This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what

changes have been made to the previous version. Because

it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

Designation: A194/A194M − 22a A194/A194M − 23 Endorsed by

Manufacturers Standardization Society
of the Valve and Fittings Industry
Used in USNRC-RDT Standards

Standard Specification for

Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts
for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A194/A194M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope*

1.1 This specification2 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and martensitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 through 4 in. and
iTeh Standards
metric M12 through M100 nominal. It also covers austenitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 in. and M12 nominal and
above. These nuts are intended for high-pressure or high-temperature service, or both. Grade substitutions without the purchaser’s
permission are not allowed.
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1.2 Bars from which the nuts are made shall be hot-wrought. The material may be further processed by centerless grinding or by
cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When annealed and strain
hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered in accordance with Supplementary Requirement S1, the purchaser should take special
care to ensure that 8.2.2, Supplementary Requirement ASTM S1, A194/A194M-23
and Appendix X1 are thoroughly understood.
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1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specified in the inquiry, contract,
and order.

1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M”
specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.

1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.22
on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022May 1, 2023. Published December 2022June 2023. Originally approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as
A194/A194M – 22.A194/A194M – 22a. DOI: 10.1520/A0194_A0194M-22A.10.1520/A0194_A0194M-23.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-194 in Section II of that code.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 A194/A194M − 23
2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:3

A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware
A276/A276M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
A320/A320M Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for Low-Temperature Service
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A962/A962M Specification for Common Requirements for Bolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the
Creep Range
B633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel
B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Deposited on Iron and Steel
B696 Specification for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically Deposited
B766 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
E566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current/Magnetic Induction) Sorting of Ferrous Metals
F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
F1940 Test Method for Process Control Verification to Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated Fasteners
F1941/F1941M Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on Mechanical Fasteners, Inch and Metric
F2329/F2329M Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts, Screws,
Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners
2.2 ASME Standards:4
B 1.1 Unified Screw Threads
B 1.2 Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads
B 1.13M Metric Screw Threads
B 18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts
iTeh Standards
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
B 18.2.4.6M Metric Heavy Hex Nuts

3. Terminology
Document
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Preview
3.1.1 Austenitic Grades—All grades with a prefix of “8” or “9.”
ASTM A194/A194M-23
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3.1.2 Ferritic Grades—Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, 43, and 16.

3.1.3 Lot—Unless otherwise specified (see Discussion below), a lot is the quantity of nuts of a single nominal size and grade
produced by the same manufacturing process.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
When Supplementary Requirement S5 is invoked on the purchase order, the following definitions of a lot shall apply:
3.1.3.2 For Grade 8 Nuts—The quantity of all the nuts of a single nominal diameter and grade made from the same heat of steel
and made by the same manufacturing process.
3.1.3.3 For All Other Grade Nuts—(see 8.2 and 8.1.2.1)—All the nuts of a single nominal diameter and grade made from the
same heat number and heat treated in the same batch if batch-type heat treating equipment is used or heat treated in the same
continuous run of not more than 8 h under the same conditions if continuous-type heat treating equipment is used.

3.1.4 Type:
3.1.4.1 For Grade 8 Nuts—Variations within the grade designated by a letter and differentiated by chemistry and by
manufacturing process.
3.1.4.2 For Grade 6 Nuts—Variations within the grade designated by the letter F as differentiated by chemical additions made
for machineability.

3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.

2
 A194/A194M − 23

3.1.5 Series—The dimensional relationship and geometry of the nuts as described in ASME B 18.2.2 for inch nuts or ASME B
18.2.4.6M for metric nuts.
4. Ordering Information

4.1 The inquiry and order for bolting material and bolting components under this specification shall include the following as
required to describe the items adequately:

4.1.1 Specification designation, year date, and grade, issue date and revision letter,

4.1.2 Quantity, number of pieces,

4.1.3 Dimensions (see Section 9),

4.1.4 Options in accordance with 8.2.2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.3, and 12, and

4.1.5 Supplementary Requirements, if any.

4.2 Coatings—Coatings are prohibited unless specified by the purchaser (see Supplementary Requirements S7 and S8). When
coated nuts are ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X2 is thoroughly understood.

4.3 See Supplementary Requirement S3 for nuts to be used in low temperature applications (Specification A320/A320M).

iTeh Standards
4.4 Proof Load Testing—See Supplementary Requirement S9 for proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions and
configurations other than those covered in Tables 3 and 4.
5. Common Requirements (https://standards.iteh.ai)

Document
5.1 Bolting material and bolting components Preview
supplied to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification
A962/A962M, of which nuts are considered bolting components, as are bolts, studs, screws, and washers intended for use in special
service applications. These requirements include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking, certification, optional
supplementary requirements, and others. Failure ASTM A194/A194M-23
to comply with the requirements of Specification A962/A962M constitutes
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nonconformance with this specification. In case of conflict between the requirements of this specification and Specification
A962/A962M, this specification shall prevail.
6. Manufacture (Process)

6.1 Stainless steels for all types of Grade 6 and 8 nuts shall be made by one of the following processes:

6.1.1 Electric-furnace (with separate degassing and refining optional),

6.1.2 Vacuum induction furnace, or

6.1.3 Either of the above followed by electroslag remelting, or consumable-arc remelting.

6.2 The steel producer shall exercise adequate control to eliminate excessive unhomogeneity, nonmetallics, pipe, porosity, and
other defects.

6.3 Grades 1 and 2 nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars.

6.3.1 All Grade 1 and 2 nuts shall be stress-relieved at a temperature of at least 1000 °F [538 °C] after forming or machining from
bar with the following exceptions:

6.3.1.1 Nuts made by hot forging.

6.3.1.2 Nuts machined from hot-forged or hot-rolled bar.

3
 TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements (Composition, percent)A,B,C,D,I

Description
Manga- Phospho- Molyb- Tita-
Grade and UNS Carbon SulfurE Silicon Chromium Nickel NiobiumH Nitrogen Copper Selenium Vanadium Aluminum
nese rus denum nium
Designation

1 carbon 0.15 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2, 2HM, and carbon 0.40 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2H

3 (501) 0.10 min 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 4.0–6.0 ... 0.40–0.65 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
S50100
6 (410) 0.08–0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S41000
6F (416) 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S41600
6F (416Se) 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.060 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.15 min ... ...
S41623

7G , 7MG Chromium- 0.38–0.48 0.75–1.0 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.80–1.10 ... 0.15–0.25 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
MolybdenumG
43 Nickel- 0.38–0.43 0.60–0.85 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.70–0.90 1.65–2.0 0.20–0.30 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...

iTeh Standards
Chromium
Molybdenum
8, 8A (304) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S30400

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A194/A194M − 23
8C, 8CA (347) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 ... ... 10 x ... ... ... ... ...
S34700 carbon
content,

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4

8CLN, (347LN) 0.005- 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–13.0 ... ... 0.20–0.50, 0.06–0.10 ... ... ... ...
8CLNA S34751 0.020 15 x
carbon
content,
ASTM A194/A194M-23 min
8CLNCuB, S34752J 0.005- 2.00 0.035 0.010 0.60 17.0–19.0 10.0–13.0 0.20–1.20 . . . 0.20–0.50, 0.06–0.12 2.50–3.50 ... ... ...
8CLNCuBA 0.020 //standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/e8bf4 15 x
carbon
-4d1c-a10f-756cc6588c87/astm-a194-a194 content,
min
8M, 8MA (316) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
S31600
8T, 8TA (321) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 ... 5x ... 0.10 ... ... ... ...
S32100 (C+N)
min -
0.70
max
8F, 8FA (303) 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S30300
8F, 8FA (303Se) 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.06 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 ... ... ... ... 0.15 min ... ...
S30323
8P, 8PA (305) 0.12 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 11.0–13.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S30500
8N, 8NA (304N) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
S30451
8LN, 8LNA (304LN) 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
S30453
8MN, 8MNA (316N) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
S31651
 TABLE 1 Continued
Description
Manga- Phospho- Molyb- Tita-
Grade and UNS Carbon SulfurE Silicon Chromium Nickel NiobiumH Nitrogen Copper Selenium Vanadium Aluminum
nese rus denum nium
Designation
8MLN, (316LN) 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
8MLNA S31653
8R, 8RAF (XM19) 0.06 4.0–6.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 20.5–23.5 11.5–13.5 1.50–3.00 . . . 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.40 0.10–0.30
S20910
8S, 8SA (Nitronic 60) 0.10 7.0–9.0 0.060 0.030 3.5–4.5 16.0–18.0 8.0–9.0 ... ... ... 0.08–0.18 ... ... ... ...
S21800
8MLCuN,
8MLCuNA
B8ML4CuN
(254)
S31254
(317)
0.020

0.030
1.00

2.00
0.030

0.040
0.010

0.010
iTeh Standards
0.80

1.00
19.5–20.5

17.0–19.0
17.5–18.5

15.0–16.5
6.0–6.5

3.0–4.0
...

...
...

...
0.18–0.22

0.045
0.50–1.00

4.0–5.0
...

...
...

...
...

...
S31730
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A194/A194M − 23
9C, 9CA (AL-6XN) 0.030 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 20.0-22.0 23.5- 25.5 6.0-7.0 ... ... 0.18-0.25 0.75 ... ... ...

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N08367
5

16 Chromium 0.36–0.47 0.45–0.70 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.80–1.15 ... 0.50–0.65 . . . ... ... ... ... 0.25–0.35 0.15B
Molyb-
denum
Vanadium ASTM A194/A194M-23
A
The intentional addition of Bi, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted except for Grades 6F, 8F, and 8FA, in which Se is specified and required.
B
Total aluminum, soluble and insoluble. //standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/e8bf4
-4d1c-a10f-756cc6588c87/astm-a194-a194
C
Maximum, unless minimum or range is indicated.
D
Where ellipses ({) appear in this table there is no requirement and the element need not be determined or reported.
E
Because of the degree to which sulfur segregates, product analysis for sulfur over 0.060 % max is not technologically appropriate.
F
As described in Specification A276/A276M.
G
Typical steel compositions used for this grade include 4140, 4142, 4145, 4140H, 4142H, and 4145H.
H
Niobium (Nb) and Columbium (Cb) are alternate names for element 41 in the Periodic Table of the Elements.
I
Product Analysis–Individual determinations sometimes vary from the specified limits as shown in the tables. The several determinations of any individual element in a heat may not vary both above and below the specified
range. Product variation limits are over for maximums, over or under for ranges, and under for minimums, unless otherwise indicated.
J
Boron content shall be in the range 0.001–0.005.
 A194/A194M − 23
TABLE 2 Hardness RequirementsA
Completed Nuts Sample Nut after Treatment as in 8.1.5

Grade and Type Brinell Rockwell Hardness Brinell Rockwell

Hardness Hardness, Hardness B
C Scale B Scale min Scale, min
1 121 min ... 70 min 121 70
2 159 to 352 ... 84 min 159 84
2H to 11⁄2 in. or M36, incl 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 179 89
2H over 11⁄2 in. or M36 212 to 327 35 max 95 min 147 79
2HM and 7M 159 to 235 ... 84 to 99 159 84
3, 7, 16, 43 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 201 94
6 and 6F 228 to 271 20 to 28 ... ... ...
8, 8C, 8CLN, 8CLNCuB, 8M, 126 to 300 32 max 60 min ... ...
8T, 8F, 8P, 8N,
8MN, 8LN, 8MLN,
8MLCuN, 8ML4CuN,
and 9C
8A, 8CA, 8CLNA, 126 to 192 ... 60 to 90 ... ...
8CLNCuBA, 8MA, 8TA,
8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA,
8LNA, 8MLNA,
8MLCuNA,
8ML4CuNA,
and 9CA
8R, 8RA, 8S, and 8SA 183 to 271 25 max 88 min ... ...
A
Where ellipses ({) appear in this table there is no requirement.

iTeh Standards
6.3.1.3 Nuts machined from hot-forged/hot-rolled and cold-finished (max 10 % reduction in area) bar.

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
6.3.1.4 Nuts machined from cold-drawn and annealed (min 1000 °F [538 °C]) bar.

6.3.2 Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by hot forging or by machining from hot-forged or hot-rolled bars need not be stress relieved.
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6.4 Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, 43, and 16 nuts shall be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled,
or cold-drawn bars and shall be heat treated to meet the required mechanical properties. These grades shall be uniformly reheated
to the proper austenitizing temperature (a groupASTM A194/A194M-23
thus reheated being known as a quenching charge) and quenched under
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substantially uniform conditions for each quenching charge and tempered as shown below. Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 7, and 7M shall
be liquid quenched. Grades 6 and 6F shall be quenched in liquid or inert gas. Grade 16 shall be heated to a temperature range from
1700 to 1750 °F (925 to 955 °C) and oil quenched.

Minimum Tempering Temperature, °F

Grade [°C]
2H 850 [455]
2HM 1150 [620]
3 1050 [565]
6 and 6F 1100 [595]
7 1100 [595]
7M 1150 [620]
43 1100 [595]
16 1200 [650]

6.4.1 Grade 6 and 6F nuts shall be tempered for a minimum of 1 h at the temperature.

6.5 For Grade 2HM and 7M nuts, a final stress relief shall be performed, after all machining, cutting, and forming operations, at
a minimum temperature of 50°F (28°C) below the original tempering temperature. A tempering operation may be substituted for
this post-machining/cutting/forming stress relief. Surface preparation for hardness testing or nondestructive evaluation is
permitted.

6.5.1 In the case where the original temper was performed via induction heat treatment at a temperature above 1300°F (705°C)
but the post-machining/cutting/forming stress relief will be performed in a standard furnace, the minimum stress relief temperature
shall be 1200°F (650°C).

6
 A194/A194M − 23
TABLE 3 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel — Inch Series

NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.

Proof Load, lbfA
Nominal Threads Stress Area
Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 7, 16, 43
Size, in. per Inch in.2
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexG
⁄
14 20 0.0316 4 130 3 820 4 770 4 300 5 570 4 770
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 6 810 6 290 7 860 7 070 9 170 7 860
⁄
38 16 0.0774 10 080 9 300 11 620 10 460 13 560 11 620
7⁄16 14 0.1063 13 820 12 760 15 940 14 350 18 600 15 940
1⁄2 13 0.1419 18 450 17 030 21 280 19 160 24 830 21 280

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 23 660 21 840 27 300 24 570 31 850 27 300
⁄
58 11 0.226 29 380 27 120 33 900 30 510 39 550 33 900
3⁄4 10 0.334 43 420 40 080 50 100 45 090 58 450 50 100
7⁄8 9 0.462 60 060 55 440 69 300 62 370 80 850 69 300
1 8 0.606 78 780 72 720 90 900 81 810 106 000 90 900

11⁄8 8 0.790 102 700 94 800 118 500 106 700 138 200 118 500
11⁄4 8 1.000 130 000 120 000 150 000 135 000 175 000 150 000
13⁄8 8 1.233 160 200 148 000 185 000 166 500 215 800 185 000
11⁄2 8 1.492 194 000 170 040 223 800 201 400 261 100 223 800

All Types of Grade 8, Grades 9C and 9CA

Heavy HexH HexI
14 ⁄ 20 0.0316 2 540 2 380
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 4 190 3 930
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 6 200 5 810
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 8 500 7 970
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 11 350 10 640

⁄
9 16 12 0.182 14 560 13 650

iTeh Standards
⁄ 11 0.226 18 080 16 950
58

3⁄4 10 0.334 26 720 25 050

7⁄8 9 0.462 36 960 34 650

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1 8 0.606 48 480 45 450

11⁄8 8 0.790 63 200 59 250

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11⁄4 8 1.000 80 000 75 000
13⁄8 8 1.233 98 640 92 450
11⁄2 8 1.492 119 360 111 900
A
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
Based on proof stress of 130 000 psi.
C
D
Based on proof stress of 120 000 psi. ASTM A194/A194M-23
Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi.
E
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Based on proof stress of 135 000 psi.
F
Based on proof stress of 175 000 psi.
G
Based on proof stress of 150 000 psi.
H
Based on proof stress of 80 000 psi.
I
Based on proof stress of 75 000 psi.

NOTE 1—A specific minimum stress relief temperature is given in 6.5.1 because no correlation can be drawn between the original tempering temperature
utilizing induction and the stress relieving temperature in a standard furnace.

6.6 Grades 8, 8C, 8CLN, 8CLNCuB, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N, 8MN, 8R, 8S, 8LN, 8MLN, 8MLCuN, 8ML4CuN, and 9C nuts shall
be hot or cold forged, or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled or cold-drawn bars.

6.7 Grades 8A, 8CA, 8CLNA, 8CLNCuBA, 8MA, 8TA, 8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA, 8RA, 8SA, 8LNA, 8MLNA, 8MLCuNA,
8ML4CuNA, and 9CA nuts shall be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and
the nuts shall subsequently be carbide-solution treated by heating them for a sufficient time at a temperature to dissolve chromium
carbides followed by cooling at a rate sufficient to prevent reprecipitation of the carbides.
7. Chemical Composition

7.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed in Table 1.
8. Mechanical Requirements

8.1 Hardness Test: