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TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

The largest thing in the universe

More than ten years ago, while taking the temperature of the universe,
astronomers found something odd. They discovered that a patch of sky,
spanning the width of 20 moons, was unusually cold.

The astronomers were measuring the thermal radiation that bathes the
entire universe, a glowing relic of the big bang. To gaze at this cosmic
microwave background, or CMB, is to glimpse the primordial1 universe, a
time when it was less than 400,000 years old.

The CMB blankets the sky, and looks pretty much the same everywhere,
existing at a feebly cold temperature of 2.725 kelvins - just a couple
degrees warmer than absolute zero. But armed with the newly launched
WMAP satellite, the astronomers had set out to probe temperature
variations as tiny as one part in 100,000. Born from the quantum froth that
was the universe a half-moment after the big bang, those random
fluctuations help scientists understand what the cosmos is made of and
how it all came to be.

And standing out amidst those fluctuations was a cold spot. Over the
years, astronomers have come up with all sorts of ideas to explain it,
ranging from instrumental error to parallel universes. But now, they're
homing in on a prime suspect: an enormous cavern of emptiness called a
cosmic supervoid, so big that it might be the largest structure in the
universe.

According to theory, such a vast void, in which nary a star or galaxy

exists, can leave a frigid imprint on the CMB. The answer to the mystery,
then, might simply be a whole lot of nothing. Yet puzzles remain, and the
case is far from closed.

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

 1. Astronomers often find something odd on the sky.
2. The CMB is the thermal radiation across the entire universe.
3. The CMB varies from extremely low to very high temperatures.
4. Investigation of fluctuations of temperature in the space help scientists
to understand what the cosmos is made of.
5. The cosmic supervoid is the largest structure in the universe.

Multiple choice

August 1985: The worst month for air disasters

There are many grim landmarks in the history of aviation. One in particular
stands out. Three decades ago, 720 travellers and crew lost their lives on
board commercial aircraft in a single month - more than in any other before
or since.

The deaths occurred in four separate accidents in August 1985. Each

disaster had quite different causes. The aircraft involved ranged from a 747
with hundreds on board to a tiny twin engine turboprop carrying just eight
people.

There was Japan Air Lines flight 123, the worst single-aircraft accident in
history, in which 520 of 524 on board were killed. A further 137 died when
Delta flight 191 flew into heavy winds as it approached Dallas-Fort Worth
International. A fire on board British Airtours flight 28M at Manchester
Airport led to 55 deaths. And all those on board the smallest aircraft, Bar
Harbor Airlines flight 1808, lost their lives as it flew into a small airport in
Maine, USA.

Each, in their own way, had a lasting legacy, whether in the memories of
those left bereaved or in changes in technology and procedure introduced
as a direct result. The worst death toll was on Japan Air Lines Flight 123, a
Boeing 747, which was en route from Tokyo to Osaka on 12 August 1985
when the airtight bulkhead between its cabin and tail tore open. The change
in pressure blew off the vertical stabiliser, or tail fin. It also destroyed the
hydraulic systems. The plane lurched up and down.

1. When did the 720 travellers die?

A. Thirteen decades ago.

B. A few decades ago.

 C. 30 years ago.

D. There is no information about it.

2. Twin engine turboprop could carry:

A. Eight people.

B. Four people.

C. Two people.

D. Only a pilot.
3.
The worst accident in history, according to the paragraph, was:

A. Flight 123.

B. Delta flight 191.

C. British Airtours flight 28M.

D. Bar Harbor Airlines flight 1808.

4. Why did the Japan Air Lines Flight 123 crashed?

A. The change in pressure blew off the vertical stabiliser.

B. Destruction of the hydraulic systems.

C. The airtight bulkhead between its cabin and tail tore open.

D. It is unknown.

Sentence completion

A giant panda at a zoo in the United States has given birth to twin
cubs.

Keepers at the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington DC only

discovered Mei Xiang was pregnant during an ultrasound scan last week.
The zoo said both cubs appeared healthy. Giant pandas are one of the
most endangered species in the world and are notoriously hard to breed in
captivity.

The National Zoo is one of only four zoos in the US to have pandas,
which are on loan from China. Mei Xiang, who has two other offspring, is
one of the zoo's star attractions and a Panda Cam on her enclosure
crashed within seconds of the birth of the first cub being announced
because of the volume of interest.

Female pandas are able to conceive for only two or three days a year,
leading to a very low reproduction rate. Mei Xiang was artificially
inseminated with sperm from the zoo's resident male Tian Tian and a panda
named Hui Hui from Wolong, China. It will not be known for a while which is
the father, or what sex the cubs are.

It has previously taken months before Mei Xiang's cubs have been
introduced to the public. AP news agency reports that her first cub, Tai
Shan, was born in 2005 and returned to China in 2010; her second cub,
Bao Bao, is two years old on Sunday and still lives at the zoo. The panda
population is threatened by habitat loss as land is increasingly inhabited by
humans, with about 1,800 pandas left in the wild in China. However, the
number living in the wild in China has gone up over the last 10 years.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Mei Xiang pregnancy was discovered with an ____ last week. Show hint

1. Pandas from the USA National Zoo are ____ from China. Show hint

2. Due to the short conceiving period, pandas have a low______. Show

hint

3. Pandas are in danger because their lands are increasingly ________.

Matching headings

Black rats rainforest invasion 'speeded by deforestation'

(A) Cutting down trees in rainforests facilitates the spread of invasive black
rats, a study suggests. The rodents normally avoid mature forests with large
trees as they provide little in the way of cover. But researchers, writing in
Biotropica, say that logging makes rainforests more attractive for rats as
fallen wood contains more insects which they eat.

(B) Scientists are concerned that the invading black rats will be bad news
for native mammals. Sometimes called the ship rat, these rodents have
spread around the world over the past 400 years, often causing the
extinctions of native species and spreading disease.

(C) Much of their notoriety rests on the idea that black rats were the origin
of bubonic plague, although recent research casts doubt on that notion.
Black rats have usually avoided older forests as they contain large trees
which do not provide much in the way of ground level protection. They also
tend to have leafy forest floors which are noisy for rats to run through, as
they attract predators.

(D) This new study examined the idea that logging of trees in rainforests
might facilitate the spread of the rodents. The researchers looked at the
island of Borneo where large tracts of the natural forest have been
degraded.

(E) It had been believed that black rats were confined to urban areas in
Borneo. To test the idea that they might spread into deforested regions, the
scientists trapped rats from four different species - they then attached small
spools of cotton thread to their backs and and tracked their movements.

(F) Across the animals in the study, the researchers found that the black
rats had the strongest preference for the type of disturbed habitat
associated with logging. The increased amount of fallen wood boosted the
amount of insects which the rats eat. The logged forests also have more
undergrowth which provides better cover. The researchers believe that
black rats favour these small changes far more than related species.

(G) "Logging creates micro-environments that black rats love, helping them
move in," said study co-author Dr Rob Ewers from Imperial College London.
"This could be bad news for native mammals who might not be able to
compete with black rats for food and resources. It's also bad for the forest,
as many small mammals are important seed dispersers, helping rainforest
plants to grow, and they are also prey for larger animals."
(H) The researchers say that the widespread destruction of forests
throughout the tropics may well be multiplying the threat from invasive
species like black rats. They believe the presence of these rats could pose
a significant threat to nesting birds and other small mammals. The scientists
say that the way that logging is done can have a big impact on the
suitability of the land for the black rats. The more dead wood that is left
behind the better the black rats like it. If felled trees were more accurately
cleared as well as the vines that connect the trees, the rat's progress might
be curbed.

Questions 1-8

The text has eight paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following
information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-8 on your answer
sheet.

1. A valid concern

2. The experiment

3. More food for rats

4. Possible threats

5. Bad news

6. A place of the research

7. The difference between species

8. The reason for bad reputation

Classification questions

Fluctuation of unemployment rate

During the recent downturn, the unemployment rate in America jumped from 4.4% to 10%.
Economic growth has since pepped up. But unemployment is nowhere near pre-crisis lows:
America’s rate, at 6.2%, is still 40% higher than late 2006. Economists are raising the spectre
of “structural” unemployment to explain this puzzle. What is it?

Economists often refer to three types of unemployment: "frictional", “cyclical” and

“structural”. Cold-hearted economists are not too worried about the first two, which refer to
people moving between jobs and those temporarily laid-off during a downturn.

Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are heterogeneous (in other
words, they have different expectations). And a mismatch can result between the
characteristics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be related to skills, payment,
worktime, location, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors. New entrants (such as
graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers) can also suffer a spell of
frictional unemployment. Workers as well as employers accept a certain level of imperfection,
risk or compromise, but usually not right away; they will invest some time and effort to find a
match. This is in fact beneficial to the economy since it results in a better allocation of
resources. However, if the search takes too long and mismatches are too frequent, the
economy suffers, since some work will not get done. Therefore, governments seek ways to
reduce unnecessary frictional unemployment, and hopefully it’s not hard to do so.

The second type, cyclical unemployment deals with an economy's business cycle. Cyclical
unemployment occurs when there are job losses during downturns and contractions in the
business cycle. A lack of demand is one of the main factors that cause cyclical
unemployment. When there is a drop in consumer demand, business revenues usually decline.
Consequently, companies have to lay off workers to cut their costs to maintain their profit
margins.

For example, the U.S. economy faced cyclical unemployment during the 2008 financial crisis.
As more and more subprime mortgage lenders filed for bankruptcy, homes were not being
constructed. Consequently, many people who were employed as construction workers and
home builders lost their jobs and experienced cyclical unemployment.

The third kind refers to people who are excluded, perhaps permanently, from the labour
market. In econo-speak, structural unemployment refers to the mismatch between the number
of people looking for jobs and the number of jobs available. It is bad news both for those who
suffer from it and for the society in which they live. People out of work for long periods tend
to have poorer health than average. The structurally unemployed also squeeze social-security
budgets.

Structural unemployment in advanced economies has been rising for decades, as jobs in
industries like mining and manufacturing have withered. In Britain between 1984 and 1992,
employment in coal mining fell by 77% and in steelmaking by 72%. Communities that were
built around a single profession were devastated. Many of the people affected only had
experience of a specific, high-skill job. They did not have the skills or attributes needed to be
successful in many service-sector jobs (such as working in a call centre or in a restaurant).
Hence they were structurally unemployed. A different problem may be afflicting advanced
economies today. The downturn was truly nasty and has lasted for years. Many people gave
up looking for a job and withdrew from the labour force. In America the number of these
“discouraged workers” jumped from 370,000 in 2007 to 1.2m in 2010. (Today it is twice its
2007 level.)

Most economists would accept that a certain level of unemployment is inevitable: an attempt
to achieve full employment would stoke massive wage inflation. Whatever its causes,
governments have to understand structural unemployment. Economic growth alone will not
be enough to get everyone into work. Supply-side reforms, such as job training (known by
wonks as “active labour market policies”) are also needed.

Questions 1-8

Classify the following statements as referring to:

A. frictional unemployment
B. cyclical unemployment
C. structural unemployment

Write the appropriate letters A, B or C in boxes 1-8:

1. Mismatch between the number of people looking for jobs and the
number of jobs available results in a long-term unemployment.

2. In 2008 many Americans who were employed as construction workers

lost their jobs.

3. Downturns in the economy’s business cycle results in temporary job

losses.

4. It is not difficult to reduce this kind of unemployment.

 5. As jobs in industries like mining and manufacturing have withered, this
type of unemployment has started to rise in advanced economies.

6. Mismatch between the characteristics of supply and demand on job

market results in this type of unemployment.

7. During the economy’s most massive downfalls, many people give up

looking for a job and withdraw from the labour force.

8. To reduce this kind of unemployment, society needs supply-side

reforms and job trainings.

Diagram

The chicken egg

Chicken egg consists of six main parts: albumin, yolk, shell, germinal
disc, chalaza and air cell. In further paragraphs we will learn all the
important information you need to know about these parts.

One of the main parts of the egg is yolk - the yellow, inner part of the egg
where the embryo will form. The yolk contains the food that will nourish the
embryo as it grows. Yolk is a major source of vitamins, minerals, almost half
of the protein, and all of the fat and cholesterol. The yolk contains less
water and more protein than the white part of the egg, some fat, and most
of the vitamins and minerals of the egg. The yolk is also a source of lecithin,
an effective emulsifier. Yolk color ranges from just a hint of yellow to a
magnificent deep orange, according to the feed and breed of the hen. Yolk
is anchored by chalaza - a spiral, rope-like strand that anchors the yolk in
the thick egg white. There are two chalazae anchoring each yolk; one on
the top and one on the bottom.

Another very important part of the egg is the albumin, which is the inner
thick white part of the egg. This part of the egg is a excellent source of
riboflavin and protein. In high-quality eggs, the inner thick albumen stands
higher and spreads less than thin white. In low-quality eggs, it appears thin
white.
 Now let's talk about the outer part of the egg - the shell It is a hard,
protective coating of the egg. It is semi-permeable; it lets gas exchange
occur, but keeps other substances from entering the egg. The shell is made
of calcium carbonate and is covered with as many as 17,000 tiny pores.

Air cell is an air space that forms when the contents of the egg cool and
contract after the egg is laid. The air cell usually rests between the outer
and inner membranes at the eggs larger end. As the egg ages, moisture
and carbon dioxide leave through the pores of the shell, air enters to
replace them and the air cell becomes larger.

And last but not least, let's look at the germinal disc. It's a small, circular,
white spot (2-3 mm across) on the surface of the yolk; it is where the sperm
enters the egg. The nucleus of the egg is in the blastodisc. The embryo
develops from this disk, and gradually sends blood vessels into the yolk to
use it for nutrition as the embryo develops.

Complete the diagram below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Do
not write articles.