countries. In India these industries

account for about 48 per cent of total industrial employment. They claim

only 15 per cent of total capital investment and contribute 27 per cent of

the gross output.1 These industries have also proved to be a powerful

instrument for a balanced and decentralised growth of economy leading

to the creation of both backward and forward linkages on large scale by

maximising mutual complementary roles of agriculture and industries.

They also help in checking the unplanned migration of people from rural

to urban areas by way of generating employment opportunities in rural

areas. Their development thus assumes significance for reduction of

1. Gupta, S.K. (1987) "Bharat Mein Krishi Udyog ka Vikas"Yojana Vol.31.

December. 16-31. I’.25.

: Y
¥
 2
excessive pressure of population on agriculture and improvement in the

standard of living of rural labours which in turn would prove the way for

all round development and prosperity of the economy.

The concept of agro-industries is confined not only to those

industries which are engaged in the processing of agricultural produce

as their basic raw materials either for consumption (food crops, sugarcane,

oil seeds, fruits and vegetable etc.,) or for the use of industry (cotton,

jute and other similar products) but also to those industries which

produce inputs for agriculture such as fertilizers, pesticides and

agricultural implements. In other words agro-industries are those which

satisfy the following criteria.2

i. Encourage greater inputs into agriculture; ii. lead to better processing

and conversion of agricultural produce or outputs, iii. insure high returns

on processed goods; and iv.increase agricultural production. Thus, agro­

industries depend not only on the output of agricultural activities but

also on markets for their output which serve as inputs in agricultural

implements, fertilizer and pesticides. It is generally supposed that in

developing countries like India, where labour is surplus and capital is

scarce, labour-intensive mode of production would ease out the problem

of unemployment and which in turn promote both short-term and long-

Venkaiah, V. (1987) “Impact of Agro-based industries on Rural

Economy”, Himalay Publishing House, Bombay, P.22.
 3
term development of the economy.3 It is observed that agro-industries

are more labour intensive than non-agro-industries but these labour-

intensive industries were found to have low labour productivity. Venkaiah

found that the tobacco processing and rice milling are more labour

intensive than the khandasari, while the sugar industry is the most capital

intensive among agro-industries requiring a huge capital investment per

man day of employment.4

The present challenge of correcting the regional imbalance between

rural and urban is an urgent need before our planners since long years.

This imbalance enabled the economy as an outcome of prolonged

stagnation from rural “Bharat” to urban “India”. Therefore, there should

be a proper approach of development to transform undeveloped rural

economy into a developing rural economy. The regional planning

techniques are very helpful for correcting imbalance, if the people have

“big push” with development of initiatives. Rural Economy is very familiar

with agricultural economy where agricultural practices are backward.

But industrialisation will help to develop the economy both in qualitative

and quantitative substances. The strategy of rural industrialisation has

been recognised since these industries create immediate and permanent

3. Mahajan, V.S. (1988) "Labour intensive Techniques: Their long term

gains” Khadi gramodyog, Bombay. Vol.34 February, P.220.

4. Venkaiah. V. (1987) "Impact of Agro-based industries on Rural

Economy”. Himalay Publishing House. Bombay, P.275.
 4
employment both in agriculture and in industry. The question is not

only for rural development but both ‘Industry needs agriculture and

agriculture needs industry".5 Thus the commonly accepted view is that

economic development interpreted as sustained growth is synonymous

with industrialisation.

Agriculture is centre to all rural activities. Though development is

very familiar with growing industries, but however, agriculture must not

be neglected, because it envisages rural development in general and

agriculture industry in particular. The cash crops like sugarcane, cotton,

jute, tobacco etc., are utilised as industrial raw materials. Such agio

based industries have vital employment opportunities both in agriculture

and industrial sectors.

An American economist has also expressed the view that irrespective

of whatever success India might achieve on the industrial front and in

solving the balance of payment problem its economic progress would

depend largely on the development of agriculture. But Indian agriculture

though varied and having a great potentiality is by all definition

backward. However, agro-industries have greater income and employment

opportunities in both sectors. The agro-industries may be set up for

rural development.

o. Bhattachary, S.N. (1980) “Rural Industrialisation in India. Its nature

and problems", B.R.Publishing Corporation. P.5.
 5
Economic development of any region mainly depends on natural

resources available in the region. India has varities of resources differing

from region to region. The regions differ in soil, climate, minerals, forest,

rivers, topography, human potentiality, agricultural yields etc. The

available resources may be used for different industrial purposes. The

resource based industries are mainly catagorised into agro-based, forest

based, mineral based, marine based, animal husbandry and poultry based

industry.6 It has been emphasized that only agro-based industries in

general and the role of agro-produce manufacturing units in particular

should be followed for rural industrialisation. Agro-produce

manufacturing industrial units are entirely new product based on

agricultural produce as the main raw material. "The finished goods will

be entirely different when compared to its original raw material. For

example sugar factories, backery, solvent extraction units, textile mills,

straw board units etc. The small industry extension training institute,

Hyderabad has envisaged the possibilities of various agro produce

manufacturing units which are dependent on agro products.

BASIC INDUSTRY :

The "Basic Industry" comprising the processing of foodgrains.

pulses, oil seeds and sugarcane, has a long history in India. These

6. Jugale Vasant (1987) "Choice of Technology in Developmental Planning

for Rural Industrialisation” Kurukshetra.Vol.35,No.8,PP.4-7.
 6
processing operations have been upgraded with time. The “processed

food industry” is more recent and it has grown and diversified greatly

after independence to provide today a very wide range of food products.

The main raw materials for the industry is supplied by a large number ol

marginal and small farmers. At present 20 million tonnes oi Iruits and

43 million tonnes of vegetable which accounts for 40 per cent of the total

foodgrains output are produced in India. About 30 per cent of this

production is lost because of inadequate facilities for preserving and

packing. This wastage can be avoided. Also there are seasonal variation

in demand and supply of fruits and vegetables and the resultant problem

of unstable prices. The middlemen take advantage of this and exploit

the producers as well as consumers. Thus, the growth of lood processing

industry offer a better deal both to the farmers, and the consumers.7

Agro based industry in India is not a capital intensive but employs

lower intermediate level technology. Thus, the growth of the industry

generates higher levels of employment per unit of capital employed and

output generated especially for unskilled labour in the rural areas.

Production can be organised in small size units in rural and semi-urban

areas with locally available financial resources and entrepreneurial talent.

This industry does not require a higher level of developed infrastructure.

Providing remunerative work in the countryside is now a hallmark of the

7 Choudhari. J.L. (19891 "Agro based and Food Processing Indusiries

- A Review". Khadigramodvog. Vol.36, No. 12, Oct. PP.61-70.
 7

planning exercises and decentralisation is much in air today to pass

authority to panchayats and economic programmes to the masses. Agro-

based industries could certainly provide much needed work to ruralites

if they are properly planned and nursed. In sugarcane producing belts,

cottage and small scale industries could be well developed to engage many

in search of work and wages.8

The basic task of economic planning in India is to bring about a

structural transformation of the economy so as to achieve a high and

sustained rate of growth, a progressive improvement in the standards of

living of the masses leading to eradication of the problems of poverty

and unemployment and building up of a self-reliant socialist economy.9

The objectives of removal of poverty through gainful employment can be

achieved by establishing and developing agro-based industries, which

serve for the promotion of a kind of decentralised economy in that the

opportunities for employment are provided to the rural surplus work

force in the agricultural sector. Rural industrialisation would transform

a stagnant rural economy into a dynamic industrialised economy.

Besides, it would develop local entrepreneurship. Such local

entrepreneurs would gradually emerge with the setting up of agro-based

8. Subramanyam, G. and Narayanrao, V. (1980). “Importance of

Sugarcane Sector in the Indian Economy”. Khadhigramodyog Vol.35,
No.3, December. PP. 157-161.
9. Planning Commission (1980-85) Sixth Five Year Plan. Government
of India, New Delhi, 1981, P.17.
 8

industry. A classic example in this regard is the case of co-operative

sugar factories in Maharashtra where with the establishment of such

processing industries on Co-operative lines, the local agriculturists are

becoming entrepreneurs. However, rural industrial structure should be

diversified to take advantage of encouraging trends in consumer tastes

and technology.10

For rural Indian while agriculture is back-bone, agro-based and food

processing industries can play a dominant role in creating self-employment

and job opportunities in villages itself. It looks so simple, however, that

during last forty years things have changed a lot and food processing has

started attracting big industrialists and boost is in sight.

What is needed in tiny sector to benefit from this opportunity would

be worth exploring.11 The agro-based and food industries are among the

largest generators of employment per rupee invested and even today

account for employment for nearly 19 per cent of Indian labour force. If

the production of food products, both traditional and modern can be

increased to two or three times, it would generate a great deal of

employment, in raw material production, processing and in the marketing

distribution system.

10. Agarwal, A.K. (1991). "Rural Development through Agro-based

industries in North East India A Perspective". Khadigramodvog.
Vol.37, No.6. March. PP.215-224.
11. Choudhari, J.L. (1989). “Agro-based and food processing industries
- A review”, Khadigramodyog, Vol.36, No. 1-12, Oct. PP.61-70.
 9
Agro-industries for Diversified Growth and Employment

An agro-industry is an enterprise that processes bio-mass i.e.,

agricultural raw-materials, which include ground and tree crops as well

as livestock and fisheries to create edible or usable forms, improve storage

and shelf life create value and extract chemicals for other uses. The agro

industry providing the crucial farm-industry linkage which help accelerate

agricultural development by creating backward linkage (supply of credit,

inputs and other production enhancing services) and forward linkages

(processing and marketing) adding value to the farmers produce,

generating employment opportunities and increasing the farmer’s net

income.12

The planners, administrators and political managers all are worried

to increase the employment opportunities and higher capital generation

and distribution in the rural areas. Agricultural production alone cannot

meet these requirements. The agro based industries have to come in a

big way to meet the challenging one. How to organise these agro based

industries in the rural areas is the prime question now. Cottage

industries do exist in our rural areas since long and rural industries are

being promoted by the khadi and village industrial corporation (K.V.I.C.).

Each state has got an organisation called Agro-Industries Corporation

12. Sukhdev Singh (1993) “Agro-Industries for diversified growth and

employment. (Mahajan, V.S. ed). Employment through Rural
Development towards Sustainability”. Deep and Deep Publication
F-159. Rajouri Garden, New Delhi. P.146.
 10
(A.I.C). Then what is now new for consideration in the idea of encouraging

agro-based industries in the rural areas.13

Employment to Rural Folk

No doubt, modernisation of agriculture would be helpful in solving

the basic problems of poverty and unemployment but it is not the only

solution to take the rural backwardness.

Here one of the major areas for generating large scale opportunities

in the agro-based industries which are based on the processing of farm,

horticulture, dairy and allied products. By doing so, pressure on land

will be reduced, insuring thereby an increase in productivity of

agriculture. Agro-industries serve for the promotion of a kind of

decentralised economy in which opportunities for employment are

provided to the rural folk at every neck and corner of the country.

However, the success and the emergence of new industries will depend

on the network of science and technology laid out in the countryside.

Basic infrastructure like power, communication, transport and marketing

etc. would be crucial.14

13. Bhatnagar, A.B.(1993) “A Model for Rural Industrial Estates”.

(Mahajan, V.S. ed) Employment through rural development towards
sustainability. Deep and Deep publication. F-159. Rajouri Garden
New Delhi. PP.116-121.
14. Agarwal. A.K. (1991) “Rural Development Trhough Agro-based
Industries”. In North-East India - A perspective. Khadigramodyog.
Vol.37. No.6 March pp.215-224.
 11
Agro-based Industries assume great significance in the context of

developing country like India where agriculture still accounts for over

45 per cent of our national income and about two-third of our working

population. We also need to bear in mind that over three-fourth of Indian

population lives in rural areas. Agro based industries have great

significance in our rural areas since it can be instrumental in fostering

strong linkage between the agricultural and industrial sectors. Agro

based industries in our country-side hold promise to bring about

substantial improvement in the quality of living of our rural masses. If

agro based industries are setup on a big scale in the rural areas, there is

no doubt that in a short time our rural environment will get dynamised

bringing about the desirable social changes, quite naturally the imperative

of the development of agro based industry based on the local resource

and genius of the people as also felt needs of the local people should

receive urgent attention of the policy maker.15 Agro based industries

also assume great importance in view of the drought and flood situation,

the emergence of cottage and also other agro based industries on a big

scale could supplement the income of the rural people. If we have a

strong back-up of cottage and agro based industries in the countryside,

then it is quite obvious that the furry and devastation caused by natural

15. Ganguly Nirmal (1988) “Agro-based Industries an agent of Rural

Transformation”. Kurukshetra. Vol.36 No.5. February. PP. 16-21.
 12

calamities like drought and flood will not be felt so much, as much of

the suffering will be alleviated because of the increased income generated

by rural industrialisation programme and this process of rural

industrialisation can be established on a firm footing through

development of agro based industries in a systematic manner.

The strengthening of linkages between industry and agriculture

has become an increasingly important principles of economic development

of the developing nations. In its broad perspective, the strengthening of

this inter-relationship striking at a balanced growth of agriculture and

industry, exercises favourable effects on the development process in

general and provides a solid based for achieving both economic and social

objectives of industrialisation. The use of modern technology for

agricultural modernisation, application of fertilizers and pesticides, proper

choice of processing technology and efficient management have the

potential of producing for reaching results in raising productivity in

agricultural sphere.

The establishment of naturally beneficial linkages between industry

and agriculture is one of the central themes of the development processes.

Support of industrial activity is one of the basic requirements to increase

productivity in the agricultural sector. By improving the productivity of

agricultural workers it would create an agricultural surplus which in

turn would encourage the growth of output and employment in industry.

 13

The level of agricultural income determines the size of domestic demand

for manufactured goods and the size of domestic savings which become

available for investment in human and physical capital.

An increase in agricultural production constitutes a sound basis

for rapid industrialisation. For most of the developing economies,

improvement in the efficiency of agricultural sector is a precondition for

the success of industrialisation. The important role in agriculture does

not only emanate from the fact that it affects the over all rate of economic

growth because of its large share in total G.D.P., but it also greatly

influences the rate of growth of manufacturing and services sector. As

far as agricultural raw-materials are concerned, these relationship are

strikingly obvious. The rate of growth of industries using agricultural

produce as inputs could grow only if the supplies of such inputs increase

at an adequate rate.

The rate of progress in industrialisation in most of the developing

countries is influenced by the rate of increase in food supplies. This is

so because the marginal propensity to consume tends to be higher in

developing countries then in developed countries. In the developing

countries, a rise in income following industrialisation brings a relatively

larger increase in consumption demand. At a lower levels of income food

Lends to account for a larger share of family budgets. Therefore, an increase

in consumption, demand following the growth of non-agricultural sector

 14
and income. Therefrom, raises considerably the aggregate effective

demand for food. Quite obviously income elasticity of demand for food

tends to be higher for developing economies.

Agro based industries have a very important role to play in

strengthening industrial and agricultural linkages. Agro based industries

provide an excellent nexus in promoting integrated development of

agriculture and industry and in transforming a stagnant rural economy

into dynamic and buoyant industrialised economy.

Agro-based industries can be identified as those processing

industries which use large quantities of agricultural raw-materials such

as rice-milling, wheat flour processing, textile, sugar, tea, jute, coffee,

paper, rubber, cigarettes, etc. Quite obviously, these industries provide

a sound and stable foundation for industrialisation. In order to bring

about accelerated industrialisation in a developing economy, promotion

of agro-based industries forms an integral part of overall development

strategy. Promotion of agro based industries also assumes importance

in the developing strategy of developing nations because agro-based

industries make decentralised plan strategy based on local resources

endowments and felt needs of the people of the area. Thus it promotes

local entrepreneurship, generates employment, arrests mindless

migration to urban areas as also checks concentration of economic power

through diffusion of ownership of means of production. Indeed, the role

 15
of agro based industries is immense in fostering strong linkages between

agriculture and industry and thereby accelerating the process of

industrialisation of developing economies.

The importance of agro-based industries in the Indian context gets

further enhanced because of the following factors

i. Agro-based industries are comparatively easy to establish and

generate income in the rural areas with comparatively lesser

investments. Because, it is eminently suitable for our rural

industrialisation programme.

ii. These industries facilitate effective and efficient utilisation of

agricultural raw-materials. They encourage and stimulate farmers

to enhance the production and productivity of agricultural crops.

iii. Agro-based industries by transmitting industrial culture in rural

areas bring modernisation and innovation in agriculture, thus

dynamising the rural economy.

iv. Some of the agro-based industries like processed food and fruit

preparations have tremendous export potential.

v. Agro-based industries can be setup on co-operative basis ensuring

participation of the people in development process.

vi. Agro-based industries also help the growth of entrepreneurship in

rural areas on dispersed basis and this checks concentration of

economic power. jtf- . s — ... 'v

■ "v
. •• •

J •-
 16

Agro-Based Industries and Productivity Improvement

There are several ways and means to improve productivity of agro

based industrial units.16 In other words, the agro-processing or meaning

thereby is a means to conserve quality and quantity of agricultural

commodities, especially food grains, by improved methods and equipment

during various post-harvest unit, operations, namely handling,

processing, storage, distribution and utilisatoin. Earlier these operations

are performed manually or by use of animal power, i.e. Oil extraction,

rice milling, pulses polishing, etc. However, the expanding urbanisation

has attracted agricultural workers as well as agricultural produce both

feed and fibre both from rural areas to cities and shifted food industries

to urban environment. This has not only added pollution hazards to

cities but also has reduce income of farmers, but have to pay higher

prices (even in comparison to city dwellers) of the processed and finished

goods. This process has not only dwindled the employment avenues

from rural sector but has also resulted in capital drain to cities. This in

nutshell has shifted the trade balance in favour of urban sector. This

has resulted in mis-matched growth in economy and standard of living

between rural and urban people. However, for getting more dividend for

hard labour put in risk taken and for generating resources for social-

16. Singh Joginder, Ahuja, S.S. and Mittal, V.K.(1993) “Infrastructure

need for strengthening agro-based industries”. (Mahajan, V.S. ed)
Employment through Rural Development towards sustainability. Deep
and Deep Publication F-159. Rajouri Garden, New Delhi.
 17

economic advancement. Keeping pace with the modern times, it is

necessary to transform the farmer into producer cum processor. For this

it is necessary to establish agro-processing industries in villages, where

80% of India’s population still lives.

The industrialisation in India which is urban biased resulted in an

uneven development between agriculture and industry on the one hand

and the rural and urban areas on the other.17 Rural industries play a

vital role in the development of developing economy like India. It is held

that the rural industrialisation not only raises the per-capita income

and standard of living of the people by providing employment

opportunities but also it reduces the disparities in the economic

structure. Besides, the promotion of rural industries provides an

opportunity for the optimum utilisation of local resources to serve the

local needs. Although, agriculture and industry are inter-dependent,

the rural sector is placed at a disadvantageous position in reaping the

benefits of the development of leading exacerbated disparities between

the rural and urban income levels. Due to this, it has been widely

endorsed that the rural industrialisation can serve as an effective means

of reducing these imbalances and also accelerating the process of overall

development by using local men and material. Thus, the development of

industries in rural areas has been one of the important aim of industrial

17. Sankaraiah. T. (1994) “Problems and prospects of Rural Industries

in India”. Discovery Publication House, New Delhi-110 002.
 18

policies and programme in India during the plan era. With this view,

the Government of India established and implemented various

organisations and development programmes like Khadi and Village

Industries (KVIC) in 1957, Rural Industrial Project programme (RIP) in

1961, Rural Artisans Programme (RAP) in 1971, Integrated Rural

Development Programme (IRDP) in 1978, District Industries Centres (DIC)

in 1978 and Training of Rural Youth for Self-employment (TRYSEM) in

1979 to foster the growth of rural industries.

Some of the major agencies working in the field of rural

industrialisation include the small Industries Development Organisation

(SIDO), Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), National Small

Industries Corporation (NSIC), National Research Development

Corporation (NRDC), National Bank for Agricultural and Rural

Development (NABARD). The Small Industries Extension Training

Institute (SIET) and Council for Advancement of Rural Technology

(CART), while at National level organisation have been providing a wide

range of services, specified agencies have also been set up by Government

to supplement their efforts. The implementing agencies have also set up

cells to monitor, evaluate and build on effective information service

system. Further, the Government has initiated several measures to

provide physical, financial and infrastructural facilities in order to make

 19
rural industries more liable. The NCST report18 on Khadi and Village

Industries which gives statistical data on the growth of production and

employment in several rural industries, points a gloomy picture of these

industries as a source of employment industrialisation. The report shows

that the rates of growth of employment in these industries, as compared

to the growth of output, are very meagre.

Khadi and Village Industry sector which has the potentiality to

generate employment opportunities at a low capital outlay by harnessing

the existing skills of village artisans offers a profitable alternative. The

relevance of this sector in our economic development can also be traced

to its capacity to (a) provide work opportunities to people at their own

doorsteps and to prevent the job motivated rural urban migration, (b)

retain self-employed character of labour force in the enterprise; (c) offer

flexible work norms and (d) ensure the universal participation of family

members in the enterprise.19

Nisar Ahamad’s20 study attempted to analyse critically the

operational and other problems of the small scale and cottage industries

in India with special reference to Jammu and Kashmir. The author

18. Government of India (1975) “National Committee on Science and

Technology”. Report of the science and technology panel for Khadi
and Village industries. Technology Bhavan, New Delhi.
19. Maulik, T.K. and Puroshotham, P. (1980) “Technology Gap in Village
Industries”. Commerce 22, PP.964-969.
20. Nisar Ahamed (1987) “Problems and Management of Small-sclae and
Cottage Industries”. Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi.
 20

expresses that small-scale and cottage industries have been recognised

as one of the most important means for providing better economic

opportunities for the people of developing countries like India. A

developing economy like that of ours suffers from many peculiar problems

such as disproportionate pressure of population on agriculture due to

lack of rural industrialisation, unemployment and underemployment of

human and material resources, imbalanced regional development etc.

The contribution of small-scale and cottage industries in the solution of

these problems is beyond doubt, provided that they are organised and

run on scientific basis.

K.M.Rostogi21 has also made a case study of Madhya Pradesh, which

he calls a unique case of growing unemployment and poverty amidst

plenty. He is in favour of only small scale and village industries, which

make optimum use of indigenous resources and techniques. According

to him there are hundreds of items which can be produced in rural and

small-scale industries more economically than in large sector. L.C.Jain’s22

paper discusses some policies and programme measures necessary for

the fuller development of decentralised industries. The paper is in 3

parts. Part I presents the social and economic rational for encouraging

21. Rostogi, K.M. (1980) “Employment Generation through small scale

villae and cottage industries”. A case study of Madhya Pradesh in
D.L.Naryana et al. eds.
22. Jain, L.C. (1980) “Development of decentralised industries “A Review
and some suggestions” Economic and political weekly Vol.No.15.
October, PP.1747-1754.
 21
decentralisation of industry and assisting the development of village and

small industries in the Indian context. Part.II is devoted to comments,

mainly critical on post performance of official measures to encourage

and strengthen the small and village sector and presents a series of

suggestions of more positive action in the future. The last section briefly

discusses the special problems of development of decentralised industries

in backward areas. D.J.Kanvide23 provides some thoughts on rural

industrialisation and appropriate technology. He says that the planning

for rural industrialisation has not yet been well developed in the country

particularly in view of expansion of employment opportunities. Among

problems and suggestion the author felt that marketing of products is

crucial to the viability of any programme of industrialisation. Selection

of labour intensive technology will have to be based on a careful study of

the market demand for products. In the credit planning exercises he

felt, that the bankers should also be associated with the grassroot level

planning.

In a study on Rural Industrialisation in India Beepin Behari24

examined the problems, possibilities and perspectives of rural

industrialisation and discussed the crisis in Indian villages and the need

23. Kanvide, D.J. (1980) “Rural Industrialisatoin and Appropriate

Technology Some thoughts; State Bank of India Monthly Review.
Vol.No.19. January. PP.3-15.
24. Bepin Behari (1976), “Rural Industrialisation in India”. Vikas
Publishing House, New Delhi.
 22

for the new strategy of rural industrialisation and the provision of fuller

employment in rural and small-scale industries and technology. He traced

out agricultural development, encouragement to village and small scale

industries and general awareness for incorporating appropriate

technological transformation in rural India. Further, he reviewed various

measures taken by the government towards rural industrialisation, local

industrial growth, agro-based industries, utilisation of animal waste and

harnessing of natural power, citing Chinese example of integrating

individual activity with socially desirable goals of communes. He

suggested selection of technology. Rural utilisation of newer technologies

as suitable strategies of rural industrialisation. Rapid industrialisation

of the villages is a vital necessity for developing the country and making

the people economically independent. It will not do so, if industrialisation

was confined to urban areas only. Besides agriculture, rural arts and

crafts give gainful accupation to a large number of rural population.

They also serve as occupations subsidiary to agriculture and add

substantially to rural incomes. They process rural raw materials into

finished goods and help the resuscitation of rural economy.25

Agriculture development of any region cannot go very far unless

there is industrial development to absorb the man power released and to

provide a solid technical base for the equipment and services essential

25. Rao, R.V. (1987). Rural Industrialisation in India”, Concept

Publishing Company, Bali Nagar, New Delhi.
 23
for modernised agriculture. In promoting this development agro-based

industries are nearer to the agriculture sector. Agro-based industries

help to integrate industry with agriculture and promote harmonious and

balanced growth of the two sectors.26 Modern agriculture needs a strong

industrial based on efficient delivery system. An integrated development

of decentralised industry and agriculture in rural areas should not imply

that “Growth of large, capital-intensive units to supply fertilizers, power,

transport etc. that are needed to sustain agriculture can be entirely

dispensed with” what the strategy for rural development stress, is that

the potential for developing smaller and more dispersed agro-related

industries should not be neglected. This will include a whole range of

units to (a) supply simple agricultural impliments, (b) process agricultural

products, and (c) utilize all by-products.27 Without industrialisation no

country can have political or economical freedom ... without

industrialisation also the rapid and effective raising of the standard of

the people is not possible.28

The need for priority to the development of rural economy in India

stems from the fact that a majority of her population resides in rural

26. Reddy, M.V. (1989). "Agriculture and Agro-based industry in Chittur

district”, Sri Venkateshwar University, Tirupati-517 502 (A.P.).
27. Bhattacharya, S.N. (1986). "Rural Economic growth in India in theory
and practice”. Metropolitan Book Company Private Ltd., Netaji
Subhash Marg, New Delhi.
28. Shirokov, G.K. (1973). “Rural Industrialisation; Problems of third
world”, Progress Publishers, Moscow.
 24
areas where agriculture is the main source of livelihood for a large part

of labour force. Apart from the preponderance of rural population, the

importance of agriculture as a source of employment is more pronounced.

As such, the living standards of the nation as a whole can hardly register

a rise unless rural incomes and employment are boosted on as sustained

basis’ through well formulated strategy of development.29 This is possible

only through the establishment of industries spread far and wide in rural

areas throughout the country. To acquire the status of a developed

economy, India has essentially to undergo a radical change in the

occupation patterns. The percentage of population in the primary sector

should necessarily shrink to 15 per cent and that in the secondary and

tertiary sector should rise to 45 per cent and 40 per cent respectively.30

This is strategy that India will have to follow to generate gainful

employment, to raise income levels and to improve the health of the

national economy. Industrialisation in rural areas appears to have been

more successful when the local character has been stressed. However, it

must be remembered that rural industrialisation is not persued as a

policy in isolation. It should rather be seen as a outcome of combination

of strategies for various industrial sector on one hand and for integrated

rural development on the other. Industrial sector strategies aimed at

29. Thakur, S.Y. (1985). “Rural Industrialisation in India” (Strategy

and approach), Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. P.55.
30. Desai, V.B.M. (1986). Rural Industrialisation : An overall Growth”.
Yojana, Vol.30, April. P.16.
 25

expanding the lower ends of the spectrum can be nothing more than the

part of an overall policy to develop rural areas.31

As Papola points out, an important reason which has hindered the

development of a rational and growth oriented approach to rural

industrialisation in India is lack of systematic information on the

structure, functioning and potential of these industries. In the absence

of such information, certain assumptions have been made about various

aspects of these industries and often such assumptions have been treated

as if they hold good for different industries and different areas. Rural

industrialisation may be considered as an aspects of spatial diversification

of industries in which case it may be treated as a part of the problem of

the location of industries in general. On the other hand, rural

industrialisation may be looked upon as a process confined to the

development of village industries. Rural industrialisation answers

economic and social needs of rural areas such as enlarging employment

opportunities diversifying rural occupations, raising income and standard

of living of rural communities, reducing exodus to urban centres,

eliminating regional economic imbalances and ensuring social justice.32

A household industry located in a big town or large factory located in

rural areas after creating an industrial colony would not be technically a

31. Papola, T.S. (1982). “Rural Industrialisation” (Approach and

Potentials), Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
32. Dhar, P.N. (1969). “Rational and Working Rural Industrialisation
Programme in India”. Khadigramodyog, Vol.15, April, P.57.
 26

rural industry. It implies a widely decentralised growth of industries

with as high an employment potential as it is compatible with an efficient

technique and the requirements of the process of development.33

Need for strengthening infrastructures :

Infrastructure of Agro-based industries in order to derive maximum

benefit out of these industries must be relevant to local needs because of

following reasons.34

i) Agro-based industries act as backbone of economic development of

the country especially when its economy is agrain-based.

ii) Vast human and inanimate resources are available in villages.

iii) Majority of the farmers on account of small/marginal holding have

free time and energy.

iv) Agriculture largely depends upon monsoon and most of the related

work need to be performed only at sowing and harvesting times.

In view of the above, it is necessary that complementary activities

related to agriculture be encouraged so as to reduce unemployment of

rural masses and produce value-added products right at the doorsteps of

33. Government of Orissa (1967). “Report on the Evaluation of Rural

Industries Project in Orissa” quoted by K.K.Sen (1987) Rural
industrialisation, Sultan Chand and Co., New Delhi. P.3.
34. Singh Joginder, Ahuja, S.S. and Nittal, U.K. (1993). “Infrastructure
need for strengthening agro-based industries” (Mahajan V.S. ed.)
Employment through rural Development towards sustainability. Deep
and Deep Publication, Rajouri Garden New Delhi. PP. 187-192.
 27

farmers. Thus, establishment of agro-processing industries will go a

long way in the overall development of the rural economy. The provision

of a strong infrastructural base, assumes or has the following points

implicit while establishing/ strengthening a profitable agro-based

enterprise.

i) The project is economically viable and has been chosen on the basis of

the results of market survey people’s preference, tastes and needs with

respect to finished products.

ii) The Government’s intentions and policy decisions have been

respected.

iii) Attention has been given to the selection and sources of availability

of raw-material, sources and capacities of machines/ equipment

materials handling facilities, final product quality and the distribution

network as well as maintainance and management arrangement.

iv) Project finance are available.

In view of the above infrastructural base, agro-based industries must

be strengthened keeping the following points in consideration.

i) Constant market survey should be conducted to apprise the policy

makers about the needs and problems of the entrepreneurs engaged

in agro-based industries.

ii) Provision of continuing education to update the knowledge of

entrepreneurs and their staff must be made on regular basis.

 28
iii) Human resources development and management as a part of planning

strategy should emphasize upon;

a) The employment of local or exportriate personnel.

b) The mix of local professionals at the senior technical/ management

cadre.

c) Combination or partnership or co-operation with related enterprises

in matters of both production and distribution. This could provide

risk sharing.

d) Modern management involving workers participation.

A Model for Rural Industrial Estates :

Model building will also require to define Agro-industry which may

be defined operationally as one which combines one or all the following.35

1) Industries directly based on production of agricultural commodities

including forest.

2) Industries based on agricultural wastes.

3) Industries based on agricultural by-products.

4) Water-harvesting technology as water is one of the most important

sources of agricultural production.

35. Bhatnagar, A.P. (1993). “A Model for Rural Industrial Estates”.

(Mahajan V.S. ed.). Employment through Rural Development towards
sustainability. Deep and Deep Publication, F-159. Rajouri Garden,
New Delhi 110 027. PP.116-121.
 29

5) Small scale and industrial structure supporting the purchase,

maintainance and repairs of agricultural implements.

Model conceived here may be spelled as integrated Agro-

Development model. It has the social economic and physical ingredients.

1. At social level it aims at to integrate the various social groups in

rural community through social economic activity, participation and

provides possibilities of gainful employment to various social group

in the community.

2. At economic level it aims at distribution of various economic rewards

to all the participants in the system depending upon their work

participation.

3. At physical level it lays emphasis upon dispersal of agro-industrial

activities as per agro-climatic conditions at settlement groups and

regional level.

The model may schematically be presented as three stages models.

Stage I : of the model is support level integration where producers efforts,

consumption pattern and state efforts will have to be integrated through

state’s supports in areas of research, guidance, extension and knowledge

dissemination, policy planning including manpower planning and

managements training.

A
 30

Stage II : Of the models is locational level integration where growth

centre strategy will have to be adopted for physical integration of human

settlement starting from raw material producing village to higher level

service providing village to still higher level human settlements where

production plants may be setup. This essentially deals with methodology

to decide the human settlements level where Agro-industrial activities of

various levels may be located. Various infrastructural facilities required

for the development of Agro-industrial base will have to be located in

these settlements.

Stage III : Of the model is producing level integration which combines

the facilities of first two stages. The producer will require well developed

communication and transportation linkages, basic infrastructural

facilities and adequate quick accessibility to reach the point may be

intermediate or plant situation where he can sell his raw-materials. It

also lays emphasis upon the fact that for remunerative prices for him

and for cheap supply of commodities to consumer first demands of the

regional population may be assessed and met with the only the surplus

may be transported to other points. Also it requires simultaneous

provisions for the disposal of waste after its processing through desired

channels.

Benefits of this model is that it will introduce area specialisation,

adequate man power planning, both at farm and plant level and thus
 31

help to provide job opportunities at regional level. It will also check

inter-regional and rural urban migration. Another advantage is that

development of industries at regional level will reduce the cost of

transportation and services and thus help the state to maintain the

infrastructural facilities especially the mobility facilities at reasonably

good level and thus save both the farmers and consumers time.

Approach of Rural Industrial Estates :

Presently agricultural production plans are being drawn on agro-

climatic basis. A particular region may be suitable for cereal crops/oil

seeds/ fodder/ vegetable/ fruits/ animal husbandry and bio fuels/

forestry. Accordingly the R.I.E.S. may be created with specialised

processing facilities relating to the agro-production in the area. For

example in cereal crops area the R.I.E. shall have modern wheat roller

mill producing several grades of wheat flour, facilities for banking and

extruded products, fermented products, animal feed mill and other

conceivable products. It should also have a modern cereal grain storage

and product testing laboratory will also be attached. In rice area the

R.I.E. shall have modern rice mill, bran stabilisation unit, solvent

expression mill for bran oil, rice products, units like flakes, chewra and

other breakfast/snack products, fermented products, chemicals from rice

husk, bricks and refractory materials units from rice husk ash and like

products, animal feed mill.

 32

Area of oil seeds shall have R.I.E. which has a solvent expression

plant high pressure double barrel oil expellers with related equipment

rice bran establishment plant and animal feed mill. There shall also be

a paper and paper board production units. All crops wastes, separated

pith of bagasse from sugar mills, fuel crops and fuel trees shall be

processed for conversion into solid fuel and in later phases to liquid and

gaseous fuels. Fodder crops may be based upon these have to be properly

stored and supplied to supply depots in the rural areas. The area for

animal production shall have a R.I.E. which will have modern dairy and

animal production unit, milk processing preparation of different kinds

of milk products, milk chocolates, animal feed mill, meat processing,

animal waste handling units (which includes carases blood, bones, hairs,

etc.) similar special processing units are to be created at R.I.E.

establishment in dal-vegetables, fruits growing areas.

Besides creation of these specialised processing facilities each R.I.E.

shall also contain the following services unit.

Service centre for farmers : It should include supply of all farming

inputs to cater for all tubewells irrigation and land drainage jobs.

Engine and machine shop unit : It shall be able to undertake all

kinds of repairs in engine tractors and agric machinery.

Electrical and electronic shop : For all agric and household

electrical/ electronic installations and repairs.

 33

Farm building units : All kinds of prefabricated components

building materials specialised in plain and RCC works.

Readymade garment units.

Banking unit.

Spare part and general stores.

Snack shop.

Electric power and heat generating units based on agro-wastes.

Planning implementation and running of R.I.E.

Special infrastructure has to be created for detailed planning

implementation and running of R.I.E. in the state. The infrastructure

must include.

Policy and planning group.

Industrial extension group.

Entrepreneurial group.

Finance management and economic group.

Human power training and development group.

Consumer group.

The policy group shall determine the short-term and long-term

needs for state, national and fix up export targets. It shall identify/

delineate the areas and R.I.E.

The industrial extension group shall provide detail project

engineering support, pilot plant studies marketing studies to the R.I.E.

 34

Entrepreneurial group and human power training and development

group are closely related. The local people, young boys and girls are to

be trained to own and run the various R.I.E.s.

The finance management and economic group shall arrange finance

work out project finance, maintainance of R.I.E.s accounts and costing

of products.

The consumer group shall provides feed back to improve the quality

and performance of R.I.E.s.

Model of Rural Industrial Estates is capable of providing increased

employment opportunities and capital base in the rural areas.

The different types of agro-based industries that can be developed

depending upon the geographical situation and resources available are

indicated below.36

CLASSIFICATION OF AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES**

Agro produce Agro produce Agro-inputs Agro-service

processing manufacturing manufacturing centres
units units units

36. Ful/.ele, R.M. and Venkatesubramanian, V. (1990) "Development

through Agro-based Industries". Khadi gramodvog. Vol.36. No. 17.
April. Pl\318-320.
* 'Phis classification is adopted in this thesis by the researcher.
 35

Agro produce processing units :

These units do not manufacture any new products. They merely process

the agricultural produces e.g. rice mills, dal mills, decorticating mills etc.

Agro produce manufacturing units :

These units produce entirely new products based on agricultural

produce as the main raw material e.g. sugar factories, bakery, straw-

board units etc.

Agro-inputs manufacturing units :

The units which produce goods either mechanisation of agriculture

or for increasing productivity e.g. industries manufacturing fertilizers,

pesticides and insecticides and all type of industries manufacturing

implements, pump-set, etc.

Agro service centres :

These are wokshops and service centres for repairing and servicing

the agricultural implements and equipments used in agriculture.

ROLE OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Conceptually “Develbpm.ent is the faithfull imitation of the

developed”, this is held by John Kenneth Galbraith and he recommends

 36

three types of economic development.37

1. Symbolic modernisation

2. Maximized economic growth and

3. Selective growth

Common factor in all these 3 types of economic development is a

change from a given situation to attain a better situation. There are

number of forms to measure these changes. Also there are number of

dimensions to look at these changes for example social change, economic

change, political change, technological change, etc. Thus, change factor

is a basic component of development. Improvement on one situation

transforming it to a better situation is the normative of desirable change.

George Dalton has vividly analysed the different dimensions of the

problem of development. What economists call “development” political

scientists can “modernisation”38 sociologists “role differentiation”39 and

anothropologists “culture change”40. While geographers call it as spatio

temporal development .

37. John Kenneth Galbraith (1969) "Economic Development" Harvard

University Press, London P.3.
38. Apter David (1965) The Politics of Modernization. Chicago University.
Chicago Press.
39. Neil. J. (1966) Smelser Mechanism of change and adjustment to change
in industrialisation and society. B.F.Hoselitv and W.E. Moore of the
Hague. UNESCO, Moulen.
40. Epstein. T.S. (1962) Economic1 development and social change in South
India, Manchester University Press.
 37
REGIONAL PLANNING FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Regional planning is considered as problem in spatial integration

and functional coordination of the settlements. It is as important an

essential as local and National planning whether in India or in any

progressive country irrespective of its geographic character and political

philosophy. A plan for geographical decentralisation of development in

agriculture or industries or selected services involves the regional

approach but, it is not regional planning and there is a tendency to

confuse one with other, of-course, the regional approach to a development

problem is as important as regional planning.41

OBJECTIVES OF REGIONAL PLANNING FOR DEVELOPMENT

What is the objective of regional planning? Whether, protective,

promotional or corrective or all in one, is a basic question? How long the

process of regional approach will work in the total interest of region and

when should it cease in the national interest are some inter locking issues,

that matter. Broadly speaking in Indian context, the objectives for

regional planning and development are as follows.

a. To aim at a balance by narrowing the gap of inter personal inter­

regional and inter-sectoral differences

41. Bijit Ghesh (1972) “Planning process" in Li lit K.Sen (ed) Micro Planning
and Rural Growth Centres N.T.C.O. Hydrabad. P.291.
 38

b. To aim for optimum utilisation of resources and to provide necessitate

infrastructure;

c. To aim for balance of production and consumptions.

d. To aim for special equity of economic gains and social benefit and

e. To minimise the impact of over-urbanisation in the context of problems

associated with it.

In a developing economy like that of India, it is not possible to

progress towards prosperity of one depends on and also encourage

agriculture alone, even though the area is basically agricultural in

character. A two-pronged approach, involving both agriculture and allied

industries, would bring in the desired improvement in the economic

development of India.42

The term agro-industries is of recent origin, though such industries

have been in existence for quite a long time in our country. This idea

has originated due to a close interdependence between agriculture and

allied industries. Both are complementary, as such the development of

allied industries depends upon the development of agriculture. It is,

however, interesting that although the agricultural sector predominates

the other sectors of the economy its yield per hectare is low. This is

creating a complexity of problems for the economic development of the

country. The believable reason for this state of affairs is the absence of

42. Iqbal BadarAlam (1981). Role of agro-industries in development,

Kurukshetra. Vol.24, No.3 Oct.
 39

mechanisation and lack of intensive farming in the country. There is,

therefore, a vast scope for the growth and development of industries

supplying agricultural machinery, improved appliances, fertilizers, etc.,

to the agricultural sector. The growth of these industries is double weapon

to solve the problem of low productivity in agriculture on the on hand

and to help the industrial development of the country on the other. Thus

a vital role has been assigned to agro-industries in the economic

development of our country.

The Agro-industries depend not only on the output of agricultural

and allied activities but also on the inputs of agriculture. Apart from

helping farming, agro-industries are also being used to provide

employment opportunities to the surplus agricultural labour. They

provide gainful employment to the farmers during off-season. Especially

at the output level, agro-industries are more labour-intensive rather than

capital-intensive. For instance, Gur and Khandsari industrial units can

be setup with small capital and technical know-how which can absorb a

large number of labourers say about 28 to 30 persons each on an average.

So is the case of rice milling industry. Apart from this, these industries

also supplement the income of the agriculturists by absorbing them in

suitable subsidiary economic pursuits. This results in the overall

development of the economy and leads to more savings and investments.

The second important argument in favour of the development of

agro-industries, because of which these industries are being assigned

 40
an increasing role in the economic transformation of our country, is the

need for greater mechanisation of agriculture. These industries provide

improved agricultural machinary and implements, fertilizers, insecticides

and pesticides to the agricultural sector. The machinary for irrigation

purposes such as pumping sets, tube-well machinary, etc. is also

manufactured by the agro-industries. The inputs supplied by these

industries are the pre-condition for congenial development of agriculture,

and can bring about a sustained growth. In other words agro-industries

work as a catalytic agent to bring about take off stage in agriculture and

ultimately in the economy of the country as a whole. Such industries

are also important and effective instruments to reduce the foreign exchange

requirements by using indigenous raw materials, machinary, technical

skill, etc.

Thirdly, the agro-industries assure ready market for the farm

products and thus stabilise farmers’ income. This will result in the

amelioration of their economic conditions which, in turn, reflect positively

on their working efficiency. The human and material resources of the

country can thus be utilised in a better way by developing agro-industries.

For example, in the villages sugarcane can be utilised more effectively, if

crushers are installed at the sugarcane fields. This would save the

transportation cost and also prevent the evaporation of juice during

transit. Similar wastes are minimised by processing the farm products

in the vicinity of the farm.

 41
Another interesting feature of agro-industries is some temporary

unemployment at the initial stages of rationalisation of agriculture. At

the output level, however, agro based industries are more labour intensive

and create more employment opportunities. In a planned programme

both types of industries must be simultaneously developed so that the

mechanisation and rationalisation of agriculture may not be a cause of

dislocation in the economy. Thus in an agricultural economy, where

there is unemployment and under-employment, mechanisation in

agriculture should be introduced after creating sufficient alternative

employment opportunities to the working force. The agro based industries

must be developed first to provide employment not only to the existing

manpower but also to absorb the additional labour force to be released

from the mechanisation of agriculture. It is true that a part of the surplus

labour force can be absorbed in industries producing agricultural

machinery and equipment. Some people can also be absorbed in

industries processing agricultural products either for direct consumption

or for further use in industries. Thus, the agro-industries play a double

role and their development is of paramount significance for the future

growth of economy of our country.

Five year plan realising the importance of agro-industries, the Sixth

Five Year Plan started with bold and ambitious programme for the growth

and development of agro industrial sector. The main objectives are to

 42
provide sound infrastructure for agro-industrial development, the

strengthening of the existing state enterprise and institutions to assure

the growth and development of core-sector industries, to stimulate large

scale production of consumer goods and to restrain the production of

non-essential goods. This calls for initiating a more intensive programme

for the development of these industries in the years to come which will

in turn bring overall prosperity in the country.

The significance of agro-based industries for planned

industrialisation of rural areas may be analysed with the following

findings of the research done by Venkaiah, V.43

1. Rural Employment :

One of the important findings is that agro-based industries provide

new avenues of employment at relatively small capital cost. They provide

seasonal employment to the agricultural labourers during the non-

agricultural seasons. It is observed that the provision of employment

opportunities by agro-based industries is two fold i.e. they not only create

employment opportunities in the agricultural units (direct employment)

but also create considerable employment opportunities in agriculture

and tertiary sectors. The additional employment in the farm sector is

43. Venkaiah, V. (1993) “Rural Industrialisation will go a long way”

Kurukshetra. Vol.32, No.l, PP.51-56.
 43

assential a result of cultivation of agro-industrial crops, consequent upon

the setting up of agro-based industries. The study revealed that agro-

based industries could solve, to some extent the problem of disguised

enemployment in agricultural sector.

2. Occupational Structure :

Consequent on the setting up of agro-based industrial units in or

near the rural areas the occupational pattern of rural population has

undergone significant changes over a period of time. These industries,

due to their location in the rural areas, created additional employment

opportunities to rural population and changed the occupations. Even

though they are located in nearby urban areas, they brought about

changes in the occupational pattern of rural population by attracting

unskilled labourers from the villages. Such changes in the occupational

pattern are found to be maximum in the case of agricultural workers

because of the low wage-levels in agriculture compared with industries.

Agro-based industries have not only resulted in the shift of occupation

from agriculture to non-agricultural sector but also led to the multiple

occupations i.e., the workers engaged in more than one occupation by

taking up agro-based industrial occupation in the non-agricultural season

besides their original occupation. Thus there has been a gradual decline

in dependence on agricultural occupation as they have only means of

 44

employment in rural areas which can be taken as a sign of increasing

prosperity.

3. Rural wages :

Agro-based industries, as stated earlier, employ a large number of

unskilled workers drawn from farm sector resulting in the reduction of

the supply of workers to farm sector. Such mobility of agricultural

workers from agriculture sector to agro-based industries, otherwise called

non-farm sector, resulted in the increase in productivity and also wages in

the farm sector. The causes lead to the increase in rural wages, consequent

upon the setting up of agro-based industries, are both direct and indirect.

Besides the direct causes of mobility of workers from farm sectors to

agro-based industries, more employment opportunities, ensuring fuller

utilisation of existing rural labour, were also created because of the

changes in the cropping pattern in favour of the crops linked to agro-

based industries, requiring a large number of man-days of labour. Thus,

agro-based industries increased the wage levels of workers in rural areas.

4. Rural incomes :

Agro-based industries brought about a pereceptible change in the

income levels of rural population. There was a significant increase in

the per capita income of the house holds of agricultural workers and
 45

workers employed in agro-based industries. This implies that the

standard of living of the landless and near-landless workers improved

which is attributable to the increased wages and employment. As a result,

there were changes in the consumption pattern bettering the life

condition of the rural population. The increase in the income was

essentially due to the setting up of agro-based industries which lead to

high rate of wages in the agricultural sector coupled with additional

employment.

5. Capital formation :

Another important finding of agro-industrial development is capital

formation. These industries have a little access to institutional finance

and hence majority of the units covered by the study were started with

the small savings within the family groups and from investments which

would not have normally streamlined into productive activities. Thus

the establishment and growth of agro-based industries set in motion the

process of capital formation in rural areas.

6. Entrepreneurship :

Agro-based industries promote rural and indigenous

entrepreneurship. In fact, paucity of entrepreneurial talents, particularly

in rural areas, is one of the basic handicaps of industrialisation of rural

 46

areas in developing countries. It is observed that agro-based industries

acted as good nursaries for the growth of rural indigenous

enterpreneurship, the role of which is pivotal in overall development of

the rural areas.

7- Infrastructure :

Agro-based industries operate as catalytic agents for the

development of infrastructure which bridges the gap between rural and

urban areas. The industries paved the way for occupational shifts and

for creating new social order which formed the basis for creation of

necessary socio-cultural and psychological foundations for modern

industrial society. The basic infrastructural facilities such as electricity,

water, communication and rural roads etc. were provided at a relatively

faster rate following the development of the agro-based industrial

complexes in rural areas.

8. Industrial Dispersal :

The study also substantiated the fact that balanced regional

development can be met by evolving a planned industrialisation through

agro-based industries as they have greater location flexibilities. These

industries may be considered as main instruments for decentralised rural

industrialisation. The big cities of India as we all know, are at present

 47

facing the ecological problems of urbanisation and industrialisation, and

therefore industrial dispersal has become an economic necessity. With

frequent shortage of electricity, water, skilled labour, housing, transport

etc. in urban areas, agro-based industries are forced to look for an

alternative location in rural areas, and thus have become prime movers

for industrial dispersal.

The development of agro-based industries and cultivation of agro-

based industrial crops can develop and change the structure of

agricultural output in the villages. The growth in the industrial and

agricultural sectors of the rural areas gives impetus to the tertiary sector

viz., banking, transport, communication, hotel business etc. The

development of tertiary sector provides further employment opportunities

for suitable rural population. Further, agro-based industrial development

accentuates the development of roads and communication facilities in

the countryside. The development of roads is necessiated by the need to

transport agricultural raw-materials from villages to the agro-based

industries on the one hand, and to provide agricultural inputs to the

agriculturists in villages on the other.

Moreover the means of transport undergoes a considerable change.

It has been found that farmers have been increasingly replacing bullock

carts with tractor-trailers for transporting agricultural outputs. Because

of the improvements in transport and communication, the rural people

will have an increased access to the growing towns. Establishment of

 48

agro-based industries is mainly based on the availability of raw material.

As such agro-based industries ought to be set up in rural areas where raw

material is available in plenty. Since the rural folk form a major chunk

of our population, the employment opportunities provided by the agro-

based industries are also equally large in proportion. This helps in

uplifting the rural economy. In essence, setting up of agro-based

industries in rural areas generates income, thereby improving the economic

condition of the people which inturn creates potential demand for goods

and services.

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

In view of great practical relevance of agro-based industries in Indian

context, a strategy for development of agro-based industries should consist

of following ingredients.

a) The growth and expansion of agro-based industries should form an

inseparable part of the overall programme of economic and industrial

development of the country.

b) The related groups of agro-based industries should be set up in a

co-ordinated manner so that the utilization of by-products can be

possible simultaneously.

c) Advanced management and marketing methods should be introduced

in agro-based industries which can cater to the export market.

 49

d) Both backward and forward linkages should be ensured in respect

of agro-based industries so that maximum growth impulses are

generated.

In the context of a developing economy like India, the development

of the following agro-based industries has got a great growth potential;

Food processing such as fruit juice, jam, jelly, skimmed milk, condensed

milk, dry fruits, rice milling extraction of oil like bran oil and from oil

seeds, sugar, cotton textile, paper, wool products, agricultural implements,

coir, and other village industries.

Therefore, an integrated development of both agriculture and

industry is an imperatuve necessity for our country, not merely because

of their inter-dependence in the process of economic development, but

also because of the technical inter-relationship in the sense that each

sector uses some form of output or the other in course of its own

production process. For promoting this integrated growth of agriculture

and industry, agro-based industries have a prominent role to play.

This overview of literature has profoundly influenced on this

researcher to draft the present research thesis.

 CHAPTER - II

GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA

2.0 The study area

2.1 Location

2.2 Physiography

2.3 Geology

2.4 Drainage

2.5 Soils

2.6 Waste land

2.7 Climate

2.8 Vegetation

2.9 Geographical regions

 51
2.0 THE STUDY AREA
The forms of agricultural activities and farm economy as a whole

are influenced in a large measure by relief, soil and the climate. The

study of the physical setting, physiographic pattern, geology, land-scape

characteristics, climatic parameters, soil structure, land use, cropping

pattern, marketing facilities and the demographic structure provide the

basic and essential knowledge to the geographer for an effective planning

of the region.

In India, next to Rajasthan, the largest region in which climate

ranges from arid to semi-arid type lies in the interior of the southern

peninsula where considerable portion of the states of Karnataka, Andhra

Pradesh, parts of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are included. Towards

the leeward side of the Western Ghats, there is a sharp decrease in rainfall

and a low rainfall zone exists roughly parallel to the Western Ghats.

This zone is very narrow in Maharashtra state and bulges out in

Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh covering a wide tract. Two regions are

discernible in this low rainfall zone, viz., Bellary, Bijapur, Bidar, Gulbarga,

Chitradurg and Raichur districts and the eastern portion of Dharwad

district of Karnataka state and also Rayalseema tract covering the districts

of Karnool, Anantpur and Cuddapah of Andhra Pradesh. The study area

i.e. Bijapur district falls under the first tract of the above mentioned two

regions.
 52

LOCATION OF BJJAPUR DISTRICT

KARNATAKA STATE

'»*• •*»*
INDIA
LOCATION OF KARNATAKA

sv-
Fig. 1
/
 53
2.1 LOCATION:

Bijapur district is located in the central sector of the northern­

most portion of Karnataka state. The district covers a geographical area

of 17,069 sq.km in the dry and arid zone of the the Deccan and happens

to be the largest amongst the 20* districts of Karnataka. It lies between

the North latitude of 15° 50’ and 17° 28’ and the east longitude 74° 59’

and 76° 28’. Bijapur district is bounded on the north west and the north

by the districts of Sangali and Solapur of Maharashtra state, on all

other sides, it is bounded by districts belonging to Karnataka state itself

i.e. on the east by Gulbarga district; on the south-east by Raichur district,

on the south by the district of Raichur and Dharwad and on the west by

Belgaum district (Fig. 1).

Area and Population

The north-south extension of Bijapur district is about 176 kins

and east-west 144 kms. The shape index of Bijapur district is 59

percent. According to 1991 census, the total population of Bijapur

district is 29,27,990**. The district has 1262 villages. The

population is unevenly distributed among 11 taluks of the district and

This statement is no longer exists now as district, is divided into

Bagalkot district and Bijapur district since August. 1997.
In this PhD, Thesis undivided Bijapur district is studied.
54
 55

the average population per taluk works out to 2,66,181 persons. Bijapur,

which is the largest taluk in terms of area, is also the most populous taluk

of the district. The population, of Bijapur taluk alone, is 4,73,047 which

constitutes 16.6 per cent of the total population of the district. The other

taluks which are fairly large are Jamakhandi and Indi. These two taluks

account for 11.59 per cent and 10.35 per cent of the total population of

the district respectively. In terms of area, Jamakhandi is quite small and

holds eighth rank. Indi covers, a vast area and ranks next only to Bijapur.

Sindagi taluk which is the third largest in terms of area holds the fourth

ranking in terms of population. The population of each one of the remaining

6 taluks is lower than the average population of all the talukas (266181).

Bilgi, which has population of 118,998 persons is the smallest among the

11 taluks of the districts and it accounts for 4.56 per cent of the total area

and 4.06 per cent of the total population of the district. The density of

population in the district is 172 persons per sq.km, being less than the

state’s average of 235 persons per sq.km (1991).

Fig. 2. Taluka wise area of population of Bijapur District

(Before bifercation)

Name of the taluk Area (sq.km) Population Density No. of

(1991) villages

1. Badami 1397.0 256620 183.24 146

2. Bagalkot 936.0 209038 230.30 90
3. B.Bagewadi 1979.0 261711 137.73 119
4. Bijapur 2659.0 473047 182.65 109
 56
5. Bilagi 782.0 118998 151.59 65
6. Hungund 1354.0 245318 181.65 168
7. Indi 2225.0 303133 135.93 123
8. Jamkhandi 1169.0 339354 289.52 71
9. Muddebihal 1502.0 219236 146.89 150
10. Mudhol 910.0 220620 204.84 78
11. Sindgi 2176.0 280915 127.78 143

Total of the district 17069.0 2927990 172.89 1262

2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY

An assessment of physical position will result in an unerstanding of

the changing importance of the setting of a region in space and time will

provide. The likely potentialities of the situation for entire development.

"Physiography of an area is essentially the product of the geological past

and the composition of the agents of denudation working on the geological

mentle.1

Geographically, the entire Bijapur district lies in one region namely,

the dry and arid tract of the Deccan Plateau. The lands of the district

may be divided into two types separated by the Krishna and Don river

basins until they meet and merge into one another in Muddebihal taluk

in the eastern portion of the district. The Don valley has its own

distinctive characteristics.

1. Deshpande. C.I). (1948). Ualnagiri District Gazetteer. Geography

Section, Govt, of Bombay, PP.2-3.
 57

Broadly there” are thre£ distinct typfes of, landscapes in this are CL

(based upon ^geological formation) (Fig. 3).

i. The Deccan trap

,ii. The Kaladgi series and

;iit\ ior iii ■*t\, . ...... -
iii. The peninsular gneiss.

i. The Deccan Trap :

The land between the Bhima and Krishna rivers is mainly underlain

by the traps. Only the eastern margins, belonging to Sindgi, B.Bagewadi,

Muddebihal and Hungund taluks are marked by local out crops of gneiss

and other metamorphic types. Jamakhandi and Bijapur taluks on the

North-Western margin are also covered under Deccan trap. Almost,

everywhere, the trappean topography presents a uniform appearance of

an undulating plain, extensively furrowed by streams. The trap with a

topography of flat table lands and steep sides is well presented here by

the mainupland chain which forms a continuation of the Mahadeo range

in this district. The flanks of this central backbone show varied in

topography and more remarkable features of the earth’s sculpture. The

streams promote small well formed valleys where running water is

available for the major part of the year. These valleys are important as

they form the belts of agricultural development and centres of human

inhabitation. The general topography of the Deccan Traps in this district

 58

Fig.3.
 59

is of the rolling character, nothing but poor grass grows and occasionally

in good rainy years, better patches of vegetations are seen. Bajra is

commonly found in such areas where soils are sandy and infertile. Near

the junctions of tributry streams with the Krishna and Bhima the soil

cover outstreches to form open plains of black soils forming vital

agricultural areas of the district.

ii. The Kaladgi Series :

The area lying between the Krishna and the Malaprabha consists

of the sedimentary and slightly metamorphosed rocks which are

collectively known as the Kaladgi series and which generally occur in

horizontal bands. Due to the slight dip of these beds almost all the hills

present a dip-slope on one side and on escarpment on the other and

they have a generally uniform Crestline. Thus, the outcrops of Kaladgi

quartzites occur in two broad bands which in their residual form are

generally known as the North Ghataprabha range which begins at Terdal

(west of Jamkhandi taluk) and runs as a low continuous chain with a

scarpface towards the Krishna valley and dip-slope to the south. North

Malaprabha range starts from the neighbourhood of Belgaum city and

acts as a westershed between Ghataprabha and Malaprabha rivers,

bearing a close resemblance to the North Ghataprabha range in form

and appearance. These series cover the areas of eastern part of Mudhol,
 60

Sindgi, Bilagi, Bagalkot.taluks and some portion of Muddebihal taluk in

the district.

ill. The Peninsular Gneiss ;

The peninsular geneissic complex forms the basal rock for all the

other types occuring in Bijapur district. However, gneiss appears on the

surface mainly in the south-east portion in the taluks of Hungund and

Muddebihal. Here, the harder granite and granitoid outcrops have

resisted erosion and they develop a varied and cragg like topography.

The lower reach of the Krishna river in this district traverses outcrops of

gneiss and develops a scenery quite unlike that on the traps and the

Kaladgi series. The land is generally poor from the economic point of view.

2,3 GEOLOGY (Fig.4) :

Geologically, the oldest rocks occuring in the district are found

mainly in its south-eastern parts as schists, phyllites and banded

hematite-quartzites. The schists include horneblende-schists, mica-

schists, cholrite-schists and hematite-schist. The granites gneiss of the

Archean age occur as rounded massive boulders and small isolated rocky

hills and knolls near several places such as Bilgi, Chiinmalgi,

Guledgudda, Pattadkal and Muddebihal. These rocks found to the

south—west of Bijapur are averlain by a series of unfossiliferous,

 61
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF BIJAPUR DISTRICT

| | Deccan Trap
Lime Stone
Shale
Basalt Conglomerate &Orthoqurrizite
Send stone and Shale
Granite
| | Metasedimentary rock
MetabaSalts
Peninsular Gneiss

St*

_______/
 62

metamorphosed, sedimentary rocks known as Kaladgi series. The Upper

series of these rocks occuring in folds in the Kaladgi basin in the variety

of Kaladgi and Bagalkot (about 1000 meters in thickness) consists of

conglomerates quartzites, shales, limestones and hematite-schists. The

lower series (about 2400 to 3000 metres thick) consists of basal

conglomerates, arkoses, sandstones, quartzites and mud-stones overlain

by silicious-limestones, hornstones and shales. Another set of

unmetamorphosed sediments known as Bhima series, overlies the ancient

gneissic rocks north of Muddebihal. These differ considerably from the

Kaladgi series which are much older in age. The upper Bhima series

include shells and limestones and occur around Talikota whereas the

lower Bhima series comprising quartzites, grits, sandstones and shales

occur along the southern fringe of the Deccan trap north of the Krishna.

Almost the entire region north of the Krishna river is covered by

the sub-aerial Deccan lava flows of the Lower Eocene age, in the form of

nearly horizontal beds, overlying the earlier formations. The traps vary

from a hard, compact blueish and dark-grey basalt to the comparatively

softer, purple, amygdoloidal and scoriaccous types with vesicular cavities

generally filled with eolite, calcite and quartz.

Bijapur district is poor in mineral deposits. However, a few minerals

of economic importance like limestones and asbestos occur in the taluk

of Mudhol and Bagalkot. Though iron ore is known to occur at several

 63
w river, it is not being mined
places, especially to the south of the Krishja

as it is found to be uneconomic. Traces of copper have been noticed on

the laminae of talcose limestone at Khajjidoni near Kaladgi. Small

quantities of Manganese occur in hillocks near Kagalgomba, near

Bagalkot and also near Kumatagi. Rocks suitable for use in building

construction and as road metal and railway ballast as also for use as

ornamental stones, roffing and flooring slates etc. are also found to

occur in large quantities throughout the district. Numerous quartzite

and sandstone ridges to the south of Krishna river and the sandstone

ridges north of Muddebihal yield enormous quantities of building stones.

The beautiful granites of light grey to pink colour occur near Bilagi,

Rolli, Pattadkal, etc. are noted for their capacity to withstand the pressures

and vibrations involved in imparting a fine polish in order to render

such stones fit for use as pieces of ornamental stones. A few quarries of

slate are found near Kadarkop of Mudhol taluk and also near Kaladgi,

Siliker and Talikot.

2.4 DRAINAGE (Fig.5) :

Krishna, Bhima, Don, Ghataprabha and Malaprabha are the

important rivers which flow in the district.

1. River Krishna :

The river Krishna is second biggest river in the peninsular India.

It rises in the Western Ghat at an altitude of 1,338.0 M (4,385 ft) above

 BIJAPUR DISTRICT

RELIEF & DRAINAGE

Fig. 5.
 65

M.S.L. near Mahabaleshwar hills of the sahyadri mountain range in

Maharashtra and flows across the peninsula from West to East for a

length of about 1,392 km through Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra

Pradesh before it mingles into the Bay of Bengal. In the Upper reaches

the river runs through hilly terrain receiving plentiful rainfall varying

from 3,800 mm to 6,350 (150 inches to 250 inches) in plains. The river

has the catchment area of 24,500 sq.kms in the state of Karnataka. The

Krishna river has been a source of great inspiration and benefit to the

people living on its banks for centuries. The river enters the Bijapur district

at Kudachi (to the north of Jamkahandi). In its meandering course of

about 200 km, cutting across from west to east, the river divides the district

into two unequal segments of which the southern one is smaller. In the

western sector, for a short distance the river forms the natural boundary

between the district of Bijapur and Belgaum. Likewise, in the eastern

sector too, the river forms the natural boundary between the district of

Bijapur (Muddebihal taluk), Gulbarga (Shorapur taluk) and Raichur for a

short distance. In between the river separates the taluks of Bijapur,

Basavan Bagewadi and Muddebihal on the north respectively from the

laluks of Bilagi, Bagalkol and Hungund in the south. Under the

Multipurpose Upper Krishna Project, work relating to the construction of

dams across this river has been taken up near Almatti of Basavan

Bagewadi taluk and at Narayanpur near Siddapur P.Nalatwad

village of Muddebihal taluk. On completion of this project, the canal

network there of is expected to provide assured irrigation to about 8.43

lakh hectares of land belonging to the districts of Bijapur, Belgaum,

Gulbarga and Raichur. During summer the water is absolutely less and

the black sandy bed appears with pebbles, rocks, sands, etc.

River Bhima :

The Bhima river also rises in the Sahyadri mountain ranges and

flow about 240 km east across poona district (Maharashtra) in the

beginning. Then after flowing through Sholapur district (Maharashtra)

it enters Bijapur district (Karnataka) near Desur (Indi taluk). The

catchment area of this river is 16,750 sq.km in Karnataka state. It is

northern tributory to river Krishna. It flows east and constitutes a

natural boundary between the districts of Bijapur and Solapur

(Maharashtra state) for about 50 km and then turns south-east and forms

the boundary between the district of Bijapur and Gulbarga for a stretch

of another 50 km downstream. The Bijapur district, therefore, has only

the right bank of the river (i.e. the southern or the western) within its

administrative jurisdiction. The bed of the rivers has a cover of alluvium,

about 3 metres thick, below which the hard trap rock is reached. The

land along the river is rolling plain which is quite fertile in several parts

where in fodder crops are raised to feed the cattle.

 67
River Dhone :

The Dhone river, also spelt as Don, Done and Dhooni, rises near

Jath in the upland of Sangli district (Maharashtra). Flowing east and

south-east, the river passes through Athani taluk of Belgaum district

before entering Bijapur district near Honwad (Bijapur taluk). It has about

1100.0 sq km of catchment area in Bijapur. It has flow length of about

160 km in Bijapur district. The river runs across the taluk of Bijapur

and Bagewadi in an easterly direction and takes a southern course near

Talikota of Muddebihal taluk where it crosses over to Gulbarga district

near shivapura. The outer portions of this river basins are noted for

deep black soils which are remarkably fertile. The Dhone valley enjoys

the repuation as a rich food-grain producing area, especially during the

years of good rainfall. It is famous for rabi crops, particularly, wheat

and safflower. The water of this river is somewhat brakish and at a

several place the water turns saline during the drier months of the year.

River Ghataprabha :

The Ghataprabha rises at a place called Ramghat about 40km west

of Belgaum city. After flowing for about 200 km in an easterly direction

the river enters Bijapur district near Dhavaleshwar (Mudhol taluk). It’s

length in Bijapur district is 112 kms. The river continues its easterly

courses upto Bagalkot where it suddenly heads towards the north-east

 68

and flows into the Krishna near Sangam. Before that, the Ghataprabha

flows in a region of sandstone and quartzite hills. Near Herkal village,

the river develops into a beautiful gorge. The right bank canal of

Ghataprabha project irrigates the lands of Bilagi and Mudhol of taluks

of Bijapur district.

River Malaprabha :

River Malaprabha rises in the western-most portion of Belgaum

district near Kanakumbi village, and has an easterly course of about

192 km. The river runs through Belgaum district and enters Badami

taluk of Bijapur district near Karalakop. It forms the southern boundary

for about 32 kms, between Bijapur and Dharwad districts. The river

has a course of about 104 km in the district. Malaprabha is a tributery

river of Krishna. Bennihalla joins river malaprabha near Hole-Alur. On

either side of the bank of this river the water is used for growing sugarcane,

banana and other plantations. The dam across Malaprabha river is built

near Savadatti (in Belgaum district) irrigates some lands in Badami taluks

of Bijapur district.

3.5 SOILS :

The solution to our problems of agricultural productivity mainly

lies in the exploitation of the potentialities of the soil in most judicious

 69

Fig. 6
 70

manner. Therefore, a scientific knowledge of soils a pre-requisite in

planning for agricultural development. Soil constitutes the physical basis

of an agricultural enterprise and plays an important role in the

agricultural economy of a region. It is true in case of Bijapur district

also. We have some information about the soils of the area which are

based on the settlement reports and gazetteers, assessment reports and

the revenue records. The main considerations in such classification were

texture, colour, availability of water and the level of land. Bijapur district

with distinct geological and structural landscape, has varied soils of the

district vary from northern taluks to southern taluks; They are grouped

into the following four categories (Fig.6) based on the reports of the

National Commission on Agriculture.

1. Deep black soils

2. Shallow balck soils.

3. Medium balck soils

4. Mixed red and black soils.

1. Deep black soils ;

Deep black soils in the district occur in northern part of Indi, Sindgi,

B.Bagewadi, a major portion of Muddebihal, Bagalkot and the northern

half of Badami and Hungund taluks. It is also found in narrow south

strip of Sindgi taluk. These soils occur in the river banks and valley
 71

portions. River alluvials are also mixed in these soils. The deep black

soils are very deep (more than 90cm). They are dark brown, greyish

brown to very dark grey or black in colour. The texture is usually clayey

throughout the profile. At places, on the surface clay loam to silty clay

texture is also common. These are calcareous and are alkaline to strongly

alkaline. They are highly retentive of moisture. These soils are fertile

and moderately drained. Some time these soils are imperfectly drained

with slow to very slow permeability.

2. Shallow Black Soils i

These soils occur in a small portion of the district. The south­

western part of Indi taluk and a major portion to the northern part of

Bijapur taluk cover this soil. As this soil group belongs to the deccan

trap, it is usually encountered on an undulating topography of the district

and to some extent on schist and limestone uplands. These soils are

shollow in depth (22.5m) with dark brown to dark reddish brown in colour.

A small patches of non-calcareous soils are encountered on flat hill top

regions in trap areas. These are weak alkaline and have moderate to

high water holding capacity. These soils are well drained with moderate

permeability. The clay mineral is dominantly montonorillontic. The

soils are susceptible ranging from severe to very severe susceptibility.

Severely eroded soils are usually found on the steeper slopes (exceeding
 72

5%) and are very shallow and highly gravelly. Shallow black soils are very

low in yield due to shallow rooting depth of the crops. Soil and water

conservation measures along with the adoption of package of practices are

essential to obtain satisfactory yields. Care is essential while developing

these lands for irrigation due to their shallow depth and steeper slopes.

3. Medium Soils :

These soils are distributed over the entire area of Jamkhandi and

Bilgi taluks, a small portion to the south of Bijapur taluk and a major

part of the south of Basavan Bagewadi taluk. A small strip to the south

western part of Muddebihal, northern part of Bagalkot and a major part

to the north of Mudhol taluks also have this soil. Medium black soil

group in the district usually occurs in the trap region belonging to schist,

limestone and shale. They are moderately deep (23.90 cm) and dark

reddish brown to black in colour. They are fertile and produce good

yields when supplied with sufficient moisture.

4. Mixed Red and Black Soils :

These soils are found in the southern portions of Badaini and

Hungund taluka. They occur on gentle undulating plain of the gneiss,

schist and sedimentary rock formation of the district. Both red and
 73

black soils are productive when supplied with required amount of water.

These soils are moderately susceptible to erosion. The crops usually

suffer due to lack of moisture during growing period.

For the development of these lands treatment of irrigation is

essential. The red soils comparatively of coarse texture are having better

drainage, whereas the black soils of heavy texture have moderate drainage

and low permeability. Hence a light irrigation on the red soils and coarser

texture soils, heavy irrigation in the low lands texture soils may be

considered to check up the heavy percolation of irrigation water and

seepage effect on the low lyig areas. Provision of drainage facilities,

specially in the low lying areas is essential while planning for irrigation.

Use of soft water, application of liberal quantities of organic manures,

judicious use of water and careful management are recommended.

Problem of Soil :

The soils of the study area are deteriorating every year owing to the

various factors. These are two major problems of the soils; 1) Soil erosion

and 2) Salinity and alkalinity.

1. Soil Erosion :

It is a serious problem in Bijapur district. Soil erosion is the

outcome of the combination of several factors such as the amount of

 74

rainfall, the slope of the land, moisture, the rententivity of soil, the

chemical and physical composition of rocks underlying and the vegetation

cover. In this regard very little experimental data is available. However,

in general, due to sudden showers of rainfall during the latter part (i.e.

September) of the S.W.Monsoon and retreating (NE) monsoon (in the

month of October and November) and due to inadequate soil conservation

methods in Bijapur district, nearly 12 to 43 tonnes of black soil per

hectare is eroded by running water every year. This is more frequent in

♦
the river basin of Bhima, Don and Krishna. The measures like terracing,

contour, bunding, countour furrowing, strip cropping and tree plantation

are being taken to prevent the soil erosion. Many factors are responsible

for salt accumulation. Out of them arid to semi-arid climate, impervious

sub-soil, quality of ground water, sepage, topographical position or

watershed, poor drainage, high water table and excessive use of water for

crops are those in which salt content is high and which can impair crop

production. Water is the chief agent through which salts are moved and

water evaporation leads to the accumulation of salts, generally from sub­

surface soils to upper soils. Lack of drainage and proximity of water

table within the reach of capillary action also responsible for salt

accumulation.
 75

2.6 WASTE LAND (Fig.7) :

The term waste land could be used to a land which is or which has

been left unclutivated (Fig.6). In the present study of Bijapur district

where the population has been increasing alarmingly there is a pressing

need for the optimum use of waste land. There is not a single ananimous

and comprehensive definition regarding waste land. But, for the present

study waste land is considered to mean a fallow land and other

uncultivated land.

The taluk-wise distribution of waste land is calculated on the basis

of percentage to the total geographical area of each taluk. The study

reveals that Bijapur district has 10.67 per cent (1,82,692 ha) and 15.21

per cent (2,60,426 ha) of waste land to the geographical area during

1986 and 1996 respectively. This indicates that there is an increase of

waste land by 4.54 per cent (77,734 ha) during the above study period.

The taluk-wise analysis shows that there is a significant variation in the

distribution of waste land not only from one taluk to another but also

from one period to another. The table 1 clearly states that there is a

general increase of waste land in taluks where the urbanisation has shown

an increasing trend, except Hungund and Sindgi taluks. In Hungund

 76

and Sindgi taluks the increase in waste land attributed to the

irregulartity and uncertainty of rainfall conditions. The nugget relief,

stony land, water logging, etc. are responsible for the formation of waste

land in the district. In Bilagi, taluk an increase in waste land is due to

the misuse of irrigation water from Ghataprabha project which in turn,

created alkalinity and salinity in the soils. The decrease in waste land is

found in Badami, B.Bagewadi, Indi, Muddebihal and Mudhol taluks. The

decrease of waste land in Badami and Mudhol taluks is due to an increase

in irrigation by Malaprabha and Ghataprabha river projects. These

project in turn facilitated to bring more area under cultivation. But, the

decrease in waste land in B.Bagewadi, Muddebihal and Indi taluks is

due to the increasing population pressure which has led to the

fragmentation of land holdings through the law of succession and

inheritance. To conclude it can be said that the waste land is not a

significant problem in the district. In the future increasing population

may use that waste land for agricultural production to meet the growing

demand for food.

 77
Table 1.
Bijapur District Waste Land (Area in Hectare)

r \
Name of taluk 1986 1996 Percentage change

Badami 21,038 9,104 0.70

(1.23) (0.53)
Bagalkot 14,243 7,730 0.38
(0.83) (0.45)
B.Bagewadi 15,380 30,400 0.88
(0.90) (1.78)
Bijapur 24,468 64,735 2.35
(1.43) (3.78)
Bilgi 7,302 12,867 0.32
(0.43) (0.75)
Hungund 11,452 18,443 0.41
(0.67) (1.08)
Indi 16,147 31,607 0.91
(0.94) (1.85)
Jamakhandi 12,413 12,502 0.01
(0.72) (0.73)
Muddebihal 8,812 22,428 0.80
(0.51) (1.31)
Mudhol 15,889 9,118 0.40
(0.93) (0.53)
Sindgi 35,548 41,486 0.34
(2.08) (2.42)
District total 182692 260426 77734
(10.67) (15.21) (4.54)
V J

Note : Figures in brackets are in percentage to the total geographical area.

 78
2.7 CLIMATE:
A study of the behaviour of the climatic elements include

temperature, pressure, winds, rainfall, etc. Seasonal changes in

temperature and rainfall for several years are the important aspects of

the study.

Climate plays an important role in affecting the characteristics of

agricultural economy in Bijapur district. It can influence the chance of

farming system either indirectly through such factors as length of the

growing season, the occurance of frost and availability of water for crop

growth. The climate of Bijapur district, like the climate of adjoining

districts of the Deccan, is generally dry and healthy. The large variations

in the rainfall from year to year both in the amount and in its distribution

period through seasons render the district liable to drought and famine.

The main seasons follow the pattern of the Deccan. The hot season

begins by the middle of February and extends to the end of May. The

month of June is followed by the south-west monsoon that extends up

to the end of September, as a result, weather becames cool and damp.

The north-east or the ‘retreating’ monsoon season is spread over the

months of October and November, while the cold season begins from

December and lasts upto the middle of February. The monsoonal winds

have profound effect on the climate of the district and hence, it can be

described as a tropical monsoonal climate.

 79
Temperature :

December is the coldest month of the year when the average minimum

temperature is 14.8°C. The temperature begins to rise from the latter

part of February. The mean maximum temperature attains the highest

level of 38.6°C, in the month of May. With the onest of monsoon (June)

weather becames cooler. The mean maximum temperature in the

monsoon months does not differ appreciably from that of the winter

months. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded was 42.8°C.

On May 1951.2 The Bagalkot and Badami regions of the district are

reported to be better than other parts of the district as wide spread rocky

hill ranges of this area get heated up and act as barriers of fresh wind

circulation. The intensity of the summer heat is occasionally relieved by

thunderstorms in the after noons of the months of April and May.

Rainfall :

As the district is located about 200 kins away from Arabian sea

(West) and lies in the interior of the Deccan Plateau of India belongs to

leeward side of the Western Ghats. The interior location and the leeward

position of the maidan area neither gets the effect of sea breezes nor the

advantage of monsoonal rains (south-west). The uncertainty and ill

2. Bijapur District Gazetier (1966). P.32-33, Government of Karnataka,

Bangalore.
 80
distribution is the significant characteristic of the rain shadow regions.

Monsoon in the district help to lower the severity of temperature. The

Indian meteorological records from 1931 to 1960 reveal that Bijapur

district has received an average rainfall of 69 cms spread in the 47 days^

The district normally doesnot receive rain in the months of January and

February. It receives about 9 cms of rainfall in the month of March,

April and May (13%), 45 cms of rainfall in the months of June, July,

August and September (65%) and 15 cms of rainfall in the months of

October, November and December (22%). The data record shows that

the district had 1,106 mm as the highest rainfall recorded in 1916, 343.3

mm, as the lowest in 1972 during which year the entire region of Northern

Maidan of Karnataka experienced severe drought and famine.

2.8 VEGETATION :

The forests are renewable resources and have contributed

substantially to the economic development of the country by providing

goods and services to the people and industry. The natural vegetation

which is also known as flora reflects not only the sum total of the climatic

conditions of a region but also the nature of soil condition, altitude,

underground water supply, human interference and a host of other

factors. Hence, a geographical distribution of forests is chiefly governed

by these factors. Bijapur district, which exists in the semi-arid tract,

0
 O f
0I

experiences hot summer, dry weather and erratic distribution of rainfall.

As a result of it very sparse distribution of natural vegetation is noticed

in the region. Apart from the odd climatic situations, the vast lands of

fertile black soil, thickly dotted with human settlements (numbering

1,239) has given rise to exhaustive utilisation of land for agriculture.

The forest cover in the district is only 4.87 per cent (83,103 hectares) in

1996 and it was the same in 1986. The distribution of vegetation is also

not similar all over the district. The highest concentration in southern

taluks and the lease in the northern taluks is generally noticed. The

concentration of forests in southern taluks is due to the band lands and

hill ranges, and the lease in northern taluks is mainly because of the

flat surface and fertile black soils. Most of the vegetation of the district

belongs to open thorney shrubs and stunted trees. Euphorbias are

extensive, jijyphus (bot) and mimosac are also seen widely. The river

beds are covered with tamarix eugenias etc. On river beds of Krishna,

and Don, babul (jali) is quite common. But, most of the trees are used

for fuel and agricultural implements.

2.9 GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS (Fig.8)

Based on the physical setting of the region the author has tried to

dealineate the following geographical regions of the district in order to

read the agro-economic characteristics of the region and their relation

with agro-based industries.

32
 1) The Bhima upland

2) The Central upland

3) The Don basin

4) The Bijapur Urban area

5) The Krishna Basin

6) The Southern Ranges and

7) The South-eastern hills.

1) The Bhima Basin :

It is a belt of about 7 to 14 kms wide sprading out from the southern

bank of the river Bhima. The river influences the local economy in two

ways (i) the areas that are flooded during the monsoon and which receive

annually good soil cover due to floods and also retain moisture and hence,

these are well known for their agricultural products (ii) the immidate

banks which are covered with Bhima waters for a longer duration are

mainly the flooded terraces and have given rise to garden cultivation.

The villages situated in this region are, therefore, generally large and

prosperous.

2) The Central Uplands :

South of the narrow belt of the Bhima basin, the landscape changes

more or less abruptly into waving and bare uplands interspersed with
small but well wooded valleys. These are the central uplands. The bare

aspects of the billowy uplands is well reflected in the low density of

population which resides in small and impoverished hamlets having mud

and wattle houses. Most of them are shephered villages. Agriculture is

restricted to valley courses where the upper slopes are given to interior

crops like bajra and the lower ones, where the soils get richer to jowar

and wheat. The population is essentially agricultural, but majority of

them depend upon sheep farming.

3) The Don Basin :

Although it is a part of the central uplands, the Don basin must be

considered as a separate geographical region because it has distinctive

landscape. Its wide expanse, its deep black soil cover are in contrast

with the deeply noticed flanks of the uplands. A bumper crop of jowar,

wheat, pulses and safflower always awaits the farmer in years of good

rain, but in years of scontly rainfall it becomes a notorious famine tract

which takes a heavy toll of cattle and causes much distress and forced

migration of the people. The villages are comparatively few but are large

sized.

4) The Bijapur Urban area :

It is situated practically at the terminal end of the central uplands.

Standing slightly to the north of Don basin is the historical city of Bijapur.
Bijapur city has had a glorious past. Bijapur even today is a city of

monuments of Muslim rulers. After its selection as district head quarter

during 1885, trade has increased and the place is now getting to be well

known as market centre for agricultural products like safflower, pulses,

wheat and cotton raised in the surrounding areas. The demarcation of

Bijapur Urban area is done by the author with the help of gravity model of

Reilly.*

5) The Krishna Basin :

The 1750 feet height level approximately marks off the Krishna valley

as a distinct landscape from the adjoining trappean land on the north

and the Kaladgi sandstones on the south. This is essentially the area

covered annually by the flood waters of the river. There is very significant

difference (which can be seen) between the annually flooded lands and

those which are left uncovered. The former area due to rich freshly

deposited silt and soaking of water becomes one of the most highly priced

agricultural lands, while the latter has a very thin soil cover and yields

but poorer crops.

6) The Southern Ranges :

This regions consists of the rivers of Ghataprabha and the North

Malaprabha ranges and offers a striking contrast in the scenery to the

iainr Mayer and Richard J. and Huggetf : Settlements. PP.94 to 109.

 86

regions on the north and south. It has an intimate reflection in the land

use settlements and the economy of the inhabitants. The two ridges on

account of poorer stony soils, yield hardly anything but scrubs, mostly

consisting of euphorbias and tarwadi. Here the topography is very uneven

due to the geological and the nature of drainage.

7) The South-Eastern Hills :

This region differs from its neighbouring parts of the Bijapur district

in several ways. It begins from the sitimani hills. The landscape is

typically that of gneiss and granit with irregular rock exposures separated

by black soil. The valley widens out wherever the gneiss outcrops and

gives a good agricultural land with local irrigational facilities. Further

downstream below the Aihole gorge, the river Malaprabha opens out to

form a broader valley.

 CHAPTER-III

INFRASTRUCTURE

3.1 Road Transport

3.2 Railway Transport

3.3 Communication

3.4 Power

3.5 Water Supply

3.6 Education

3.7 Employment

3.8 Trade, Commerce, Marketing and Ware-housing

3.9 Credit Facilities and Finance

3.10 Incentives
 88

INFRASTRUCTURE :

Industrial development of a region is guided by various factors of

which infrastructure facilities play a key role, of a catalytic nature in the

industrial development and performance of a region. Important among

these are the railway and road network, post and telecommunication

facilities and electric power. These services are in the nature of utilities

and are characterised by huge initial investment with a long gestation

period.1

INFRASTRUCTURE EXISTING :

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION :

3.1 ROAD TRANSPORT :

Bijapur district is well connected by roads. The National Highway

No. 13 connecting from Bangalore to Solapur passes through Bijapur

district.

All the villages of the district of Bijapur are connected by roads

whether surfaced or unsurfaced. The total length of surfaced and roads

as on the years 1984 and 1996 were as under :

1. Gayitri, K. (1997). “Role of Infrastructure in the Industrial

Development of Karnataka - A District Level Analysis”. Artha Vijyan,
Vol.39. No.2, June. PP. 185-205.
 89

Table - 2

Length of surfaced and unsurfaced roads 1984 and 1996 (in kms)

SI. Taluka Surfaced Road Unsurfaced Road Total Road Length

No. 1984 1996 1984 1996 1984 1996

1. Badami 419 790 141 42 560 654

2. Bagalkot 267 512 82 32 349 408

3. B.Bagewadi 544 409 250 187 794 768

4. Bijapur 737 773 205 82 942 899

5. Bilagi 208 221 52 42 260 313

6. Hungund 445 570 54 67 499 575

7. Indi 430 693 236 190 666 801

8. Jamkhandi 431 343 72 39 503 554

9. Muddebihal 344 767 259 125 603 602

10 . Mudhol 308 335 70 13 379 430

11 . Sindgi 412 331 265 125 677 764

District 4546 5744 1686 944 6232 6768

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics, 1984 and 1996,

District Planning Unit Bijapur.
 90
3.2 RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION :

The total railway/route length in the district during the year 1995-

96 was only 208 kms covering the talukas of Badami, Bagalkot, Basavana

Bagewadi, Bijapur and Indi. The total route length in different talukas is

given in Table - 3.

Table - 3

Railway length - 1984-85 and 1995 -96 (in kms)

SI. Taluka Length of railway line

No. 198^-84^ 1995-96

1. Badami 36 36

2. Bagalkot 36 43

3. Basavana Bagewadi 43 43

4. Bijapur 41 41

5. Indi 46 46

District 202 208

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics 1984 and 1985.

District Planning Unit Bijapur.

3.3 COMMUNICATION:

The district of Bijapur has 744 Post Offices which constitute about

7.7% to the total Post Offices in Karnataka. Total Telephones in use during
 91

the year 1996 was 23152 and the Telephones are significant in the taluka

of Bijapur, Bagalkot and Jamkhandi. The Table-4 gives the number of

Post Office, number of Telephones and Telegraph Offices in operation.

Table - 4

Communication Facility - 1984 and 1996.

SI. Taluka Post Office Teleph ones Telegraph

No. offices
1984 1996 1984 1996 1996

1. Badami 70 70 341 1288 23

2. Bagalkot 53 52 696 3070 22

3. B.Bagewadi 63 70 215 1317 39

4. Bijapur 92 100 1797 6823 50

5. Bilagi 38 36 44 597 15

6. Hungund 68 65 298 1232 30

7. Indi 91 82 203 1095 38

8. Jamkhand i6 59 1647 3463 35

9. Muddebihal 78 73 283 1180 27

10. Mudhol 47 48 348 2117 24

11. Sindgi 80 81 148 970 37

District 746 736 5020 23152 340

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics 1984 and 1996.

District Planning Unit Bijapur.
 92
3.4 POWER

Power consumption in industrial, agricultural and domestic sectors :

The district is connected with Hydro electric power from the

Sharavathi Project. The consumption of power by various sectors viz.,

industrial, agricultural and domestic is as given below Table - 5.

Table - 5
Power consumption - sector-wise (in ’00 KWH)

SI. Taluka Industrial Agricu­ Domestic Other Total

No. ltural

1. Badami 23507 9366 26537 5580 64990

2. Bagalkot 265579 18019 39732 9185 332515

3. B.Bagewadi 49416 1666 8142 4723 63947

4. Bijapur 82816 630 30109 66027 179582

5. Bilagi 2298 6896 1149 1149 11492

6. Hungund 16798 5070 27753 4842 54463

7. Indi 15158 6042 7870 4541 33611

8. Jamkhandi 60012 150030 30006 60012 300060

9. Muddebihal 12550 1812 7780 14097 363239

10. Mudhol 49592 148778 24796 24796 247962

11. Sindgi 13076 945 6011 6109 26141

District 590802 3949254 209885 201061 1351002

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics 1984 and 1985.

District Planning Unit Bijapur.
Existing connections and pumpsets energised :

The total number of existing connections of pumpsets in the

categories of industrial, agricultural and domestic is shown as below

Table - 6.

Table - 6.

No.ofPumsets energised - Categorywise 1984-85.

SI. Taluka No. of No. of existing connection Total

No. pumpsets
energised Indus­ Agricu­ Dome­ Others
trial ltural stic
1. Badami 2677 566 2576 10128 13068 26338

2. Bagalkot 1939 612 2205 9977' 14490 27284

3. B.Bagewadi 4675 352 4493 7819 1131 13795

4. Bijapur 6009 1481 5289 21206 2183 30159

5. Bilagi 1986 166 1830 3470 670 6136

6. Hungund 1809 649 1713 8997 11657 23016

7. Indi 7436 778 7492 7193 640 16103

8. Jamkhandi 6405 540 6377 11057 1355 19329

9. Muddebihal 1354 439 1293 6714 842 9288

10. Mudhol 4444 407 4020 7550 791 12768

11. Sindgi 4148 327 4290 6818 912 12347

District 42882 6317 41578 100929 47739 195563

Source : Taluka-wise Statistics 1984 and 1985,

District Planning Unit, Bijapur.
 94
Villages and Towns Electrified :

The electrification of the villages and other hamlets in the district is

on the steady rise under the minimum needs programme. The Table - 7

gives the total number of villages electrified as at 1984 and 1985 and the

percentage of villages electrified as compared to the total number of villages

in the district. The total number of villages electrified has risen from 1060

villages during 1982-83 to 1207 villages during the year 1984-85.

Table - 7
Villages and Towns Electrified

SI. Taluka Villages Other settlement Villages No. of

No. electrified (hamlets electrified towns
tandas etc.) as a percent electri­
to total no. fied
of villages
1984 1985 1984 1985 1984 1985 1984-85

1. Badami 147 148 - 5 92.45 93.08 3

2. Bagalkot 89 89 - -
98.89 98.89 1

3. B.Bagewadi 97 110 2 1 80.83 99.16 1

4. Bijapur 108 109 17 7 99.08 100.00 1

5. Bilagi 64 64 1 6 98.46 98.46 1

6. Hungund 157 157 - -

92.35 92.35 3

7. Indi 105 122 2 2 86.07 100.00 1

8. Jamkhandi 64 69 -
4 90.14 97.18 3

9. Muddebihal 110 126 1 -

71.43 81.81 2

lO.Mudhol 77 77 1 4 98.72 98.72 2

11 .Sindgi 102 127 5 -

71.83 88.81 1

District 1120 1207 29 29 87.43 94.22 19

Source : Taluka-wise Statistics 1984 and 1985,
District Planning Unit, Bijapur.
 Table - 8
Minimum Needs Programme - Rural Water Supply
(s o n uj)

Piped water supply

CO
Taluka Total Villages Tandas, Hamlets Borewells Programme as on March 1985
No. villages suffering from Colonies Borewells Villages Borewells not as on IVlarch 85

1981 inadequate Basties sunk Covered in working Schemes Schemes

Census supply of water suffering from (success ­ condition which completed under
on March 85 supply of water fully) need repair Progress
on March 85
06

i
CD

CM

V“

in

T~
Badami 159 87
CO

T—

CO

06

CO

CO
CO

CO

CM

CM
Bagalkot
CO

in

CO
CO

CO
CO

CM

CO
B.Bagewadi 120 20
CM

CM

Bijapur 109 23 22 37
CO

T—
CN

CD

CD

CO

m
Bilagi 65
CD

i
CO

CO

CO

CO
Hungund 170 55 54
h-

CM

CO

CD
Indi 122 20 53 42

i
CD

CM

CM
V“

v—
h-

00
Jamkhandi 83 55
CO

CO

CO

CO

CO

CD
Muddebihal 154 55 78
CD

CM

CO

o
T—

o
Mudhol 78 52 46
CD

in

r*
Sindagi 143 40 37 24
I

66
District 1281 158 40 565 521 114 23

:
Source Taluka-wise Plan Statistics, 1984 and 1985, District Planning Unit, Bijapur.
Cj
D
ccn
 96
3.5 WATER SUPPLY :

The Rural Water Supply scheme is well in progress in the district.

Of the total of 1281 villages in the district, only 158 villages are suffering

from inadequate water supply as on March 1985. Effective steps are being

taken by the Public Health Engineering Division of the PWD to sink

borewells in these villages and augment drinking water supply. A total of

565 borewells have been sunk in the district covering 521 villages. Of

these, 114 borewells need repair. Table 8 shows the details of the rural

water supply under minimum needs programme.

3.6 EDUCATION:

The literacy percentage in Bijapur district is 55.13% as per 1991

census. Literacy among the males constitute 69.69% and female 40.60%.

The following table gives the literacy percentage in various taluks of the

district under the categories of male and female.

Table - 9
Taluka-wise Literacy Level

SI. Talukas Literacy level percentage (1991 census)

No.

Male Female

1. Badami 75.09 42.55

2. Bagalkot 76.38 44.20

3. B.Bagewadi 71.70 41.24

4. Bijapur 70.25 44.16

5. Bilagi 64.09 31.31

 97
6. Hungund 75.41 39.28

7. Indi 72.05 48.21

8. Jamkhandi 60.51 34.04

9. Muddebihal 71.79 34.79

10. Mudhol 62.06 36.04

11. Sindgi 67.16 37.16

District 69.69 40.60

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics, 1991.

District Planning Unit, Bijapur.

There are 18 professional and technical institutions in the district,

as per 1984-85 Census and the total number of colleges are 29. The

total number of nursary schools in the district has shown a two fold

increase over that of the year 1983-84 and also there has been a steady

increase in the number of secondary schools showing the increased

number of school going children in the district.

3.7 EMPLOYMENT:

The total number of persons (cumulative) employed in the organised

sector as at the end of March ’85 is 1468 for the district of Bijapur as

against 1207 during 1983-84. The Table - 10 gives the details of persons

employed in the organised sectors in various talukas as also the number

 Details of Employment

Application on the live register of employment exchange as at December

CO
Taluka Persons placed in

No. the organised sector Graduated Matriculates !

Others Illiterates Total

1985 j
CO
o>
j

CO

00
0>
CO
1984-85 1983-84 1984-85 1983-84 1984-85 1984 1985 1984 1985
...........
1

r*
Badami 93 103 210 228 1105 1460 174 712 1489 2400
I
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
i

o
CM
CO

CM
Bagalkot 143 152 215 1143 3054 204 1629 1562 4913
O
V*

CO
CD
CO

o
o
00

CO
CM

CO
CM
CM

00
h-

to
CO

CO
B.Bagewadi 72 201 216 251 1547 2556

0>
O
CM
CM
Bijapur 364 420 448 475 3124 5002 312 167 538 4051 8044
l
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
CO
CM
CO

O
CO
CM
CM

V“
f'-

T—
r-
;Bilagi 92 218 230 94 1215 203 918 2590
i

CO
to

o
1724 2440

CO
Hungund 78 193 205 1015 1370 193 323
' .
...
...
..
1^-
CO

CM
CM

CO
o
CO

h-
Indi 73 87 228 235 1125 1381 213 409 130 1975
I
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
CO
CO
r-

CO
CO

CM

CM
CM
M*
85

CO
Jamkhandi 132 224 1218 1559 223 343 296 2008
I

I
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-

!
o>

CO
CO
o
73

CD
Muddebihal 100 332 950 1508 918 393 285 1866 3041
i
CO
CO
CO

CO

CO
CO
CM

CM

o
Mudhol 84 108 203 203 1044 1363 343 2554
r*
CO

00
o
CM

O
00
CM

h-

x—
Sindagi 87 943 1389 813 353 135 1685 2544
CO
CM
CM

O
CM
CM
CM
1^*

co
00
o

CO
CO
District 1207 2680 2784 20561 2130 11485 2933 21151

:
Source Taluka-wise Plan Statistics, 1984 and 1985, District Planning Unit, Bijapur.
98
 39

of job aspirants in the live register of the employment exchange as at the

end of the year 1985.

A total number of 692 stipendaries are working in various Government

Departments at the end of March 1985. The Table - 11 gives the details/

number of stipendries employed in various talukas of Bijapur district.

Table - 11
Employment under Stipendary Scheme

SI. Taluka 1984 1985

No.

1. Badami 61 60

2. Bagalkot 58 58

3. B.Bagewadi 53 52

4. Bijapur 124 123

5. Bilagi 29 28

6. Hungund 109 107

7. Indi 71 71

8. Jamkhandi 60 58

9. Muddebihal 45 45

10. Mudhol 38 35

11. Sindgi 54 54

District 702 692

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics 1984 and 1985,

District Planning Unit, Bijapur.
 100
Small farmers, agricultural labourers and artisans :

Against the total number of 502716 labourers under various

categories of small farmers the marginal farmers are 25717, agricultural

labourers are 337862 and artisans 82749 as per the 1981 Census. The

share of small farmers is 56398 and the total number of agricultural

labourers is 3,37,062. The break-up of these for the different talukas of

the district is given in below Table - 12.

Table - 12

Category-wise Break-up of Labourers

SI. Taluka Small Marginal Agri­ Artisans Total

No. farmers farmers cultural
labourers
1. Badami 7375 5170 23776 20570 57099

2. Bagalkot 4672 1970 20871 3561 31074

3. B.Bagewadi 5203 1481 39996 4719 51399

4. Bijapur 5705 1889 42573 3423 53590

5. Bilagi 3715 2199 15371 3792 25077

6. Hungund 7392 3166 28655 22142 61355

7. Indi 4397 1330 41385 3508 50620

8. Jamkhandi 4921 3218 28963 12529 49631

9. Muddebihal 4529 1603 30988 2626 39746

10. Mudhol 4083 2260 24844 2389 33576

11. Sindgi 4196 1423 40440 3490 49549

District 56388 25717 337862 82749 502716

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics 1984 and 1985,
District Planning Unit, Bijapur.
 101
Land-Man Ratio :

The size of land per rural person in the district is 0.86 hectares and

of the agricultural labourer/cultivator is 2.42 hectares. The details of the

land-man ratio are given in below Table - 13.

Table - 13

Taluk-wise Land man Ratio

SI. Taluka Total Rural No. of Size of land

No. cultivable popu­ Agril. (in hectares)
areas lation labourers & Per Rural Per Agril.
in Hects. 1981 cultivators person labourer &
1984-85 Census 1981 Census cultivator

1. Badami 95250 157265 52632 0.66 1.99

2. Bagalkot 76399 114599 38466 0.67 2.01

3. B.Bagewadi 186007 201148 70900 0.98 2.78

4. Bijapur 237251 231597 80144 1.03 2.97

5. Bilagi 60372 88204 29875 0.74 2.19

6. Hungund 117246 158509 56767 0.77 2.16

7. Indi 206181 226512 76487 0.00 1.77

8. Jamkhandi 96450 161637 60487 0.66 1.76

9. Muddebihal 139490 151558 57146 0.94 2.48

10. Mudhol 84185 125224 47512 0.73 1.92

11. Sindgi 206144 206901 76229 1.02 2.78

District 1504975 1823154 647126 0.86 2.42

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics 1984 and 1985,

District Planning Unit, Bijapur.
 Table -14
Regulated Markets/Agricultural Commodities Market Societies - Value of goods handled

to
Taluka Regulated Markets (Main & Sub Markets) Agricultural Commodities Marketing Societies

No. at the end of June (All types as at the end of June)

No. of Value of Products No. of (cumulative) Value of produce handled

Units handled during (Rs. ’000) Units during (Rs. in lakhs)

■m-
00
CD

00
CD
1984 1985 1985 1985 1984 1985

CO
o
CO

CO

CO

-
Badami 28228 7.24 2.45
LZL
CO
o
■St

\—

CO
00
00
o

CD

CNI

CM

CM
Bagalkot 153028
i

T—

CO
B.Bagewadi 1490 7936 19.36
-

T—

-
Bijapur 510567 245357 28.34 30.82
i

<

CM

CM

in
Bilagi 1313 287
'

'

CM

CM

CO

x~~
00
00

CM

CO

CO

CD
Hungund
i

o
00
CO

in

CM

CM

N-
Indi 5925
CM

CO

CO

00
Jamkhandi 54465 51431 9.29
00
CM

CO
00

CM

CM

CO

CO

CD
Muddebihal 36214 23554 6.14
T
—

CO

CO

o
Mudhol 1652 62531 5.12 8.76
i

00
CD

£
Sindagi 4017
86Z6
00

CD
CD
o

CO

CO

District 24 24 810246 574268

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics, 1984 and 1985, District Planning Unit, Bijapur.
f— *
CD
ro
 103

3.8 TRADE. COMMERCE. MARKETING AND WARE HOUSING

The activities of trade, commerce and marketing is always

synchronised with the progress and growth of agricultural sectors,

industries, etc. There are 24 regulated markets in the district of Bijapur

(as per the 1985) handling various commodities. The details of various

commodities handled by these regulated markets are given in Table - 14.

The total value of commodities handled by these regulated markets is worth

of Rs.57.43 crores.

The value of goods handled by the Agricultural Commodities

Marketing Societies at the end of year 1985 is Rs.97.98 lakhs as compared

to Rs.96.08 lakhs during the year 1984. The details of the value of goods

handled by different APMCs in different taluks is given in wide Table -14.

The capacities of godowns in the co-operative sector are given in

Table -15. The number of godowns (cumulative) at the end of 1985 was

377, and the godowns of the ware-housing corporation were 19.

3.9 CREDIT FACILITIES AND FINANCE

There are a total of 288 branches of banks in Bijapur district.

Syndicate bank is the lead bank of the district. There are 202 branches of

commercial banks as at the end of June 1985 and the number of co­

operative bank offices as at the end of June 1985 is 86. The population
 Capacities of Godown

CO
Taluka Co-operative Godowns Capacity (in tonnes) Warehousing Corporation Capacity

o
z
(Cumulative) Cumulative Cumulative (in no.s) in tonnes

r~~
05
CO

00
in
cd

T—
05
00

t—
cn
00

■'i'
cn
oo

cn
in
00

00
CD
1985
1

o
to

m
o

V“
Badami 5700 5700

CO

CD

00
O
O

o
o
00

CM
-M-

^r
CM

CM
Bagalkot 2590 2590
i

o
o
CO
CO

o
CO
CO
o

CO
00

00
CO

CO
B.Bagewadi
o
o
CO
o

o
o
o
CO

N-

h-

o
o
co
CO

o
o
CO
CO

o
Bijapur
i

o
CO

o
CO

in
Bilagi 4700 4700
1

o
o
CO
00

o
o
CO
00

CO
to

in
CO

CO
Hungund
o
o
00

o
o
00

CO

CO

T~

T“*
Tfr

c
xj

h-
4500 4500
00
O
O

o
o
00

CO

CO

CO
Jamkhandi 5700 5700
■

o
o
o
CM

O
O
O

CM

00
T"

T—
00

cn
Muddebihal
i

o
o
CO
CM

CO
CM
O
O

o
V*
Mudhol
»

o
o
o
CM

h-
V“

T~
T~
Sindagi 2000
cn

cn

o
o
o
CO
TT

o
o
CO
O

co
h~

fv.
1"-

CO
District 9190 9190

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics, 1984 and 1985, District Planning Unit, Bijapur.

H-*
CD
 Financial Infrastructure

to

cj
c
JxC

m
o
<u

"to
to
«fc

E
E

o
O

(0

O
Population served per Bank Offices

CO
Taluka Cooperative Bank

No. as at the end of June Offices as at the Commercial banks Including Co-operative

(Including branches) end of June banks

CD
m-
00

CD
-3-
00

00
CD
1985 ' 1985 1985 1984 1985

CD

CM
T-

-
Badami 19937 12855 10874 8422

CO
CO
00

h-

00

ID

CO
V

eg
Bagalkot 15634 9678 9432

to

03

in

o
T“

CO
B.Bagewadi 24508 16682 15317 11936

UO

CO
Bijapur 28 34 15074 12675 10294 8795
CO
o
to
00

eg

eg

v—
o

CD
9120

m
Bilagi 18240 11174

T
o

T—
CM
CM
O

00
00
to
00

CD
V~

Y“

CO
3734

CO
Hungund 13181

T
CO
CO

o
o

in

CD

CM
Indi 22675 17364 13230
CO
00

CD
CO

CD

CO
CM

CD
T“

00
Jamkhandi N- 18863 63398 12072

r-

eg

Y““
T”
11065

CD
Muddebihal 18719 17520 10837
CD
00
00

oo

in

00

V“
o
Mudhol 22889 12464 12207
CO

00

CO
in
o
■'t

CD

CO

Y—
Sindagi 24 10554 19083
CO
00

District 136 202 85 19672 12523 12105 9485

Source : Taluka-wise Plan Statistics, 1984 and 1985, District Planning Unit, Bijapur. H
to
 106
served per bank office of commercial banks is 12523 and the population

served including cooperative banks is 9485 per bank. The details of the

financial infrastructural showing the details of number of branches in

each taluks and the number of persons covered is given in Table - 16.

Karnataka State Financial Corporation :

KSFC has financed 360 number of Small Scale Industries Units since

its inception to as on 31.03.1986. The number of SSI* units have

sanctioned loan of Rs.311.05 lakhs and Rs.243.77 lakhs respectively.

Karnataka State Small Industries Developent Corporation :

To cater to the needs of small entreprenuers this Corporation has 3

industrial estates in the district situated at Bagalkot, Bijapur and

Jamkhandi talukas. The total number of industrial sheds in the district

at the end of March 1986 is 84 nos. The total extent of industrial area is

304 acres. The details are given in Table - 17. The total number of sheds

constructed and allowed by KSSIDC in Bijapur district is shown in Table -

18. The shed constructed are under the categories of B, C, D, H and G.

Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board :

During the year 1986-87, KIADB has acquired land to an extent of

73 acres at Mahal Bagayat Industrial Area. At Asangi Industrial Area,

Jamkhandi taluka, KIADB has acquired 27 acres of land for allotment to

the prospective entreprenuers after development of the same.

* Small Scale Industrial Units.

 Industrial Estates and Industrial Area

OD
Taluka Industrial Estate Industrial Sheds in Extent of industrial

No. the estates completed area (in acres and guntas)

i
CO
00

CD
00
1983-84 1984-85 1984-85 1985-86 1984-85

-
Badami

00
CM

T~*

CM
Bagalkot 28
1
___________________
i

CO
B.Bagewadi
—
O

00
o
in

CO
CO

T"
Bijapur 40 19.20
t

in
Bilagi
i

CO
Hungund
i

N-
Indi

CO

00
Jamkhandi 10.17 119.00
i

CD
Muddebihal
i

O
Mudhol
i

-
Sindagi

h-

CO

CO
District 84 29.37 304.00

:
Source Taluka-wise Plan Statistics, 1984 and 1985, District Planning Unit, Bijapur.
107
 Table -18
Number of Sheds Constructed and Alloted by KSSIDC

Sheds

CO
Industrial Sheds Constructed Sheds Alloted
0

CO

m
O
No. Estate Total Total available

\
i

i
CO

l
X}-

CD

CD

o
20

—
Bijapur 40 32
i

1
1

i
20 27

CM
Bagalkot 28
1
1

1
V“

1
CO

CO

CO

CO

CO
Jamkhandi
CO

in

CD

CO

CO

-*—»
15
o
1-
84 23 43 37

2 sheds (1L and 1D) at Bijapur, One D-shed at Bagalkot and

one mini shed at Jamkhandi are being used by KSSIDC

for storing purposes.

do
oo
 The total land acquired and developed by KIADB in Bijapur district

as on 28.2.1987 is 1097.35 acres.

3.10 INCENTIVES :

Bijapur district has been declared as one of the industrially

backward districts by Central Government and eligible for various

concessions.

Indi, Mudhol, Badami, B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Hungund, Sindgi and

Muddebihal talukas come under Zone II (industrially less developed areas).

These talukas are eligible for 10% investment subsidy from the Central

Government and 5% investment subsidy from the State Government.

Bijapur, Bagalkot and Jamkhandi taluks come under Zone III (areas

identified by the State for Industrial growth) and is eligible for investment

subsidies as indicated for Zone II.

The various concessions offered in this district are :

1. Concessional finance to small entreprenuers.

2. Composite loan scheme to meet the financial requirement of term

loan and working capital for artisans in the tiny sector.

3. Seed capital assistance for new entreprenuers.

4. Exemption from income tax upto 20% of profit earned during first

ten years.
 110
Available resources in Bijapur district :

The natural wealth of a region determines to a large extent the type

of activities that can be taken up. In examining the resource pattern, for

identifying resources offering potential for industrial activity followed broad

category of resources are considered.

1) Agricultural resources

2) Horticulture

3) Animal husbandry

4) Forest and fisheries resources

5) Sericulture

4.1 Agricultural Resources :

More than 75% of the people in Bijapur district depend on

agriculture for their livelihood. The sizeable are of the district is under

dry tract of the eleven talukas of the district* 0nly these blocks i.e.,

Jamakhandi, Mudhol and Bilagi have irrigation potentiality from

Ghataprabha, left bank canal. The remaining talukas mainly depend on

rainfall which is irregular and uncertain. During 1985-86 crops in all the

talukas of the district were affected due to failure of rain during Kharif

and Rabi.

Jowar, bajra, wheat, maize and tur, sunflower, safflower, groundnut,

sugarcane are the agricultural crops grown in the district. Another

 in
important crop being grown in the district is onion. In terms of area and

production, the output of onion has come down between the period 1983-

84 to 1985-86. The area and production of onion which was 10007

hectares and 96357 tonnes respectively in 1983-84 has come down to

7520 hectares and 72410 tonnes respectively in 1985-86. There is a

reduction of 25% in terms of area and production of onion between the

period 1983-84 to 1985-86.

This general declining trend is also taking place in case of other

agricultural crops due to prevailing drought conditions in the district.

Jowar is grown in all the talukas of the district. But major

concentration is in Sindgi, Bijapur, Basavau., Bagewadi and Indi talukas.

These four talukas accounted for 57% of total production of jowar in

1984-85.

Bajra, another important crop is grown in Basavana Bagewadi, Indi,

Muddebihal, Bijapur and Sindagi. These talukas account for 76.3% of

total production of Bajra in the district. Basavana Bagewadi, Bijapur,

Indi and Jamakhandi account for 61.5% of the total wheat production in

the district.

Pulses are grown in Indi, Bijapur, Basavana Bagewadi, Hungund

talukas. These talukas account for 69.9% of the total pulse production in

the district.
 112

Groundnut production is concentrated in Badami, Basavana

Bagewadi, Indi, Muddebihal and Sindagi talukas. These talukas account

for 64.9% of the total production in the district.

Hungund, Basavana Bagewadi, Indi, Muddebihal and Sindagi

account for 66.8% of the total cotton production in the district.

In the production of other oil seeds like safflower, sunflower, etc.,

Basavana Bagewadi, Bijapur, Indi and Sindagi talukas contribute 68.6%

of the total production in the district.

Other agricultural crops grown in the district are Tobacco, mulberry,

fodder crops, etc.

It is noted that net area irrigated in Bijapur district accounts for

9.7% of the total net irrigated area in the state.

Out of the net irrigated area of 1,54,258 hectares in the district

during 1983-84, 29.5% of land is irrigated by canals, 4.5% is irrigated

by tanks, 50.4% is irrigated by wells and the remaining 45.6% of land is

irrigated by other sources. Major portion of land i.e., 50.4% depends on

wells for raising agricultural crops.

Major irrigation project undertaken in the district :

The only major irrigation project undertaken in the district is Upper

Krishna Project (UKP). UKP stage I was commenced in 1963 and was

expected to be completed in the year 1971. The original project cost

 113

estimated was Rs.58.20 crores. As at the end of VI Plan, the cost went

upto Rs. 1039.71 crores. Originally the project was estimated to have

irrigation potential to 242.91 thousand hectares. The latest estimate is

425 thousand hectares. UKP Stage I had allocated (targeted) outlay of

Rs.206.51 crores during VI plan. Likely increase in gross potential for

irrigation is 56.35 thousand hectares. The outlay allocated during the

VII Plan for the project was Rs.221 crores with potential irrigation for 80

thousand hectares. The outlay during the first year of VII Plan, i.e.

1985-86 was Rs.52.50 croses with potential irrigation for 40 thousand

hectares. UKP Stage-I though coming in Bijapur district, has got very

little impact on irrigation potential within the district. The major districts

that get benefit by the project are Gulbarga and Raichur districts. The

project has only helped in providing employment to the local people.

Area under High Yielding Varieties of Crops :

About 9.5% of the area sown in the district is under High Yielding

Variety Crops. The major crops grown are Jowar, Maize, Bajra and Wheat

under High Yielding Variety Crops.

Between 1983-84 and 1984-85 the total area under High Yielding

Variety of Crops for the two crops i.e., Jowar and Bajra has come down by

51.89%. In case of maize the area under high yielding variety has remained

same during 1983-84 and 1984-85. In case of wheat the area has gone up

by 20% during the same period.

 Jowar and maize are grown as Kharif and Rabi crops. However, the

area under high yielding variety during Kharif is more for both Jowar and

maize. In case of Bajra, the crop is grown only as Kharif crop. Wheat is

grown as Rabi crop. Badami, Jamakhandi and Mudhol talukas account

for more than 15% of area under high yielding variety to the net area sown

in the district.

Horticulture :

Horticulture apart from playing an important role in the restoration

of ecological balance of a region also provides employment especially to

small and marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. Growing of fruits

and vegetables will not only help to earn additional income but also

provides nutritional standards.

The major vegetables grown in the district are Tomato, Brinjal,

Cabbage and Carrot. Main fruits are Banana, Guava, Lime and Lemon.

Grape and Lemon are the most important horticultural crops grown in

the district.^ It is grown mainly in Bijapur, Indi, Jamakhandi and Bagalkot

talukas. The area under grapes and lemon is about 590 hectares and

1200 hectares respectively. Under Drought Prone Area Programme, an

amount of Rs.23.48 lakhs have been spent for horticultural development

between the period 1974-75 to 1986-87 (as on 31.10.1986). The amount

spent includes for activities such as raising and distributing of fruit

plants, establishment of mixed orchared, maintenance of horticultural

 115

farms, establishment of two mist chambers in Bijapur and Almel and

conducting demonstration for preservation of fruits and vegetables.

A proper infrastructure for horticultural development in the form

of good irrigation system, providing seedlings of fruits and vegetables

and proper training will motivate further development of horticulture in

the districts.

The encouragement provided under Integrated Rural Development

programme and Drought Prone Area Programme for the development of

horticulture in the district should be equally matched by making adequate

budgetary provisions by horticultural department for rapid increase of

horticultural production in the district.

Animal Husbandry :

Animal Husbandry comprises of three areas. These are Dairy

Development, Sheep Development and Poultry, The total livestock

population was 22,86,734 (during 1983). Poultry, Goat and Cattle account

for 73.4% of the total livestock.

Dairty farming and Poultry provides subsidiary occupation for the

farmers. Sheep rearing also provides subsidiary occupation. Under

Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) an account of Rs.212.69 lakhs

have been spent on animal husbandry as on 31.3.1985. The major

activities of DPAP under Animal husbandry includes establishment of spear

 116
head teams, mobile veterinary clinics, bull centres, milk chilling plant,

carrying out artificial insemination and purchase of milk road tankers.

Under KMF 103 Co-operative Societies have been commissioned as on April,

1986.

There is also regional poultry farm located at Bijapur. This

Institution provides short-term poultry training, technical help to poultry

farmers and also supply MYCHIC birds. One Rabit farm is also developed

at Kattanahalli village under IRDP during 1985-86. There are 71

Veterinary Institutions as on 30.06.1985 in the district.

Forest and Fisheries Resources :

As a resources base for overall development of a region, forest and

fisharies do not contribute much as far as Bijapur District is concerned.

The total fish production in 1983-84 and 1984-85 was 181.6 tonnes

and 382 tonnes respectively. Bijapur, Muddebihal and Basavana

Bagewadi accounted for major share of fish production in the district.

The total fish tanks in the district was 49 and water spread area was 6712

hectares in 1984-85. An amount of Rs. 112.38 lakhs have been spent on

fisheries development under DPAP between the period 1974-75 to 1986-

87, The major activities included construction of Regional Fish Farms at

Narayanpur, expansion of Bhutanal Fish Farm, Tank Fisheries

Development and assistance to fishereis co-operative societies.

 117
Sericulture :

Sericulture was introduced by the Department in all the North

Karnataka District during the year 1975-76 as a viable cash crop to

improve the economic conditions of the farmers and Bijapur District was

one among them. To make this industry a popular avocation, the farmers

of the district were extended financial assistance under Karnataka

Sericulture Project with the assistance of the World Bank. As the district

offers ideal climate for the development of Sericulture Industry, it

developed quite fast in last ten years and an area of 2231.2 acres is

under Mulberry. The farmers of the district having released that

sericulture is lucrative cash crop as compared to other cash crops are

approaching the taluka level and district level officers for the supply of

seed material to take up mulberry cultivation in their holdings. A farmer

who takes up sericulture in one acre area can earn a net income of

Rs. 10,000/- on the first year of planting and would get Rs.20,000/- to

Rs.25,000/- in the subsequent years. Unlike other cash crops, sericulture

does not need heavy investment and has many economic advantages.

Moreover, sericulture is an agrobased rural oriented cottage industry and

provide gainful employment to the weaker sections of the community all

round the year. The litter thrown by the silkworms each day has high

compost value which mulched can be recycled to enrich the soil fertility.

The mulberry leaves left over by the silkworms after feeding can be fed to
 118
cattle to improve milk yield as mulberry leaves contain high percentage of

proteins and are rich in vitamin content.

The details of the physical achievement is sericulture siince 1983-

84 to 1986-87 is given below in Table - 19.

Table 19

Physical Achievement in Sericulture - 1984 to 1987.

SI.No. 1984 1985 1986 1987

1. Area undre mulberry 1731.00AC 2353.00 2789.00 2231.02

2. Laying Brushed

Cross breed 28623 215828 299354 205025

Bivoltine 85774 117565 131213 71933

Total 372808 333393 431067 276958

3. Laying Harvested

Cross breed 303028 232679 288559 217298

Bivoltine 64347 92949 127882 55688

Total 362324 300628 405445 271986

4. Quantity of Cocoons

Produced

Cross breed 72892Kgs 58119 82935 62114

Bivoltine 15195 21053 50603 14166

Total 88092 79172 113538 76280

5. Silk Rearers 927 1435 1537 1714

 119

There are Sericulture Institutions in the district to give necessary

support in the form of (raining and marketing etc., for the development

of sericulture. The details are as follows :

1. Training-cum-Produclion Centres : 3 (Bojapur, Jainakhandi,

Sulebhavi in Hungund Tcj)

2. Private Silk Reeling units : 14

organized

3. Functioning Private silk : 12

rolling units

4. Government Cocoon Market : 1 (Bijapur)

5. Government Grainages : 2 (Bijapur & Jamakhandi)

6. Technical Service Centres : 7 (Bijapur, Indi, Sindagi,

Hungund, Mahalingpur,

Badami & Jamakhandi)

7. Chawki Rearing Centres : 79

8. Model Chawki Rearing Centre : 1 (Mahalingpur)

9. Demonstration-cum-Seed Farm : 3 (Bagalkot, Bijapur

and Sindagi).
 CHAPTER - IV

LANDUSE, IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE

4.1 General Landuse

4.2 Irrigation

4.3 Agricultural Landuse

4.4 Agricultural Productivity

4.5 Levels of Agricultural Development

 121

CHAPTER - IV

LANDUSE, IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE

4.1 LANDUSE

The term ‘Landuse’ and ‘land utilisation’ have been interchangeably

used in the literature on agricultural studies. The specific meaning given

to this term includes the rational utilisation ofland by the land owner to

derive maximum returns and to this end the land owner takes the major

decision. The rational utilisation ofland depends on many factors which

are generally outside the control of land owner.1 This meaning of

'landuse’ is exclusively stated by Mandal (1982) when he specifies that

the 'landuse’ as mainly related to the optimum use of limited land.

Similarly Vink (1975) also points out that ‘landuse’ is the result of the

scarcity of land and is the application of human controls in a relatively

systematic manner in order to derive benefits from it.2 Both Mandal

(1982) and Vink (1975) emphasise that efficient use of land depends

upon several factors like the land tenures, institutional framework,

technology, size ofland holdings and the like. According to them it also

depends upon the utilisation and management capacity of the land owner.

Land use is an important sensitive indicator of changing agricultural

1. Mehar Singh Manick (1998). "Landuse pattern in Punjab”, Yojana.

Vol.42. No.6. June.
2. Vink, A.P.A. (1975). Landuse in advancing agriculture, Springer
Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, New York.
 122

practices. Further, within the constraints imposed by environmental

conditions, the choice of crop to be grown and the changes in the cropping

patterns reflect simultaneously a number of other changes of the land

owner to his land (cultivation technique, labour use and technical inputs)
/
and his relation to the outside world/ (market and prices government

incentives, transport and communication). Net sown area, current fallow,

forests, uncultivated lands other than current fallow, land not available

for cultivation and area sown more than once are the important categories

which explain the concept of ‘landuse’ and conceptually accepted in the

field of academics. Net sown area and area sown more than once are the

two important aspects of‘landuse’ which themselves show the impact of

irrigation. The extension of net sown area and increase in the cropping

intensity both are closely connected with the extensive irrigation facilities.

In many region, climate and relief which are not readily responsive

to human intervention, lead to change and development. In the context

of continuous interaction between available resources, a complex land

use pattern emerges as an outcome of trial and error through many

thousands of years.

In the present study the data has been collected at taluka level and

for convenience and better presentation land is grouped into five groups.

(I) Forest land (II) Land not available for cultivation (III) Other uncultivated

land excluding fallow (IV)Fallow land (V) Net Area Sown.

 Table - 20
Bijapur district talukawise land utilization (area in hectares)

Name of Year Forest Land not Other un- Fallow Net Geographical
the taluka available for cultivable land land area area
cultivation (excluding sown
fallow)
Badami 1986 31263 12100 20.18 19020 75019 139420
(22.42) (8.66) (1.44) (13.64) (53.80) (8.14)
1991 31263 13211 1407 12665 80874 139420
(22.42) (9.47) (1.00) (9.08) (52.00) (8.14)
1996 31263 13211 1407 7697 85862 139420
(22.42) (9.47) (1.00) (5.52) (61.58) (8.14)
Bagalkot 1986 10611 6152 253 13990 61621 93627
(11.33) (6.57) (0.27) (14.94) (65.81) (5.46)
1991 11611 6152 250 5580 70034 93627
(12.40) (6.57) (0.26) (5.95) (74.80) (5.46)
1996 11611 6152 250 7480 68134 93627
(12.40) (6.57) (0.26) (7.98) (72.77) (5.46)
B.Bagewadi 1986 1143 9292 1423 13957 172050 197865
(0.57) (4.69) (0.71) (7.05) (86.95) (11.55)
1991 1143 9599 1423 16498 169202 197865
(0.57) (4.85) (0.71) (8.33) (85.22) (11.55)
1996 1143 9599 1423 28977 156723 197865
(0.57) (4.85) (0.71) (14.64) (79.20) (11.55)
Bijapur 1986 834 19594 8090 16378 220873 265769
(0.34) (7.37) (3.04) (6.61) (83.10) (15.52)
1991 834 19594 8088 20451 216802 265769
(0.34) (7.37) (3.04) (7.69) (81.57) (15.52)
1996 834 19594 8088 56647 180606 265769
(0.34) (7.37) (3.04) (21.31) (67.95) (15.52)
Bilagi 1986 11761 6183 154 7148 52963 78169
(15.04) (7.90) (0.19) (9.14) (67.75) (5.56)
1991 11761 8825 154 20484 36945 78169
(15.04) (11.28) (0.19) (26.20) (47.26) (5.56)
1996 11761 8825 154 12713 44916 78169
(15.04) (11.28) (0.19) (16.26) (57.20) (5.56)
Hungund 1986 9792 8517 1169 10283 105597 135358
(7.23) (6.29) (0.86) (7.59) (78.01) (7.90)
1991 9792 8525 1169 4072 111800 135358
(7.23) (6.29) (0.86) (3.00) (82.59) (7.90)
1996 9792 8522 1169 17274 98601 135358
(7.23) (6.29) (0.86) (12.76) (72.84) (7.90)
(Contd...)
 124
Table-20. (Contd...)
Name of Year Forest Land not Other un- Fallow Net Geographical
the taluka available for cultivable land land area area
cultivation (excluding sown
fallow)
Indi 1986 - 13841 2493 13654 192505 222,492
(6.22) (1.12) (6.13) (86.52) (12.99)
1991 - 13841 2493 4877 201282 222,492
(6.22) (1.12) (2.19) (90.46) (12.99)
1996 - 13840 2493 29114 177075 222,492
(6.22) (1.12) (13.08) (79.58) (12.99)
Jamkhandi 1986 11410 7107 1932 10481 85923 116853
(9.76) (6.08) (1.65) (8.96) (73.53) (6.82)
1991 11410 7107 1832 14211 82293 116853
(9-76) (6.08) (1.56) (12.16) (70.42) (6.82)
1996 11410 7107 1832 10676 85828 116853
(9.76) (6.08) (1.56) (9 13) (73.44) (6.82)
Muddebihal 1986 8143 2114 6698 132789 147744
(5.43) (1.41) (4.47) (88.67) (8.74)
1991 - 8143 2089 4685 134827 147744
(5.43) (1-39) (3.12) (90.03) (8.74)
1996 - 8143 2089 20339 119173 147744
(5.43) (1.39) (13.58) (79.58) (8.74)
Mudhol 1986 5289 4666 1312 14577 69606 95450
(5.55) (4.88) (1.37) (15.27) (72.92) (5.57)
1991 5289 4666 1312 13259 70924 95450
(5.55) (4.88) (1.37) (13.89) (74.30) (5.57)
1996 5289 6468 864 8254 74575 95450
(5.55) (6.77) (0.90) (8.64) (78.12) (5.57)
Sindagi 1986 - 9.167 2290 33258 172889 217601
(4.21) (1-05) (15.28) (79.45) (12.70)
1991 - 9.167 2290 25425 180719 217601
(4.21) (1.05) (11.68) (83.05) (12.70)
1996 - 9.167 229C 39196 166948 217601
(4.21) (105) (18.01) (76.72) (12.70)
District 1986 83103 104721 23248 159444 1341832 1712348
(4.85) (6.11) (1.35) (9.31) (78.36) (100.00)
1991 83103 108826 22507 142207 1355705 1712348
(4.85) (6.35) (1.31) (8.30) (79.17) (100.00)
1996 83103 110628 22059 238367 1258241 1712348
(4.85) (6.46) (1.28) (13.92) (73.48) (100.00)
Note : Figures in brackets are in percentage.
 125

Table - 2 1
Bijapur District Percentage Change in Land Use Pattern -1986 to 1996
Name of Forest Land not Other un- Fallow Net Geographical
the taluka available for cultivable land land area area
cultivation (excluding sown
fallow)
Badami Unchange 0.81 -0.44 -8.12 7.78 Unchanged
n _ " -
Bagalkot Unchanged -0.01 -6.96 6.96
ii
B.Bagewadi 0.16 Unchanged 7.59 -7.75
-" - -" -
Bijapur Unchanged Unchanged 15.15 -15.15
-" -
Bilagi 3.38 Unchanged 7.12 -10.55
-" - -" -
Hungund Unchanged Unchanged 5.17 -5.17
ii
Indi Unchanged Unchanged 6.95 -6.94
Jamkhandi Unchanged -0.09 0.17 -0.09
ii -" -
Muddebihal Unchanged -0.02 9.11 -9.09
-" -
Mudhol 1.89 -0.47 -6.63 -5.12
- " - -" -
Sindagi Unchanged Unchanged 2.73 -2.73
ii
District Total 0.35 -0.07 4.61 -4.48
 l'G

BIJAPUR DISTRICT

TALUKA-WISE GENERAL LAND USE-1996

(CIRCLES ARE PROPORATIONAL TO THE TOTAL GEOGRAPHICAL AREA)
( Area in hectares )

[ Forest

Land not available for cultivation

[ 1 Other uncultivable landexcludin
fallow
Follow land

Net area sown

Taluks
1. Badami
2. Bagalkot
3. B^Bagewadi
4. Bijapur
5. Bilgi
6. Hungund
7. Indi
8- J^cnkhandi

9- Muddebiha
10-Mudhol
11. Sindgi
N

0 k 12Kms
\--------- j

J
Rig-8
 127
The data collected pertains to the year 1986, 1991 and 1996. It

allows us to study both spatial and temporal variations in land use at

taluka level.

The given Table 21 gives an overall picture of the landuse of Bijapur

district for the year 1986, 1991 and 1996. The total geographical area

of the district is 17,12,348 hectares, out of which 4.85% is (83,103 ha)

under forest, 6.46% (110628 ha) under land not available for cultivation

1.28% (22059 ha) is other uncultivable land, 13.92 (2,38,367 ha) is under

fallow and 73.48% (1258241 ha) under net sown area during the year

1996 (fig.). The area under plough was almost the same during 1987 and

1991 i.e., 78.36% and 79% respectively. From the above date it reveals

that the district has good percentage of land under agriculture (73.48% in

1996).

The detail analysis of these landuse categories is analysed in the

foregoing paragraphs.

Forest :

The forest covers only 4.85% of the total geographical area of the

district during all the three study periods. It is very less compared to

the total average forest cover of Karnataka (15.91%) and India (23%) which

is sharing hardly 2.74% of the forest cover of the state of Karnataka.

This categorisation includes all areas actually under forest whether state
 128

owned or private owned and classed or administered as forest under only

legal enactment dealing with the forests. Most of the forest cover is

restricted to the stony uplands and hilly ranges and is of inferior type of

scrub. Thorny shrubs like zizyphas (bor) and mimosac are seen.

Euphorbias are extensively found. Cactus (opuntiadilenii) has

disappeared totally after the introduction of cochinea insect, and this

has added to the bareness of the landscape. The river beds are

characterised by tamarix, eugenias, etc. Variations in the regional

distribution of forest land at the taluka level is from 0.31% (lowest) in

Bijapur taluk to 22.42% (highest) in Badami taluka (vide Fig.8). Forest

is nil in Indi, Sindagi and Muddebihal taluks. Observation of the Table

21 is interesting to note that the area under forest during study periods

is neither increased nor decreased. Forest cover in the district gradually

decreases from south to north. Highest percentage of forest is noticed in

Badami (22.42%), Bilagi (15.05%) and Bagalkot talukas (12.40%) which

is mainly due to the location of these taluks in the hills and ridges of

Kaladgi series and the valleys of Ghataprabha and Malaprabha rivers.

The agricultural colonization in the district contemplated a ruthless

resumption of forested area for agriculture. The growing population and

thereby increased need of land for agriculture have restricted the state

Government to bring more area under afforestation. On the contrary, it

can be advised by the district organisations only by arousing interest in

 129

the peasant proprietors rightly suggesting them that a very low percentage

of area under forest is existing in the district would tend to bring about

an arid and desolate conditions. It is difficult to predict the scale and

location of future tree plantations. But, the best way of growing more

trees in the district is planting them along the roads, canals, water

courses, and the forthcoming command areas of reservoirs.

Land not available for cultivation :

This category includes land put to non-agricultural use, barren

and uncultivable land, river, beds, etc. In other words it includes land

which cannot be brought under cultivation. The total area under this

category is 1,10,628 hectares which constitutes 6.46% of the total

geographical area of the district in the year 1996, but it was 1,04,721

hectares (6.11%) in 1986 and 1,08,826 (6.35%) in 1996. There are no

remarkable talukawise variations in the distribution of land under this

category. The figures reveal that above 5% of concentrations are usually

found in the taluks of Badami (8.66%), Bagalkol (6.57%), Bujapur

(7.37%), Bilagi (7.90%), Hungund (6.29%), Indi (6.22%), Jamkhandi

(6.00%) and Muddebihal (5.43%) during 1986. The remaining taluks

have below 5% of land not available for cultivation. The change in the

land not available for cultivation from 1986-96 (vide Fig.8). Quite

apparently exhibits that the talukas of Bagalkot, Bijapur, Hungund, Indi,

 130

Muddebihal and Sindagi have the unchanged situations. Badami,

B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Jamkhandi and Muddebihal have the increasing

trend of 0.81%, 0.16%, 3.38%, 0.08% and 1.89%, respectively. This

analysis highlights that little expansion in the area of land not available

for cultivation corresponds to a comparative increase irrigation facilities

from 1986 (6.11) to 1996 (6.46) and the increase in population and also

the imposition of land reclamation programmes in relation to physical

constraints.

Other Uncultivable (excluding fallow) Land :

The uncultivable iand includes grooves, petty and minor forest and

unused lands.

Bijapur district has hardly 1.35% (23,248 ha) in 1986, 1.31%

(22,507 ha) in 1991 and 1.28% (22,059 ha) in 1996 under other

uncultivable land. When we look at the talukawise distribution under

this category it is less than 5% in all the taluks during 1986, 1991 and

1996 study periods. But, picture of the talukawise data (Table 21) states

that in Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Bilagi and Hungund taluks have less than

1.0% whereas Badami, Bijapur, Indi, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal and

Sindagi taluks had more than 1.0% but Mudhol taluka has 1.37% of

area under this category in 1986 and it was less in 1996 (0.90%). From
 131

the above analysis it may be noted that the major programmes of land

reclamation and management in the district have influenced to bring

down the area under uncultivable wastes.

Fallow Land :

The extent of fallow land and its spatial distribution show changes

depending upon the physical factors like relief and rainfall as well as the

socio-economic conditions and the development of irrigation. Generally

fallow lands are divided into two classes. Old fallow lands which comprise

those lands that have been left uncultivated for more than five years,

and the new fallow lands include lands which were not sown at the time

of reporting of crop. But such of the lands were sown one or two years

before or left fallow either in one season or for one complete year to

replenish their fertility. For the present study, however, these two

categories are grouped together. The entire region has a very small

proportion of fallow land being 9.31% (1,59,444 ha) in 1986, 8.30%

(1,42,207 ha) in 1991 and 13.92% (2,38,367 ha) in 1996 (Table 21).

Regional distribution in the pattern of fallow lands in Bijapur district

are exhibited in the Fig.8. B.Bagewadi (14.64%), Bijapur (21.31%), Bilagi

(16.26%) and Sindagi (18.0%) talukas have more fallow land than the

average of the district for the year 1996.

 132
Net Area Sown :

The net area sown is the land which is being actually tiled for

raising crops (foods or cash or both). The net area sown and the fallow

land together constitute the extent of cropped land in any region. It is

the actual area under crops accounting for the areas sown more than

once in the same year. A glance at the Table No.20 exhibits the general

landuse of the district. The net area sown occupies the largest share

during the study periods, viz., 78.36% (1986), 79.17% (1991) and 73.4%

(1996) to the total geographical area.

The availability of net sown area in the district is uneven and hence

talukawise disparity is noticed in the distributional pattern. Talukawise

variations in the net sown area of the district are exhibited in Fig.8.

During 1996, B.Bagewadi (79.20%), Indi (79.58%), Muddebihal (79.58%),

Mudhol (78.12%) and Sindagi (76.72%) have recorded more percentage

of land under net sown area. Other talukas with higher percentages

under net sown area ranging above 70.00% are, Bagalkot, Hungund and

Jamkhandi. In the remaining taluks the area under net sown is less

than 70.00%. The extent of net sown area in Bijapur district has

decreased by about 4.88% (from the year 1986 to 1996) which is mainly

because of the insufficient and ill distribution of rainfall. It is obvious

from the above fact that the Government schemes like reclamation of the

cultivable waste lands and the extension of irrigation facilities

 133

might have stimulated this change. The taluks which have registered a

negative change are B.Bagewadi (7.75%), Bijapur (15.15%), Bilagi

(10.55%), Hungund (5.17%), Indi (6.94%), Jamkhandi (0.09%),

Muddebihal (9.09%), Mudhol (5.12%) and Sindagi (2.73%). Badami

(7.78%) and Bagalkot (6.96%) taluks have shown a positive change.

Conclusion :

Cultivated lands in the vicinity of settlements have been usurped

and deveoured. Contemporary developments in the sphere of industry

and transportation also grabbed their share of land from other categories.

The rate, intensity and the direction of landuse changes through

Governmental policies have a profound influence on the spatial dimension

of agricultural structure in particular and landuse in general in the

district.

The change in the general landuse of the district from 1986-1996

under different categories clearly states that the area under forest

remained unchanged (Fig. 8). It is mainly because of the paucity and ill

distribution of rainfall throughout the district. The land net available

for cultivation has a increasing trend in Badami (8.66-9.47), B.Bagewadi

(4.69-4.85), Bilagi (7.90-11.28) and Mudhol (4.88-6.77). But Bagalkot,

Bijapur, Hungund, Indi, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal and Sindagi have

remained unchanged during 1986 and 1996. The area under fallow land
 134

has shown a decreasing trend in Badaini (13.64-5.52), Bagalkot (14.94-

7.98) and Mudhol (15.27-8.64) taluks mainly because of the more area

being brought under cultivation. The fallow land has increased in the

taluks of B.Bagewadi (7.05-14.64), Bijapur (6.61-21.31), Bilagi (9.14-

16.26), Hungund (7.59-12.76), Indi (6.13-13.08), Jamkhandi (8.96-9.13),

Muddebihal (4.47-13.58) and Sindagi (15.28-18.01) due to the decrease

or untimely occurrence of rainfall.

The other cultivated land excluding fallow remained unchanged in

B.Bagewadi, Bijapur, Bilagi, Hungund and Sindagi taluks. A decrease

of 1.44 to 1.08 in Badami, Bagalkot 0.27 to 0.26, Jamkhandi 1.65 to

1.56, Muddebihal 1.41 to 1.39 and 1.37 to 0.90 Mudhol, is due to

untimely occurrence of rainfall.

Though the district has high percentage of land under cultivation,

yet a minor change (1986, 1991 and 1996) in the net sown area in the

district is mainly because of the variations in the socio-economic

conditions of the people. As the district is experiencing frequent droughts

and famines the farmers have to keep their land under fallow and hence,

the change in net sown area is noticed during the study periods. A

decrease of 86.95 to 79.20 B.Bagewadi, 83.10 to 67.95 Bijapur, 67.75 to

57.20 Bilagi, 78.01 to 72.84 Hungund, 86.52 to 79.58 Indi, 73.53 to

73.44 Jamkhandi, 88.67 to 79.58 Muddebihal and 79.45 to 76.72 in

Sindagi has occurred during 1986-1996. The increase in net sown area
 135

in the talukas of Badami (53.80 to 61.58), Bagalkot (65.81 to 72.77) and

Mudhol (72.92 to 78.12) is due to the increase in the amount of well and

lift irrigation.

The region has a very high proportion of land in the categories of

net sown area. If the planned irrigation potential is assured then the

Bijapur district so called drought prone area will become agriculturally

green-belt of the Karnataka State.

4.2 Irrigation :

Irrigation is the effort to overcome the rainfall deficiency or

fluctuation by means of conservation and optimum utilization of ground

and surface water resources so as to stabilize agricultural economy and

to increase agricultural productivity without completely depending upon

I

the Vagaries of rainfall.3 Irrigation offers the promise of dramatic

improvement in agricultural performance. Adequate and dependable

supply of water can prevent crop failures and produce higher yields.

The demand for increased agricultural production to meet the needs of

exploding population, needs a strategy for optimum utilization of available

water resources. Cultivation without irrigation is uneconomic and

■a

undependable in semi arid conditions. In the words of Arora (1976)4

3. Reddy, M.V. (1989). “Agriculture and Agro-based industry in Chittor

District". Sri.Venkaleshwara University, Tirupati A.P.
4. Arora, R.C. (1975). "Development of Agriculture and Allied Sector.
S.Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
 136

“The success of agriculture depends mainly on how timely and adequately

the water requirements of various crops can be met. This makes the

conservation of water and its judicious and economic use a matter of

great importance”.

Indian agriculture has undergone a revolutionary change in the

recent years. Agricultural production has increased substantially

and the cropping pattern in many areas have witnessed significant

structural changes. Extension of irrigation has played a key role in

bringing about this transformation. Increased irrigation facilities had,

in fact, begun to usher in the green revolution scenario in quite a few

areas in the India even before the introduction of H.Y.V. and the
•v
technological changes around 1966-67.5 Extension of irrigational

facilities to drought affected areas of the country received special attention

during the successive plan periods. Irrigation development and improved

farm practices have tackled the basic problems of low agricultural

productivity, inferior cropping pattern subsistence agriculture and rural

poverty in rainfed farming areas. Irrigation disparity accounts for a

substantial amount of variation in agricultural output between the

regions.6 Farming without irrigation is limited and if the rainfall

5. Dasgupta, Biplab (1980). "The New Agrarian Technology and India”.

McMillan and Co. of India Ltd., Madras.P.13.
6. Sen Lalit K. (1974). "Role of irrigation in integrated area development
planning” Paper presented at the Seminar on the Role of Irrigation
in Agricultural Development. Institute of Social and Economic
Change, Bangalore.
 137

decreases to less than 30 cm, agriculture without irrigation becomes

impossible.

In Bijapur district, the extent of net area irrigated rose from 14.15%

(1,90,306 ha) in 1986 to 19.07% (2,58,510 ha) by 1991 and 23.43%

(2,94,864 ha) in 1996.

River Irrigation :

As the district is noted for its droughts and famines, yet there is

vast potentialities of water available to combat scarcity conditions. The

district has five rivers with good drainage system viz., the Bhima, Krishna,

Ghataprabha, Malaprabha and the Don. Each of the eleven talukas of

the district is touched by one or the other potential rivers.

Ghataprabha River Project (Fig. 9) :

The Ghataprabha irrigation project has been undertaken to harness

the waters of the Ghataprabha river to irrigate some semi-arid talukas of

Bijapur and Belgaum districts. The project was designed earlier to 1948-

49 and the scheme began in the year 1970. It is estimated to irrigate

nearly 69,982 hectares of land in Bijapur district by Ghataprabha project

out of which nearly 60,764 hectares (86.80%) of land is irrigated so far.

The actual area under irrigation in these talukas accounts for 16.7% in

Bilagi, 39.30% in Jamkhandi and 43.99% in Mudhol talukas. But the

 13S

5oursce:-D^pt of Irrigation Govt. of Kornatafca F iO 9

 139
Table - 22
Bijapur district - Area irrigated by different sources (area in hectares)

Name of Year Net area Net area Net area Net area Total Net
the taluka irrigated irrigated irrigated by irrigated by irrigated
by by ells (includin other area
canals tanks tube wells sources
Badami 1986 2050 785 4755 4922 12512
(16.38) (6.27) (38.00) (39.34) (6.57)
1991 5000 972 6097 5722 17791
(28.10) (5.46) (34.27) (32.16) (6.88)
1996 67720 923 9130 8030 24403
(27.09) (3.72) (36.81) (32.38) (8.41)
Bagalkot 1986 - 322 3230 1125 4677
(6.88) (69.06) (24.05) (2.45)
1991 - 642 6463 4651 11756
(5.46) (54.98) (39.56) (4.55)
1996 - - 6154 5063 11217
(54.86) (45.14) (3.80)
B.Bagewadi 1986 . 575 8096 376 9047
(6.36) (89.49) (4.16) (4.75)
1991 - 1437 10892 1046 13375
(10.74) (81.44) (7.82) (5.17)
1996 - 1643 13625 531 15799
(10.40) (86.24) (3.36) (5.36)
Bijapur 1986 - 1073 20500 1250 22823
(4.70) (89,32) (5.48) (11.99)
1991 - 1099 23429 3862 28390
(3.87) (82.53) (13.60) (10.98)
1996 - 484 23421 7034 30939
(1.56) (75.78) (22.74) (10.49)
Bilagi 1986 8348 - 1813 4562 14723
(56.70) (12.31) (30.99) (7.74)
1991 10263 - 3558 5443 19264
(53.28) (18.47) (28.25) (7.45)
1996 10500 - 4750 8196 23446
(44.78) (20.26) (34.96) (7.95)
Hungund 1986 - 1154 2521 2785 6460
(17.86) (39.02) (43.11) (3.39)
1991 - 980 3162 3340 7482
(13.10) (42.26) (44.64) (2.89)
1996 - 613 3007 3991 7611
(8.03) (39.50) (52.44) (2.58)
(Contd...)
 140
Table-22 (Contd...)
Name of Year Net area Net area Net area Net area Total Net
the taluka irrigated irrigated irrigated by irrigated by irrigated
by by ells (includin other area
canals tanks tube wells sources
Indi 1986 - 1541 12733 2705 16979
(9.08) (75.00) (15.93) (8.92)
1991 - 3374 24225 9945 37643
' (8.96) (64.35) (26.41) (14.56)
1996 - 3126 22450 8755 34331
(9.11) (65.39) (25.50) (11.64)
Jamkhandi 1986 28154 - 6749 12204 47107
(59.77) (14.33) (25.91) (24.75)
1991 29274 675 6228 16393 52570
(55.69) (1.28) (11.85) (31.18) (20.34)
1996 28696 - 11244 22378 62318
(46.04) (18.04) (35.91) (21.13)
Muddebihal 1986 - 251 3201 584 4036
(6.21) (79.31) (14.47) (2.12)
1991 - 508 3435 1515 5458
(9.31) (62.94) (27.76) (2.11)
1996 - 164 3777 2456 6397
(2.56) (59.04) (38.39) (2.17)
Mudhol 1986 22421 - 8437 6798 37656
(59.54) (22.41) (18.05) (19.79)
1991 23265 - 14601 12343 50209
(46.34) (29.08) (24.58) (19.42)
1996 25421 - 14983 16453 56860
(44.71) (26.35) (28.94) (19.88)
Sindagi 1986 - 157 13973 510 14646
(1.07) (95.40) (3.48) (7.70)
1991 - 96 14185 291 14572
(0.66) (97.34) (2.00) (5.64)
1996 - 452 18537 1187 20175
(2.24) (91.88) (5.88) (6.84)
District 1986 60973 5858 85654 37821 190306
(32.03) (3.01) (45.00) (19.87) (100.00)
1991 67802 9783 116374 64551 258510
(26.23) (3.78) (45.01) (24.97) (100.00)
1996 71300 7405 131078 84074 294864
(24.18) (2.51) (44.45) (28.51) (100.00)
Note : Figures in brackets are in percentage.
 141

potentially irrigated (69,982 ha) would share to utilise the Ghataprabha

waters accounts to 37.19%, 39.32% and 23.48% for Jamkhandi, Mudhol

and Bilagi talukas, respectively.

The Malaprabha River Project :

The Malaprabha project consists of a dam across the river

Malaprabha at 'Peacock Gorge’ in Belgaum district with two canals; one

on the right bank and the other on the left bank with a capacity to

irrigate 2.06 lakh hectares and the major share of this benefits goes to

Belgaum district. The water of this project will be available in Bijapur

district only to Badami taluka is 80,250 acres.

Upper Krishna Project (Fig. 10) :

This project consists of two dams: one at Almatti about 40 kms. to

the N.E. of Bagalkot town and the other at Narayanpur about 65 kms

further east of Almatti dam. In addition, a third small dam as a barrage

at Hippargi across river Krishna about 100 kms. an upstream of Almatti

in Bijapur district is also being constructed for holding the receding

waters of the river Krishna to irrigate an area of 1,34,000 acres in Belgaum

and Bijapur district (Fig. 10). The dam at Almatti stores 227 TMC of

water with a water spread of 790 sq kms. Narayanpur dam has also its

own unique features. The height of the dam is about 90 feet though not
 U P P E R K R IS H N A R IV E R P R O J E C T !
T o ta l a r e a to b e b r o u g h t u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n in -th e I s t a g e
B i j a p u r D i s t r i c t 3 ,3 7 ,0 0 0 A c re ^ ■» — • D is tr ic t b o u n d a ry
G u lb arg a Q j^ tr ic t 7 ,1 3 .0 0 0
10. 50000 To ta ll = Road
^ R ailw ay
Dam
River K rishcna
& B him a
I S tag e A rea to be
Irrig a te d
R eserv o i r

C anal

20-t.ft Km.

Sourc»;.Qpp* of Irrigation C ovt.of KarnataJca

Fig. to
142
 143

the highest, yet it is the longest dam in the state. Similarly it stands

second only to Nagarjunasagar project in the south India.

The total irrigable area under Upper Krishna Project is of the order

of 20.84 lakh acres which is spread in the following districts of the

drought-prone areas of the state of Karnataka.

Bijapur - 7,27,300 Acres

Gulbarga - 7,43,500 Acres

Belgaum - 1,04,500 Acres

Raichur - 5,08,700 Acres

The total irrigable land of 7,27,300 acres in Bijapur district belongs

to the talukas of B.Bagewadi, Indi, Muddebihal and Sindgi. The total

length of the main canals of Almatti and Narayanpur dams will be 710

kms. The task of rehabitation of people affected by the submergence of

these projects is not less than the Almatti dam sub-merges an area of

about 2 lakh acres of land, 159 villages and a population of 2 lakhs.

Similarly at Narayanpur dam an area of 33,000 acres, 53 villages and a

population of 30,000 are affected. Thus the total uprooted population of

2.3 lakhs will have to be rehabilitated in about 100 villages, well laid-

out centres which will be newly constructed, where in modern amenities

like roads, panchayat halls, health centres, recreation halls and protected

water supply will be provided at Government cost. All the centres will

not only be internally connected but also be well served by the major
 144

roads in the vicinity. In addition, they will be compensated adequately

for their lands and houses that will be lost under submersion. The

entire cost involved in the rehabilitation works will be to the tune of

about Rs.72 crores. The project being a gigantic one and costing about

500 crores of rupees, cannot be taken entirely at a time.

If the water is made available by irrigation to the district the entire

economic scene of the area will be transformed contributing greatly to

the economic development of this region in Karnataka in general and

Bijapur district in particular. Investigations to exploit the abondant water

potential of River Krishna to irrigate vast tracts of the district were taken

up by the erstwhile Hyderabad state along with Lower Krishna Project

(The Nandikonda and now Nagarjun Sugar Project in Andhra Pradesh).

After the reorganisation of the states in India in 1956, the three districts;

namely, Gulbarga, Raichur and Bijapur were integrated in the state of

Karnataka and the scope of the project was re-examined. Alternative

dam sites and take-off points for canals were considered and the present

Upper Krishna Project is the result of the investigations carried out

through several years since then.

Well irrigation :

Unlike tanks and canals, wells depend on water supply from

underground sources. Apart from river irrigation the Bijapur district

 145

has major land under irrigation by wells. As per data available out of

2,94,864 hectares of irrigated land of the district 44.45 per cent is

irrigated by wells. The availability of ground water and cheap electricity

are the main factors for bringing more land under irrigation through

wells. The area under well irrigation by each taluk during the year 1996

is given below : Sindgi 91.86% (18,537 ha), B.Bagewadi 86.24% (13,625

ha), Bijapur 75.78% (23,421 ha), Indi 65.39% (22,450 ha), Bagalkot

54.86% (6,154 ha), Muddebihal 51.29% (3,777 ha), Hungund 39.50%

(3,007 ha) Badami 36.81% (9,130 ha), Mudhol 26.35% (14,983 ha), Bilagi

20.26% (4,750 ha) and Jamakhandi 18.04% (11,244 ha). The above

picture clearly states that the increase of well irrigation in Sindgi,

B.Bagewadi, Bijapur and Indi taluks is mainly because of the interest

taken by the farmers by introducing High Yielding Varities and the

commercialisation in agriculture.

Tank Irrigation :

Tank irrigation has been practiced in the district since ancient

times. This water is used for irrigation for the standing crops after the

wet season. These are number of tanks in the district which are irrigating

2.51% (7,405 ha) of the total irrigated area in the district in the year

1996. But the are irrigated by tank was 3.01% (5,858 ha) in 1986 and

3.78% (9,783 ha) in 1991 of the total irrigated area in the district. There
 146

are now 21 big tanks in the district. The important ones among them

are the Makhanpur and Mamdapur tanks in Bijapur taluk. The Asangi

and Areshankar tanks in B.Bagewadi taluk, the Kendur tank in Badami

taluk, Todalbagi tank in Jamkhandi taluk and Kalaskop tank in Bagalkot

taluk.

Irrigation by Other Sources :

The are under irrigation by other sources includes lift irrigation,

i.e. water pumped out from rivers and streams through electric pumpsets

along the banks of the rivers. This accounts for 28.51% (84,074 ha) out

of the irrigated land in the district in 1996. This shows that there is a

substantial increase of land under irrigation by other sources i.e., from

19.87% (37,821 ha) in 1986 and 24.97% (64,551 ha) in 1991. In this

regard, an encouragement should be made by way of providing loan to

purchase pumpsets and supply of electricity, etc. to all those farmers

who have agricultural lands along the rivers and streams.

Overall Intensity of Irrigation :

As the intensity of irrigation in the district is controlled by various

factors such as source of irrigation, quantity and quality of water, density

of the network of channels, cropping season, types of crops grown, etc.

the intensity of irrigation is not uniform throughout the district. This

 Table - 23
Bijapur District: Intensity of Irrigation

Name of Year Net area Net area Geographical

the taluka sown (% to the irrigated (% to th area (% to the
taluk's geographi­ net area sown district total)
cal area in the taluk)
Badami 1986 75009 12512 139420
(53.80) (16.68) (8.14)
1991 80874 17791 139420
(58.00) (21.99) (8.14)
1996 85862 24803 139420
(61.59) (28.89) (8.14)
Bagalkot 1986 61621 4677 93627
(65.81) (7.59) (5.47)
1991 70034 11756 93627
(74.80) (16.79) (5.47)
1996 68134 11217 93627
(72.77) (16.46) (5.47)
B.Bagewadi 1986 172050 9047 197865
(86.95) (5.26) (11.56)
1991 169202 13375 197865
(85.51) (7.90) (11.56)
1996 156723 15799 197865
(79.21) (10.08) (11.56)
Bijapur 1986 220873 22823 265769
(83.11) (10.33) (15.52)
1991 216802 28390 265769
(81.58) (13.09) (15.52)
1996 180606 30939 265769
(67.96) (17.13) (15.52)
Biiagi 1986 52963 14223 78169
(67.75) (26.85) (4.57)
1991 36945 19264 78169
(47.26) (52.14) (4,57)
1996 44716 23446 78169
(57.20) (52.43) (4.57)
Hungund 1986 105597 6460 135358
(78.01) (6.12) (7.90)
1991 111800 7482 135358
(82.60) (6.70) (7.90)
1996 98601 7611 135358
(72.84) (7 72) (7.90)
(Contd...)
Table-23 (Contd...)
Name of Year Net area Net area Geographical
the taluka sown (% to the irrigated (% to th area (% to the
taluk's geographi­ net area sown district total)
cal area in the taluk)
Indi 1986 192505 16619 222492
(86.52) (8.63) (12.99)
1991 201282 37643 222492
(90.47) (18.70) (12.99)
1996 177075 34331 222492
(75.59) (19.39) (12.99)
Jamkhandi 1986 85923 47107 116853
(73.53) (54.82) (6.82)
1991 82293 52570 116853
(70.42) (63.88) (6.82)
1996 85828 62318 116853
(73.45) (72.61) (6.82)
Muddebihal 1986 132789 4036 149744
(86.68) (3.04) (8.74)
1991 134827 5458 149744
(90.04) (4.05) (8.74)
1996 119173 7364 149744
(79.58) (6.18) (8.74)
Mudhol 1986 69606 37656 95450
(72.92) (54.09) (5.57)
1991 70924 50.209 95450
(74.30) (70.79) (5.57)
1996 74575 56860 95450
(78.13) (76.25) (5.57)
Sindagi 1986 172886 14646 217601
(79.45) (8.47) (12.71)
1991 108719 14572 217601
(49.96) (13.40) (12.71)
1996 166948 20176 217601
(76.72) (12.09) (12.71)
District 1986 1341832 190306 1712348
(78.36) (14.15) (100.00)
1991 1355705 258510 1712348
(79.17) (19.07) (100.00)
1996 1258241 294864 1712348
(73.48) (23.43) (100.00)
Note : Figures in brackets are in percentage.
 Table - 24
Bijapur District : Intensity of Irrigation by Different Sources
Name of 1986 1996

the Taluka Canals Tanks W ells Others Canals Tanks W ells Others

Badami 2.73 1.04 6.33 6.56 7.82 1.07 10.63 9.35

in
d
CM
Bagalkot 5.24 1.83 9.03 7.43

B.Bagewadi 0.33 4.71 0.22 1.05 8.69 0.34

CD
CO
00
Bijapur 0.49 9.28 0.57 0.27 12.97

Bilagi 15.76 3.42 8.61 23.48 10.62 18.33

CO
o
CM

O
CD
Hungund 2.39 2 64 3.04 4.04

CO
h-

CO
d
Indi 6.61 1.41 12.68 4.94

r-
CO
in
Jamkhandi 32.77 14.2 33.43 13.10 26.07

Muddebihal 0.19 2.41 0.44 0.14 3.17 2.06

60 003

CM

CM
Mudhol 32.21 9.77 22.06
r-

o
CM

o
CO

CO
600
Sindagi 0.29 11.10 0.71

CO
CM
CM
District Total 4.54 0.44 6.38 5.67 0.59 10.42 6.68
149
 BIJAPUR DISTRICT
INTENSITY OF IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SO URSES 1996 Net Area I rrigated (Xto the net area sownm the taluk)

BY CANALS BY TANKS

SSR 0-0 — 0-5 %

< 10-0 % 0-5 — 1-0%
10- 0 - - 20-0 %
and above
2 0 -1 -3 0 0 %
30-1 and above

BY WELLS BY OTHERS

> lr-3Sl % 0'S

< 10-0 %
5-0--100 V. 10- 0 - - 20 - 0 %
10-1--150% I4-4-I 20-1 and above
and above
150
 151

view is emphasized by Jasbir Singh and Dhillon that in an agricultural

region : "Other things being equal, the intensity of irrigation will increase

with decrease of rainfall and vice-versa.7 In fact, overall intensity of

irrigation varies markedly in different parts of the district as is portrayed

in Fig. 11.

The talukawise analysis of intensity of irrigation in Bijapur district

reveals that considerable percentage of area under irrigation is confined

to only five talukas in 1996. viz., Badami (28.89%), Bilgi (52.43%), Indi

(19.39%), Jamkhandi (72.61%) and Mudhol (76.25%) with an area of

24,803, 23,446, 34,331, 62,318 and 74,575 hectares respectively. These

taluks were having 16.68%, 26.85%, 8.63%, 54.82%, 54.09% intensity

with an area of 12,512, 14,223, 16,169, 47,107, 37,656 hectares in the

year 1986, respectively. This rise in area under irrigation is mainly due
to the supply of water from Malaprabha irrigation project to Badami talukdf

and from Ghataprabha irrigation project to Bilagi, Jamkhandi and Mudhol

taluks. The taluks of Bijapur, Badami, Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Hungund,

Bilagi, Indi and Sindgi have more land under well irrigation. The taluks

like Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Hungund, Muddebihal and Sindgi had

/. Jasbir Singh and S.S. Dhillon (1984); Agricultural Geography, Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, PP. 110-111.
 152

intensity of irrigation of 16.46%, 10.08%, 7.72%, 6.18% and 12.09%,

respectively during 1996. However, this was still low in 1986. Because

of the restricted flow of water, salt-ridden sub-soil, and the hilly

undulating topography marked with infertile soils create obstruction in

the development of irrigation and therefore, the intensity of irrigation

hardly exceeds 10 percent on an average in the study region.

Intensity of Canal Irrigation :

In view of the unfavourable rainfall and ground water conditions,

the canal irrigation has a particular significance in Bijapur district.

Though the Bijapur district has less area under canal irrigation, the

noticeable fact in the regional variation in the intensity of canal irrigation

in the district is that a considerable percentage of it lies in the taluks

served by the rivers which confined to the taluks of Badami, Bilgi,

Jamkhandi and Mudhol which were having 2.33%, 15.76%, 32.77% and

32.21% of area respectively under intensity of canal irrigation in 1986.

This increased to 7.82%, 23.48%, 33.43% and 34.09% in the same taluks

respectively during 1996. The remaining taluks in the district are showing

nill percentage in area under intensity of canal irrigation. The intensity

of canal irrigation shows that there is little room for extension of canal

irrigation in non-irrigated taluks but.there are considerable prospects

 153

for extension in the irrigated taluks. The existing intensity of canal

irrigations is responsible for the stabilized and diversified commercial

farming and high agricultural efficiency in the above taluks.

Intensity of Well Irrigation ;

Well irrigation is an important and age old source of irrigation in

many taluks of Bijapur district. As the cost of construction of well is

vary high only a few rich farmers can go for well construction. Hence it

is not widely practiced by poor farmers. A significant features of the

intensity of well irrigation in the district is noticed in northern taluks

comparising Indi, Sindgi, Bijapur, Jamkhandi and Mudhol. These taluks

include more than 6.50% of intensity of well irrigatoin in the year 1986.

But, in 1996 these taluks include more than 11.0% of intensity. In

Bilgi, Hungund and Muddebihal taluks it is 2.00% to 4.00% and in

Badami, Bagalkot and B.Bagewadi taluks 4.00% to 6.50% in 1986. In

1996 these taluks have improved the area under intensity of well

irrigation. Taluks of Badami and Bilgi witnessed an increase of above

10.00% (Fig. ). The district as a whole intensity of well irrigation

increased from 6.38% to 10.42% from 1986 to 1996. This developmental

trend in the intensity of well irrigation in Bijapur district is mainly due

to the intiative of individual farmers.

 154
Intensity of Tank Irrigation :

The intensity of tank irrigation in the district has remained stagnant

during the study periods. The overall intensity of tank irrigation in the

district is insignificant as it is below 1.00 per cent.

4.3 AGRICULTURAL LANDUSE

The distribution of crops and the landuse under various crops in

Bijapur district bear a close relationship with the distribution and the

amount of rainfall, soils, irrigation and other infrastructural facilities.

The following table gives the clear picture of the various category of crops

and the area accupied by them during the study periods.*

Table - 25

Year Total Total Total Total cash

cropped area Cereals Pulses crops
in hectares in hectares in hectares in hectares

1986 1215802 574639 121368 339795

(100%) (62.06%) (9.98%) (27.95%)

1991 1354340 667984 71874 614482

(100%) (49.32%) (5.31%) (45.37%)

1996 1403119 763453 143388 496278

(100%) (54.41%) (10.22%) (35.37%)

Total cereals include - Jowar, Bajra, Wheat, Maize, Rice and minor
millets.
Total pulses include - Gram, Tur and other pulses.
Total cash crops include - Cotton, Sugarcane, Groundnut, Sunflower
and Safflower.
 1
►

J
>
r
Table - 26 : Bijapur
— I
'M — ----- District Area Under Different Crops (Area in Hectares)_____ 1

Jo w ar B a jr a W heat M a iz e P u ls e s
^ |
J 1
Sugarcane Groundnut Sunflower Safflower Total

CO
Minor Cotton

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1996 29468 3446 2039 1473 7111 6093| 15768| 642 71360
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155
 T a b le - 26 (Contd...)
Bajra Wheat Maize Rice Pulses Minor Cotton Sugarcane Groundnut Sunflower Safflower Total
Name of Year Jowar

c
0
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3
I
---------------

n
06 21551 12120 16416 10695

CD
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3-a
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tn

CO

o
00 o

o
(12.95)

S'
(08S)
(15.40)|

st
CD
CO
|(oso)

s
st Is-

CD st
CO
o
CO o

CO o

st CO
CM
110] 3190] 7869 90259

CO st
in in
Jamkhandi 1986 35605 3315 7629 ]
st
K

CM CO
00 o
(ZES)

S' o CO
FT

00
|

o
|(es'£) S' CO P

CO
st
(8.72)

05 CO
st r-» co
o
o.

S'
(39.45) (3.67)

O
CO
CD
CM
CM
[ 1

T*~
CM o
CM

CO

S' in
CM CM 05
28813 3451 5025 3041 1612] 11130| 5453 1551 83917
1991
CO

05
I

CM

CD CO CO CO
Is- Is- st 05
S'

(66 S) (13.26)| (6.50)| (24.17)1 (620)

tn S' o S'
(3.62)
Kuo)
(34.33)
| 1

in

o
4520] 22810]

in
30762 680 9360 11260 5452] 2705 10122 1390 95116
1996 i

•
T**
CD
st

st
(8Z9)

CO
]

CM
!

Is-
in
[Cso'o) {23.98)| (10.64)|

MT*

in.
(32.34) (0.71) (5.64) (11.84)

co
|

S' Is-
CM

CO
Is- CD
6577] 9320] 107224

CO
CM
loe 8009 7009

JZ
-Q

D
*D
CO
0)
XJ
s
1986 42375 16620 5575
CO
CO
CM

(ZOO)
|

o
(6.13)| (8.69) (6.54)

O
I (7.47)

CM
tn
(10.63)1
|(eoo)
(39.52) (15.50) {0.03)|

Is-
O
in

st
CD CM o
CM S?* o

CO
CD

O
1991 42808 17820 3267 5161] 13227 57154 3632 148704
j
CO
ed

st
CO
S'

l(ZO'O) |(ZZ0)
'sl­

(3.37)] (8.89)1 (10.98)

CD
(2.44)

P
|(zoo)

s
i (28.79) (2.20)
1
1 1
1527431

CM
CO
1996 ! 45686 12634 4603 22| 14525| 67 5277 14004 52524 3086
o

Is-
CM

d
Is- o CM o
d

o
P

in
CM S' 00 P
1
(3.45)| (34.39) (10.89)1

CO
CM
cq
(0.01)1

P
(29.91) (3.01)

CD
o
in
1 1 1

cq CM
CD
O
P CD

O
CO
O
6926 270 4550 4480 3430 1600 67348

D
TJ

:>
n o
1986 28770 2165
CD
h-
(09'9)
|

sf
o

o
CD,
(2.89) (5.09) (2.38) (5.54)
Koosi.)
(42.72) (3.21) (4.32) (10.28)|
CO

Is-

sf
CD
Is-

Is-
to

sT
sf
s

05 CM Is-
o CO CO

CO
1991 17921 3711 21274 70496
N

O CD
CM CO
O d

00 CM
|

O
LT^

I | (2.29)

CM CO
CM

o M"
tn
(6.40) (30.18)

00 P
(25.42) (0.10)|
CO CO CO

o CD CD CM

CM
1

T“
20267] 89118

05
1996 24253 1792 5625 6521 2391 8550
o sf CO CO

(SE9)
in
CO d

CM
CM
CD

CO

St 00
P

S'

d
(o.o d i

CM sf CD d
CD O St o
(q

CD o'
CM CM,
r

CM
CO CD CD P
(6.31) ]
rr
Is-
CD
00
CM

(N
CO in

| 1

CO o in
o
[scoc
loe 200 18860 12140 169702

n
30
1^ st
DO
CM ID

c
CO
XJ
<0
8190

o)
1986

i
P

o
CO rT o
S

(13.96)

o
o S'

(16.88)

o N in
St
cq
P

CM n d

CM
CM LO P

CO
CO
P

S
O S'
P
d.
| | 1
]
1 1

20782 ! 4997 148 307 16138| 231 1954] 24667 55984 6265 1788941
1991 46790
T“
ed
5

CO d

CO

o
1
P

(13,21)

o
(31.29)|

CO
(3.50)

T~
cm
(9.02)|

S'

P
d.

P
(26.16)
1
CM

I |

Is-

Is- CD
1996 79057 7828 1 9568 1271 232 1710| 12364 41213 5142 177185
(06Z)
CO CO 00 CM

o (960)

in o
d
S' 00 P

(6.98) | (12,263,00)

s
st
o
P

(23.26)

P
(44.62) (4.42)
O
CO
CD

] ] j

CM

CM O)
1

q. CM
| 4816] 38989| 18995| 98080 81869 1215802

CD
CO
CD
IDistrict Total 523352 126955 ! 84693 1926
(D
N-

t~ oo
CM S

CO

in
t—

st
d
o

o 00 CO CD
o p 00 CO
st d CO d
p

CO o
p

(3.21)| (100.00)1

h- P
(43.05) (10.44) j (6.97)
00

| 1
st
| |

05
00

00
1991 466802 137750 I 46398 i 11318 25577 34688 121352 398589 34276 13543001
CM
CO
in

(96 8)
CD
in
CM

°°.

CM CM
CO o

Is- CO
rT in
(100.00)
p

CM p

(29.43)

q
(34.47) (3.43)
Is*
O
O
O)

00
CM

| | | | |

P st st CO
in
Is-

st
00 o
Is-

st
Is-

P CO
st
d 05
05
143388| 1185 38560 64475 85460 | 1403119

CO
1996 567115 62350 27074
|
o
o
o
o

CD

CD
o

N-
CM
P

(6.09)| (20.00)1
s

(soo) |(800)
(40.42) (6.06) (4.44) (3.35) (10.22)
Note : Figures in the brackets are in percentage
156

/
 157

BIJAPUR DISTRICT
TALUKA-WISE CROP LAND USE-1996
( CIRCLES ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE TOTAL CROPED AREA )

Jo war
r3?| Bajarn
^ Wheat
| Maize
-frl Pulses
1 1 Cotton
m Sugarcane
Groundnut M 7..

[4 4 I Sunflower
lill Safflower

l5%9«x\VMr/-
lo-l6X

1-Badarni 2. Bagalkot 3. B.Bagewadi 4-Bijapur 5.Bilgi 6.Hungund 7. Indi

8-Jamkhandi 9. Muddebihal 10. Mudhot 11.Sfndgi
. -Ffg.12
1
 158

The Table 26 clearly indicates that the total cropped area has slowly

increased from 1986 to 1996. Out of the total cropped area (12,15,802

ha) in 1986, total cereals (jowar, bajra, wheat, maize, rice and minor millets)
I
occupied 62.06% and the same is decreased in 199|> i.e., 49.32. During

1996 it is again increased to 54.41%. Among the cereals jowar ranks first

with an average area of 39.31% during the study years. Jowar is a staple

food crops in all the taluks of the district. The rest of the cereals, bajra

(6.06%), wheat (4.44%) and maize (3.35%), follow next in order in 1996.

In Bijapur district rice and minor millets have very insignificant ratio.

The same situation holds good for 1986 and 1991 with little variation in

percentage (Table 28) variation in bajra during 1986 and 1991 i.e., 10.44%

and 10.17% respectively. But the area under bajra decreased in 1996 i.e.,

6.06% which is mainly because of the desire and need by the farmers.

The pulses had a share of 9.98% in 1986, 5.31% in 1991 and 10.22% in

1996. The area under cash crops has shown the trend of fluctuation i.e.,

27.95%, 45.37% and 35.37% during 1986, 1991 and 1996 respectively.

The most important among the cash crops is sunflower which occupied

8.38%, 29.43% and 20.0% of an area during 1986, 1991 and 1996 study

periods respectively. The next important cash crops in the study region

are groundnut, sugarcane and cotton.

 159

Jowar :

Jowar is by far the most important cereal crop cultivated in Bijapur

district. It is also considered as a staple food crop in the study region.

This crop occupied 43.05%, 34.47% and 40.42% of total cropped area in

1986, 1991 and 1996, respectively. The talukawise variation in 1996 is

as following : Bijapur (53.53%), Indi (46.36%, Sindagi (44.62%), Hungund

(43.97%), B.Bagewadi (42.88%), Bagalkot (41.29%), Jamkhandi (32.34%),

Bilagi (31.90%), Muddebihal (29.91%), Badami (29.31%) and Mudhol

(27.21%). In general it is the leading food crop of the district.

Bajra :

Bajra is an important cereal crop occupying 6.06% of an area in

the district with highest in Badami taluk (17.23%). The taluks of Bilagi

(10.48%), Bijapur (7.25%) and Indi (5.80%) fellow the next order in 1996.

The remaining taluks have negligible area under this crop. It is an

important cereal crop of the district which is commonly grown in all the

drought prone regions of India.

Wheat :

Wheat is an important cereal crop contributing 4.44% (62,350 ha)

of the total cropped area of the district, during 1996. The area under

wheat was 6.97% and 3.43% during other two study periods, i.e., 1986
 160

and 1991, respectively. The decrease during 1991 is mainly because of

the prevailance of widespread drought (throughout North Karnataka).

The taluks of more than 5% area under this crop are : Mudhol (6.31%),

Jamkhandi (5.64%), B.Bagewadi (5.51%), Sindagi (5.40%) and Hungund

(5.26%). The remaining taluks such as Indi (4.35%), Bijapur (4.21%),

Bilagi (3.76%), Muddebihal (3.01%), Bagalkot (2.85%) and Badami (1.82%)

#

come in the next order.

Pulses :

In 1995-96 the area under pulses accounted for 10.22% in the

district, with highest in Indi taluk 15.40%. The taluks of Hungund

(11.93%), Badami (11.41%), Bijapur (10.65%), and B.Bagewadi (10.10%)

follow the next order. The remaining taluks such as Bagalkot (9.96%),

Sindagi (9.82%), Muddebihal (9.51%), Mudhol (7.32%), Jamkhandi

(5.73%) and Bilagi (5.61%) come in the next order.

Sugarcane :

Sugarcane is an important commercial crop in Bijapur district. It

is an annual crop intensively cultivated as an irrigated crop. This crop

occupied 1.56%, 2.56% and 4.60% of the total cropped area in 1986,

1991 and 1996 respectively. The talukawise variation in 1996 is as

following : Jamkhandi 23.98%, Mudhol 22.63%, Bijapur 5.18%, Bilagi

 161

4.65%, Indi 3.38%, Sindagi 0.96%, Badami 1.16%, Bagalkot 0.13%,

B.Bagewadi 0.02%, Muddebihal 0.02% and Hungund 0.01%.

Sunflower :

Sunflower is an important cash crop of the district with 20.00% of

an area under cultivated in 1996. Muddebihal taluk with 34.39% of an

area under sunflower stands first in area and B.Bagewadi taluk (29.51%),

follows the next. The talukas such as Hungund (25.46%), Sindagi

(23.26%), Bilagi (22.17%), Bagalkot (22.10%), Indi (15.22%), Badami

(13.37%), Bijapur (11.04%), Jamkhandi (10.64%) and Mudhol (9.59%)

come next in order.

Groundnut :

Groundnut is an important cash crop contributing 6.09% (84,460

ha) of the total cropped area of the district during 1996. The area under

groundnut was 8.07% and 8.96% during 1986 and 1991, respectively.

It had highest area in Badami taluka i.e., 17.71% in 1986. But it decreased

to 13.89% and 15.96% in 1991 and 1996, respectively. The talukas

namely Muddebihal (9.17%), Bagalkot (8.54%), Sindagi (6.98%), Bilagi

(6.93%), Indi (6.34%), Hungund (4.09%) and Bijapur (4.08%) also share

in groundnut cultivation. The remaining taluks have less area under

this crop.
 162
Safflower :

Safflower is an important cash crop occupying 6.73%, 2.53% and

1.93% of total cropped area in 1986, 1991 and 1996 respectively. The

talukawise variation in sunflower cultivation in 1996 is as following :

Hungund 4.48%, Sindagi 2.90%, B.Bagewadi 2.20%, Bijapur 1.69%,

Jamkhandi 1.46%, Indi 1.42%, Badami 1.40% and Bilagi 1.24%. The

remaining taluks have less area under this crop.

Cotton :

Cotton is an important cash crop of the district with 2.7% of an

area under cultivation in 1996. The variation in black soils and plain

topography have given rise to the variation in cotton landuse from one

taluka to another. Bagalkot with 7.27% of an area under cotton stands

first in cotton cultivation during 1996. The next important taluks are

Jamkhandi 4.75% and Bilagi 4.54%. The taluks such as Muddebihal

(3.45%), Mudhol (2.80%) and Badami (2.11%) follow next order. The

remaining taluks have less percentage of area under this crop in 1996

(Table 28).

4.4 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

Obviously, the term ‘agricultural productivity’ is both a dynamic

and relative concept. The spatio-temporal variations in agricultural

productivity are the result of the combined interplay of physical,

economical, technological and organisational factors. Studies on

 Bijapur district : Agricultural Productivity -1996 (Money value)

Name of Jowar Bajra Wheat Maize

j Money value Money value Area in Production Money value

theTaluka j Area in Production Area in Production Money value Area in Production

(Rs. in Crores) hectares in tonnes (Rs. in Crores) hectares in tonnes (Rs, in Crores) hectares in tonnes (Rs. in Crores)
hectares in tonnes
CO

cb
o

CO

o
CD

O)
GO
CD

to
0072
27317 48897.43 16064 3212.80 899.94 6029 15072.50
Badami

CO

CO

o
h-

o
CO
29468 52747.72 23.74 3446 689.20 2039 1080.67 3682.50
Bagalkot
CM
CM

CT)
O)
CD

cb

o
CD
CD
71581 128129.99 56.66 7633 1526.60 9193 4872.29 3040.00
B.Bagewadi
cb
P-
o

8
£

cb
CM
CM

co
■Sf
7677.50

O
to
o
CM
Bijapur 197266.95 88.77 14934 2986.80 8673 4596.69
&

d
oo

00

to
d
CM
1155.93 ; 4992 12480.00
Biiagi 18509 33131.11 14.91 6083 1216.60
CO
CD

o
o

o
d
CD

CO
CO
o

o
CM

o
CO
d
Hungund 46025 82384.75 37.07 3364 672.80 5506 2918.18
o
o
CD

&

CO

CM
CD

to
o
CD
2265.00

~o
4189.12

c
84252 150811.08 67.86 10540 2108.00 7904
CD
CD

O
o
CD
11.26

o
CO
CD
; 30762 55063.98 24.78 136.00 5360 2840.80 11260 28150.00
Jamkhandi
i
o
CM
CD

P-
00
CM

Muddebihal 45686 81777.94 36.80 12634 2526.80 4603 2439.59 717.50

o
CD

CM

o
CO
16.95

CD
CM
24253 43412.87 19.54 358.40 5625 2981.25 16946 42365.00
Mudhol
9
o

in
to
CM
h-
rr

cb

o
o
79057 141512.03 63.68 7828 1565.60 9568 5071.04 1067.50
Sindagi
CO
cb
CM

CD
in
567115 1015135.80 456.81 84998 16999.60 62350 33045.50 47047 117617.50 47.05
District Total
(Contd ...)

H -*
cn
CO
Table 27 (Contd ..

Name of Rice Pulses Minor Millets Cotton

Area in Production j Money value Area in ! Production Money value Area in Production Money value Area in Production Money value
the Taluka
j

in tonnes (Rs. in Crores) hectares I in tonnes (Rs. in Crores) hectares in tonnes (Rs. in Crores) hectares in tonnes (Rs. in Crores)
hectares
o
00
CO

SO'O

in
lO
h-
Badami 85.50 10635 1701.60 2.38 278.50 0.13 1968 472.32
OO'O

CM
6 .0 0 1.80

o
o
1244.64

o
5186

CO
CO
o

CM
Bagalkot 7111 1137.76 1.59
o
CO
CO

o
o

LO
CM

o
o
2526 606.24

r-
CM
B.Bagewadi 13.50 16859 2697.44 3.78 12.50
690

o
o

o
o

CO
o-

o>
1705 409.20

o
d
1 2 .0 0

■O'
CM
Bijapur 21938 3510.08
I
-----------------------------------------
o
CM
o>

o
o
d

CM
6 .0 0

o
CO
f-»

o
■O'

CM
CO

ID
I 0 .0 2 2632 631.68

in
Bilagi 25.50 3253
o
o
CO

•o*
o>
0 .0 2 8155 1957.20 2.84

m
CM
Hungund 26.00 11716 1874.56 2.62 74.50
CO

00
CO

0 .0 2

00
o

CM
to
Is-
0.67

o
o
1912

CM

c
a
123.50 27978 4476.48 40.00
o
CO

!
o
o
CO

CM
in
O'

5452

in
1 .2 2 1.57
000
0 .0 2

in
o
Jamkhandi | 25.00 872.32 2.50
I

I
CM
in
h-

o
d
CM

(O
1.84

o
d

o
o
1266.48

CM
CM
Muddebihal 14525 2324.00 3.25 33.50
r-
o
00

o
o
o

CM
6 .0 0 597.84

o
o
2491

CM
m
Mudhol 16.00 6521 1043.36 1.46
soo
n
d

CO
CO

06G
CM

CO
CM
0 .0 2 CM 525.12

in
to
Sindagi 28.00 17400 2784.00 116.00

13.42

CO
9254.40

CO
CO
CO

O’
0.27 38560

CO

r>-
uo
District Total 379.00 0.23 22942.08 32.12 1185 592.50

(Contd ...)
164
Table 27 (Contd

Name of Sugarcane Groundnut Sunflower Safflower

Production Money value Area in Production Money value Area in Production Money value Area in Production Money value
the Taluka Area in

in tonnes (Rs. in Crores) hectares in tonnes (Rs. in Crores) hectares in tonnes (Rs. in Crores) hectares in tonnes (Rs. in Crores)
hectares
02 0 690
3862.29 5.02 1307 522.80
00SU 9U
Badami 14879 4612.49 5.23 12459
96 00 9696 LZZ
0.58 6093 1888.83 15768 488.08 6.35 642 256.80 0.29
Bagalkot

0.21 4795 1496,45 1.78 49257 15269.67 19.85 3686 1474.40 1.65
B.Bagewadi 35 3535.00

1076660.00 64.60 8401 2604.31 3.13 22746 7051.26 9.17 3490 1396.00 1.56
Bijapur 10660

272700.00 16.36 4023 1243.13 1.49 12860 3986.60 5.18 720 288.00 0.32
Bilagi 2700
1.15
800
13 1313.00 4282 1327.42 1.59 26654 8273.36 2579 1031.60
Hungund

620241.00 37.21 11523 3572.13 4.29 27656 8573.36 11.15 2579 1031.60 1.15
Indi 6141

22810 2303810.00 138.23 2705 838.55 1.01 10122 3137.82 4.08 1390 556.00 0.62
Jamkhandi

28 2828.00 0 17 14004 4341.24 5.21 52524 16282.44 21.17 3086 1234.40 1.38
Muddebihal
690 0959
20167 2036867.00 122.21 2391 741.21 2650.50 3.45 838 335.20 0.38
Mudhol
OC'Z
I7 I0 i 727 10.00 10.38 12364 3832.84 4.60 41213 12776.03 16.51 5142 2056.80
Sindagi
13.13 27074 10829.60 12.13
0 0 S /6 U 5 9
District Total 64475 390.72 85460 26492.60 31.79 280709 87019.79

(Contd ...)
165
 166

>*
."tS
X O CO 05 O) r*- CM 05 M’ CO
a> CO CD CO O 05 CO T~
05 MT 1/5 CO K
73
C CM CM
o
CL

CO ID CO r-- 05 N- 05 X- CO CO
•*— 'I— CO CM h- 00 05 o 05
cri 05 cb 05 CO CM CD CO
CO M- CO
o
CO
o
CO CO CO CO N-
co
CO O CM
ro
5 2
>v O
a)
c
o
5 05
ce

CO o CO CO O CO CO CO CO CO 05
o> ID CO h- M- CO
73 ro CO CO o CO r-
Q_ CO 03 CO LO CO O 1/5 CM 05 r- CO
Q. c 0} CO N- CO o 1/5 CO 05 l/) CO h- o
2 CM O'
CO (0 >«—
o a; o
< a>
16 sz
o
H*

o XL
3
QJ CO
E
Table 27 (Contd

H-
<T3 a)
2: £
i5 £
TO
§ 73
C
C f-
I X a>
CO 3 3 ro
sz a>
73
O
SI
05 o
CO
73
CO
05
CO
CO
Q.
(0
05 05
C t5
XL
£ 73 73 ro
73 c5
CO CD CO CQ
ro
m
3
c ro
3
:>
3 c
CO Q
X ~3
 167

/
 168

agricultural productivity are of particular importance in countries like

India where food problem is acute and horizontal expansion of agriculture

has almost reached its zenith of physical limits. It may be noted here

that even after more than a decade of‘green revolution’ and a substantial

increase in agricultural production particularly in food grains, Indian

agriculture has, yet, not been able to break the chains of under

development and food shortage (sometimes) which still persist in some

parts of the country.8 The reasons for such a state of affair is not far to

seek. Firstly a high population growth has accompanied the growth in

the production of food grains. Secondly, the high growth in agricultural

production is concentrated in a few pockets.9 In recent years many

attempts have been made to define the cannotation of agricultural

productivity and hence, a considerable amount of literature exists on

this subject.

Agricultural productivity has been studied by several researchers

applying different methods which can be grouped as follows :

i) Output per unit of labour employed or man hours.

ii) Input-output ratio.

8. Togarsi, G.V. (1988). Agricultural Geography of Drought prone aera.

A case study of Bijapur district, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of
Geography, Karnataka University, Dharwad.
9. Bhalla, G.S. and Alagh, Y.K. (1977). Performance of Indian Agriculture
- A district-wise study. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
 169
iii) Output per unit area and its modifications put forth by Kendall,10

Stamp,*11 Shaffi,12 Ganguli,13 Sapre and Deshpande,14 Bhatia,15 Singh,J.16

and Singh, V.R.17 etc.

iv) Output expressed in terms of grain equivalent per head of population

as per Buck.18

v) Output in terms of calories as per Stamp19, Shafi,20.

vi) Output in terms of monetary values put forth by Bhat and Learmonth21

and Hussain22.

10. Kendall, M.G. (1939). The Geographical Distribution of Crop Productivity

in England. The Royal Statistical Soceity, 102, Reprinted in ‘Spatial
Analysis - A Reader in Statistical Geography by Berry, J.L. and Marble
D.F. (eds.) 1968. Prentice Hall, Eaglewood Cliffs.
11. Stamp, L.D. (1958). The Measurement of Land Resources”, Geographical
Review. Vol.48, No.l.
12. Shafi, M. (1960). “Land Utilisation in Uttar Pradesh”. Department of
Geography, A.M.University, Aligarh.
13. Ganguli, B.N. (1964). “Landuse and Agricultural Planning”. Geographical
Review of India. Vol.26.
14. Sapre, S.G. and Deshpande, V.D. (1964). “Inter-District Variation in
Agricultural Efficiency in Maharashtra State”. Indian Journal of
Agricultural Economics. Vol.19, No.l.
15. Bhatia, S.S. (1967). “A New Measurement of Agricultural Efficiency in
U.P.”. Economic Geography, Vol.43, No.3.
16. Singh, J. (1981). "A New Technique for Measurement of Agricultural
Productivity, Perspectives in Agricultural Geography”. Vol.4. Mohammad,
N. (ed). Concept, New Delhi.
17. Singh, V.R. (1979). “A Method for Analysing Agricultural Productivity”,
Trans. Inst. Indian Geographyers, Vol.l, No.l.
18. Buck, J.L. (1937). “Land Utilisation in China (University of Nanking),
Reproduced by the Council of Economic and cultural Affairs, New York,
1956.
19. Stamp, L.D. (1960). “Our Developing World”. Faber and Faber, London.
20. Shafi, M. (1972). "Measurement of Agricultural Productivity of the Great
Plains”, The Geographer, Vol.19.
21. Bhat, L.S. and Ler Month, A.T.A. (1968). “Recent Contribution to the
Economic Geography”. Some Current Pre-occupation, Economic
Geography, Vol.44, No.3.
22. Hussain, M. (1976). A New Approach to the Agricultural Productivity
Regions of the Sutlej-Ganga Plains of India, Geographical Review of
India, Vol.38, No.3.
 170

The productivity index used by Majid Hussain (1976) is employed

in the present study. It gives realistic picture of the agricultural

productivity as it is sensitive to spatial and temporal variations in

agricultural products and commodity prices. Taluka is taken as the

basic unit to determine the pattern of agricultural productivity of land.

The study has been accomplished for the year 1995-96. The productivity

index is calculated using the following formula :

n Yij cij n Yici

ij = I--------------- 4- I-------------
i=j aij i=l Ai

Money value of all Money value of all

crops in the micro crops in the macro
Productivity Unit (taluka) unit (district)
index =-------------------------------
Total cropped area Total cropped area
in the micro unit in the macro unit
(Taluka) (district)

where :

ij = Agricultural productivity index of ‘ij’th taluk.

Yij = Production of the ‘i’th crop in ‘j’th taluk.

cij = Price of the ‘i’th crop in ‘j’th taluk.

n = Number of crops grown in the ‘j’th taluk.

aij = Area under ‘i’th crop in ‘j’th taluk.

yi = Production of ‘i’th crop in the entire district.

ci = Price of the ‘i’th crop in the entire district.

Ai = Total area under ‘i’th crop in the entire district.

 171

Table - 28

Bijapur district : Agricultural Productivity Indices

(Based on money value)

Name of the taluk Productivity index

Badami 0.06

Bagalkot 0.68

B.Bagewadi 0.67

Bijapur 1.09

Bilagi 0.99

Hungund 0.67

Indi 0.91

Jamkhandi 2.42

Muddebihal 0.59

Mudhol 2.34

Sindagi 0.75

Mean 1.06

S.D. 0.64
 172
Table - 29

Agricultural Productivity Regions - 1996

SI. Class Productivity Index No. of Names of taluks

No. taluks

1. Very High Above 2.34 1 Jamkhandi

2. High 1.71 to 2.34 1 Mudhol

3. Medium 1.07 to 1.70 1 Bijapur

4. Low 0.43 to 1.06 8 Badami, Bagalkot
B.Bagewadi,
Bilagi.Hungund,
Indi.Muddebihal,
Sindagi

5. Very Low 0.42 and below 0 Nil.

Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Productivity (1996)

In the year 1996 Jamkhandi is the only one taluk under high

productivity while Mudhol is under high agricultural productivity. Bijapur

taluk is under medium agricultural productivity, while remaining eight

lalukas are under low agricultural productivity (Refer Table 29 and Fig. 13).

Very High Agricultural Productivity :

The very high agricultural productivity category is seen in only on

taluke i.e., Jamkhandi. The existing intensity of canal irrigation is

responsible for the stablised and diversified commercial farming in

Jamkhandi taluk, leading to very high agricultural productivity.

 17 3

Fig.14
 174

High Agricultural Productivity :

The high agricultural productivity is observed only in one taluk,

i.e., Mudhol. The existing intensity of canal irrigation and increasing

use of high yielding variety may have attributed this taluka to fall under

high agricultural productivity.

Medium Agricultural Productivity :

The medium agricultural productivity category is seen in only one

taluka i.e., Bijapur. Although Bijapur taluk is very dry in environmental

condition yet the impact of Bijapur city environment on its surrounding

rural side is mainly responsible for this medium agricultural productivity,

where farmers are very much accessible to financial aid giving institutes,

centres of technologial innovasives, urban market and modes of transport.

Above all improved situation of socio-economic conditions and less

percentage of cultivable waste land and fallow land have also jointly

influenced the medium productivity in Bijapur taluka.

Low Agricultural Productivity :

This category of agricultural productivity is noticed in 8 talukas in

southern part of the district. These talukas are spatially contigeous in

their distribution (except Indi taluka which is in northern part). Among

8 taluks Badami and Bilagi have inadequate irrigation facilities.

 175

Remaining six taluks have little ground water irrigation facilities which is

also not adequate. In these talukas topographical conditions are not

favourable for extensive agriculture. However, the conditions could be

considerably ameliorated by proper utilisation of ground water, better land

management and improvement in the socio-economical conditions of the

people.

Very Low Agricultural Productivity :

Not a single taluka is found in this region in Bijapur district.

4.5 LEVELS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Agricultural development is a multi-dimensional concept which

includes technological advancement, effective management of the available

resources and organisational set-up for its development. Agriculture,

therefore, occupies an important place in the economic life of Bijapur

district, because it provides the key to economic growth and fluctuations

therein have grossly influenced the growth rates in the district. The

talukas which are having assured irrigational facilities have indicated

steady progress, whereas the taluka with poor irrigation exhibit low and

unsteady progress.

Indicators of Agricultural Development :

Comparision of the agricultural development of different talukas

and evaluation of talukawise disparities involve the selection of suitable

indicators of development and suitable method. In the present context

 176

the following 16 indicators are selected for study period i.e., 1996,

talukawise.

1. Irrigated area

2. Cropping intensity

3. Productivity index

4. Degree of commercialisation

5. Number of agricultural implements

(tractors, irrigation pumpsets and others together)

6. Livestock density

7. Net sown area in hectares

8. Fertilizer consumption in tonnes

9. Area under high yielding varieties in hectares

10. Area sown more than once in hectares

11. Per capita availability of cropped area in hectares

12. Electrified villages

13. Population literacy rate

14. Percent of owner cultivators

15. Number of market centres

16. Agricultural loan giving institutions.

Measurement of factors :

1. Irrigated area :

Irrigated area is expressed as percentages of the net sown area.

 177

2. Cropping intensity :

Cropping intensity has been calculated as follows :

Gross cropped area

--------------------- x xoo
Net sown area

3. Productivity index based on money value

Productivity is essentially a measure of their development. A wide

number of formulae have been used by various authors to calculate

agricultural productivity from time to time. In the present study the

productivity is calculated by the formula used by Majid Hussain (1976).*

n Yij cij n Yici

ij = I--------------- + 2--------
i=j aij i=l Ai

Money value of all Money value of all

crops in the micro crops in the macro
Productivity Unit (taluka) unit (district)
index =------------------------------- -s
Total cropped area Total cropped area
in the micro unit in the macro unit
(Taluka) (district)

where :

ij = Agricultural productivity index of ‘ij’th taluk.

Yij = Production of the ‘i’th crop in ‘j’th taluk,

cij = Price of the ‘i’th crop in ‘j’th taluk.

Hussain Majid (1976). A New Approach to the Agricultural

Productivity Regions of the Sutlej-Ganga Plains of India.
Geographical Review of India, Vol.38. No.3.
 178
n = Number of crops grown in the ‘j’th taluk,

aij = Area under ‘i’th crop in ‘j’th taluk,

yi = Production of ‘i’th crop in the entire district,

ci = Price of the ‘i’th crop in the entire district.

Ai = Total area under ‘i’th crop in the entire district.

4. Degree of commercialisation :

Degree of commercialisation has been expressed as percentage of

commercial cropped area to the total cropped area of each taluk.

5. Number of agricultural implements (Number of tractors, irrigational

pumpsets etc.)

Number of tractors and irrigational pumpsets per 10,000 hectares

of cropped area have been calculated for each taluk.

6. Livestock Density :

Livestock density per 10,000 hectares of total geographical area

has been calculated.

7. Net sown area :

Net sown area is expressed as percentage to total geographical area

of each taluka.

8. Fertilizer consumption :

Fertilizer consumption in tonnes is taken for each taluk.

9. Area under H.Y.V. :

Area under high yielding varieties is expressed as percentage to

the net sown area of each taluka.

 179

10. Area sown more than once :

Area sown more than once in a year is expressed as percentage to

the net sown area of each taluka.

11. Per capita availability of cropped area :

Calculated to the total cropped area by total population of each

taluka.
Net sown area

Total population

12. Electrified Villages :

Electrified villages are taken as percentage to the total number of

villages of each taluka.

13. Population literacy rate :

Population literacy rate is expressed as percentage to the total

population of each taluka.

14. Percent owner cultivators :

Percent owner cultivators are taken as percentage to the total

population of each taluka.

15. Number of market centres :

Number of regulated and non-regulated markets are taken for each

taluk.

16. Agricultural loan giving institution :

Include agricultural credit co-operative societies, primary land

development banks and other land mortgage boards in each taluka.

 Table 30
Bijapur District: Variables of Levels of Agricultural Development - 1996.

Name of irrigated Cropping Productivity Degree of No.of Agril Livestock New Fertilizer Area
the taluk intensity index based commerci­ implements density sown consumption under
area
on money alisation area (in tonnes) H.Y.V.
value

T—
00
CO
m
090
115| 65.34 11,330.95 14560 61.58 47.48 I
Badami 28.89
s

X?
0

ST

0
LLZL

04
CM
to o

CD
o
CO
23.18 |

03
o JxC
•«—'

CO
CD
a
16.46 108 48.76 5,648.92 14000
0

in
G

in
£
s

G
m
o
o
T—
80'Qf

00
o
o
CM

T“*

T““
o
24.27 I

03
$
CO
*o

CD
CO
CD
a
0.67 37.02 3,311.49 79.20
T—

O
T”
s

T**
s

£
0

&
00
00 r- CO
22.15 |

l—

CD
CO
3
Q
17.13 117 1.09 3,610.53 8700 67.95 2440
S>

§
S
98 99
CM
00
CO

CO
o
660

o
120 47.85

m
a
52.43 6,838.31 57.20
o

CO
£

2
0
0066
m
0 in

Z90

3
C
TD

3
c
24.04

X
a
7.71 105 47.46 5,911.05 72.84
o

CO
0

O
£

0
£
I Indi 0.91 37.54 3,455.86 9300 79.58 1700 15.94 |
19.39 104
O

o
£

CO

Co
0

o'

£
T—
CO
in
o
120 6 6 .0 2 5,368.67 o 73.44 2420 37.19 |
IJamakhandi 72.61 2.42
2
0

0)

£
2

s
g
o

690 CO
CO
o

15.54 |

CO

CD
Muddebihal 106 45.01 4,129.77 79.58 1605
£

o
£

<*■—-s

£
43.61 |

j 3
o
p
JO
ro
76.25 125 2.34 67.83 5,837.48 13200 78.12 2579
2

T"
2

s
00
CD
o
o

24.80 |

CD
~o
c
1812

a
12.09 104 0.75 44.55 3,664.59 76.52
£

a>
0

£
£
£
a t)
Mean
S .D .

(Contd ...)

h -*'
GO
CD
Table - 30 (Contd../

Name of Area sown Per-capita Electrified Population Percent No.of Agril. loan Total Total
the taluk more than availability villages literacy owner market giving Rank average
of cropped rate cultivation centres institution score rank score
once
area

CO

CO
CM
O
Badami 15.05 0.33 93.08 58.75 42 4.62

2
0
0
6886

CM

o
CO
CD
05
24 94 5.87

o>
8.01 0.32 60.54 10.51

X“*
o

o
T—

CO
2

2
0
o
00
T

T~
6S0

CO
!

CO

<:
CO
T3

CO

ad
a>

CD
a
99.16 56.70 16.71 6.75

2
2

O X—
2
CO
CO

CO
<jy

o
2o

00
o

CO
d

d
i

_3

CO
CD
Q
17.52 57.69 47 5.38
CO

S'

0
2
CM

CO

QQ
a
20.55 0.37 98.46 15.56 24 76 4.75

O
S

2
2

S
1
- 90
o to

TD

c3
3
C

X
O
5.44 0.40 92.35 57.27 14.06 6.62
CO 0

s
2

2
00

6S09
CM

o
2o

o
d

GO
d
in
llndi 4.28 17.19 49 5.44
2

o
s

2
(1)
CD

CM CO

CO

IJamakhandi 20.26 0.25 97.18 47.52 9.35 4.94

2

2
2
2
p
o

CO

Muddebihal 6.25 0.54 81.81 53.38 15.37 37 112

x—
o
2
2

0
s

CO

o
CO
CO CO
Mudhol 25.37 98.72 49.16 11.79 25 3.81
2
2

23

0
96
o
o
CO

6S0

c
*o

CD
a
4.55 88.81 52.57 17.31
TO 55
jr

2
iMean 5.56 |
|s D 0.94 |
181
 182

Startification of Taluks According to the Levels of Agricultural

Development :

The talukas given in the following table have been divided into five

categories of levels of agricultural development with the help of Kendall’s

(1979) ranking co efficient method. The rank order score for 16 selected

indicators was posted and added to get averaged rank score. This score

was considered as an index of levels agricultural development. The total

rank score are inversely related to the development i.e., higher the score

lower is the taluk on the levels of agricultural development scale and

vice-versa. Thus, the regions of agricultural development are as shown

in Fig. 14.

Table-31

Classes of Levels of Agricultural Development (1996)

Classes Range Name of Taluka

Very High Below 4.62 Badami, Mudhol

High 4.62 to 5.56 Bijapur, Bilagi, Indi

Jamkhandi

Medium 5.57 to 6.50 Bagalkot, Sindgi

Low 6.51 to 7.44 B.Bagewadi, Hungund

Muddebihal

Very Low Above 7.44 Nil.

 183

Very High Developed Group :

This category includes Badami and Mudhol talukas. Very high

development of these talukas is seen because of the combined interplay

of different indicators like fertilizers, tractors, high yielding seeds,

markets, as well as assured irrigation facilities by Malaprabha project to

some patches of lands in Badami taluka and by Ghataprabha project to

Mudhol taluka has given wider scope to bring more land under double

cropping. Hence, the intensity of cropping and livestock density is

increased.

High Developed Group :

This category is found in four taluks (Bijapur, Bilgi, Indi and

Jamkhandi). Among these taluks Bilgi and Jamkhandi have some canal

irrigation facility by the Ghataprabha river Project. Bijapur taluk with a

district head quarter is usually the centre of the modern agricultural

implements and where the improved socio-economic conditins have gained

the advantage of high agricultural development. All these taluks have

undoubtely have fertile soils and have good chances for futher

improvement in agricultural development, provided that the extent of

irrigation is increased further more.

 184
Medium Developed Group :

The medium developed group is found in two taluks (Bagalkot and

Sindgi). The reasons for medium development in Bagalkot and Sindgi are

fertile soils and irrigation facilities (through wells), improvement in the

socio-economic conditions of the people and modernisation of agriculture.

Low Developed Group :

This category include three taluks (B.Bagewadi, Hungund and

Muddebihal). These taluks lack in irrigation facilities and hence they

are in low agricultural development. Due to the scanty and uneven

distribution of rainfall farmers have no chance to grow maximum crops

or to practice diversified agricultural activities. However, these conditions

could be considerably ameliorated by proper utilization of ground water.

Besides this, an application of dry farming techniques will greatly help

to develop agriculture in these taluks.

Very Low Developed Group :

Not a single taluk is under very low developed group.

 CHAPTER - V

LOCATIONAL ANALYSIS OF
AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
 185
CHAPTER - V

LOCATIONAL ANALYSIS OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES

Introduction :

Agricultural development and industrialisation are complimentary

in function and cumulative in effect. Improvement in the productivity of

agriculture is one of the most solid means of promoting industrialisation

and economic development of any region. At the same time agricultural

development cannot go very far unless there is industrial development to

absorb the released man power and to provide a solid base for the

equipment and services for modernised agriculture.1 In the long run,

agriculture cannot constitute the sole basis of economic development

without some sort of complementary industrial development.2 The

agricultural development of the district is lopsided owing to the problem

of frequent drought. Only the taluks of Bijapur, Bagalkot and Jamkhandi

have shown some development industrially. The rural industries have

been deemed as penance for overall upliftment of the district. Although

the intensity of concentration of industries in the entire district is not

significant, yet if is worthwhile to have dispersal of industries to obtain

balanced development of the Bijapur district.

1. Reddy M.V. (1989). "Agriculture and agro-based industries in Chittoor

district”, Sri. Venkateswara University, Tirupafi, A.I’.
2. Reddy K. Vithal and R.Uammohan Ran (1948). Readings in
Agricultural Resource Development. Hyderabad Publishers.
Hyderabad. P.8.
 186

In this chapter an attempt is made to discuss the DISTRIBUTION of

all type of industries in general and agro-based industries in particular.

To know the general picture of the all types industries of Bijapur district

only one time data i.e., 1995-96 is taken while for agro-based industries

two times data i.e., 1986 and 1996 is considered.

During 1995-96 (upto the end of November 1996) a total of 2738

all types of industries have been registered with an investment of Rs.85.44

crores employing 17,623 worker. Agro-based industry which has 1,035

units forms the most important category with 37.80 per cent of the total

units, followed by miscellaneous units including printing press, book

binding, paper bags making, xerox, photo studio, ice candy, cold drinks,

radio & T.V. repairs 35.00% (956 units), forest based including saw mills

and wooden furniture 9.02% (247 units), leather based industries 7.34%

(201 units), steel furniture and fabrication (178 units), non-metallic

mineral based industries including cement, stone crushing, cuttin and

polishing 3.51% (96 units) and chemical based industries including distil

water, distamper 0.91% (25 units).

Agro-based industry ranks first with 7822 workers accounting for

44.39%, miscellaneous units rank second with 26.89% of employment

(4739 workers). Though non-metallic mineral based industry accounts

for only 3.51% of the units, it accounts for 11.63% of the employment

(2050 workers) and ranks third, forest based industries rank fourth with
 Table - 32 on
District as a whole distribution of all types of industries in Bijapur district - 1996

Name of Taluk Nature of processing No. of units No. of Capital investment

in taluka employees Rs. in lakhs (pm)
Badami Agro-based industries 88 597 51.81
Forest-based industries 18 84 4.71
Mineral based industries 3 9 1.18
Chemical based industries - - -

Leather based industries 15 51 1.46

Steel furniture & Fabrication 8 33 2.09
Miscellaneous units 46 247 26.70
Taluka total 178 1021 87.95
Bagalkot Agro-based industries 93 542 39,83
Forest-based industries 38 213 12.12
Mineral based industries 19 948 1640.75
Chemical based industries 2 8 2.12
Leather based industries 23 93 1.50
Steel furniture & Fabrication 13 76 6.67
Miscellaneous units 183 785 158.28
Taluka total 371 2665 1861.27
B.Bagewadi Agro-based industries 76 403 46.4
Forest-based industries 15 75 8.65
Mineral based industries 2 14 7.61
Chemical based industries - - -

Leather based industries 21 88 0.84

Steel furniture & Fabrication 8 34 1.59
Miscellaneous units 42 192 11.05
Taluka total 164 806 76.14
Bijapur Agro-based industries 138 1957 3026.47
Forest-based industries 24 118 10.11
Mineral based industries 30 236 94.94
Chemical based industries 9 59 7.17
Leather based industries 18 83 1.22
Steel furniture & Fabrication 82 492 67.43
Miscellaneous units 177 960 170.74
Taluka total 478 3905 3378.08
Bilagi Agro-based industries 48 203 10.23
Forest-based industries 5 23 1.27
Mineral based industries 2 14 1.25
Chemical based industries -

Leather based industries 11 52 0.77

Steel furniture & Fabrication 8 33 3.50
Miscellaneous units 39 177 8.22
Taluka total 113 502 25.24
Hungund Agro-based industries 87 453 21.22
Forest-based industries 20 115 7.26
Mineral based industries 10 88 93.50
C
Chemical based industries 1 0.08
Leather based industries 11 43 0.46
Steel furniture & Fabrication 4 21 6.63
Miscellaneous units 88 338 33.74
Taluka total 221 1063 162.89
(Contd ...)
 188

Table - 32 (Contd...)
Name of Taluk Nature of processing No. of units No. of Capital investment
in taluka employees Rs. in lakhs (pm)
Indi Agro-based industries 66 354 18.90
Forest-based industries 16 60 4.73
Mineral based industries 3 28 4.40
Chemical based industries - - -

Leather based industries 20 64 1.60

Steel furniture & Fabrication 6 28 2.33
Miscellaneous units 80 325 21.32
Taluka total 191 859 53.28
Jamkhandi Agro-based industries 165 904 93.62
Forest-based industries 27 133 16.43
Mineral based industries 5 52 10.88
Chemical based industries 2 14 0.50
Leather based industries 16 56 0.76
Steel furniture & Fabrication 23 94 15.88
Miscellaneous units 99 795 60.36
Taluka total 337 2040 198.43
Muddebihal Agro-based industries 122 823 76.91
Forest-based industries 18 104 10.04
Mineral based industries 3 19 1.85
Chemical based industries 1 5 0.10
Leather based industries 18 83 1.59
Steel furniture & Fabrication 11 47 6.39
Miscellaneous units 51 224 25.09
Taluka total 224 1325 121.97
Mudhol Agro-based industries 76 1344 1111.11
Forest-based industries 51 77 7.43
Mineral based industries 18 634 1321.40
Chemical based industries 10 71 21.83
Leather based industries 30 153 3.94
Steel furniture & Fabrication 14 64 7.31
Miscellaneous units 90 432 29.75
Taluka total 289 2775 2502.77
Sindgi Agro-based industries 71 321 17.45
Forest-based industries 15 68 4.80
Mineral based industries 1 8 4.29
Chemical based industries -

Leather based industries 18 68 1.58

C
Steel furniture & Fabrication 24 2.49
Miscellaneous units 60 244 14.55
Taluka total 170 733 45.16
 IS 9

District as a whole distribution of all types of industries in Bijapur district - 1996.

Type of the industry No. of Units % of total Total % of total Capital % of total
units workers workers investment capital
(Rs. in lakhs) investment
Agro-based industries 1035 37.80 7822 44.39 4544.31 53.19
Forest-based industries 247 9.02 1070 6.07 87.55 1.02
Mineral based industries 96 3.51 2050 11.63 3182.56 37.25
Chemical based industries 25 0.91 162 0.92 31.80 0.37
Leather based industries 201 7.34 834 4.73 15.28 0.18
Steel furniture & Fabrication 178 6.50 946 5.37 122.31 1.43
Miscellaneous units 956 34.91 4739 26.89 560.40 6.56
2738 100.00 17623 100.00 8544.21 100.00
fr^summ

BIJAPUR DISTRICT

LOCATION OF ALL TYPES OF INDUSTRIES-1996 iso

A Agro Based
A Forest Based
A Mineral Based
A Chemical Based
A Leather Based
A Steel Furniture and Fabrication
A Miscelleneous Units

© District head quarter

® Taluk head quarter
Figures denote number of industries

Fig.15
 \

191

6.07% (1070 workers) followed by steel furniture and fabrication 5.37%

(946 workers), leather based industry accounts for 4.73% (834 workers)

and chemical based units 0.92% (162 workers) are least important with

a small share in the total employment (Fig. 15 and Table 34).

Nature, types and distribution of agro-based industries

The growth of the agro-based industries in the Bijapur district is

not adequate in relation to its needs and the industrial development is

relatively backward as compared to other districts of the state. The agro-

based industrial potentialities in the district are studied under four

categories viz.,

1. Agro Produce Processing Units

2. Agro Produce Manufacturing Units

3. Agro Inputs Manufacturing Units

4. Agro Service Centres.

1. Agro Produce Processing Units (Fig. 16)

These units do not manufacture any new product, they merely

process the agricultural produces, e.g., decorticating mills, dal mills,

cotton ginning and processing mills, rice mills etc.

 Table - 33
Agro-based processing units -1986 & 1996

1 Nameoftaluka Nature of processing No. of units No. of Capital investment Location quotient 1
1 in taluka values I
employees Rs. in lakhs
(Plant & Machine)
1
- 1
-

o>
oo
966 986
1986 1996 1986 1996 1996

CO oo

CM
CM
Groundnut decorticating mills 0.76 1.58 57
Badami

O o

h-

CO CO
lAgro-produce processing 22 0.76 1.58
units taluka total
00

CO

05

O
O
CM

05
CM

to

•*—
49 49

CO

GQ
CO
a
Groundnut decorticating mills
CO

Dal mills 33 0.35 0.95 4.3

CO
90

05
CM

CM cO
Cotton ginning & Pressing 72 9.32 0.7

h- CM
m CM CO

o
T—

CO O)
154 10.59 11.19
Agro-produce processing
lunits taluka total
CO

r-
CM

Cotton ginning & Pressing 0.10 0.10

IB. Bagewadi
O
O

in in

in in
lAgro-produce processing 0.10
units taluka total 90
CO
CO

CM
CO

00
o

CM
30 0.3

m
CO
a
Groundnut decorticating mills
-

T—

o o
Dal mills 10 1 .75 1.75
co

05

05
Cotton ginning & Pressing 254 254 7.35 7.35 0.7

CM
275 294 10.15 37.40
Agro-produce processing
units taluka total
1

1
T—

Groundnut decorticating mills 0.77 5.7

Bilagi
i

1
T*

CO CO
Agro-produce processing 0.77
i

units taluka total

o
T“

CM
Groundnut decorticating mills 0.32 0.85 11
Hunaund
O

CO O
o T*~

CM

•M*
Cotton ginning & Pressing 42 0.70 0.70
O
CM

CO

in
Agro-produce processing 52 1.55
lunits taluka total
Groundnut decorticating mills 0.10
Indi
-r- O

Cotton ginning & Pressing 1.21 1.21 1.2

CM CO O

' co oo

CM

1.21 1.31
Agro-produce processing
units taluka total
(Contd...
192
Table - 33 : (Contd
Name of taluka Nature of processing No. of units No. of Capital investment Location quotient
in taluka employees Rs. in lakhs values
(Plant & Machine)
1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996
0S0
Jamkhandi Cotton ginning & Pressing 13 79 0S0 12.98 1.2
Agro-produce processing 13 79 12.98
units taluka total 90
Muddebihal Groundnut decorticating mills 2 5 10 26 0.50 2.90
Cotton ginning & Pressing 11 12 118 128 7.03 11.53
Agro-produce processing 13 17 128 154 7.53 14.43
units taluka total
Mudhol Cotton ginning & Pressing 54 63 1.70 14.70 1.2 1.3
Agro-produce processing 54 63 1.70 14.70
units taluka total 080
Sindgi Cotton ginning & Pressing 1 12 17 0.20 080 1.2 1.3
Agro-produce processing 12 17 0.20
units taluka total
District Total Groundnut decorticating mills 13 27 84 150 3.58 35.45

Cotton ginning & Pressing 32 37 578 663 28.03 58.66

Dal Mills 2 3 15 43 2.10 2.70

Agro-produce processing units 47 67 677 856 33.76 96.81

 BIJAPUR DISTRICT
LOCATION OFAGRO PRODUCE PROCESSING UNITS

Industries

©
D istrict head q u a rte rs ▲ 6roundnut decorticating m ills

o
Taluk head q u a rte r A Cotton ginning and pressing mills
Figures denote num ber of industries A D al m ills

For d etails of the nam es of locations refer to the Table No.34 r-H
CT
v'<
 195
Table - 34
^ Agro-Produce Processing Units

1986 1996
Groundnut Decorticating Mills
BADAMI BADAMI
Badami-1, Nandikeshwar-1, Kerur-1,Total-3. Badami-2, Nandikeshwar-1, Kerur-1,Ugalwat-1,
Neerbudihal-1, Kotankeri-1, Total-7.
BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagaikot-5, Total-5 Bagalkot-5, Total-5

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-1, Bableshwar-1, Total-2. Bijapur-3, Bableshwar-1, Total-4.

BILAGl BILAGl
Nil Tegi-1, Salakeri-1, Sanga-1, Total-3.

HUNGUND HUNGUND
Kamatgi-1, Total-1 Kamatgi-2, Total-2

INDI INDI
Nil lndi-1, Total-1

MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Muddebihal-2, Total-2 Muddebihal-2, Baserked-1, Talikoti-1,
H.Hipparagi-1, Total-5.

Cotton Gin ning & Pressing

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagalkot-3, Totai-3 Bagalkot-3, Total-3

B.BAGEWADI B.BAGEWADI
H.Hippargi-1, Total-1 H.Hippargi-1, Total-1

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-7, Shivangi-1, Sarwad-1, Total-9. Bijapur-7, Shivangi-1, Sarwad-1, Total-9.

HUNGUND HUNGUND
llkal-1, Ganjihal-1, Sangal-1, lddulgi-1,Total-4 llkal-1, Ganjihal-1, Sangal-1, lddulgi-1,Total-4

INDI INDI
Chadachan-1, Total-1 Chadachan-1, Total-1

Contd...)
(Contd...)
1986 1996

JAMKHANDI JAMKHANDI
Jamkhandi-1, Total-1 Jamkhandi-3, Total-3

MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Muddebihal-2, Talikoti-4, B.Balwadgi-2, Muddebihal-2, Talikoti-5, B.Balwadgi-2,
Tangadgi-1, Nalatwad-1, Alur-1, Total-11 Tangadgi-1, Nalatwad-1, Alur-1, Total-12

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Mudhol-1, Total-1 Mudhol-1, Lokapur-1, Total-2

SINDGI SINDGI
Yankanchi-1, Total-1 Yankanchi-1, Sindgi-1, Total-2

D<il Mills

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Kaladgi-1, Total-1 Bagalkot-1, Kaladgi-1, Total-2

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-1, Total-1 Bijapur-1, Total-1
 197

Groundnut:

Groundnut can be grown successfully in areas with 50 to 75 cm of

rainfall and 20° to 30°C of temperature. The crop succumbs to frost and

long drought and water stagnation affects it adversely. Sandy loams,

loams and well drained black soils allow enough of root turning are

considered suitable for groundnut cultivation. Groundnut in Bijapur

district is grown as cash crop during the kharif season. It is also grown

during rabi season under irrigation in a very negligible area. As a cash

crop it is grown mostly during rainy season, but, due to the dry climate

uncertainty of rainfall and unassured irrigation in the Bijapur district,

the area under this crop fluctuates from year to year. It is an important

cash crop contributing 6.09% (84,460 ha) of the total cropped area of

the district during 1996. The area under groundnut was 8.07% and

8.96% during other two study periods i.e., 1986 and 1991 respectively.

Groundnut had highest area in Badaini taluk i.e., 17.71% in 1986, but

it decreased to 13.89% and 15.96% in 1991 and 1996 respectively. The

following taluks namely Muddebihal (9.17%), Bagalkot (8.54%), Sindagi

(6.98%), Bilagi (6.93%), Indi (6.34%), Hungund (4.09%) and Bijapur

(4.08%) also share in groundnut cultivation. The remaining taluks have

less area under this crop. Groundnut cultivation is favoured by the

farmers in the Bijapur district because its sharp increase in price, more

profit, short growing period, less cost.of cultivation and less requirement
 198

of water. It is also cultivated in the slope grounds under rainfed

conditions. It is a good rotative crop and improves the fertility of the

soil. The leaves and steins of groundnut plant are used as a good cattle

fodder.

Pulses :

Pulses include horsegram, redgram, green gram, black gram, bengal

gram etc. They are cultivated both in the kharif and rabi seasons under

rainfed conditions. Pulses give low yield under rainfed condition. They

carry high nutritional value as they contain high protein content. Their

importance lie in that they form an important part of diet of the people

as well as cattle. In addition, they are cultivated as green manure crops

to improve the soil fertility especially for nitrogen fixation in the soil.

Pulses are often cultivated as a mixed crop with jowar, bajra, groundnut

and other millets. Their cultivation presents an important cyclic trend

in crop rotation fostered for soil management. Cultivation of pulses

requires not much care and investment. The importance of pulses in the

food habit of the people in the district is quite noteworthy. Hence all

farmers try to grow it as mixed or separate crop. In 1995-96 the area

under pulses accounted for 10.22% in (he district with highest in Indi

taluk 15.40%. The taluks of Hungund (11.93%). Badami (11.41'Mi).

Rijapur (10.65%). and B.Bagewadi (10.10%) lollow the order. The

 199
remaining taluks such as Bagalkot (9.96%), Sindagi (9.82%), Muddebihal

(9.51%), Mudhol (7.32%), Jamkhandi (5.73%) and Bilagi (5.61%) come

in the next order.

Cotton :

Cotton is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas with 75 to 250

cm of annual rainfall and 21° to 45° C temperature. The crop can be

grown even in drier areas under irrigation. Cotton plant needs sufficient

rainfall in the early stages of growth but a sunny and dry weather is required

after flowering. Cotton crop in Bijapur district is mostly a winter crop.

Cotton is an important cash crop of the district with 2.7% of an area

under cultivation in 1996. The variation in black soils and plain

topography have given rise to the variation in cotton land use from one

taluk to another. Bagalkot with 7.27% of an area under cotton stands

first in area. Jamkhandi with 1.75% and Bilagi with 4.54% are next

important cotton growing taluks. The taluks such as Muddebihal with

3.45%, Mudhol with 2.80% and Badami with 2.11% area are next important

taluks.

During 1986 there were 47 agro-produce processing units in Bijapur

district. The talukawise distribution shows 13 units in Muddebihal taluk,

12 in Bijapur taluk, 9 in Bagalkot taluk, 5 in Hungund taluk, 3 in Badami

taluk, one each in B.Bagewadi, Indi, Jamkhandi, Mudhol and Sindagi

 200

taluks. The total employees engaged in these agro-produce processing

units were 677, which is about 11% of the total people engaged in agro-

based industries of Bijapur district. The agro-produce processing units

during 1986 had an investment of Rs.33.76 lakhs which is 0.01% of the

total capital invested in the entire agro-based industries of the district.

The location of number of agro-produce processing units is closely related

with geographical environment of each taluk, such as type of soil, amount

of rainfall and the extent of irrigation. Therefore, in dry and unirrigated

taluk like Muddebihal is able to provide more cotton production on its

black soils and consequently we notice location of more cotton ginning

mills. In case of Bagalkot taluk due to ext ent of irrigation, groundnut is

grown widely on red soils as well as black soils, therefore groundnut

decorticating mills are more.

During 1996 the agro-produce processing units were 67 showing

an increase of 20 units (43%) when compared to 1986. The total number

of employees were 856 which shows an increase ol 179 compared to 1986.

showing an increase of 26%. The capital investment in the agro-produc.e

processing units was Rs.96.81 lakhs showing an increase of 63.05 lakh

rupees when compared with the capital investment of 1986. Thus, this

industry shows an increase of 187% of capital investment (Table 35).

 201
2. Agro-produce Manufacturing Units (Fig. 17)

These units produce entirely new products based on agricultural

produce as the main raw-material, e.g., sugar factories, edible oils, cotton

textile, bakery etc. Therefore, it is worthwhile to know the geographical

aspects of such crops which are used as raw material in the manufacturing

units of Bijapur district.

Sugarcane :

Sugarcane is an important commercial crop in Bijapur district. It

is an annual crop intensively cultivated as an irrigated crop. Although

it can be cultivated in varying soil conditions, in practice, its cultivation

is profitable and lucrative where the soils are fertile and irrigation

facilities are good. The physico-economic conditions and marketing

facilities together greatly control sugarcane cultivation. Sugarcane

occupied 1.56%, 2.56% and 4.60% of the total cropped area in 1986,

1991 and 1996 respectively. The talukawise variation of sugarcane area

in 1996 is as following: Jamkhandi 23.98%, Mudhol 22.63%, Bijapur

5.18%, Bilagi 4.65%, Indi 3.38%, Sindagi 0.96%, Badami 0.16%, Bagalkot

0.13%, B.Bagewadi 0.02%, Muddebihal 0.02% and Hungund 0.01%. The

location of two sugarcane industries at Krishnanagar (Hosur) in Bijapur

taluk and Sameerwadi (Mahalingpur) in Mudhol taluk have encouraged

sugarcane cultivation in the surrounding areas.

 Table - 35
Agro-produce manufacturing units -1986 & 1996

Name of taluka Nature of processing No. of units No. of Capital investment Location quotient
in taluka employees Rs. in lakhs values
(Plant & Machine)
1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996

Edible oil & Oil cakes 19 20 160 169 24.68 24.93 1.0
Badami
Textile based industries 22 29 201 289 13.43 22.05 5.2 4.6
Bakeries 2 2 8 8 0.35 0.35 0.3 0.3
Agro-produce manufacturing 43 51 369 406 38.46 47.33
units taluka total Li
Bagalkot Edible oil & Oil cakes 26 30 141 146 12.05 13.60 2.0 Z0
Textile based industries 1 1 6 6 0.44 0.44 0.3 Z£
Bakeries 7 9 40 51 2.65 3.05 2.6
Agro-produce manufacturing 34 40 187 203 15.14 17.09
units taluka total
Edible oil & Oil cakes 43 47 246 276 23.89 41.64 2.3 2.1
B.Bagewadi
Bakeries 8 8 40 40 1.58 1.58 1.7 1.6
Agro-produce manufacturing 51 55 286 316 25.47 43.22
units taluka total
Sugar 950 950 2860.00 2860.00 1.7 1.8
Bijapur
Edible oil & Oil cakes 31 59 191 381 22.67 104.59 0.4 0.6
Textile based industries 3 5 29 40 0.62 1.67 0.2 0.2
Bakeries 19 19 111 111 7.34 7.34 1.1 1.0
Agro-produce manufacturing 54 84 1281 1482 2890.63 2973.60
units taluka total
Bilagi Edible oil & Oil cakes 8 34 41 4.09 5.39 2.2
Bakeries 2 7 7 0.27 0.27 2.1
Agro-produce manufacturing 10 41 48 4.36 5.66
units taluka total
Edible oil & Oil cakes 17 22 79 100 5.36 7.08 0.9 0.8
Hungund
Textile based industries 14 20 115 157 3.56 5.29 4.8 3.4
Bakeries 8 10 34 43 1.45 1.89 1.8 1.8
Agro-produce manufacturing 39 52 228 300 10.37 14.26
units taluka total (
(Contd...;
202
Table - 35 : (Contd
Name of taluka Nature of processing No. of units No. of Capital investment Location quotient
in taluka employees Rs. in lakhs values

o>
CD
CO
1996 1996 1
1986 1996 1986 1996 1986

T“
CM

CO
c\i

m
T“

o
CM
llndi Edible oil & Oil cakes 27 f 203 6.40 17.26
in

CM
r^

m
Bakeries 20 0.35 0.59
Agro-produce manufacturing 24 32 230 6.75 17.85
lunits taluka total

CD

co

co
T—

r^
Edible oil & Oil cakes 1.53 8.94 0.7 0.3
Jamkhandi

CO
Textile based industries 22 68 444 1.09 53.85 5.5
CM CD
in d

o>

CM

CD co

CD

co
Bakeries 0.63 2.51
Agro-produce manufacturing 32 87 115 535 3.25 65.30
units taluka total
CM

Edible oil & Oil cakes 70 77 452 510 35.12 55.99 2.3
iMuddebihal
d

d
m T“

m
in
Textile based industries 0.07 0.07 90
CO
CO

CO
CO
SO

CM
CM
Bakeries 22

CO
CM
jAgro-produce manufacturing 75 479 537 36.57 57.44
lunits taluka total 906
Sugar 906 1019.44 1019.44 2.0 2.3
Mudhol
CO

t—
Edible oil & Oil cakes 87 124 51.03 64.45 0.2
d d

T— r- CM
Textile based industries 1.36 1.36 90 90

co

CM CM CM
Bakeries 55 1.89 2.14

CO
CO
JAgro-produce manufacturing 27 1058 1099 1073.72 1087.39
lunits taluka total
CO

CM
2.0

“O
7.30

d
c
23 116 124

a>
Edible oil & Oil
cakes 90
’I—

o o
CO in
d

d
o
in

•O" CM

CM
Textile based industries 16
T—
CM

o r-

in
CM
CD CM

Bakeries 27 0.41 0.56

CD

CO
CO

CO
Agro-produce manufacturing 29 154 167 8.21
lunits taluka total
District Total Edible oil & Oil cakes 274 365 1642 2185 213.79 371.83
Textile based industries 68 114 452 851 21.07 81.99
Bakeries 74 83 355 418 16.92 21.66
Sugar 2 2 1856 1856 3879.44 3879.44
Agro-produce manufacturing 418 564 4305 5310 4131.22 4354.92
units
203
 BIJAPUR DISTRICT

LOCATION OFAGRO PRODUCE MANUFACTURING UNITS

A Sugar mills
O D istrict head q u arter A Edible oil mills
° Taluk head quarter A Textile based
Figurers denote number of industries A Bakeries ro
cz-
►JN.

F o r d e ta ils of th e n a m e s of lo c a tio n s re fe r to th e T ab le N o. 36
Fig. 17
 Table -36
Agro-Produce Manufacturing Units

1986 1996
Sug ar Mills

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Krishnanagar(Hosur)-1, Total-1 Krishnanagar(Hosur)-1, Totai-1.

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Sameerwadi (Mahalingpur)-I, Total-1 Sameerwadi (Mahalingpur)-I, Total-1

Edible Oil and Oil Cakes

BADAMI BADAMI
Badami-6, Nandikeshwar-1, Guledgud-4, Badami-6, Nandikeshwar-2, Guledgud-4,
Konkankoppa-1, Belur-3, Kerur-1, Khajod-1 Konkankoppa-1, Belur-3, Kerur-1, Khajod-1
Jalihal-1, Neelganda-1, Total-19 Jalihal-1, Neelganda-1, Total-20

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagalkot-20, Kaladgi-3, Gadankeri-1, Bagalkot-24, Kaladgi-3, Gadankeri-1,
Bevoor-1, Telsang-1, Total-26 Bevoor-1, Telsang-1, Total-30

B.BAGEWADl B.BAGEWADl
B.Bagewadi-13, Telgi-2, Donur-1, Bairwadgi-1, B.Bagewadi-15, Telgi-2, Donur-1, Bairwadgi-1,
Doindwar-1, Mangoli-5, Mulwad-2, Doindwar-1, Mangoli-5, Mulwad-2,
lngleshwar-2, Chabnur-1, Moshihal-1, lngleshwar-3, Chabnur-1, Moshihal-1,
Nidgundi-3, Wandal-1, Mosabinal-1, Ukkali-1, Nidgundi-3, Wandal-1, Mosabinal-1, Ukkali-1,
Kolhar-2, Hatarkihal-1, Mulatgi-1, Kabenatti-1, Kolhar-2, Hatarkihal-1, Mulatgi-1, Kabenatti-1,
Karadsavalgi-1, H.Hippargi-1, Total-43. Karadsavalgi-1, H.Hippargi-1, Satihal-1,Total-47.

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-22, Hadagali-1, Bableshwar-2, Bijapur-50, Hadagali-1, Bableshwar-2,
Utnal-1, Durga-1, Karjol-1, Kannur-1, Kavalgi-1, Utnal-1, Durga-1, Karjol-1, Kannur-1, Kavalgi-1,
Makanapur-1, Total-31. Makanapur-1, Total-59.

BILGI BILGI
Galgali-4, Sunaga-1, Bilgi-2, Total-7. Galgali-4, Sunaga-1, Bilgi-2, Sonna-1, Total-8.

HUNGUND HUNGUND
Hungund-2, Amingad-3, llkal-6, Muganur-1, Hungund-2, Amingad-3, llkal-10, Muganur-1,
Dhanur-1, Ramawadagi-1, Marageri-1, Dhanur-1, Ramawadagi-1, Marageri-1,
Kandgal-1, Sulebhavi-1, Total-17. Kandgal-1, Sulebhavi-1, Amarvati-1, Total-22.

Contd...)
(Contd...)
1986 1996
INDt INDI
lndi-5, Chadachan-4, Agarkhed-5, Anjutgi-1, lndi-8, Chadachan-6, Agarkhed-5, Anjutgi-1,
Tamba-1, Khedi-1, Kangnal-1, Lani-2, Total-20. Tamba-1, Khedi-1, Kangnal-1, Lani-4,
Nimbargi-1, Total-28.

JAMKHANDI JAMKHANDI
Jamkhandi-4, Savalgi-1, Tungal-1, Jamkhandi-8, Savalgi-1, Tungal-1,
Chinagandi-1, Total-7. Chinagandi-1, Mahalingpur-1, Gothe-1 .Total-13.

MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Muddebihal-22, Nalatwad-6, Talikoti-16, Muddebihal-23, Nalatwad-6, Talikoti-17,
Tangadgi-3, Kantagi-6, Balwat-3, Tangadgi-4, Kantagi-7, Balwat-3,
lngalgeri-1, Bidarkandi-3, Padeknur-1, lngalgeri-2, Bidarkandi-3, Padeknur-1,
Balaganur-1, Hallur-2, Hadagali-1, Jogi-1, Balaganur-1, Hallur-2, Hadagali-1, Jogi-1,
Davalgi-1, Basarked-1, Tamaraddi-1, Davalgi-1, Basarked-2, Tamaraddi-1,
Total-70. Tambagi-1, Total-77.

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Mudhol-6, Lokapur-2, Mahalingpur-2, Mudhol-7, Lokapur-3, Mahalingpur-3,
Malali-1, Halagali-1, Total-12. Malali-1, Halagali-2, Chichkanadi-1, Total-17.

SINDAGI SINDAGI
Sindagi-4, Chadachan-1, Malghor-2, Moralgi-2, Sindagi-4, Chadachan-1, Malghor-3, Moralgi-2,
D.Hippargi-2, Kalkeri-2, Kalahali-1, Almel-2, D.Hippargi-2, Kalkeri-2, Kalahali-1, Almel-2,
Jalwad-1, Padagnur-1, Yakochi-1, Korwar-1, Jalwad-1, Padagnur-1, Yakochi-1, Korwar-1,
Gobalsavalgi-1, Total-23. Gobalsavalgi-1, Total-24.

Textile 3ased Units

BADAMI BADAMI
Guledgud-22, Total-22 Guledgud-29, Total-29

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagalkot-1, Total-1 Bagalkot-1, Total-1

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-3, Total-3 Bijapur-5, Total-5

HUNGUND HUNGUND
llkal-11, Amingad-2, Sulebhavi-1, Total-14. llkal-17, Amingad-2, Sulebhavi-1, Total-20.

Contd...)
 207

(Contd...)
1986 1996

JAMKHANDI JAMKHANDI
Banhatti-21, Chimmad-1, Total-22 Banhatti-41, Chimmad-9, Rabkavi-13, Rampur-4,
Jamkhandi-1, Total-68.

MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Hiremurhal-1, Total-1 Hiremurhal-1, Total-1

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Mudhol-1, Mahalingpur-1, Total-2, Mudhol-1, Mahalingpur-1, Total-2.

SINDGI SINDGI
Gulgeri-1, Kurabar-1, Total-2. Gulgeri-1, Kurabar-1, Total-2.

Be keries

BADAMI BADAMI
Badami-1, Kerur-1, Total-2. Badami-1, Kerur-1, Total-2.

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagalkot-7, Total-7 Bagalkot-9, Total-9

B.BAGEWADI B.BAGEWADI
B.Bagewadi-3, Mangoli-2, Nidgundi-1, B.Bagewadi-3, Mangoli-2, Nidgundi-1,
Telgi-1, Gurjkati-1, Total-8. Telgi-1, Gurjkati-1, Total-8.

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-18, Bableshwar-1, Total-19. Bijapur-18, Bableshwar-1, Total-19.

BILAGI BILAGI
Galgal-1, Bilagi-1, Total-2 Galgal-1, Bilagi-1, Total-2

HUNGUND HUNGUND
Hungund-1, llkal-6, Amingad-1, Total-8. Hungund-2, llkal-7, Amingad-1, Total-10.

INDI INDI
lndi-1, Ayarsang-1, Atharga-1, Salutgi-1, lndi-1, Ayarsang-1, Atharga-1, Salutgi-1,
Total-4. Lachan-1, Total-5.

Contd...)
 208

(ContcL.)______________
1986 1996

JAMKHANDI JAMKHANDI
Jamkhandi-1, Rabakavi-1, Banhatti-1, Total-3. Jamkhandi-3, Rabakavi-1, Banhatti-1, Terdal-1
Total-6.

MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Muddebihal-2, Talikot-2, Total-4. Muddebihal-2, Talikot-2, Total-4.

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Mudhol-11, Mahalingpur-1, Total-12. Mudhol-12, Mahalingpur-1, Total-13.

SINDGI SINDGI
Sindgi-3, Almel-1, Total-4. Sindgi-3, Almel-1, D.Hippargi-1, Total-5.
 209
Oil seeds :

Oil seeds constitute an important group of commercial crops. Oil

extracted from oil seeds forms an essential fat content in the diet of the

Indian people. Oil cake the residue after oil extraction, is an important

cattle feed. The three major oil seeds including groundnut, sunflower

and safflower occupy about 3,93,243 hectares of land in the Bijapur

district , which is 28.00% of net sown area, as per 1996 data.

Groundnut :

Groundnut is an important oil seed crop contributing 6.09%

(84,460 ha) of the total cropped area of the district during 1996. The

area under groundnut was 8.07% and 8.96% during other two study

periods, i.e., 1986 and 1991, respectively. It had highest area in Badami

laluka i.e., 17.71% in 1986, but it decreased to 13.89% and 15.96% in

1991 and 1996, respectively. The talukas namely Muddebihal (9.17%),

Bagalkot (8.54%), Sindagi (6.98%), Bilagi (6.93%), Indi (6.34%), Hungund

(4.09%), Bijapur (4.08%) are also important areas of groundnut

cultivation.

Sunflower :

Sunflower is an important oil seed crop ol the Bijapur district with

20.00% of area under cultivation in 1996. Muddebihal with 34.39% ol

 210

area under sunflower stands first in area while B.Bagewadi (29.51%),

follows the next. The taluks such as Hungund (25.46%), Sindagi

(23.26%), Bilagi (22.17%), Bagalkot (22.10%), Indi (15.22%), Badami

(13.37%), Bijapur (11.04%), Jamkhandi (10.64%) and Mudhol (9.59%)

are next important areas of sunflower cultivation.

Safflower :

This crop occupied 6.73%, 2.53% and 1.93% of total cropped area

in 1986, 1991 and 1996, respectively. The talukawise variation in 1996

is as following : Hungund 4.48%, Sindagi 2.90%, B.Bagewadi 2.20%,

Bijapur 1.69%, Jamkhandi 1.46%, Indi 1.42%, Badami 1.40% and Bilagi

1.24%.

There were 418 agro-produce manufacturing units functioning in

Bijapur district (as on 1986f ^ie talukawise distribution shows 75 units

in Muddebihal taluka, 54 in Bijapur taluka, 51 in B.Bagewadi taluka,

43 in Badami taluka, 39 in Hungund taluka, 34 in Bagalkot taluka, 32

in Jamkhandi taluka, 29 in Sindagi taluka, 27 in Mudhol taluka, 24 in

Indi taluka and 9 in Bilagi taluka. The total employees engaged in the

agro-produce manufacturing units were 4305, which is about 70% of the

total people engaged in agro-based industries of Bijapur district. Table

36 also reveals the agro-produce manufacturing units (during 1986) had

an investment of Rs.4131.22 lakhs,which is 98% of the total capital invested

 211

in entire agro-based industries of the district. The recent spurt in the

growth of the industry has been mainly due to the persistant

governmental efforts in creating public awareness through feasibility

surveys for industries, giving encouragement by providing incentives and

providing infrastructural facilities.

During 1996 the agro-produce manufacturing units were 564

showing an increase of 146 units (35%). The total number of employees

were 5310 which shows an increase of 1005 compared to 1986, showing

an increase of 23%. The capital investment in the agro-produce

manufacturing units was Rs.4354.92 lakh showing an increase of 223.70

lakh rupees, when compared with the capital investment of 1986. Thus,

this industry shows an increase of 5.41% of capital investment.

3. Agro-inputs Manufacturing Units (Fig. 18)

The units which produce goods either for mechanisation of

agriculture or for increasing productivity come under this type e.g.,

industries manufacturing agricultural implements, pump-sets, fertilizers,

pesticides etc. A large number of small units dispersed all over the district

produce implements including harrows, ridgers, blankers, seed and

fertilizer drills, tractor trailers, carts, hand tools like shovels, powrahs,

pick-axes, rakes and a variety of garden tools.

 Table - 37
Agro-inputs manufacturing units - 1986 & 1996

Name of taluka Nature of processing No. of units No. of Capital investment Location quotient
in taluka employees Rs. in lakhs values
(Plant & Machine)
1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996
Badami Agriculture implements (steel) 14 14 50 50 0.38 0.38 2.0 2.2
Agriculture implements(wooden 1 4 3 17 0.01 0.76 0.1 0.4
Agro-inputs manufacturing 15 18 53 67 0.39 1.14
units taluka total
Bagalkot Agriculture implements(steel) 12 47 49 1.90 1.92 1.4 1.5
Agriculture implements(wooden 6 11 28 48 0.66 1.38 0.7 0.7
jAgro-inputs manufacturing 17 22 75 97 2.56 3.30
units taluka total
B.Bagewadi Agriculture implements(steel) 4 4 0.30 0.30 0.5 0.4
Agriculture implements(wooden 15 23 0.12 0.24 1.5 1.3
Agro-inputs manufacturing 19 27 0.42 0.54
units taluka total
Bijapur Agriculture implements(steel) 10 47 61 4.09 5.73 1.9 2.3
Agriculture implements(wooden 4 7 15 1.15 1.35 0.3 0.3
Agro-inputs manufacturing 14 54 76 5.24 7.08
units taluka total
Bilagi Agriculture implements(steel) 2 3 10 14 0.22 0.82 0.3 0.4
Agriculture implements(wooden 12 17 55 80 0.73 1.48 1.6 1.3
Agro-inputs manufacturing 14 20 65 94 0.95 2.30
units taluka total
Hungund Agriculture implements(steel) 1 6 6 0.46 0.46 0.4 0.4
Agriculture implements(wooden 10 31 40 1.13 1.92 1.6 1.3
Agro-inputs manufacturing 11 37 46 1.59 2.38
units taluka total
Indi Agriculture implements(steel) 5 13 22 0.07 0.28 0.7 0.9
Agriculture implements(wooden 15 27 52 0.35 1.03 1.3 1.1
Agro-inputs manufacturing 20 40 74 0.42 1.31
units taluka total (
(Contd...
212
 :
Table - 37 (Contd
Name of taluka Nature of processing No. of units No. of Capital investment Location quotient
in taluka employees Rs. in lakhs values
(Plant & Machine)
1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996
Jamkhandi Agriculture implements (steel) 3 10 13 42 0.41 4.42 0.6 0.8
Agriculture implements(wooden 10 33 36 114 0.37 1.79 1.4
Agro-inputs manufacturing 13 43 49 156 0.78 6.21
units taluka total
Agriculture implements(steel) 10 10 0.32 0.32 0.5 0.4
Muddebihal
Agriculture implements(wooden 31 58 0.20 0.84 1.5 1.3
Agro-inputs manufacturing 41 68 0.52 1.16
units taluka total
Agriculture implements(steel) 2 4 8 19 0.13 3.56 0.3 0.7
Mudhol
Agriculture implements(wooden 10 13 44 61 0.42 0.64 1.6 1.2
Agro-inputs manufacturing 12 17 52 80 0.55 4.20
units taluka total
Agriculture implements(steel) 2 4 9 0.02 2.01 0.4 0.5
Sindgi
Agriculture implements(wooden 17 17 49 0.33 0.77 1.5 1.3
Agro-inputs manufacturing 19 21 58 0.35 2.78
units taluka total
District Total Agriculture implements(steel) 48 64 233 286 8.50 20.20
Agriculture implements(wooden 67 135 263 557 5.47 12.58
Agro-input manufacturing units 115 199 496 843 13.77 32.40
 LOCATION OF AGRO INPUTS MANUFACTURE UNITS

1986 1996

In d u stries
o D istrict head q a u rte r A - Agro inputs m anufacturing units (Steel)

o
Taluk head q u arters A -A gro inputs m anufacturing units (Wooden)
Figures denote num bers of in d u strie s ro

F or d e ta ils of th e n a m e s of lo c a tio n s re fe r to th e T ab le No. 38

Fig.18
 215
f, . Table - 38
Jvlcu.lPJ °5 'OM Agro-Inputs Manufacturing Units

1986__________________ |____________________ 1996

Agricultural Implements Steel

BADAMI BADAMI
Badami-2, Kerur-1, Neelganda-7, Badami-2, Kerur-1, Neelganda-7,
Kagalagamba-2, Talakwadi-1, Jalihal-1, Kagalagamba-2, Talakwadi-1, Jalihal-1,
Total-14. Total-14.

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagalkot-3, Badanaikandinni-3, Chaudapur-2, Bagalkot-3, Badanaikandinni-3, Chaudapur-2,
Segikeri-2, Sirur-1, Total-11. Segikeri-2, Sirur-2, Total-12.

B.BAGEWADI B.BAGEWADI
H. Hippargi-1, Total-1 H. Hippargi-1, Total-1

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-8, Total-8 Bijapur-10, Total-10

BILAGI BILAGI
Katarki-1, Siddapur-1, Total-2. Katarki-1, Siddapur-1, Galgali-1, Total-3

HUNGUND HUNGUND
Hungund-1, Total-1 Hungund-1, Total-1

INDI INDI
Chadachan-1, Atharga-1, Hirebennur-1, Chadachan-2, Atharga-1, Hirebennur-1,
Total-3. Banakanahalli-1, Total-5.

JAMKHANDI JAMKHANDI
Jamkhandi-2. Chikkapadasalagi-1, Total-3. Jamkhandi-5, Chikkapadasalagi-1, Gothe-1,
Kumbarhatti-1, Savalgi-1, Chimmad-1, Total-10.

MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Nalatwad-1, Muddebihal-1, Total-2. Nalatwad-1, Muddebihal-1, Total-2.

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Budani-1, Mantur-1, Total-2 Budani-1, Mantur-1, Mudhol-2, Total-4

SINDGI SINDGI
D.Hipparagi-1, Total-1. D.Hipparagi-1, Sindagi-1, Total-2.

Contd...)
 216

(Contd...)
1986 1996
Agricultural Im plements Wooden

BADAMI BADAMI
Chalachgudda-1, Total-1 Chalachgudda-1, Belur-1, Badami-2, Total-4.

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagalkot-2, Kadampur-1, Jadaramkunti-1, Bagalkot-2, Kadampur-1, Jadaramkunti-1,
Sirur-2, Total-6. Sirur-2, Kaladgi-3, Hireshellikeri-1, Annadinni-1,
Total-11.

B.BAGEWADI B.BAGEWADI
H.Hippargi-2, Nagardinni-1, Total-3. H.Hippargi-2, Nagardinni-1, Ukali-1, Mulwad-1,
Total-5.

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-1, Shivangi-1,Total-2. Bijapur-2, Shivangi-1,Bableshwar-1, Total-4.

BILAGI BILAGI
Bilagi-1, Sunaga-1, Galgali-1, Siddapur-2, Bilagi-2, Sunaga-3, Galgali-1, Siddapur-2,
Yadahalli-2, Girisagar-2, Roli-1, Total-12. Yadahalli-2, Girisagar-2, Roli-1, Arakeri-1,
Bisnal-1, Total-17.

HUNGUND HUNGUND
Hungund-2, Gorbal-4, Gudur-1, llkal-1, Hungund-3, Gorbal-4, Gudur-1, llkal-2,
Total-8. Total-10.

INDI INDI
Hirutgi-1, Atharga-1, Chickbennur-1, Hirutgi-1, Atharga-1, Chickbennur-1,
Horti-2, Anjutagi-1, Benaknhalli-1, Horti-2, Anjutagi-1, Benaknhalli-1, Kheedagi-3,
Sirasanahalli-1, Total-8. Sirasanahalli-1, Halasangi-2, Savalgi-2, Total-15.

JAMKHANDI JAMKHANDI
Rabkavi-2, Hulingali-1, Kadapatti-4, Rabkavi-2, Hulingali-1, Kadapatti-4,
Hanigund-1, Jamkhandi-1, Jambagi-1, Total-10. Hanigund-1, Jamkhandi-1, Jambagi-1, Savalgi-4,
Khajibilagi-1, Khenda!i-1, Alagur-8, Chikkala-1,
Kadahalli-1, Hipparagi-2, Meragundi-1, Navalgi-1,
Kuloti-1, Total-33.

Contd...)
 217

(Contd...)
1986 1996
MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Hollur-1, Nalatwad-1, Total-2 Hollur-1, Nalatwad-1, Bederkundi-1,
Muddebihal-1, Rakkasagi-1, Total-6.

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Mudhol-1, Halagali-2, Budani-1, Lokapur-1, Mudhol-2, Halagali-2, Budani-1, Lokapur-1,
Yedahalli-1, Vajramatti-1, Shirur-1, Hebbal-1, Yedahalli-1, Vajramatti-1, Shirur-1, Hebbal-1,
Buragi-1, Total-10. Buragi-1, Shirol-1, Belagali-1, Total-13.

SINDGI SINDGI
Gundagi-3, Sindgi-2, Total-5. Gundagi-3, Sindgi-2, Taligyal-1, Moratgi-4,
Karahalli-1, Chandakavate-2, Devanagaon-1,
Gabsavalgi-1, Kumasagi-1, Total-17.
 218
Table 37 shows 115 agro-inpuls manufacturing units in Bijapur

district during 1986. The talukawise distribution shows 17 units in

Bagalkot taluk, 15 units in Badami taluka, 14 units in Bilagi taluka, 13

units in Jamkhandi taluka, 12 units in Mudhol taluka, 11 units in Indi

taluka, 10 units in Bijapur taluka, 9 units in Hungund taluka, 6 units

in Sindagi taluka, 4 each in B.Bagewadi and Muddebihal taluks. The

total employees engaged in these agro-inputs manufacturing units were

496 which is about 9% of the total people engaged in agro-based

industries of Bijapur district. The agro-inputs manufacturing units

during 1986 had an investment of Rs. 13.77 lakhs which is 0.003% of

the total capital invested in entire agro-based industries of the district.

The agro-inputs manufacturing units which entirely depend on the

outside raw-material have been existing on account of consumer demand

locally. Therefore, there are few units established on account of local

skills.

During 1996 agro-inpuls manufacturing units were 199 showing

an increase of 84 units (73%) when compared to 1986. The total number

of employed were 843 which shows an increase of 347 showing an increase

of 70% compared to 1986. The capital investment in the agro inputs

manufacturing units was Rs.32.40 lakhs showing an increase of 18.63

lakh Rupees when compared with the capital investment ol 1986.

 219

4. Agro-service Centres (Fig. 19) :

These are workshops and service centres for repairing and servicing

the agricultural implements and equipments used in agriculture.

During 1986, there were 151 agro-service centres in Bijapur district.

The talukawise distribution shows 24 units in Jamkhandi taluka, 22 in

Bijapur taluka, 18 each in Mudhol and Sindagi talukas, 12 in Bagalkot

taluka, 11 each in Hungund and Muddebihal talukas, 10 in B.Bagewadi

taluk, 9 each in Badami and Bilagi taluks and 8 in Indi taluk. The total

employees engaged in agro-service centres were 641, which is about 10%

of the total people engaged in agro-based industries of Bijapur district.

The agro-service centres during 1986 had an investment of Rs.43.11

lakhs which is 0.01 of the total capital invested in entire agro-based

industries of the district.

During 1996 the agro-service centres were 205 showing an increase

of 54 centres (36%) when compared to 1986. The total number of

employees were 834 which shows an increase of 193 compared to 1986

showing an increase of 30%. The capital investment in the agro-service

centres was Rs.59.05 lakhs showing an increase of 15.94 lakh Rupees

when compared with the capital investment of 1986. Thus, this industry

shows an increase of 37% of capital investment (Table 39).

 Table - 39

6
2:
Capital investment Location quotient 1
1 Nameoftaluka Nature of processing No. of units
in taluka employees Rs. in lakhs values 1

(Plant & Machine)

1996 |

CD
CD
CD
1996 1986 1996 1986 1996 950 1986

h-
Badami General Engineering 0.56 0.4 0.3

0
oi

CO

eg

CM CD
Welding & Repair 24 0.91
T—

h-
CM o
500

T"

in

(N r-* CO
Motor Rewinding 0.17

in
CM

CM

O)
lAgro-service centres 12 33 1.76
Italuka total
C-
d

60

CM
CM
iBagalkot General Engineering 3.94 5.89
▼**
co

CO
0

in
CO CD
Welding & Repair 23 1.93 1.4
i
60
x—
CM

T“*
CD

cO
Motor Rewinding 0.35 0,43

CO CO r- OO
OO T— CD OO

eg
oj
lAgro-service centres 5.32 8.25
Italuka total
O

'

OO
CM
General Engineering 28 1.81 1.81
iB.Bagewadi
T*~ x—
O O

60
Welding & Repair 0.49 0.49
q

O
OO

co
d

CO
Motor Rewinding 0.24 0.9

-*-

X—
CM 0
lAgro-service centres 52 55 2.38 2.54
1

Italuka total 80
CD

IBiiapur General Engineering 38 4.21 4.21 60

CO
Welding & Repair 35 1.96 2.26
CO O
T“

T~
CO
CM

V—
Is-

CD
eg

OO CD
Motor Rewinding
CO OO
d

CO

00
00

CM
O h- n CM
lAgro-service centres 25 102 8.09
taluka total 80
eg

iBilaqi General Engineering 1.42 2.42

q M"
d d

■g- CO

Welding & Repair 0.93 0.7

CO

CO OO

d d

CM
CM X“* r-

Motor Rewinding 2.0

09
q CO
CO OO

CO

CD
m CO O OO

Agro-service centres 1.63

Italuka total
Hungund General Engineering 23 23 1.42 1.42
Welding & Repair 7 18 0.50 1.17
d X- T»
OO x- CO

x-’ d d
CM r— CD

Motor Rewinding 8 19 0.55 1.02

x—

CO CM CO T~
co m co r-

Agro-service centres 38 60 2.47 3.61

taluka total
(Contd..,) ro
ro
o
 39 : (Contd
Table -_________ A-

o
O
Location quotient 1

Z
Name of taluka Nature of processing No. of units Capital investment
in taluka employees Rs. in lakhs values I

c
o

o3
CO

a.
CO
c
qT
1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996

o
0>

o
CD

in
T“
General Engineering 7,05 0.9
Indi 60

CM T—
T“ CM
1 .4

co CO
Welding & Repair 12 0.52 0.52
T~
CO

90

CD

CO ID
Motor Rewinding 15 0.35 0.82

CO

cv CO
Agro-service centres 12 33 7.57 8.39
taluka total
r*

CO
CD

v-

CO
General Engineering 53 4.04 5.56 1.2
Jamkhandi
d

CO
o

m
Welding & Repair 23 1.30
CD CO
d T“

CD CD CO
6S 0

r--
Motor Rewinding 27 30 0.64 o
o
1.0
CO

T—
CM
Agro-service centres 24 30 95 5.93
taluka total
o

60

in
Muddebihal General Engineering 27 1.35 2.50
-

CO

m CM
CO CM

m
Welding & Repair 0.53 1.08
o

o
d

CO CO
Motor Rewinding 20 0.7 11

h-

V“
CM T“*
Agro-service centres 16 53 1.98 3.98
taluka total
CO

X—

Mudhol General Engineering 58 67 2.95 3.50

o
o

80
CM
>

CD

CO
Welding & Repair 18 0.45 1.22
CO
d

o
d

Motor Rewinding 0.2

CO
CM

d "M’

O
CD CM

CO
CD CM

CO
Agro-service centres 24 3.50
italuka total
CO

o
Sindgi General Engineering 45 49 3.99 4.52
CNI CO

CO

o
co
o
d

CO

Welding & Repair 0.3

T~
CM

X
d T*

CM

Motor Rewinding 0.41 0.41

CO

o>

CM h-
CD M- m

V*
CM CD O)

CM CD CO
Agro-service centres 5.01
Italuka total
m

r-
District Total General Engineering 91 31.39 40.04
Welding & Repair 58 7.79 12.51
Motor Rewinding 56 3.93 6.50
^

M CM CM CO
O CM O CO

CO (O M M
O CO CO r-

co m
CO t— t— CD

in o co t-

205 43.11 59.05

221
 BIJAPUR DISTRICT
LOCATION OFAGRO SERVICE CENTRES

1996

In d u strie s

0
D is tric t head
q u a rte rs k General engineering

o
T aluk head q u a rte r k W elding and s e rv ic in g
F rg u re rs denote num ber o f se rvice c e n tre s A E le c tric m otors rew inding
C\3

03
F o r d e ta ils o f th e n am es o flo c a tio n s re fe r to th e T a b le No. 4.0

Fig.19
 223
Table - 40
Agro-Service Centres

1986 1996
General Engineering

BADAMI BADAMI
Badami-1, Kerur-1, Total-2. Badami-1, Kerur-1, Total-2.

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagalkot-3, Kaladgi-1, Total-4. Bagalkot-7, Kaladgi-1, Total-8.

B.BAGEWADI B.BAGEWADI
B.Bagewadi-2T Managuli-1, H.Hipparagi-1, B.Bagewadi-2, Managuli-1, H.Hipparagi-1,
Total-4. Total-4.

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-8, Tikota-1, Bableshwar-1, Total-10. Bijapur-9, Tikota-1, Bableshwar-1, Total-11.

BILAGI BILAGI
Galgali-3, Anagawadi-1, Total-4. Galgali-4, Anagawadi-1, Total-5.

HUNGUND HUNGUND
Hungund-2, llkal-4, Total-6 Hungund-2, llkal-4, Total-6

INDI INDI
lndi-2, Chadachan-1, Total-3. lndi-3, Chadachan-1, Total-4.

JAMKHANDI JAMKHANDI
Jamkhandi-7, Banhatti-4, Savalgi-1, Rampur-1 Jamkhandi-10, Banhatti-4, Savalgi-1, Rampur-1
Total-13. Total-16.

MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Muddebihal-3, Nalatwad-2, Total-5. Muddebihal-5, Nalatwad-2, Total-7.

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Mudhol-9, Mahalingpur-1, Budni-1, Mudhol-9, Mahalingpur-1, Budni-3, Hulagbhavi-1,
Hulagibavi-1, Total-14. Geergal-1, Mantur-1, Total-16.

SINDGI SINDGI
Sindgi-6, D.Hipparagi-1, Almel-1, Moratgi-1, Sindgi-7, D.Hipparagi-1, Almel-1, Moratgi-1,
Korwar-1, Total-10. Korwar-1, Total-11.

Contd...)
(Contd...)
1986 1996
Welding and Repairs

BADAMI BADAMI
Nandikeshwar-2, Kuigeri-1, Kutankeri-1, Nandikeshwar-2, Kulgeri-1, Kutankeri-1,
Guledgud-1, Belur-1, Total-6. Guledgud-1, Belur-1, Neerbudihal-1, Total-7.

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagalkot-5, Total-5. Bagalkot-8, Gadankeri-1, Total-9.

B.BAGEWADI B.BAGEWADI
Nidagundi-1, Bagewadi-1, Mangoli-1, Nidagundi-1, Bagewadi-1, Mangoli-1,
Golsangi-1, Total4. Golsangi-1, Total4.

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-7, Total-7. Bijapur-8, Total-8.

BILGI BILGI
Bilgi-1, Total-1 Bilgi-1, Sonna-1, lnamhanchanal-1, Total-3.

HUNGUND HUNGUND
Kamatgi-1, Gudur-1, Total-2 Kamatgi-2, Gudur-1, Karadi-1, llkal-1, Total-5.

INDI INDI
lndi-1, Balbli-1, Horti-1, Total-3. lndi-1, Balbli-1, Horti-1, Total-3.

JAMKHANDI JAMKHANDI
Jamkhandi-3, Gothe-1, Total-4 Jamkhandi-3, Gothe-1, Rampur-1, Todalbagi-1,
Total-6.

MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Muddebihal-3, Nalatwadi-1, Total-4. Muddebihal-4, Nalatwadi-1, Total-5.

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Budni-2, Mudhol-1, Total-3. Budni-2, Mudhol-2, Bantnur-1, Malali-1, Total-6.

SINDGI SINDGI
Sindgi-1, Almel-1, Total-2. Sindgi-1, Almel-1, Total-2.
(Contd...)
1986 1996
Electric Motor Rewinding

BADAMI BADAMI
Badami-1, Total-1. Badami-3, Total-3.

BAGALKOT BAGALKOT
Bagalkot-3, Total-3 Bagalkot-4, Total-4

B.BAGEWADI B.BAGEWADI
B.Bagewadi-1, Masabinal-1, Total-2 B.Bagewadi-2, Masabinal-1, Total-3

BIJAPUR BIJAPUR
Bijapur-5, Total-5. Bijapur-6, Total-6.

BILAGI BILAGI
Bilagi-2, Girisagar-1, Galgali-1, Total-4. Bilagi-3, Girisagar-3, Galgali-2, Anagwadi-1,
Korti-1, Total-10.

HUNGUND HUNGUND
Hungund-1, llkal-1, Gudur-1, Total-3. Hungund-1, llkal-1, Gudur-2, Kumatgi-1.
Amingad-1, Total-6.

INDI INDI
Atharga-1, Chadchan-1, Total-2. Atharga-1, Chadchan-2, lndi-1. Horti-1, Total-5.

JAMKHANDI JAMKHANDI
Banhatti-2, Jamkhandi-2, Maigur-1, Gydyal-1, Banhatti-2, Jamkhandi-2, Maigur-1, Gydyal-1,
Terdal-1, Total-7. Terdal-1, Navalgi-1, Total-8.

MUDDEBIHAL MUDDEBIHAL
Muddebihal-2, Total-2. Muddebihal-4, Total-4.

MUDHOL MUDHOL
Mudhol-1, Total-1. Mudhol-1, Total-1.

SINDGI SINDGI
Sindgi-1, D.Hippargi-1, Salotgi-2, Sindgi-1, D.Hippargi-1, Salotgi-2,
Almel-2, Total-6. Almel-2, Total-6.
 Table - 41
Bijapur District All Types of Agro-Based Industries - 1996.

Name of Taluka No. of Units No. of villages

in taluka in each taluka
Badami 88 146
Bagalkot 93 90
B.Bagewadi 73 119
Bijapur 137 109
Bilagi 51 65
Hungund 87 168
Indi 66 123
Jamkhandi 163 71
Muddebihal 123 150
Mudhol 76 78
Sindagi 71 143
District Total 1028 1262

Categorywise Distrbution of All Types of Agro-Based Industries

-1996
Category No. of Taluka Name of Taluka
(No. of Units)
Below-33 0 Nil
33 to 66 2 Bilagi, Indi
67 to 99 6 Badami, Bagalkot,
B.Bagewadi,
Hungund, Mudhol,
Sindgi
100 to 132 1 Muddebihal
Above 132 2 Bijapur, Jamkhandi
 227

l
 223

PERCENTAGE SHARE OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES,

1996.

Total No.of Agro-Bosed

Total No.of workers-7813
Indust ries-1034
Agro-produce Agro-produce processing
Manufacturing unit units (856)
(564)
Agro-service centers
Agro-produce
(834) |
Processing units
(67) Agro-inputs Manufacturi
F
Agro-service centr
units (843)

(205)
Agro-produce Manufacturing units
Agro-Inputs Manufacturing units (5280)
(198)

Total Capital investment

. .

Agro-produce Manufacturing units

(4354-92 ) 1i 1 1

2-13 V. Agro-produce processing units(98-81)

4_

1-3014 Agro-service centres (59-05 )

0-71% Agro-inputs Manufacturing units (32-40)

\=
 229
Concentration Index :

Wheather an industry tends to concentrate or disperse depends

upon the nature of the individual industry depending on various factors

viz., the nature of raw materials (gross or pure), the infrastructural

facilities required, and the location of nature of market (localised or

dispersed) etc. Apart from these, several other factors like the

environmental hazards and governmental policies play a decisive role in

the location of some types of industries. Nevertheless, some industries

in general tend to concentrate and some Lend to disperse. The second

category is also called the foot-loose industries, which can be located

any where with same minimum facilities. The agro-based industries in

Bijapur district are able to function with minimum facilities except sugar

industry.

The locational aspects of the agro-based industries are analysed

using Florence location quotient index (LWi) in the present study.34

Talukawise analysis is done for agro-produce processing units, agro­

produce manufacturing units, agro-inputs manufacturing units and agro­

service centres.

The Location Quotient is an index for measuring the degree of

concentration of an industry in a particular place. If the industry is

evenly distributed the index value will be unity. If (he index value is

3. Florence (1948). ''Investment, location and size of plant ". Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.
 230

more than unity for a region, the region is supposed to have more than

the legitimate share of a particular industry. Less than unity value for a

particular region indicates low concentration of a particular industry in

that region. The employment data collected from directorate of industry

for the year 1986 and 1996 has been used.

Location quotient (LWi) of industries is calculated by using the

following formula :

n
Wij / y Wij
i=l

LWi = _____'___ j __________________________________________'

m / n m
I Wij / I I Wij
j 1 ' ' i=l j 1

Where,

LWi = Location quotient

Wij = No. of workers in ‘i’th industry in 'j'th settlement

m
X Wij = No. of workers in Tth industry in all the settlements
j=l '

n
1 Wij = No. of workers in all the industries in 'j'th settlement
j=l

n m
^ X Wij = No. of workers in all the industries
i=I j=l in all the settlements.
 Table - 42
Agro-produce processing units -1986 & 1996

I 1986 1996 I
N ature of P rocessin g
I

CD

a:
CO
c
N am e of Taluka

CD

&
CO
c
O)
N am e of Taluka C lasses

o>
C lasses
Below 1.9 B agalkot, Bijapur, 1
G roundnut decorticating Low Below 2,7 Bijapur, H ungund Low
I mills M uddebihal H ungund, Indi, M uddebihal I

='
M edium 2.7 to 5.4 B agalkot M edium 1.9 to 3.8 Nil

<
X
XI
High A bove 3.8 B adam i, Bilagi

O)
A bove 5.4 B adam i
z

z
C otton Ginning & Low Below 0.4 Low Below 0.4
P ressin g CO
o

d
d

T*-

i
«
o
d
00

d
M edium B agalkot M edium B agalkot

i
t
d
00

CD

_Q
<
>
O
High B .B agew adi, Bijapur, High A bove 0.8 B .B agew adi, Bijapur,
H ungund, Indi, 1
H ungund, Indi,
Jam khandi, M uddebihal, 1
Jam khandi, M uddebihal,
Mudhol, Sindgi 1
Mudhol, Sindgi

z
Dal Mills Low Below 0.53 Low Below 1.4 Bijapur
z

i
i
z
M edium 0.53 to 1.06 M edium 1.4 to 2.8
1

i
!

xz

X
B agalkot, Bijapur High A bove 2.8 B agalkot

CD
A bove 1.06
231
 232
Agro-Produce Processing Units

Groundnut Decorticating Mills

The high concentration of groundnut decorticating mill is found

in Badami taluka in 1986, and one more taluka (Bilagi) is added to this

category in 1996. In 1986, it has a medium concentration in Bagalkot

taluk, while in 1996 not a single taluka is found in this category. In

1986 Bijapur, Hungund and Muddebihal talukas show low concentration

and two more talukas (Bagalkot and Indi) are added to this group in

1996. The sample units in the talukas of low concentration group are

reported to be facing the problems of inadequate availability of groundnut

due to various uncertainities in the execution of their production

programmes : stiff competition from the mill sector, difficulties in stocking

raw-materials, lack of ready finance for bulk and for seasonal purchase

of groundnut. The high and medium concentration of groundnut

decorticating mills in Badami, Bilagi and Bagalkot taluks is mainly

because of availability of raw material, banking and marketing facilities

etc. (Table 42).

Cotton Ginning and Pressing :

By glancing at the Table 39, it can be seen that the cotton ginning

and pressing units are highly concentrated in the talukas of B.Bagewadi,

Bijapur, Hungund, Indi, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal, Mudhol and Sindagi

 233

in 1986 and 1996. Bagalkot taluka has medium concentration in 1986

and 1996. Not a single taluka is under low concentration group in 1986

and 1996. The reasons for high and medium concentration of cotton

ginning and pressing in the above talukas are the same as explained in

the groundnut decorticating mills.

Dal Mills :

The high concentration of dal mills occurs in bagalkot and Bijapur

taluks in 1986. In 1996 Bagalkot taluk shows high concentration while,

in 1996 Bijapur taluk shows low concentration. Remaining all the taluks

indicate nil concentration. Bijapur district is not significant in dal

(pulses) cultivation, as such its industry is also not prominent.

Agro-Produce Manufacturing Units

Edible Oil Mills :

The high concentration of edible oil mill is found in the taluks of

Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Indi, Muddebihal, Mudhol and Sindagi in

1986. In 1996, again these taluks have high concentration. Medium

concentration is restricted to two taluks viz., Badami and Hungund taluks

during the study periods. In 1986 and 1996 Bijapur, Jamkhandi and

Mudhol talukas show low concentration (Table 43).

 Table - 43
Agro-produce manufacturing units -1986 & 1996

1 9861- 1996 |
Nature of Processing
Nam e of Taluka Classes Range N a m e o fT a lu k a I
Classes Range
Edible oil mills Low Below 0.8 Bijapur, Jamkhandi Low Below 0.8 Bijapur, Jamkhandi
Mudhol Mudhol
Medium 0.8 to 1.6 Badami, Hungund Medium 0.8 to 1.6 Badami, Hungund

High Above 1.6 Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, High Above 1.6 Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi,
Bilagi, Indi, Bilagi, Indi,
Muddebihal, Sindgi Muddebihal, Sindgi
Cotton textile Low Below 1.8 Bagalkot, Bijapur Low Be.ow 1.7 Muddebihal, Mudhol,
Muddebihal, Mudhol Sindgi

i
:z
Bagalkot, Bijapur, Hungund

oo
CO
CD

o
Medium Medium 1.7 to 3.4

i
High Above 3.4 Badami, Jamkhandi

JZ

X
Badami, Hungund

03
Above 3.6
Bakeries Low Below 0.9 Badami, Muddebihal, Low Below 1.1 Badami, Bijapur, Jamkhandi,
Mudhol Muddebihal, Mudhol

i
i
Medium 0.9 to 1.8 B.Bagewadi, Bijapur, Medium 1.1 to 2.2 B.Bagewadi, Bilagi
Hungund, Indi,Sindgi Hungund, indi,Sindgi

High Above 1.8 Bagalkot, Bilagi, High Above 2.2 Bagalkot

Jamkhandi
z

iz
Sugar Low Below 0.7 Low Below 0.8
z

i
z

i
Medium 0.7 to 1.4 Medium 0.8 to 1.6
-C

_•
Bijapur, Mudhol

SZ
03

Above 1.6

X
Above 1.4 Bijapur, Mudhol

03
234
 235
Cotton Textile Units :

The Bijapur district is predominenl in handlooms and powerlooms.

In 1986 Badami and Hungund laluks show high concentration while in

1996 Badami and Jamkhandi taluk indicate high concentration. Not a

single taluk is found in medium concentration category in 1986, but, in

1996 Bagalkot, Bijapur, Muddebihal, Mudhol and Sindagi fall under low

concentration group in 1986. In 1996 it is low in Muddebihal, Mudhol

and Sindagi taluks. The raw-materials like finished yarn and dye yarn

etc. are not manufactured in Bijapur district, therefore these are brought

from Bombay and Sholapur. This type of dealing can certainly hinder

the regional growth of economy to some extent. If this industry expands

in multi-dimensions then raw materials can be manufactured locally also.

Bakeries :

Bakery units which entirely depend on the outside raw material

such as maida from wheat. Many of the units are concentrated in the

urban centres. The high concentration of bakery units occur in Bagalkot,

Bilagi and Jamkhandi taluks in 1986, but, Bagalkot is only taluk which

shows high concentration in 1996. In 1986, B.Bagewadi, Bijapur,

Hungund, Indi and Sindagi showed medium concentration. B.Bagewadi,

Bilagi, Hungund, Indi and Sindagi except Bilagi taluk again have medium

concentration. Badami, Muddebihal and Mudhol show low concentration

 23f

in 1986, and two more taluks (Bijapur and Jamkhandi) added to this

group in 1996.

Sugar Industry :

Bijapur district is having two sugar factories one located at

Krishnanagar (Hosur) in Bijapur taluk and the other one at Sameerwadi

(Mahalingpur) in Mudhol taluk (as on March 1996). Both are functioning

in co-operative sector with the cultivar as share holder. These taluks

show high concentration in 1986 and 1996.

Agro-Inputs Manufacturing Units

Agriculture Implements (Steel) :

These units entirely depend on the outside raw materials have been

existing on account of local consumer demand. In 1986 Badami and

Bijapur show high concentration, but in 1996 Bijapur taluk alone falls

under this group. Bagalkot and Indi taluks show medium concentration

in 1986, while in 1996 one more taluk (Jamkhandi) is added to this

group. During 1986, low concentration is restricted to B.Bagewadi, Bilagi.

Hungund, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal, Mudhol and Sindagi taluks and in

1996 it is observed in B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Hungund, Muddebihal, Mudho

and Sindagi taluks (Table

 Table - 44
Agro-inputs manufacturing units -1986 & 1996

1996 |
I 1986
Nature of Processing
Range | N a m e o fT a lu k a I
Classes Range Nam e of Taluka Classes
Agril. implements - steel Low Below 0.7 B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Hungund, Low Below 0.8 B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Hungund,
Jamkhandi, Muddebihal, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal,
Mudhol, Sindgi Mudhol, Sindgi

i
Medium 0,7 to 1.4 Bagalkot, Indi Medium 0.8 to 1.6 Bagalkot, Indi, Jamkhandi

Badami, Bijapur

JZ

X
Above 1.4 Badami, Bijapur High Above 1.6

O)
Agril. implements - wooden Low Below 0.5 Badami, Bijapur Low Be,ow 0.4 Bijapur

i
i
Medium 0.5 to 1.0 Bagalkot Medium 0.4 to 0.8 Badami, Bagalkot

_•
High Above 1.0 B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Hungund, High Above 0.8 B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Hungund,
Indi, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal, Indi, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal,
Mudhol, Sindgi Mudhol, Sindgi
237
 238
Agriculture Implements (Wooden) :

The high concentration of agriculture implements (wooden) occurs

in B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Hungund, Indi, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal, Mudhol

and Sindagi taluks in 1986 and 1996 respectively. Medium concentration

is found in Bagalkot taluk in 1986 and Badami and Bagalkot in 1996.

Badami and Bijapur taluks show low concentration in 1986 and 1996,

respectively.

Agro-Service Centres

General Engineering :

It’s high concentration is restricted to three taluks, viz., Hungund,

Mudhol and Sindagi in 1986. In 1996 general engineering units show

high concentration in Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Bijapur, Indi, Jamkhandi,

Muddebihal and Sindagi. During 1986, B.Bagewadi, Bagalkot, Bijapur,

Bilagi, Indi and Muddebihal taluks show medium concentration. During

1996 only two taluks (Bilagi and Hungund) show medium concentration.

It is low in Badami taluka in 1986 and 1996 (Table 45).

Welding and Repairs :

It is high in Badami taluk in 1986 and 1996. Medium concentration

is found in Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Bijapur, Indi, Muddebihal and Mudhol

taluks in 1986. In 1996 Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Bijapur, Bilagi, Hungund,

 Table - 45
Agro-service Centres -1986 & 1996

o>
CD
<0
Nature of Processing 1
986
Names of Taluka I

CD

DC
03
o
05
Classes Range Nam e of Taluka Classes
General Engineering Low Below 0.5 Badami Low Below 0.4 Badami

00

o
O

i
Medium 0.5 to 1.0 B.Bagewadi, Bagalkot, Bijapur Medium Bilagi, Hungund
Bilagi, Indi, Muddebihal

i
High Above 1.0 Hungund, Mudhol, Sindgi High Above 0.8 Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Bijapur,
Indi, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal,
Mudhol, Sindgi
W elding & Servicing Low Below 0.8 Bilagi, Hungund, Low Below 0.7 Sindgi
Jamkhandi, Sindgi
o
Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Bijapur, |
O
r--

i
CD

o
oo
Medium Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Bijapur Medium
Indi, Muddebihal, Mudhol Bilagi, Hungund, Indi, Jamkhandi
Muddebihal, Mudhol I

<
Badami

X
SZ
High Above 1.4

03
Above 1.6 Badami
Electric Motor Rewinding Low Below 0.7 Badami, Mudhol Low Below 0.6 Mudhol

Medium 0.7 to 1.4 Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Bijapur Medium 0.6 to 1.2 Badami, Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi,
Hungund, Indi, Jamkhandi, Bijapur, Jamkhandi
Muddebihal, Sindgi Muddebihal, Sindgi
JO

i
i
iBilagi, Hungund, Indi.

sz
X
O)

Above 1.4 Bilagi Above 1.2

05
239
 240
Indi, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal and Mudhol taluks show medium

concentration. It is low in Bilagi, Hungund, Jamkhandi and Sindagi taluks

in 1986, while in 1996 low concentration is noticed in Sindagi taluk.

Electric Motor Rewinding :

Bilagi taluk shows high concentration in 1986, while two more taluks

(Hungund and Indi) are added to this group in 1996. Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi,

Bijapur, Hungund, Indi, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal, Sindagi taluks show

medium concentration in 1986 while, Badami, Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi,

Bijapur, Jamkhandi, Muddebihal and Sindagi taluks showed medium

concentration in 1996. In 1986 Badami and Mudhol taluks show low

concentration while, in 1996, again Mudhol taluk has low concentration.

Diversification of Agro-Based Industries

Diversification of agro-based industries in the Bijapur district is

studied by using Gibbs-Martin1 (1962) index. This method has overcome

the defects occured in other methods.

i) This method avoids the need to reduce the actual figures in

percentages. Therefore, it is easy to calculate.

ii) In this method, we can adjust the figures into hundreds, thousands,

millions etc. which will not alter the results.

1. Gibbs, J. and Martin. W. (1962). "Urbanisation, Technology and the

Division of Labour”. International patterns, American Sociological
Review, Vol.27.
 241

iii) In this method indices are directly related to diversification whereas, it

is inversely related to diversification in most of the other methods, and

iv) Thus indices are relatively more precise and calculated accurately.

Therefore, keeping the above advantages in view, the Gibbs and Martin

index of diversification is proved to be most suitable in measuring the

diversification of agro-based industries in Bijapur district and hence, it is

!\<
adopted here for two points of time i.e., 1986 and 1996 (Table ) and
results are plotted in Fig. No^| The index can be calculated by employing

the following equation.

Ix2
Index of Diversification = 1-----------
(Sx)2

Where, ‘x’ is the percentage of workers in each category of the industry. If

all the workers are employed in a single category of industry, the index

value will be zero, and it indicates absolute specialisation. If the workers

are evenly distributed among all the categories of industries the index

value approaches ‘one’ indicating maximum diversification. The index

values are calculated at taluka level taking into consideration four types

of abgo-based industries.
 242
Bijapur District Diversification Index of Agro-based Industries

Name of the Agro-produce Agro-produce Agro-inputs Agro-service

taluka processing units Mfg. units Mfg. units Centres

1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996 1986 1996

Badami 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.49 0.11 0.38 0.52 0.58

Bagalkot 0.15 0.63 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.50 0.67 0.64
B.Bagewadi 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.23 0.33 0.24 0.60 0.62
Bijapur 0.15 0.24 0.42 0.51 0.23 0.33 0.64 0.64
Bilgi 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.58 0.63
Hungund 0.20 0.31 0.60 0.60 0.27 0.23 0.56 0.66
Indi 0.00 0.32 0.21 0.21 0.44 0.42 0.64 0.65
Jamkhandi 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.29 0.39 0.39 0.58 0.59
Muddebihal 0.14 0.28 0.11 0.10 0.36 0.25 0.60 0.65
Mudhol 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.31 0.25 0.36 0.44 0.48
Sindgi 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.42 0.31 0.27 0.53 0.52

Agro-Produce Processing Units :

The table of index of diversification shows the values of 1986 and

1996. The table reveals that there is no significant change in the indices

of diversification. Therefore, only 1996 values are considered for

interpretation. As per index value of diversification as many as six taluks

viz., Badami, B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Jamkhandi, Mudhol and Sindgi show

zero values which indicate absolute specialisation of agro-produce

processing units. Here the talukas like Badami and Bilagi are specialised

in groundnut decorticating mills, while Jamkhandi, B.Bagewadi, Mudhol

and Sindagi are specialised in cotton ginning and pressing mills. The

talukas like Bijapur, Hungund, Indi and Muddebihal show high

 Table - 46
Diversification of Agro-Based Industries -1996.

<
Category Agro-Produce Agro-Service

E
(A =>
w

b
C 'C
CL C

o tJ

2
=3
CO
C

o —1
co

CL 3
^ c

05 3
CD
P1 o
E •§

CO
< c
Centres

3 O)

5 °»
(Index value) Processing Units
No. of Nam e of the No. of Nam e of the No. of Nam e of the No. of Name of the
Taluks Taluka Taluks Taluka Taluks Taluka Taluks Taluka
z

CM

O
Below 0.22 Indi, Muddebihal
Least diversification
z

CD
0.22 to 0.44 Bijapur, Bagalkot, Badami,
High diversification Hungund, B.Bagewadi, B.Bagewadi,
Indi, Bilagi, Bijapur,
Muddebihal Jamkhandi, Bilagi,
Mudhol, Sindagi Hungund, Indi,
Jamkhandi,
Muddebihal,
Mudhol, Sindgi
-

CO
Bagalkot Badami, Bagalkot,

-
0.45 to 0.66 Bagalkot Badami
Very Bijapur, B.Bagewadi,
High diversification Hungund Bijapur, Bilagi,
Hungund, Indi,
Jamkhandi,
Mudhol, Sindgi,
Muddebihal
O
5

CD
0.00 Badami,
Absolute B.Bagewadi,
Specialisation Bilagi, Sindagi,
Mudhol,
Jamkhandi
243
 244

B1JAPUR DISTRICT DIVERSIFICATION OF A6R0 BASED INDUSTRIES

1996
( As per Gibbs and Martin’s Method)

Agra Produce Processing Unit Agro Produce Manufacturing Unit

I-----) Below 0 22 Least Diversification 0-45 to 0-66 Very High Diversification

- -j 0*22to0-4-4High Diversification 0-00 Absolute Specialisation

Fig.21
 245

diversification. However, Bagalkot taluka appears as very high diversified

with 0.63 value.

Agro-Produce Manufacturing Units :

The least diversification is observed in the taluks of Indi and

Muddebihal. High diversification is restricted to six taluks viz., Bagalkot,

B.Bagewadi, Bilagi, Jamkhandi, Mudhol and Sindagi. The very high

diversification of agro-produce manufacturing units occurs in Badami,

Bijapur and Hungund talukas.

Agro-input Manufacturing Units :

The high diversification of agro-inputs manufacturing units is found

in the taluks of Badami, B.Bagewadi, Bijapur, Bilagi, Hungund, Indi,

Jamkhandi, Muddebihal, Mudhol and Sindgi. The very high diversification

is seen in only one taluk i.e., Bagalkot.

Agro-Service Centres :

The very high diversification of agro-service centres is noticed in all

the taluks of Bijapur district. This is mainly because of the necessity of

agro services like welding, general engineering and electric motor rewinding

which shall otherwise hamper the agro-industrial works. Further these

services are also needed for other than agro-industries. As such agro­

service centres in Bijapur district are very high diversified.

 CHAPTER - VI

CASE STUDIES OF
AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
 246

CHAPTER-VI

CASE STUDIES OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES

Case studies of agro-based industries are very much essential to

know the structure, composition, production pattern, problems and

prospectus. In this study based on stratified random sampling method

110 agro-based industrial units are considered for case studies. This

c sampling represent'about 10% of the total industries. The study is based

y \

on questionnaire. The author has surveyed all the 110 units by visiting

personally and collected the relevant information from the owners of the

mills and also photographs. This kind of survey has provided field

experience and aquentance of the mills to this researcher by which he has

understood the geography and regional economics of the agro-based

industries. This field investigation has helped this researcher to draw

meaningful and appropriate inferences.

AGRO-PRODUCE PROCESSING UNITS

There are 67 units belonging to agro-produce processing units. Of

which 12 have been surveyed. Out of these surveyed units 4 belong to

groundnut decorticating units, 6 belongs to cotton ginning and pressing

and 2 belongs to dal mills.

 247

GROUNDNUT DECORTICATING MILLS :

For this study four units are surveyed. Two of the units are located

in Bijapur city, the third one is in Almel village of Sindgi taluk and the

fourth one is in Kerur village of Badami taluk.

M/s. Bapuji Enterprises milH^ located in station road Bijapur, is

established in 1996 with capital investment of Rs.18 lakhs. It has 11

employees. It produces 40 quintals of groundnut seeds* per day. The raw

material comes from Bijapur taluk as well as B.Bagewadi taluka. The mill

is seasonal, therefore it functions in April, May, December and January.

The production is supplied in local Bijapur city, Jamkhandi town and

Bagalkot town. This mill is in profit. The mill also faces the problems of

finance, labour, transport and marketing. This mill has not taken loan

from any financial institutions and also not taken any financial subsidy

from the government.

M/s.Bagali industry located in industrial area of Bijapur city is

established in 1996 with a capital of Rs.9.25 lakhs. This mill has 9 workers

and produces 30 quintals of groundnut seeds per day. The raw-material

comes from local Bijapur taluk, B.Bagewadi taluka and Mudhol taluk. It

is seasonal in work, producing in the month of April, May, December and

January. The produced material is sold in Bijapur city, Mudhol town,

Bagalkot town and Muddebihal town. The mill is in profit. It has not

* Used for oil extracting purpose and not for sowing purpose.
 248

received bank loan or any kind of subsidy from the Government. It faces

the problems of labour, finance and market. Although there is electricity

cut due to its shortage, it is compensated by Kerosene/ Diesel generators.

M/s.Shrishellappa Jogur industry is located at Almel village of Sindgi

taluk. It is established in 1994 with a capital o As ,000 with total labour

of 3 persons. It produces 5 quintals of groundnut seeds per day. The

production is supplied in Sindgi town and in villages like Devangaon,

Afzalpur, Hunsagi and Hovinhalli. The factory works in the month of

May, June and July. It runs under profit. It has not received loan/

subsidy. This factory is managed by its family members only, thus giving

self employment. The owner of the factory opines that the government

should come forward to extend financial assistance and loan. He also

says that modernisation in the machines is to be provided and its

whereabouts should be brought to the notice of mill owner. This mill has

experienced the shortage of electricity to run its machines in full sowing.

M/s.Mahakuteshwar decorticating mill is located at Kerur town of

Badami taluk. It is working since 1990. The capital invested is Rs.80,000

and labours working are only three, thus giving self employment to the

members of the family. It produces 1.5 quintal of groundnut seeds per

day. The raw material comes from surrounding villages like, Algeri, Jalgeri

and Malgi, while production goes to Bijapur and B.Bagewadi. Thus we

can notice that the trade links with distant places at a distance of not less
 249

than 100 kms. The mill faces the problems like shortage of raw material,

failure of machines, shortage of electricity etc. This factory is in profit.

It has taken financial loan from local co-operative bank. The owner of

the factory expressed that due to increase in the location of similar mills

in the surrounding area this mill is facing the competition and shortage

of raw-material.

COTTON GINNING AND PRESSING :

For this study six units are surveyed. Two of the units are located

in Bijapur city, the second one is in Bagalkot city, fourth one is in

Jamkhandi town, fifth one is in Muddebihal town and the sixth one is at

Lokapur village of Mudhol taluk.

M/s.Kodadi Ginning and Pressing Mill is located in station road

Bijapur. It is established in 1910 with a capital investment of Rs. 10 lakhs.

It has 86 employees. It produces 40 quintals of ginned cotton per day.

The raw-material comes from Bijapur, Sindgi and Muddebihal taluks. The

mill is seasonal, therefore it functions in March, April, May, June and

July. The production is supplied to Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), Mumbai

and Sholapur (Maharashtra). The mill is in profit. The mill faces the

problems of labour and shortage of electricity. The mill has not taken

loan from any financial institutions and also not taken any financial

subsidy from the government.

 250

M/s.Vikas Ginning and Pressing factory is located in station road

Bijapur. It is established in 1982 with a capital of Rs.30 lakhs. This

mill has 62 workers and produces 30 quintals of ginned cotton per day.

The raw material comes from Bijapur taluk as well as Sindgi taluka.

Being seasonal, it works in the months of March, April, May, June and

July. The produce ginned cotton is sent to Gokak (Belgaum district),

Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) and Sholapur (Maharashtra). It runs under

loss. It faces the problems of raw-material and shortage of electricity. It

has taken financial loan from K.S.F.C., Bijapur.

M/s.Shivanand Ginning and Pressing Factory is located in Bagalkot

city. It is established in 1916 with a capital of Rs.1.5 lakhs with a total

labour of 13 persons. The raw cotton comes from surrounding villages of

Bagalkot taluk, Hungund taluk and Bilagi taluka. It produces 9 quintals

of ginned cotton per day. The production is supplied to Gokak (Belgaum)

and Sholapur (Maharashtra). The factory works in the months of March,

April, May and June. The mill rus under loss. The mill faces the problems

of shortage of raw materials, failure of machines, shortage of electricity

and labour. It has not received bank loan or any kind of subsidy from the

government.

M/s.T.A.P.C.M.S. Ginning and Pressing Factory is located in

Jamkhandi town. It is working since 1982. The capital invested is Rs.25

lakhs and labours working are 13. It produces 30 quintals of ginned

 251

cotton per day. The raw cotton comes from surrounding villages like

Savalgi, Mahalingpur and Terdal of Jamkhandi taluka and also from

villages of Mudhol. The pressed cotton is sent to the Banahatti spinning

mill in Jamkhandi taluka. The TAPCMS ginning and pressing mill runs

under loss. This mill is facing the problems of labour, shortage of electricity

and raw materials. It has taken financial loan from KSFC. The owner of

the factory opines that finance appears to be a major constraint for the

industry hence the government should come forward to extend financial

assistance and loans.

M/s.Neelaganga Ginning Factory established in 1981 is located in

Muddebihal town with a capital investment of Rs.2G lakhs. It has 10

employees. It produces 10 quintals of ginned cotton per day. The raw

cotton comes from surrounding villages like Tongadgi, Baserkod and Algur.

The mill is seasonal, therefore, it functions in March, April, May, June

and July. The production is supplied to Sholapur textile mills

(Maharashtra). The mill runs under loss. The mill also faces the problems

of shortage of electricity and raw material. The mill has not taken loan

from any financial institutions and also not taken any financial subsidy

from the government.

M/S. Basweshwar Cotton Ginning Industry located at Lokapur village

of Mudhol taluk is established in 1995 with a capital of Rs. 15 lakhs. This

mill has 26 workers and produces 30 quintals of ginned cotton per day.
 252

The raw cotton comes from surrounding villages, Bilagi taluka,

Jamkhandi taluka, Bagalkot taluka, Hungund taluka, Badami taluka

and Ramdurg (Belgaum district). The mill is seasonal therefore it

functions in July, August, September, October, November and December.

The production is supplied to Gokak spinning mill (Belgaum district),

Coimbatore (T.N.) and Andhra Pradesh. This mill is in profit. It faces

the problems of labour and shortage of electricity. It has taken financial

loan from KSFC Bagalkot.

DAL (PULSES) PROCESSING MILLS :

For this study two units are surveyed, one is located in Bijapur city

and the second one is located in Bagalkot city.

M/s.Krishna Dal Industries located in industrial area of Bijapur city

is established in 1985 with a capital of Rs.4 lakhs. This mill has 5 workers.

It produces 10 quintals of dal per day. The raw pulses come from Bijapur

taluk as well as Baglkot taluk and Gulbarga district. It is seasonal in

work, producing in the months of December, January, February, March,

April, May and June. The produced material is sold in Bijapur city. The

mill is in profit. It has not received bank loan or any kind of subsidy from

the government. It faces the problems of labours and shortage of electricity.

M/s.Jorapur Dal Factory located in Bagalkot city is established in

1980 with a capital of Rs.5 lakhs. It has 5 employee. It produces 40

 253

quintals of dal (processed pulses) per day. It runs under profit. It has

not received loan/subsidy. The raw material comes from the surrounding

villages and Hungund taluk. The factory works in the months of

February, March and April. The production is supplied in local Bagalkot

city, Hungund taluk and Mudhol taluk. It faces the problems of

electricity. The owner of the factory expressed that, the loan amount

should be revised upward in view of escalation in the input costs to

sustain the growth of industry. The loan sanctioning procedures have

to be simplified to avoid bureaucratic and administrative delays in the

matter of timely credit.

AGRO-PRODUCE MANUFACTURING UNITS

In this category the district has 564 units. Out of them 54 are taken

for case studies. Out of two sugar mills one is considered for survey, out

of 365 edible oil mills 32 are surveyed, out of 114 textile based mills 14

are surveyed and out of 85 bakeries 7 are surveyed.

NANDI SUGAR MILL, HOSUR (Bijapur Taluka) :

The surveyed sugar mill named as Nandi Sugar Mill is located at

Hosur village of Bijapur taluka at a distance of 50 kms from Bijapur city

to its south west on the bank of river Krishna. The mill is established in

the year 1982 with a capital investment of Rs.2850 lakhs. The factory is
 254

named as Nandi Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd., Krishnanagar, Hosur.

The factory is closely located on the bank of river Krishna. The sugarcane

cultivated in 17,500 acres of land belongs to the irrigated area of talukas

of Bilagi, Mudhol, Jamkhandi and Bijapur. This irrigated area receives

canal water from Ghataprabha river project built in the neighbouring

district of Belgaum, to west of sugar mill at a distance of more than 100

kms. The factory has 630 labours and works from October to May which

is sugarcane cutting season. It produces 2500 quintals of sugar per day

and its total production during 1998-99 was 4,50,000 quintals of sugar.

It crushes 2500 metric tonnes sugarcane per day. The production of sugar

is marketed in the districts of Bijapur, Bagalkot, Belgaum, Bangalore,

Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. The factory is although in profit has

shown accumulated loss due to various reasons. The factory has taken

financial loan from Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) of Rs.350

lakhs, Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) of Rs.700 lakhs, from

ICICI Rs.350 lakhs and BDU Bank Rs.130 lakhs. It also received 2200

lakhs of Rupees as a working capital from Bijapur District Urban Bank.

The factory also received 100% incentive from sell of sugar during 1993.

The factory has a typical problems to face, some years due to excess growth

of sugarcane in its catchment area the factory was not in a position to

crush all the sugarcane received every day. This caused the farmers not

only loss but also searching of alternative factory to crush the sugarcane.
 255

In some years due to less hectarage under sugarcane cultivation the

factory was facing the shortage of sugarcane. Hence, a prominent policy

is an urgent need in the sugarcane growing regions. The policy has to

be drafted looking into the interest of farmers as well as factory owners.

The factory faces shortage of electric power supply. The sugarcane

growers need better quality widened road system to transact with factory

at better speed. The factory has created economic improvement amongst

the sugarcane cultivators. This factory has ensured assured agriculture

income to the farmers. Consequently we notice socio-economic and

demographic development in these villages.

There is another sugar factory located at Mahalingpur in Mudhol

taluk it is located to the west of Mudhol town at distance of 25 kms and

about 8 kms of North of river Ghataprabha. The sugar factory has been

surrounded by irrigated area which receives water from Ghataprabha river

dam and also lift irrigation from river Krishna. The factory is prosperous

and senior in its establishment than the Nandi Sugar Mill. Due to paucity

of time and fund the detail survey of Mahalingpur Sugar Factory

(Sameerwadi) is not carried out.

EDIBLE OIL MILLS :

In Bijapur district we have come across 365 edible oil mills. These

are spread over in 11 taluks. Theo'se mills utilise groundnut seeds/

 256
sunflower /safflower to extract edible oil. Out of 365 edible oil mills 54

are selected for sample survey. And they are analysed talukawise as

following :

BADAMI TALUK :

In this taluk 3 mills are considered for survey. Two mills at Badami

town taken for survey are M/s.B.V.Meti Oil Mill established in 1978 and

another one M/s.Shri.Banashankari Oil Mill established in 1993. Both

together have 16 employees (6+10) and produce groundnut oil as well as

sunflower oil. The production per day is about 11 quintals (3+8). These

mills receive raw groundnut and sunflower seeds from local Badami and

from surrounding villages. Although the supply of raw material is limited

to harvesting season yet these mills function throughout the year as they

are able to store the raw material required for 12 months. The production

of these two mills goes to not only to surrounding villages but also far off

places like Hubli, Sangli and Belgaum. The capital invested by these

mills is to the tune of Rs.3 lakhs (1+2). Our survey indicates that the

factories are in loss. The shortage of raw material, shortage of electricity

and irregularity of labourers cause some hindarance in the normal and

profitable functioning of the mills.

There is another edible oil mill considered for our survey that is

located in Guledgud town. This mill called M/s.Banashankari Oil Mill is

 257

established in the year 1994. It has invested Rs.15 lakhs in the initial

stage and has employed 12 persons. It produces groundnut oil and

sunflower oil to the tune of 10 quintals per day. The raw material comes

from surrounding villages like Badingad, Haldur, Alur, Padankatti,

Layadgundi and Sangi. Although the raw material is .available during

April to October, the mill owner is able to store it to suffice his factory

need throughout the year. The survey indicates that the factory is in loss

due to the problem of supply of electricity and raw material. However, the

loss is no so significant because the profit may be just marginal and the

management of mill may lead to subsistance type of production.

BAGALKOT TALUK :

In this taluk 7 edible oil mills are surveyed. Out of them 6 are

located in Bagalkot town while one is located in Gadankeri. The oldest

mill is established in 1975 called M/s.S.M.Sajjan Oil Mill, the latest one

is established in 1992 called Chinwal Oil Mill. The smallest mill has a

capital investment of Rs.60,000 while the largest one has capital

investment of Rs.30 lakhs. In all 47 labours are engaged in these 6 mills.

These mills produce safflower, sunflower and groundnut oil. Two mills

namely M/s.B.C.Tadkod Mill and M/s.S.M.Sajjan Mill produce only

safflower oil to the extent of 0.4 quintals per day. The remaining four

mills produce five quintals to 100 quintals per day. M/s.Chinwal Oil Mill
 258

is the largest one producing 100 quintals of edible oil per day. It has 25

labourers employed. Except one mill i.e., M/s.S.M.Sajjan Oil Mill

remaining are shown as loss. The production of edible oil is supplied in

local Bagalkot city and also neighbouring cities like Belgaum and Hubli.

These mills have taken financial assistance from Karnataka State Finance

Corporation in the range of Rs.4 to 10 lakhs. They also receive financial

subsidy from Government of Karnataka. Shortage of electricity is common

problem in all the six mills while problem of labour is reported by three mills.

Within Bagalkot taluk there is another edible oil mill considered for

survey. This is located at Gadankeri village, which is about 13 kms to the

West of Bagalkot city. This mill is established in 1990 with a capital of

Rs.21 lakhs and 8 labourers. It produces 18 quintals of groundnut and

sunflower oil together. It receives raw material from surrounding villages

and has received 10 lakhs of rupees from Karnataka State Financial

Corporation, of which 20% is subsidy by Government of Karnataka. This

mill also has shortage of electricity and problem of labour.

B.BAGEWADI TALUK :

In this taluk one mill is surveyed named as M/s.Banashankari Edible

Oil Mill. It is established in 1994 with capital of Rs.25 thousand. It has

two workers and produce 0.16 quintals of safflower oil. The raw material

comes from surrounding villages and the mill works throughout the year
 259

by utilising stored safflower that comes in the month of March, April

and May. This mill has received Rs.25 thousand loan from P.L.D. Bank.

The factory is under loss. Shortage of electricity and raw material are

the common problems.

BIJAPUR TALUK :
V v

In this taluk four units are surveyed. All the four located in Bijapur

city. The oldest one is established in 1972 at Bijapur with Rs.20 lakhs

as a capital giving employment to 10 persons. It produces 30 quintal of

groundnut and sunflower oil per day. This factory had received loan of

Rs.3 lakh from Union Bank of Bijapur. Its oil is sold not only in local

market but also in Bombay and Sangli. The survey shows that the factory

is in loss. Labour and electricity are problems of this mill.

M/s.Jagadishwar Oil Mill is established in 1998 along with

Shri.Raghavendra Oil Mill. These two have invested Rs.2 lakhs each and

employed 10 and 12 labourers each. Groundnut, sunflower oils are

produced. M/s.Jagadishwar Oil Mill produces 20 quintals of oil while

M/s.Raghavendra Oil Mill produces 8 quintals. M/s.Jagadishwar Oil Mill

has received Rs.2 lakhs loan from Siddeshwar Bank, while M/s.

Raghavendra Oil Mill received 8 lakhs rupees loan from KSFC. M/s.

Jagadishwar Oil Mill shows profit while M/s.Raghavendra Oil Mill under

loss. Electricity and raw material are the common problems. Another

mill called Bagali Oil Mill is located at Bijapur city, is established in 1996.

It has 35 lakhs of rupees capital investment and employs 7 persons.

 260

Groundnut and sunflower come from the villages of Bijapur taluk. It

produces about 8 quintals of edible oil per day. It has received 15 lakhs of

rupees loan from KSFC Bijapur. Problem of labour and intrupted supply

of electricity are the problems of this factory. The factory shows the loss.

BILAGI TALUK :

In Bilagi taluk one oil mill is surveyed. M/s.Gavi Siddeshwar Oil

Mill is established in 1985 with a capital of Rs. 10,000 and employs only 2

persons. It produces 30 kg of safflower oil per day. The mill is under loss.

It faces shortage of electricity.

HUNGUND TALUK :

In this taluk 3 edible oil industries are located. One mill located at

Ilkal town is named as M/s.M.A.Hunachagi Oil Mill, established in 1982

with a capital investment of Rs. 1 lakh and employing 3 persons. It crushes

safflower seeds received from surrounding villages especially from Tavargeri

and Kushtagi villages. The mill collects safflower seeds during March to

June harvesting season and stores it to crush them through the year. The

mill has received about 50 thousand rupees as a loan from Khadi Board,

Bijapur. The edible oil produced is consumed in the Ilkal town as its

production is to the limit of 30 kg per day. The mill shows annual loss. It

is facing problems of raw material, labour and shortage of electricity.

Another edible oil mill located in Hungund town named as Shri.Gutt

Basaveshwar Sunflower Mill is established in 1995. It has invested 10

 261

lakh rupees capital and employs 5 workers. It produces 2.4 quintals of

groundnut oil and sunflower oil. The raw material comes from Amaravati

and Timapur villages of Hungund taluk. Groundnuts and sunflower seeds

are stored during November to February. The production is consumed

locally. Karnataka State Finance Corporation has extended financial help

in the form of loan to this factory. The mill is under loss. Like all other

factories it has shortage of electricity and raw material and labourers.

The third mill called Shri. Sajjan Edible Oil Mill is located in Amingad

town. It is established in 1988 with a capital of Rs.12 lakhs employing 8

persons^. It manufactures groundnut oil and sunflower oil together 3

quintals per day. The raw material comes from surrounding village. It is

able to work throughout the year. It has shortage of raw materials and

labours. The mill has received no financial assistance. Our survey reveals

that the production is under loss.

INDI TALUK :

In this taluk two mills are surveyed. These two mills located in Indi

town are producing safflower, groundnut oil and sunflower oil. The M/

s.Rathod Oil Mill is established in 1970 with a capital of Rs.30 thousand,

employing 7 persons. It receives groundnut and sunflower seed from

surrounding village during October to June. The production of groundnut

and sunflower together is about 1.70 quintals per day. The production is
 262

consumed in the local area. The mill shows loss and faces problems like

shortage of raw material and electricity. Another mill called M/s.Premchand

Safflower Oil Mill is established in 1965 with a capital investment of just

rupees 10 thousand. There are three labourers and the mill produces 20

kgs of safflower oil which is sold in the local town as well as Bijapur city.

Safflower seeds are collected from the surrounding villages during March

to September. The factory shows loss and faces problems of shortage of

electricity and raw material.

JAMKHANDI TALUK :

In this taluk one oil mill is surveyed named as M/s.G.R.Ananthpur

Edible Oil Mill. It is established in 1995 with a capital ofRs.15 lakhs. It

has 8 labourers and produces 8 quintals of groundnut oil. Groundnut is

purchased from surrounding villages throughout the year. Groundnut oil

is sold in the local Jamkhandi town. The mill runs with very good profit.

It faces shortage of electricity.

MUDDEBIHAL TALUK :

In this taluk four oil mills are surveyed. One mill called Nagareshwar

Edible Oil Mill established in 1994 is working at Muddebihal town. It has

invested Rs.8 lakhs and has five labourers. Groundnut and Sunflower

seeds are purchased from surrounding area and produces 14 quintals of

oil per day. The production is sold not only in local area but also sends to
 263

far off places of Karnataka like Hospet, Tumkur and Mysore. This mill

has received financial assistance from Karnataka State Financial

Corporation and records as under loss. It has problems of raw material,

labour and shortage of electricity.

At Talikot town M/s.S.M.Hippargi Edible Oil Mill is working since

1984 with an initial capital of Rs.20 thousand employing 2 persons. It

produces safflower oil based on the raw material received from surrounding

villages like Bamanhalli etc. It produce about 90 kgs of safflower oil and

sells it in the local market. The mill shows loss. It has problems of raw

material and shortage of electricity.

The third surveyed oil mill called M/s.Puja Edible Oil Mill located at

Talikot town is working since 1996 with an initial capital of Rs.8 lakhs

and 7 labourers. It produces 8 quintals of groundnut and sunflower oil

per day from the seeds received from surrounding area like Hunachagi

and Bamanhalli villages. The production is sold not only in the local area

but also in the far off places like Mantralaya and Tumkur. The factory

shows loss and faces problems of shortage of electricity and raw material.

The M/s.Shanthinath Edible Oil Mill established in 1965 is working

at Talikot town with an investment of Rs.8 lakhs and 7 labourers. It

produces 14 quintals of groundnut and sunflower oil per day from the raw

material received by the surrounding villages. The production is also sent

 264

to Bagalkot apart from local area. The factory shows loss and has received

loan from Syndicate Bank. Shortage of electricity and raw material are

problems faced by this mill.

MUDHOL TALUK :

In this taluk, 2 mills are surveyed M/s.Shri Mahaveer Edible Oil

Mill established in 1995 is working at Mudhol town with Rs.10 lakh

capital investment and employing 7 persons. It produces 7 quintals of

groundnut oil and sunflower per day. The raw materials are received

from surrounding villages. This mill has received Rs.7 lakh loan from

Karnataka State Finance Corporation. As per our survey record this

mill is under loss. It has problem of electricity and labour.

The M/s.Bhagya Laxmi Edible Oil Mill established in 1994 is working

at Lokapur with capital of Rs.20 lakh employing 14 persons. It produces

18 quintals of groundnut oil and sunflower oil per day. The raw materials

are received from surrounding villages throughout the year. The

production is sold in local market as well as far off place like Belgaum

city. The factory has received financial loan and functions with very good

profit. The shortage of electricity is main hindrance in the functioning of

edible oil mill.

 265

SINDGI TALUK :

In this taluk four edible oil mills are surveyed. The oldest one called

M/s.Hiralal Edible Oil Mill established in 1983 at Almel with a capital of

Rs.20 thousand employing 4 persons. It produces 1.25 quintals of

safflower oil per day from the raw material received from local villages,

especially from Tavarkeri and Devangan villages. Raw material is received

generally from March to August. The production is sold in the local area

including Sindgi town. The mill shows annual loss and faces problem of

raw material.

The M/s.Porwal Edible Oil Mill was established in 1985 at Sindgi

town with a capital of Rs.3 lakh employing 8 persons. It produces

groundnut and sunflower oil 10 quintals per day and receives raw material

from surrounding villages. The mill is in profit although it has problems

like shortage of electricity and raw material.

The M/s.Bihmashankar Edible Oil Mill established in 1996 is located

at Sindgi town. It had invested Rs.2.50 lakhs and has employed 7 persons.

It produces 5 quintals of sunflower oil from the raw material received.

Though the supply of raw material is from May to Next May the stored

sunflower seed can suffice the need of the oil mill. It has received financial

help of Rs.1.70 lakhs from KSFC Bijapur. The sunflower oil is sold in

local markets. The mill appears under loss and has shortage of raw material

and electricity.
 266

The M/s.Mallikarjun Edible Oil Mill established in 1996 with a capital

of Rs.60 thousand is working at Sindgi town. It produces 40 kg of

safflower oil per day from the safflower seeds received from surrounding

villages. The mill shows annual loss with problems of shortage of

electricity and raw material.

COTTON TEXTILES

Under textile based mills the district has 114 units of which 14 are

surveyed by this researcher. The production of textile mill include

twisting, dyeing, reeling of yarn, art silk, cotton and polyster saree

manufacturing, handloom sarees, cotton saree manufacturing etc.

BADAM I TALUK :

There are three mills surveyed in this taluk M/s.T.R.Sringeri Textile

Mill located at Guledgud town is working since 1980 with Rs.20 lakh as

initial investment. It employs 25 persons. It produces 1.20 quintals of

yarn which is twisted, dyed and reeled in the mill itself. It receive art silk

and raw silk from Bangalore city as well as from local area. The mill work

throughout the year and production is sold in the towns of Guledgud,

Ilkal and Banhatti of Bijapur district. The mill is under profit even though

there is a shortage of electricity.

 267
M/s.Shri.Mahalaxmi Textile Mill and Inani Rayan Textile Mills are

located at Guledgud town with capital of Rs. 15 lakhs. These mills together

have 38 workers and produce art silk and twisted yarn to the extent of

1.10 quintals per day. They receive raw silk and art silk from Bangalore

and Belgaum. These mills have received 25 thousand rupees loan from

Sangli Bank and function in profit. They are facing some problems like

shortage of finance, labour and electricity.

BIJAPUR TALUK :

There are two mills located in Bijapur city called as M/s.Laxmi Silk

Mill and M/s.Turki Silk Mill. M/s.Laxmi Mill is established in 1991

with a capital of Rs.6 lakhs and 9 employees. It does silk reeling work

with raw material (cocoons) brought from Jevargi of neighbouring district

Gulbarga. The mill runs from May to February. It has received 1.24

lakh loan from KSFC. It produces 0.07 quintals of reeled silk. It sends

the production to handloom towns like Guledgud and Ilkal of Badarni

and Hungund taluk respectively. The M/s.Turki Silk Industry established

in 1992 with a capital of 10 lakh rupees and 15 employees produces silk

yarn from the cocoons of surrounding village viz., Shivangi, Hadalgi,

Indi etc. The per day production of silk yarn of Turka Mill is about 0.10

quintals per day. The production of yarn is sent to Guledgud, Ilkal and

Bangalore. This mill has received 50 thousand ruppes from govenrinent

agency like KSFC. The mill works from August to May is under profit,
 268

whereas, Laxmi Mill shows loss. Both the mills face shortage of finance,

raw material and labour.

HUNGUND TALUK :

In this taluk there are three mills producing art silk and dyeing

work. The first mill named M/s.Rajovi Dyeing Mill is established in

1972 at Ilkal with a capital of Rs.20 thousand and two workers. It is

producing hardly 1 kg dyeing production and used locally. The raw

yarn is received from Devangeri, Hulkoti and Guledgud. Another mill

called M/s.Kai Chakra Ghataka is located at Ilkal and working since

1995 with a capital 1.50 lakh rupees and 10 workers. It produces 10 kg

silk yarn with locally available material. It receives raw material from

Bangalore and West Bengal (Malda) and sends the production to Ilkal.

The factory runs in profit throughtout the year.

Another mill in Hungund taluk called M/s.Madhusudha Art Silk

Twisting Mill is working since 1978, with a capital of Rs.25 thousand

and four workers. It uses rayan yarn and produces 8 kg art silk. The

raw materials are brought from neighbouring Guledgud and Belgaum.

All the three mills of Hungund taluk are marginal in profit.

JAMKHANDI TALUK :

In this taluk 6 textile units are working. The oldest one is established

in 1960 and the latest one is established in 1982, three are located in
 269

Rabkavi town and another three are in Banhatti town the total capital

investment is about Rs.20 lakhs. The M/s.Baddrannavar Handloom Mill

at Banhatti has 200 workers, while M/s.Shri.Basaveshwar Handloom

Mill at Banhatti has 30 workers and M/s.Gajanan Mill of Rabkavi has

29 workers. The six units of Jamkhandi taluk are engaged in production

of cotton and polyster sarees, handloom sarees and cotton yarns. They

produce minimum one saree to maximum 500 sarees per day. The raw

materials like cotton and polyster yarns are brought from surrounding

and local areas. The production is sold locally as well as distant places

in the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Four

mills show profit and two mills show marginal profit. Electricity, labour

and marketing are some of the common problems.

BAKERIES

Bakeries are included under agro-produce manufacturing units.

There are 83 registered bakery units in Bijapur district, of which 7 are

considered for sample survey.

BADAM I TALUK :

L.F.Ayangar Bakery located at Badami town is working since 1996

with capital of 3 lakh rupees and employs 4 persons. If produces about

1000 breads, buns per day. The ingradient, raw material needed in the
 270

bakery industry such as maida (wheat flour), sugar and vegetable oil are

purchased from local town. This bakery has taken 3 lakh rupees loan

from KSFC and running under profit. The production is sold in the

local town and in the immediate countryside. The bakery runs

throughout the year. Shortage of electricity is the common problem faced

by all the bakeries in Bijapur district.

BAGALKOT TALUK :

G.L.Ayangar Bakery located at Bagalkot town is working since 1995

with a capital of 3.50 lakh rupees. It has employed 4 persons and has

taken loan of Rs.2 lakhs from KSFC, Bagalkot. It produces about 20 kg

breads and cakes and sells in the Bagalkot town and in the surrounding

villages. All the bakeries are running with great profit.

INDITALUK :

The Golden Bakery located in Indi town is working since 1993 with

a capital of Rs.2 lakh and employs 4 persons. It produces about 20 kg

bread, cakes and buns.

BIJAPUR TALUK :

The R.J.P.Ayangar Bakery located at Bijapur city is working since

1985 with a capital of 2 lakh rupees and employs 5 persons. It produces

 271

about 25 kg of bread and cakes and sells in the city of Bijapur and in

the surrounding villages. An another Poona Bakery located in Bijapur

city is working since 1991 with a capital of Rs.70 thousand. It has 5

workers and produces about 25 kg bakery items. The products are sold

in and around Bijapur city.

MUDHOL TALUK :

In this town two bakeries are working since 1995 with a capital of

Rs.2.25 lakh and Rs.2 lakhs each. One factory has 5 workers and another

one has four woerker. They produce about 20 kg bakery eatables each.

The goods are sold in and around Mudhol town.

AGRO-INPUTS MANUFACTURING UNITS

In Bijapur district there are 199 registered agro-inputs manufacturing

units. Out of these 64 belong to steel agricultural implements, of which 5

are surveyed. There are 135 wooden agricultural implements producing

units of which 15 are surveyed.

STEEL AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS MANUFACTURING UNITS

BAGALKOT TALUK :

The M/s.Gourishankar steel agricultural implements manufacturing

unit located at Bagalkot town is working since 1988, with a capital

 272

investment of Rs.2 lakh. It employs 7 persons. It uses iron sheets, iron

angles and steel rods and these are brought from Hubli city at a distance

of 100 kms. The unit works throughout the year the production is sold

in the surrounding taluks. Shortage of electricity and hindrance from

the labour are the common problems noticed in all the agro steel

implement manufacturing units.

BIJAPUR TALUK :

The M/s.Rajani General Engineering Works located at Bijapur city

is working since 1996 with a capital of Rs.10 lakhs. It employs 14

persons. The raw material related to iron and steel rods and sheets are

purchased from Sholapur (Maharashtra). The farmers of Bijapur taluk

are generally the purchasers of steel agricultural implements. All the

units of steel agricultural implements are in profit and work throughout

the year.

INDI TALUK :

The M/s.Laxmi General Engineering Works located at Indi is working

since 1997 with a capital of Rs.1.50 lakhs. It employs 2 persons. The

production is sold in the surrounding villages.

JAMKHANDI TALUK :

The Yasin Engineering Works located at Jamkhandi town with a

capital of Rs.4 lakhs is working since 1991. It has taken 4 lakh rupees
 273

loan from State Bank of India. It has 10 workers. It receives required

iron and steel raw material from Hubli, Mumbai, Rajkot and Ludhiana.

The production is sold in Jamkhandi town, Bagalkot and Bijapur. The

M/s. Kohinoor Agricultural Steel Implement Manufacturing Unit is

located at Jamkhandi town. It is working since 1991 with a capital of

Rs.5 lakhs and employs 7 persons. The required steel material is

purchased from Nagpur (Maharashtra), Raipur (M.P.), Hubli and

Bangalore. The production is sold in the local town and surrounding

villages.

WOODEN AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT MANUFACTURING UNITS

Out of 135 units spread over in entire Bijapur district the following

15 are surveyed.

BADAMI TALUK :

In Badami town the survey was done on two units. One is established

in 1968 and another one in 1970. Both have invested Rs.25 thousand

each and have employed four persons each. They produce wooden

agricultural implements like carts and sowing instruments etc. from the

locally available hard wood. They supply the productions to the immediate

surrounding vilalge farmers. All most all units are in profit.

Our study pin points that these unit are located in all the taluks

and service centres of the entire Bijapur district. Each unit employs 3 to
 274
9 persons and runs throughout the year without loss. All these

agricultural implements producing units utilise hard wood general grown

in the agricultural lands as a stray trees. Generally these hard wood

trees are grown in the boundries/fences of the farm lands. Some farmers

grow the hard wood along the river banks and streams. Thus the plenty

of raw material is available in the Bijapur district itself. These works do

not have shortage of workers as such people are plenty in number in all

the villages. The strengthening and development of agro-wooden

implement^ units can be possible by way of financing and encouraging

the artisans.

AGRO-SERVICE CENTRES

In this class of agro-industries the district has 205 units, of these

91 belong to general engineering as repair service centres of which six are

surveyed, 58 belong to welding and repairs of which 12 are surveyed and

56 belong to motor rewinding of which 7 are surveyed. In all 24 units are

considered for sample survey.

GENERAL ENGINEERING REPAIR SERVICING WORK :

The surveyed units are located in Badami, Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi

and Mudhol taluks. The investment of capital varies in the range of Rs. 1

lakh to Rs.3.5 lakhs. They employ in the range of 4 to 6 persons. The

material required for the repairing and services of agricultural general

 275
engineering works are purchased from district head quarter or from the

surrounding towns like Hubli/Sholapur. These units are engaged

throughout the year. Some have taken financial loan to the maximum

extent of Rs.2.70 lakhs. The service rendering is done to the surrounding

farmers who come and get repairs of their farm tools. These units face

electricity cut consequently working hours are reduced. These units

generally run with minimum profit.

THE ELECTRIC MOTOR REWINDING SERVICES

These units are found in all the taluka headquarters and important

service centres. The farmers spreadover in the villages of each taluka

bring their electric motors for repairs to the servicing centres. These electric

motors called pumpsets are used by the farmers to lift the water from

wells/tanks to irrigate their lands. These units have invested minimum

capital of Rs. 10 thousand to Rs. 1 lakh. Each motor service units serves
/

the farmers of its surrounding villages. They generally employ 2 to 10

persons and run in profit. Shortage of electricity and shortage of skilled

worker hamper the functioning of motor servicing centres. The efficient

functioning and more number of electric motor servicing centres shall

encourage and enhance the agriculture production and agro-based

industries in Bijapur district.

 CHAPTER - VII

AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES AND

SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT
 276

CHAPTER - VII

AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT

The locational analysis of agro-based industries reveals that the

higher the development of agriculture higher is the number of agro-based

industries. This hypothesis is proved with reference to Jamkhandi taluk,

where agricultural productivity (based on money value) is in very high

range. Therefore, jamkhandi taluk contains 163 units agro-based

industries, being the maximum number compare to other taluks of the

Bijapur district. Similarly this principle holds good with reference to other

taluks in a descending order^for example Sindgi taluk with least number

of 66 agro-based industries appears low developed in the agricultural

productivity. The agricultural productivity is very much governed by the

extent of irrigation in each taluk and type of soil and its fertility. With

this background when we look at the map of agricultural productivity we

notice that the less intense irrigated taluks are low in agricultural

productivity. However, an exception to this hypothesis can be seen in

Bijapur district, where the agricultural productivity is medium although

the extent of irrigation is not so much. In such situation the infrastructural

development make the taluk to complete for the agriculture development

and as a result Bijapur taluk also competes in establishing more number

of agro-based industries, thus we can draw an inference that the higher

 277

the development of infrastructure and levels of agricultural development

shall lead to higher development of agro-industries.

t
In Bijapur district agro-based industries are foot^ktse industries.

Here the role of any one factor of locational aspects such as raw materials,

water resources, means of transport, supply of labour etc. are not dominant

factors in deciding the location of agro-industries. Agro-industries are

being
* •
generally located any where in any village
*
considering the .location
(Cn-

of enterprCpeO^In locating agro-industries this man with some capital is

able to start his agro unit to produce agro industrial production. In other

words the taluks or the villages which are capable of showing the

development in agriculture as well as crop productivity can show in their

villages or taluks the rise of entrepreneur. This kind of situation in Bijapur

district reveals that at present stage the agro-based industries, in their

isolation are not able to impact in their surrounding area on socio­

economic change to a glaring extent. However it does not mean that agro-

based industries do not extert their impact on socio-economic change.

For example if there is an edible oil extracting unit it employs 2 to 10

persons and these persons become employed. Since this kind of

employment is not found in each and every village of Bijapur district

therefore, the consequent development does not significantly seen in the

spatial development. Thus, we can notice the development of a few families

in terms of their employment, their per capita income and some

improvements in their living conditions. Therefore, our research

 27?

investigation shows that the spatial development arising out of agro-

industries is to the extent of families and not to the extent of spatial

development. However in case of sugar industry the situation is some

what different, i.e. there are two sugar industries, one in Mudhol taluk

and another one in Bijapur taluk located in contigous irrigation belt. The

area around these sugar mills is highly irrigated by river canal and lift

irrigation from Krishna and Ghataprabha rivers. As a result sugarcane

cultivation, agricultural productivity (by money value) and agricultural

development (based on 16 factors) are leading in the area. Consequently

the growth and development of agro-based industry including sugar

industry is significant and impressive on spatial development. Therefore

such taluks show lot of development in their spatial concern. This is true

because of significant impact of sugar industry which can exert a lot on

farmer’s economy, infrastructural development and socio-economic

development of the taluks.

In this chapter an attempt is made to study spatial development

with reference to social indicators (12), demographic indicators (5),

economic indicators (15) and combined effect of social, economic and

demographic indicators. By using Kendal’s rank order co-efficient method

5 types of development i.e., from very low to very high are identified by

considering taluka level data of 1996. In the present context when agro-

based industries are not able to bring a marked change in the spatial
 279

development of Bijapur district, it is thought of to study the regional

disparities that are existing in Bijapur district, so that developmental

aspects can be considered for the low and very low developed taluks. It is

hypothesised that in future after gestation period of nearly two decades in

Vt
irrigation system through Krishna river projectj is going to bring an
/ J
impressive change in landuse, cropping pattern and crop productivity,

then the levels of development in socio-economic and demographic

conditions will improve to a better extent than what it is in 1996. Therefore

it is necessary to study the present levels of regional (talukawise)

development.

Regional disparities in the levels of development is of a major

concern for any type of spatial planning. Development is a

multidimensional phenomena which is governed by several factors of an

area. The modes of development like planned industrialisation, the rapid

development of modes of transport and communication, the development

of banking facilities (with branches in most of the villages, towns and

cities) and the establishment of different types of educational institutions,

health facilities, technological and institutional innovations in agriculture

are the major factors contributing for the levels of development. However,

in reality, it may not be possible to see the availability of all these

infrastructural facilities in a region (India) on uniform distributional

pattern. As a result, the regional disparities bound to occur in a given

 230

time and a space. In order to reduce or eliminate such regional disparities

it is essential to pay more attention to the regions of low development.

The population and the society are dynamic factors of a region. The overall

development of a region is based on the growth and development of suitable

factors (as listed in the next pages). The agricultural development is also

governed by several indicators of the regions which may act directly or

indirectly. Therefore, the taluks that are highly developed in terms ol

social, economic and demographic factors can also show significant growth

and development in terms of optimum landuse and agricultural

development. This may be a reverse case in those taluks where the above

factors are not adequately developed.

It is hoped that the regional disparities based on 32 factors can also

have indirect influence on the levels of agricultural and industrial

development. Therefore, it is also necessary to develop Bijapur districi

in terms of 32 factors. Hence, an identification of regional disparities b

analysed below.

IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES

To minimise such disparities the aspect of its identification is tht

first step. There are number of factors to measure regional disparities

but, based on the availability of data the following 32 indicators are takei

to findout the regional disparities in the levels of development, and Lhes-

 281
indicators are broadly divided into social, economic and demographic

aspects. Because of the different views of the various authors regarding

the development through various angles therefore the selection of these

indicators is purely arbitrary and they are as follows!

Social Indicators (Talukawise as per 1996 secondary data) :

1. No. of Primary Schools

2. No. of High Schools

3. No. of Colleges

4. No. of Technical and Engineering Schools

5. No. of Engineering Colleges

6. No. of Medical Colleges

7. Post and Telegraph Offices

8. Telephone Exchange Centres

9. Primary health, Nursing homes and Family Planning Centres

(Government and Private)

10. Veterinary hospitals including primary veterinary centres

11 .Filin theatres

12.Electrified villages.

Economic Indicators (Talukawise - 1996) :

1. No.of Nationalised Banks

2. No.of Co-operative Credit Societies

 232
3. No. of registered all types of Industries

4. Percentage of net area sown

5. Percentage of net area irrigated to N.A.S.

6. Percentage of area under H.Y.V. to N.A.S.

7. No. of Agricultural Implements

8. No.of Agricultural Co-operative Societies

9. Percentage of Agricultural workers to the total workers

10. Total livestock

11. Fertilizer consumption in tonnes

12. No.of regulated and non-regulated markets

13. Power consumption

14. Length of metalled roads

15. Length of Railways

Demographic Indicators (Talukawise 1991) :

1. Urban centres

2. Percentage of Urban population to the total population

3. Percentage of total no. of workers to the total population

4. Percentage of female working population

5. Percentage of literate people

Methodology :

To know the regional disparities in Bijapur district the 'Combined

Rank Score Method’ is adopted. The value of each indicators are ranked
 Table -47
Bijapur District Regional Disparities in the Levels of Development (1995-96)
Based on Socio-Economic and Demographic Indicators.

No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Post & Telephone Primary Health Veterinary
No. of Film Electrified Total Total
Theatres villages as Rank Average

O 3

E H
i _5 <u
nj

z £
Primary High Colleges Technical & Engineering Medical Telegraphic Exchange Nursing Homes Hospitals
Schools Schools Engineering Colleges Colleges Office Centres & Family Including % to total Score Rank
Schools Planning Primary No. of Score
Centres Veterinary Villages j

(Goot & Pot)

I
Centres
T*

lee
CD

t
CD

CD

CM
IBadami 5.08

CO
93.08

M-
CM

CM
03 s
P

03 s
p
Is- §
CD
CD

CO
1741 98.89 5.51
SS I

4-*
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03
ca
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40
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so p

6T

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|
5

1
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in
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s i
to § CD

T—
CD

CM
60 L
99.16

w in
CM

& CO
in

0
$
(0
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)
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CM
23 ____________ 3 ^

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150|I

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3
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1
T“

(1)1
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(D l
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t
£
CD

CO

in
98.46

CM

00

CD
c)
1

in o
i
£
£

03 £
im ) (n )i
1

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5

£ N*
CM

CO
CM
|S6
92.35 3.42

CD

"O
CM
T— GO T— CD

X
3
3
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£

o 5
m £
t

£ i
CD
CM

CM
I

£O
CM
100 20 1.67

CD

O Mr £ h-

CD
CD

CO
CO

c
kz
V

CM
3
V in £

3
S
I

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CD

t
1
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1
_________
IJamakhandi 97.18 3.83

CD

CM
M
£

£
CD
CD

t
CO

o
|

CO

CO
81.81| 5.75

£ CO

CM
IMuddebiha!
o

£ h- £

£ o £

£
CO
CD

IMudhol 1 1 72 1 1 98.72 5.25

in
o
K £ N- £

CM

T“
co
CO

CM

t—

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CM
54

in

CM

c/5
C
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03 3 in £ N- £ in £
£ 5 03,

£ in £ V* £
p o £

£ in o o p

5 O £ in p in O M £
MC £ CM £ in £
______

c
CO
0
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|S D
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283
 Table -4 7 (Contd ...)

l
i
!

j
1
1

o
5
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Length of

CL

z
o
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1

(Q
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1 1 I

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I
Total Total

z
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1
% of % of 1 1
Length of

z
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: £
: o
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1
No.of 1
| % Area % of Agril Fertilizer
1 the Taluka 1 i 1
1
Registerd Net Area Net Area 1
! 1 under 1 Agril. 1 Workers 1 | Rank Averaged
CO-OD. Agril. Livestock Consump- Regulated Consum- metaled Railway
Nation-
1

>
>
I

X
| Imple- Co-op to the tion in & non- i ption roads (in Kms) Score Rank I
alised Credit ail types Sown Irrigated
®
Ji
o
o

c
o
o
1 1 !

1
Banks ! Societies to the | Societies! Total Tonnes regulated (in Kms)
of indus to the ments
N.A.S. N.A.S. Workers markets
i
o
10

h-

____

(0
1

CO
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iBadami | 790| 36

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1
203100| 1885| 649901

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28.89 47.481 83.2|
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16.46 23.18 394341

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22.15 | | 773 3.53

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79.58 19.39 15.94
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Ijamakhandi | 1583001 300060!

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IMudhol 78.12 76.25 43.61 41250|
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284
 Table -4 7 (Contd ...)

Demographic Indicators 1 1
1 1

o
h-
to
Total

©
JC
I 1 1

'o
| % of Urban 1 1 1 j ;

z
ra
B
) G>
■s
Urban % of total % of Total Total
I the Taluka 1 Centres 1 Population 1 No. of Literate 1 Averaged 1
Female Rank Rank Score Averaged
1 working
to the workers to People Score Rank of all Rank Score
total 1 ! indicators ! of ail
the total population Score
population population indicators

TT

Csl

o
1

CO
26.921 1 49.381 43.351 58.75|
iBadami _________

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1 1

Bijapur 40.83 43.11 57.69 100|

g
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 BIJAPUR DISTRICT
REGIONAL DISPARITIES-1996
(As per K en d all's Method)
As per Social Indicators [12 ] As per Demographic Indicators [ 5 ]

Below 2-60 V.High Below 2*81 V.Hr'gh

2-60 to 420 High 2-81 to 4-29 High

] 4*21 to 5-80 Medium 430 to 5 '77 Medium
5*81 to 7-40 Low 5-78 to 7-25 Low
Above 7-40 NIL Above 7-25 V.Low

Regional Disparities Based onCombined

As per Economic Indicators [15 ] Indicators 1996[Social,Economic and
Demographic indicators ]

Above 3-60 V High Below 3-83 V-High

p U tt 3-GO to 4*91 High 3- 83 to 4 72 High
4-92 to G-22 Medium 4- 73 to 5.61 Medium
6*23 to 7-53 Low iiix i: 5- 82 to 6-50 Low
NIL] Above 7*53 NIL Above 6*50 V.Low

CO
CO
cc
Fig. 22
 237

from 1 lo 11 in all taluks. For calculation of combined score Kendall’s

(1979) ranking Co-efficient method is used. The respective rank order

score for 32 selected indicators was posted, added and averaged to get

averaged rank score. This score was considered as an index of regional

disparities. Regional disparities in the levels of development are inversely

related to the total rank score, i.e., higher the rank score lower is the

taluk on the levels of development scale and vice-versa. The ranks of 11

talukas of Bijapur district with respect to individual selected indicators

and the total averaged rank ordei score is worked out and the results

obtained are as under :

Regional disparities in the levels of development (as given in the

table based on combined indicators of social, economic and demographic

indicators).

Classes Range Name of taluk

Very high Mean - 1 S.D. and below i.e. Bijapur

3.83 and below Indi

High Mean to Mean + l S.D. i.e. Badami, Hungund

3.84 to 4.72 Jamkhandi
Mudhol

Medium Mean to Mean + 1 S.D. i.e. Bagalkot,

4.73 to 5.61 B.Bagewadi
Muddebihal
Sindgi

Low Mean+I.S.D. to Mean + 2 S.D. Bilgi

i.e. 5.62 to 6.50

Very low Mean + 1 S.D. Nil

above 6.50
Very High Developed Region :

In this category there are two taluks i.e. Bijapur and Indi. The

development of these taluks has been assessed on the basis of the respective

indices of the three broad functions; such as, social, economic and

demographic aspects. Bijapur being the taluka place is also the district

head quarter and it is well connected by the roads and railways. This

taluk has scored first rank in most of the indicators, like educational

institution, number of all types of college, post and telegraphic offices,

telephone exchange centres, primary health and family planning centres,

number of electrified villages, number of commercial banks, number of

agricultural implements, length of roads, etc. The combined interplay of

these indicators have led two taluks into a very high developed areas.

Indi taluk is observed in very high developed category mainly because

of availability of the facilities like education, medical, postal and roads

and railways.

High Developed Region :

This region include Badami, Hungund, Jamkhandi and Mudhol

taluks. The high development in these taluks is observed mainly because

of the facilities like, education, medical, postal, banking, marketing and

irrigation etc. It is specially noted that among these Badami taluk is more

developed followed by Jamkhandi, l lungund and Mudhol taluks.

 289

Medium Developed Region :

This region covers the taluks of Bagalkot, B.Bagewadi, Muddebihal

and Sindgi. Among these taluks high medium development is observed in

B.Bagewadi taluk followed by Sindgi, Muddebihal and Bagalkot taluks.

All these taluks have medium rank values in most of the indicators.

Low Developed Region :

Bilgi is the only taluk noticed in this group. It has scored last rank

in almost all the indicators except with rank in percentage of area under

H.Y.V. percentage of net area irrigated and fertilizer consumption which

in turn have led this taluk to fall in a low developed group.

Very Low Developed Region :

Not a single taluk is found in this region in Bijapur district.

Formulation of Integrated Area Development Programme to remove inter

taluka disparities and launching of special Integrated Rural Development

Programme scheme (IRDP), Special Component Plan (SCP), Integrated plans

for the tribal population and other target groups are some of the latest

strategies undertaken to fulfil the main objectives (which are already in

operation in the Bijapur district).

In order to develop agro-based industries in Bijapur district in the

next two decades, it is necessary to give priority to develop such taluks

 290

which are very low, low and medium in the development of social indicators,

demographic indicators and economic indicators, so that regional prosperity

may encourage widespread location of agro-based industries which is again

linked with agricultural productivity and levels of agricultural development.

The consideration of 16 indicators that are used in drawing the levels

of agricultural development (in chapter IV) are of great significance in the

development of agriculture in Bijapur district. Therefore, encouragement

should be made to strengthen all the 16 indicators to bring in an assured

growth and spread of agricultural productivity, which shall in turn bring

regional economic prosperity with a due consideration on agro industries.

 CHAPTER - VIII

SUMMARY AND FINDINGS

 291
CHAPTER • VIII

SUMMARY AND FINDINGS

Bijapur district located in the central sector of the northern most

portion of Karnataka state covers an area of 17069 sq.km in the semi-arid

zone of the Deccan Peninsula. In this research thesis the erstwhile Bijapur

district is considered for analysis although the district is divided into two

districts namely Bijapur and Bagalkot districts, since August 1997. When

this researcher had registered for Ph.D in the year 1994 the Bijapur district

was undivided. Therefore, he has continued to study the erstwhile Bijapur

district. According to 1991 census the district’s total population is

2927990, spread in 1262 villages and 18 urban centres. For administrative

purpose the district is divided into 11 taluks. The geographical shape

index of Bijapur district is 59%, while density is 172.89 persons per

sq.kms. The lands of the district may be divided into two parts separated

by the Krishna and Done river basins. Geologically the district comprises

of three distinct landscapes namely the Deccan trap, the Kaladgi series

and the Peninsular Gneiss. Krishna, Bhiina, Done, Ghataprabha and

Malaprabha are the important rivers that flow in the district. The district

comprises of deep black soil, shallow black soils, medium black soil and

mixed red-black soils. Due to sporadic heavy rainfall and misuse of

irrigation water, the soil erosion and waste land formation have occured

in the district. The waste land is to the extent of 15% of the geographical
 292

area. Climatically district belongs to south west monsoon region where

uncertainty, ill distribution and deficiency of rainfall have always lead to

the formation of droughts. Hence agriculture is gamble with monsoon, in

Bijapur district^The mean maximum temperature ranges upto 405 in the

month of May While, minimum comes down to 145 in January. The average

annual rainfall in the district is 69cins spread in 47 days,The district

normally does not receive rains in the months of January and February.

It receives about 9 cms in the months of March, April and May (13 per

cent), 45 cms of rainfall in the months of June, July, August and September

(65 per cent) and 15 cms of rainfall in the months of October, November

and December (22 per cent). This kind of rainfall is not adequate to

carryout efficient agricultural activity. Therefore, it is necessary to bring

more land under inigation through Ghalaprabha, Malaprabha and Krishna

Project as well as well and tank irrigation. At present (1996) the district

has 23.43% of land under irrigation. Due to scanty rainfall and hot weather

the land cover under natural forest is only to the extent of 4.85% of the

geographical area. As per 1996 data 72.84% is the net area sown while

fallow land is 12.76%. Therefore, agriculture being a dominent landuse

has dynamic scope to get utilised for the production of different crops i.e.

food grains as well as commercial crops. The expansion of irrigation,

modernity in the methods and practice of agriculture has brought about

considerable change in the crop landuse pattern of Bijapur district. More

 293

so, the hybridisation has made perfound impact from subsistance farming

to commercial farming, whether it is dry farming or irrigated farming. As

a result the food crops like jowar, bajra, pulses and wheat have shown

higher yield in the district while commercial crops like sugarcane, cotton,

groundnut, sunflower and safflower have shown very high yield than the

foodgrains. The agricultural productivity of the study area studied through

money value index as suggested by Majid Hussain shows that the irrigated

taluks lead with high productivity (Jamakhandi and Mudhol) while dry

taluks with low (Badami, Sindagi, Indi and Hungund) productivity.

The taluk (Bijapur) which is moderate in irrigation is also moderate

in agricultural productivity. The core existance of agro-based industries

in Bijapur district is depending on commercial crops like sugarcane,

groundnut, cotton and other oil seeds. The higher productivity and higher

acreage shall lead to higher number of occurance of agro-based industries.

More so, commercial crops shall lead to the higher number of locations of

agro-based industries. This hypothesis is very much proved in the study

region. Therefore, the sole criteria for the development of agro-industries

lies in the increased acreage of net sown area under commercial crops,

which in other way depends on the enhancement and intensity of irrigation.

However, it does not mean that the other factors like infrastructural

facilities, capital, technical know how, etc have no role. The levels of

agricultural development have occured due to uneven availability of 16

 294

indicators such as irrigated area, cropping intensity, productivity index,

degree of commercialization, number of agricultural implements, livestock

density, net sown area, fertilizer consumption, area under high yielding,

area sown more than once, per-capita availability of cropped area, electrified
*

village, population literacy, per cent of owner cultivators, number of market

X ^
{

centres and agricultural loan giving institutions. Therefore, the levels of

agricultural development^show that Badami and Mudhol as very high

developed taluks, Bijapur, Bilagi, Indi and Jamkhandi as high developed,

Bagalkot and Sindgi taluk as medium developed, while, B.Bagewadi,

Hungund and Muddebihal as low developed taluks. The classes of levels

of agricultural development based on 16 indicators are very much varied

in nature as such these results do not have direct relation with either

agricultural productivity or concentration of agro-industries. It can be

generalised that the district is still under subsistance farming looking

into the talukawise crop landuse data (Table 26). Therefore, it cannot be

denied that foodgrains play a dominent role in the survival of agricultural

population. Here the plan must be such a way that without disturbing

the land under foodgrains the commercial crops have to multiply their

area and production so that this will lead to growth and diversification in

the agro-based industries. In this direction the intensity of irrigation,

intensity of cropping (commercial crop) and application of high yielding

varieties of seeds shall play a profound role in the growth and expansion

of agro-industries.
 295
The agro-based industries grouped into four class like agro-produce

processing unit, agro-produce manufacturing units, agro-inputs

manufacturing units and agro service centres have their own typical

locational base in the Bijapur district. For example, agro-produce

processing units and agro produce manufacturing units are directly

depending on agricultural production such as cotton, groundnut, other

oil seed, sugarcane, etc. While agro-inputs manufacturing units and

agro-service centres have indirect relation with agro-industries. These

two shall assist agriculture as well as agro-industries.

The growth of all the four types of agro-industry has direct corelative

link with the agricultural development, in broad specturm. Of all the

industries in Bijapur district including, agro-based and non-agro-based,

their number is 2738 of which agro-based industries are 1035 accounting,

37.80% of the industries. The total employment in all the types of industries

is 17,623 of which people engaged in agro-industries are 7822, accounting

for 44.39% of the total industrial workers. The agro-produce processing

units during 1996 had 856 employees (11.00%), the agro-produce

manufacturing unit had 5310 workers (67.70%), agro-inputs

manufacturing units had 843 workers (10.74%) and agro-service centres

had 834 workers (10.56%). The agro-produce manufacturing industry

which is leading sector of the agro-based industry with 67.70% of employes

and 564 number of units is well represented in all the eleven taluks in its

location.
 296
In Bijapur district horticulture as a part of agriculture has taken an

initial development. Under this activity grape cultivation and some local

fruits are grown. If horticulture is expanded then it will create some scop*,

for establishment of agro-processing units.

The case study of all the four type of agro-industries reveal the

following salient features : the location of the industries is purely nearby

the raw-material and not by any other factors to determine the location *

the employment in most of the village based locations is family oriented

and not employment giving to other than the family members. Th£

industries located in urban centres are larger than industries located in

villages and employing the members of the family as well as others

Production of the most of the mills is utilised in and within an area of no\

more than 40 kms radius. The shortage of raw-materials is seldom felt»

The development of infrastructure in every taluka has generally supported

the location of agro-based industries. The agro-based industries are ver^

well surviving though not luxuriently expanding. Most of the owners of

agro-industrial units are very much interested to know the latest technical
and
know how as well as receiving the financial subsidy from the doner\jevery

industry needs undisturbed supply of electricity at cheaper rate.

Hypothesis tested : (1) The crop land use efficiency leading to commercial

crop shall lead in the growth of agro-industry (this hypothesis is proved

(2) Decline in extent and intensity of irrigation shall lead to decline in

number and quantum of production of agro-industries (this hypothesis |£

 297
proved), (3) The taluks that are leading in the agricultural productivity

(based on money value) are also leading in agro-industrial units (this

hypothesis is proved to most extent), (4) The 16 indicators of levels of

development have indirect relations with location and growth of agro­

industries (this hypothesis is proved), (5) The development of infrastructure

has positive co-relation with the growth of agro-industries (this hypothesis

is proved). (6) The development of industrial estates and industrial

complexes can positively encourage the location of agro-industries (this

hypothesis is partly proved). (7) The large size agro-industry (i.e.sugar

industry) can bring spatial change around the factory in terms of socio­

economic transformation (this hypothesis is proved). (8) Agro-industries

cannot compete with other industries in terms of employment, expansion

and total income generation till irrigation in Bijapur district reaches at

least 50% of the net area sown (this hypothesis is proved).

In India the over crowding of population and cogestion of industries

in a few regions have given rise to numerous problems such as housing,

transport, water supply, drainage and slums etc and have adversely affected

the urban life. In the light of these problems and in the view of the fact

that the rural side is rich in the various types of cash crops and other

materials required for industries, the importance of agro-based industries

in the economy of the country need not be over emphasized. Agro-based

industries are linked up with agricultural activity and have, consequently

 298
an inherent tendency towards decentralisation and dispersal. The

development of network of small scale and agro-based industries, as in

the case of states like Punjab and Haryana may be expected to not only

result in rapid industrial growth but also to reduce the inequitable

distribution of both income and economic opportunities in different parts

of the country and among different sections of the population.

Establishment of agro-based industry is mainly based on the availability

of raw-material, as such, they ought to be set up in rural areas, where raw

material is available in plenty. Since the rural folk form a major chunk of

population the employment opportunities provided by agro-based industries

are also equally large in proportion, this helps in the upliftment of the

rural economy. In essence, setting up of agro-based industries in rural

areas generate income, thereby improving the economic conditions of the

people which inturn will bring regional prosperity.

It is submitted that the contents of the elaborate study made in this

thesis in various chapters explain certain clues related to location,

distribution, growth, types and problems of agro-based industries. The

hypothesis tested, the interpretation of data and maps drawn with

appropriate techniques give meaningful results to say that agro-based

industries in Bijapur district is raw material oriented, growing along with

irrigation development and rural infrastructural development. It is hoped

that this type of district level study will help to plan for Karnataka level or

a regional level agro-industrial development plan.

 PHOTOGRAPHS

1. AGRO-PRODUCE PROCESSING UNITS.

1. A view of groundnut, decorticating mill at Bijapur city. Notice
bags of groundnut which await their turn to get them lormed
into groundnut seeds.
 Jr'iA
" wil
i

r jgM
r "ln,.n,:.‘vTyi^fjTySSV*‘<i S' <1 AV-

A view of cotton ginning and pressing mill at Bijapur city

Notice raw cotton covered under plastic cover in the lore
ground and chimney in the background.
3. An inside view of ginning mill al Bijapur city. Notice the
large number of female labours engaged in the ginning works
while males are carrying head load of ginned cotton.
A view of cotton pressing mill at Bijapur city. Notice the
dominance of male workers.
5. A view of storage of ginned eotlon at hi (a pm i'ily ginning
6. A view of weighing of ginned and pressed cotton. Notice the
pressed cotton bales ready for transport to send to Sholapnr
(Maharashtra) textile mills and Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
textile mills. Notice the involvement of male workers.
2. AGRO-PRODUCE MANUFACTURING UNITS.
A view of Nandi sugar mill located at Hosur village
(Krishnanagar) in Bijapur taluk. This factory receives
sugarcane from Jamkhandi taluk and Mudhol taluk, within
a radius of 40 kins. It is working since 1982.
 labour
An inside view of Nandi sugar mill. Notice sugar bags,
8.
employed and sugar filling machines.
9. A view of sugarcane truck loads awaiting their turn to get
sugarcane converted into sugar at Nandi sugar mill.
10. A view of groiiiulnuL oil manulacl tiling industry located in
Bijapur cily. Notice groundnuts spread on the ground.
Amongst, all types oi agio-based industries the groundnut oil
manufacturing is leading in total number and more
concentrated in urban centres, while thinly located in rural
areas.
11. A view of oil extracting mill at Bagalkot town. 1 Ins mill
produces edible oil from groundnuts and sunflower seeds.
Notice transport of oil tins through bullock carl, as a cheap
means of transport. This edible oil extraction mills are
generally located in urban centres and laluka headquartei s
as the finished product (oil) has to be transported within and
outside the taluk by truck loads. The bullock carts are used
to transport the edible oil within the township.
12. A view ol weighing ol groundnut and sunflower oil in the oil
manufacturing mill at Bagalkot. Notice the labours.
13. A view of safflower oil extracting mill cum shop located in
Bijapui oily. Safflower oil is very tasty and good for health
theieloie it fetches urban consumers and as such this industry
is urban location oriented.
14. A view of coloured thread processing and reeling works at
handloom workshed at Banhatti town (Jamkhandi taluk).
Notice female labour.
15. A view of powcrloom sarco manulaeluiin^ cenlie at Rabkavi
lown (Jamkhandi taluk).
16. A view of bedsheel/ carpel manufacturing inth’s^m^labo^r!
township. It is a powerloom factory involving .
17. Another view of powerloam textile at llkal (Hungmul taluk).
Notice female workers.
18. A view of powerloam silk reeling a( Gnlcdfiucl (Badami taluk).
19. A view of handloom saree sale shop at Ilkal town (Hungund
taluk) which is known for indigenous type ol cotton saiees
called as “Gadidadi”.
 A view of sale of dyed textile thread. This aetivity is t isi rict
20.
found in all the handloom textile towns o bad . ^
viz., Guledgud, Ilkal, Rabkavi-Banhatti, Jamkha

Malingpur.
 QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Name of the industry :

2. Year of establishment :

3. Capital invested :

4. No. of employees : Skilled

Unskilled
Technical
Total

5. Name of the production :

6. Quantity produced : Per day -

Per month -
Per annum

7. Raw materials used :

8. Quantity of raw material used : Per day -

Per month -
Per annum

9. Area of availability of raw materials

10. Whether raw material is available

throughout the year or seasonal

11. If seasonal mention the names of

the month in which raw material
is available

12. Where does the production go

13. Whether the factory is in profit

14. If not what are the reasons

(Contd ...)
15. Whether financial help in the form :
of loan from banks etc. was taken.
If yes, mention the agency

16. Whether factory has received :

financial aid/subsidy from
Government etc.
If yes mention the scheme

17. Mention the existing problems :

faced by the factory
a) Transport : Rail Road
b) Labour problems
c) Problem of electricity shortage
d) Problem of demand and supply (able to meet it or not)

18. The impact of factory on its surrounding area

a) In terms of employment generation

b) In terms of education development
c) Creation of health care centres
d) Market and urban development
e) Development of recreation and tourism

19. Suggestions/opinions for the development

of the factory and the development of the
surrounding area.
 299
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