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    SS4707 2024 Lecture2

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    cherylli0715
    The document provides an overview of clinical psychology, including key issues in the field globally and locally. It discusses that hundreds of millions worldwide suffer from mental disorders but most go untreated due to lack of diagnosis and access to effective treatments. It then outlines the evolving roles of clinical psychologists from assessment to various prevention and intervention services. The document also discusses evidence-based practice in psychology and compares training models between different countries/regions. Finally, it introduces the core ethical principles for clinical psychologists around respect, competence, responsibility and integrity.

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    SS4707 2024 Lecture2

    Uploaded by

    cherylli0715
    18 views24 pages
    The document provides an overview of clinical psychology, including key issues in the field globally and locally. It discusses that hundreds of millions worldwide suffer from mental disorders but most go untreated due to lack of diagnosis and access to effective treatments. It then outlines the evolving roles of clinical psychologists from assessment to various prevention and intervention services. The document also discusses evidence-based practice in psychology and compares training models between different countries/regions. Finally, it introduces the core ethical principles for clinical psychologists around respect, competence, responsibility and integrity.

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    The document provides an overview of clinical psychology, including key issues in the field globally and locally. It discusses that hundreds of millions worldwide suffer from mental disorders but most go untreated due to lack of diagnosis and access to effective treatments. It then outlines the evolving roles of clinical psychologists from assessment to various prevention and intervention services. The document also discusses evidence-based practice in psychology and compares training models between different countries/regions. Finally, it introduces the core ethical principles for clinical psychologists around respect, competence, responsibility and integrity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views24 pages

    SS4707 2024 Lecture2

    Uploaded by

    cherylli0715
    The document provides an overview of clinical psychology, including key issues in the field globally and locally. It discusses that hundreds of millions worldwide suffer from mental disorders but most go untreated due to lack of diagnosis and access to effective treatments. It then outlines the evolving roles of clinical psychologists from assessment to various prevention and intervention services. The document also discusses evidence-based practice in psychology and compares training models between different countries/regions. Finally, it introduces the core ethical principles for clinical psychologists around respect, competence, responsibility and integrity.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    SS4707: Counselling and Therapeutic Psychology

    Week 2: 23 January 2024


    Clinical Psychology: Overview
    Chapter 1 & 2
    Professional Issues in clinical
    psychology
    Mental Health issues across the world
    World Health Organization (WHO)
    - Worldwide, hundreds of millions of people suffer from mental
    disorders. But most mental disorders are overlooked or
    misdiagnosed, and very few people receive treatment.

    - Approximately 8 million deaths worldwide annually are


    attributed to mental disorders (Walker, McGee, & Druss, 2015).

    - This is especially troubling because effective, relatively


    inexpensive treatments (psychological and/or pharmacological)
    exist for most of these conditions.
    Clinical Psychology: Roles
    Over the decades, the nature and definition of clinical psychology
    has shifted, expanded, and evolved.

    Initially:
    • Assessment, evaluation, and diagnosis

    Now:
    • Numerous approaches to intervention and prevention services
    to individuals, couples, and families.
    • Indirect services, such as consultation activities, research,
    program development, program evaluation, supervision of other
    mental health professionals, and administration of health care
    services.
    • Ever-changing:
    1. fitting the needs of service-user
    2. Based on the understanding of psychopathology and their
    evidence-based treatment
    Clinical Psychology across the world
    United Kingdom (NICE Guideline)
    - National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
    - independent interdisciplinary organization
    - to provide national guidance on prevention and treatment
    - Systematic literature reviews by NICE concluded that
    evidence-based psychological therapies, are effective for at
    least half the people with anxiety and depression and are at
    least as effective as medication in tackling these mental
    health problems
    - The UK government therefore decided to improve access to
    psychological therapies by training mental health
    professionals, including, but not limited to, psychologists.
    Evidence-based practice (EBP)
    Originally developed in medicine, now many disciplines adopt

    Definition:

    a) Clinician to synthesize information drawn from research and


    systematically collected data on the patient in question, the
    clinician’s professional experience, and the patient’s preferences
    when considering health care optiona

    b) emphasizes the importance of informing patients, based on the


    best available research evidence, about viable options for
    assessment, prevention, or intervention services.
    Why Evidence-based practice (EBP)?
    • Objective assessment and intervention
    • Minimize problems with individual biases, which form risk
    making serious mistakes in assessment and treatment

    • Prioritize time and resources


    • Select the most effective (based on research)
    assessment/treatment methods for clients, given the limited
    time of client/treatment-provider and resources in the
    community

    • Competency issue
    • Able to identify problem areas which within/outside of
    expertise
    EBP – In-class exercise

    https://padlet.com/4ryvzgj5zt/SS4707
    Form a group of 3-4 students, discuss

    Mock short question


    - What are some concerns or criticism
    regarding evidence-based practice?
    What if there are some disorder (e.g. PD) that does not have EBP?
    -> Can still do EBP based on symptoms (e.g. interpersonal problems)
    Criticisms regarding EBP
    • •research
    Group-based data valid for each individual? it is difficult to determine the relevance of
    Group-based data valid for each individual? it is difficult to
    results to any specific individual.
    determine the relevance of research results to any specific
    individual.
    • Time gap between research and practice: Developing, conducting, and replicating research
    findings takes substantial time, and thus the information provided by researchers inevitably
    lags behind the needs of clinicians to provide services to people in distress.
    • Time gap between research and practice: Developing,
    • Uniqueness of each person’s life experience, culture, and context: unlikely that general
    conducting,
    psychological principlesand replicating
    can ever research
    provide much useful guidance findings takes substantial
    time, and thus the information provided by researchers
    • No research evidence on how to understand or treat many of the human problems
    inevitably lags behind the needs of clinicians to provide services
    confronted by clinical psychologists every day
    to people in distress.

    • Uniqueness of each person’s life experience, culture, and


    context: unlikely that general psychological principles can ever
    provide much useful guidance

    • No research evidence on how to understand or treat many of the


    human problems confronted by clinical psychologists every day
    Other professionals working on mental
    health
    • Counselling Psychologist
    • Historical distinction: severity or problems treated:
    psychopathology versus normal challenges in life; type of
    work setting

    • School/Educational Psychologist
    • Specialized training in both psychology and education,
    focusing on student’s mental health and life circumstances:
    • Similarly work on assessment and treatment for children and
    adolescent with learning and educational problem, social,
    emotion and behavioural problems.
    • Development of school-based program, policy and
    curriculum (system-based change)
    Other professionals working on mental
    health
    • Clinical Neuropsychologist
    • Neuropsychological assessment
    • Pre-post neurosurgical/medical operation (E.g. deep
    brain stimulation, brain surgery after traumatic brain
    injury/stroke
    • Neurorehabilitation
    • Cognitive training, compensatory strategies for cognitive
    and behavioural functions after brain injury

    • Family education
    • Understand normal versus atypical mood symptoms
    after brain injury
    • Family support, carer stress
    Other professionals working on mental
    health
    • Social Worker
    • Similarly concerned with wellbeing and mental health
    • Policy development and advocacy (both macro and micro
    perspective)
    • Registered social worker is a protected title, statutory
    registration

    • Psychiatrist
    • Physician (medical doctor training), specialist by referral
    • Also provide psychotherapy (Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler)
    • Disease model (focus on illness)

    • Other health/allied health professional: Nurses, Occupational


    Therapist, Physiotherapist
    Mock MCQ item
    Chris had some sleep and relationship problems after a relationship
    breakup. Chris is seeing a mental health professional who offered
    counselling service, relaxation training and social skills training.
    Based on Chris’s problem area and service received, which of the
    following mental health professional is Chris seeing most probably?

    a) Clinical Psychologist
    b) Counselling Psychologist
    c) Social Worker
    d) Occupational Therapist
    e) All of the above
    Training for clinical psychologist

    • Hong Kong
    • 4 year Bachelor degree in Psychology
    • 2 year Master degree in Clinical Psychology (HKU / CUHK)

    • Australia
    • 4-year Bachelor degree + at least 2 year postgraduate
    training + registrar program (details)

    • United Kingdom
    • 3-year bachelor degree + 3-year doctoral degree

    • Canada / United States (State-specific, e.g. New York)


    • 4-year bachelor degree + normally > 5 years PhD + 1-year
    pre-doctoral internship/supervised clinical experience +
    exam
    Training models for clinical psychologist

    • Scientist-practitioner model
    • Emphasizes competencies in both research and provision of
    psychological services
    • Undertake original research, complete dissertation
    • Clinical skills: interview, testing, report writing, practicum
    • Capable of producing research and use empirical findings to
    guide the clinical services

    • Clinical scientist model


    • Strongly promotes the development of research skills and
    knowledge base of psychology and related discipline

    • Practitioner-scholar model
    • Emphasizes clinical skills and competencies as a research
    consumer
    Ethical Principles in clinical psychology

    • Functions: guidance on psychologist’s works

    Hong Kong Psychological Society 4 ethical principles

    A. Respect

    B. Competence

    C. Responsibility

    D. Integrity
    Ethical Principles in clinical psychology
    A. Respect

    - General respect
    - Recognize, value and accept individual differences, not
    imposing biased, discriminatory or personal values on others
    - Responsible to explaining service plan/action and the
    underlying ethical/evidence basis

    - Privacy and confidentiality


    - Keep appropriate records of professional activities
    - Clients informed of the limits of confidentiality

    - Explain and obtain Informed consents

    - Facilitate client’s self-determination


    - Right to withdraw from service
    Ethical Principles in clinical psychology
    B. Competence

    - Awareness of professional ethics


    - Familiarity of relevant ethics/professional code, and
    incorporate them into professional practices and training

    - Ethical decision making


    - Recognize and solve ethical dilemmas in responsible,
    considerate and sensitive manner in accordance with the
    Code, societal ethical standards and laws.
    - Seek supervision and consultation from appropriate sources

    - Recognizing limits of competence


    - Practice within boundaries of competence

    - Recognizing impairment
    - Remain alert to own signs of impairment, seek consultation
    when needed
    Ethical Principles in clinical psychology
    C. Responsibility

    - General Responsibility
    - Avoid harming clients
    - Hold the interest and welfare for service users and
    stakeholders Clin Psy: Don’t want patients to rely on me
    will I become an obstacle that avoid patient
    - Termination and continuity of care from having self confidence?

    - make clear about mechanism of termination of service.


    - Terminate when clients do not appear to be deriving benefit
    or unlikely to do so, consider refer to other resources

    - Protection for research participants


    - Consider research from participants’ standpoint, protect
    their interests

    - Debriefing to research participants


    - Identify any unforeseen discomfort and related assistance
    Ethical Principles in clinical psychology
    D. Integrity

    - Honesty and Accuracy


    - professional qualification and affiliation, conclusion, opinion
    and research findings, financial/ scientific contribution

    - Avoid exploitation and conflict of interest


    - Avoid forming relationship impairing professional objectivity
    or leading to exploitation, conflict of interest with a client
    - Refrain from abusing professional relationships to advance
    sexual, personal, financial or other interests

    - Maintaining sexual and personal boundaries


    - Refrain from any form of sexual or romantic relationship
    with persons to whom they are providing professional
    services or duty of care. Prevent workplace harassment

    - Addressing ethical misconduct among others


    Ethical dilemma – In-class exercise

    https://padlet.com/4ryvzgj5zt/SS4707
    Form a group of 3-4 students, discuss the ethical
    concerns you would face, and what actions you think you
    need to take?

    When finishing up a research study with a


    participant, you did the debriefing and thank the
    participant. The participant asked for your IG
    account and asked whether he/she can still
    contact you in the future
    Other professionals issues to cover…

    • Statutory registration of Clinical Psychologist


    • Who can call themselves clinical psychologists?

    • Expert witness
    • In legal setting, is clinical psychologist considered an expert
    who can give expert opinion?
    Questions, Comments, Feedbacks,
    suggested test items

    You are welcome to email me

    Lawrence.wong@cityu.edu.hk

    or use the class Padlet

    https://padlet.com/4ryvzgj5zt
    /SS4707

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