CH 12

CHAPTER 12
PERSONALITY
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.

 Personality refers to the unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner
experience and outward behaviour.
 Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality depended to a large extent on his
ideas about the conscious and unconscious mind. Most of the content of our minds, in
Freud’s view, is in the unconscious.
 Freud proposed three central forces in personality development: the id, the ego, and the
superego.
 In Freud’s view, personality develops as children pass through a series of psychosexual
stages. Each stage is characterized by strong conflicts between the id, the ego, and the
superego. Failure to resolve these conflicts can result in neuroses.
 Conflicts result in anxiety, and Freud believed that we use unconscious tactics called
defence mechanisms to protect ourselves from this anxiety.
 Other psychodynamic theories include those of Alfred Adler, Carl G. Jung, and Karen
Horney.
2. Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

 Humanistic theorists, including Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, emphasized people’s
basic goodness and their ability to fulfill their potential.
 Maslow proposed that personality arises from people’s striving to meet their needs. Human
needs are arranged hierarchically, with self-actualization at the top level.
 Rogers based his theory of personality on his ideas about the importance of self-concept.
He believed that children need unconditional positive regard to develop healthy self-
concepts.
3. Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor theory has
evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
 Personality traits are tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant
across situations. Trait theorists such as Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck first proposed
that central traits affect a broad range of behaviour.
 Allport conducted detailed case studies that sought to reveal the unique collection of traits
at play for each individual.
 Eysenck, using factor analysis, identified three personality superfactors: extraversion,
neuroticism, and psychoticism.
 Other trait theorists proposed the five-factor theory, which identified five major trait
categories: agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to
experience.
 Although traits play an important role in behaviour, they can be inconsistent over time and
across different situations.
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Personality 12 - 2
4. Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.

 Situationism holds that behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation
rather than by internal traits. The behaviourist B. F. Skinner could be said to have viewed
personality from this perspective.
 Interactionism focuses on interactions between persons and situations. Albert Bandura’s
social-cognitive theory is an example of interactionist theory. In Bandura’s view, the
environment, internal mental events, and behaviour all interact to affect behaviour through
the process of reciprocal determinism.
5. Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of each.
 Personality inventories are questionnaires that require individuals to respond to a series of
true-false or agree–disagree statements designed to measure various aspects of
personality.
 Two widely-used personality inventories are the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory 2 (MMPI-2) and the Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (Neuroticism,
Extraversion, Openness) (NEO-PI-R). The MMPI-2 is typically used to assess abnormal
personality characteristics and inclinations. The NEO-PI-R evaluates traits associated with
the five-factor theory of personality.
 Projective tests are intended to tap into people’s unconscious minds by having them
interpret ambiguous stimuli. In the case of the Rorschach Inkblot Test, the stimuli are
inkblots. In the case of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), they are black-and-white
drawings.
6. Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems that may
be involved in the expression of personality.
 Twin studies, such as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, suggest that many
personality traits have strong genetic links.
 Certain brain structures, neurotransmitters, and hormones have been associated with
personality variables.
 In interpreting links between genes, physiological factors, and personality, it is important to
remember that the relationships are complex and multidirectional.
7. Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.

 Research has found many more similarities than differences between men’s and women’s
personalities. Nevertheless, some consistent differences have been identified.
 Socio-cultural factors are thought to play an important role in gender differences in
personality. According to social role theory, for example, boys and girls develop different
behaviours and skills based largely on the division of labour between the sexes and the
resulting differences in gender role expectations.
 Cross-cultural research into personality has focused on personality development in
individualist and collectivist cultures. Some traits observed in these cultures reflect differing
cultural values.
 The relationship between socio-economic conditions and personality traits has received
relatively little attention. However, the investigations that have been conducted suggest that
12 - 3 Test Bank for Psychology Around Us, Third Canadian Edition
at the very least, living conditions have a direct impact on how and whether certain
personality traits translate into behaviours.
8. Define personality disorder, and describe some of the key features of this disorder.
 A personality disorder is an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour
that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning.
 The American Psychiatric Association outlines 10 personality disorders in its guide for
therapists.
Personality 12 - 4
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS
1. Freud believed that the unconscious or deepest level of the mind contains the greatest
amount of content.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Knowledge
Learning Objective: Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality
development.
Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective
2. An individual who is considered mentally healthy may become fixated at one of Freud’s
psychosexual stages and suffer no adverse consequences.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
development.
3. Freud's observations were based on a very small and select group of upper-class individuals
from Vienna.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
development.
4. Jung argued that the unconscious drives our behaviour toward joy, creativity, and internal
harmony.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
development.
5. Peak experiences have much in common with the beliefs espoused by positive psychology.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Comprehension
Learning Objective: Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective
6. Central traits affect a broad range of individuals' behaviour.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Summarize the leading trait theories, and describe how the five-factor
theory has evolved from the work of Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck.
Section Reference: The Trait Perspective
7. Eysenck's superfactors represent fundamental dimensions of personality.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
8. Although the five-factor model of personality generally supports Eysenck's theory, but the
five-factor model does NOT include the factor of psychoticism.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
9. Interactionism emphasizes the relationship between underlying personality traits and

situational forces.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 6
Learning Objective: Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of
personality.
Section Reference: The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
10. Researchers use personality assessment tools to learn about their clients' underlying
adjustment problems and issues.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests, and give examples of
each.
Section Reference: Personality Assessment
11. When designing tests it is impossible to control for the factor of socially-desirable
responding.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
each.
12. In Canada, employers may use any of the available personality tests to assess who is the
best candidate for a job they hope to fill.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of personality tests and give examples of
each.
13. One of the most famous studies of twin adoption is called the Minnesota Study of Twins
Reared Apart.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Discuss the heritability of personality traits and some of the neural systems
that may be involved in the expression of personality.
Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality
14. High dopamine activity in the reward centres of the brain is related to negative emotions.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
15. Individuals with low levels of negative emotionality are peaceful and satisfied with life.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
16. Gilligan found that men score higher on traits that reflect individuality and autonomy.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.
Section Reference: Differences in Personality
17. Women are generally superior to men in reading emotions in others and are more attuned to
interpersonal concerns when making moral decisions than men.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
18. Happiness and success are defined differently in diverse cultures.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 8
19. Personality disorders involve dramatic or emotional behaviours.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Define personality disorder, and describe some of the key features of this
disorder.
Section Reference: Personality Disorders
20. People with borderline personalities often form relationships to exploit others for material
gain or personal gratification.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
21. Which of the following is NOT one of Freud’s levels of consciousness?

a) unconscious
b) subconscious
c) preconscious
d) conscious
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
development.
22. According to Freud, the preconscious

a) is the reservoir of sexual and aggressive instincts.
b) cannot be accessed except through dreams.
c) contains mental content that can be brought into the conscious mind.
d) is occupied mostly by the id.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
development.
23. In the movie Rhonda is watching, one of the characters is celebrating their birthday.
Suddenly, Rhonda remembers that it is her mother’s birthday, so she quickly picks up the phone
to call her. According to Freud, her mother’s birthday would have been in Rhonda’s ___.
a) conscious mind
b) preconscious mind
c) unconscious mind
d) subconscious mind
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Application
development.
Personality 12 - 10
24. When Sheldana was seven, she was in a very serious car accident. Although she did NOT
suffer a head injury, she does NOT remember anything about the accident. According to Freud,
the accident has become part of Sheldana’s ___.
a) conscious mind
c) unconscious mind
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
development.
25. Bree’s parents have just told her they are getting a divorce. The thought that her parents will
no longer be together makes Bree very sad and she begins to cry. According to Freud, Bree’s
thoughts and feelings about her parents’ divorce are part of her ___.
a) conscious mind
c) unconscious mind
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
development.
26. Which of the following is primarily associated with consciousness?

a) the libido
b) the id
c) the superego
d) the ego
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
development.
27. In Freud's view, the personality forms as the result of the struggle between
a) conscious and unconscious processes.
b) primal needs and social or moral restraints.

c) the individual and other people.
d) biological drives and cognitive aspects of the personality.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
development.
28. According to Freud, the part of the personality that we’re born with and that represents our
instinctual drives is called the
a) id.
b) ego.
c) superego.
d) consciousness.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
development
29. According to Freud, what part of the personality develops during childhood and is in charge
of determining which impulses can be expressed outwardly and which can’t?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) consciousness
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
development
30. Freud identified three central forces in personality development. Which controls the moral
limits?
a) id
b) superego
c) ego
d) unconscious
Personality 12 - 12
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
development
31. Which of the following is FALSE about the id?

a) It can delay gratification when necessary.
b) It is present from birth.
c) It operates on the pleasure principle.
d) It is fuelled by the libido.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
development.
32. The ___ operates on the reality principle; the ___ operates on the morality principle; the ___
operates on the pleasure principle.
a) id; ego; superego
b) ego; superego; id
c) superego; ego; id
d) ego; id; superego
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
development.
33. Aaliyah has been studying for a long time. She is hungry and tired. Eventually, she closes
her books, eats something, and goes to bed. The part of the personality that influenced her
behaviour is the
a) conscious.
b) ego.
c) id.
d) superego.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
development.
34. Lee sees a sexually appealing person. Lee's id wants to engage in a sexual relationship with
the person. Which of the following will Lee's ego likely “say” to the id?
a) “Great idea – let's do it!”
b) “No. You can't do it.”
c) “Wait a minute; we have to go on a few dates first.”
d) “Shame on you; what are you thinking?”
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
development.
35. Luther sees a toy that he wants in the store, but he doesn’t have enough money. He decides
to do some jobs around the house and save up until he has enough. What aspect of his
personality is working out all these details, so he can get the toy?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) conscious
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
development.
36. In a healthy personality, Freud believed that

a) the superego chooses the best course of action, considering the reality of the situation.
b) the ego stops the id from satisfying its impulses.
c) the id, ego, and superego are equally powerful.
d) the ego acts as a mediator between the id and the superego.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 14
development.
37. Which part of the personality operates on the reality principle?

a) authentic mind
b) id
c) ego
d) superego
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
development.
38. The reality principle states that

a) it is not always possible or acceptable to have all desires met.
b) the ego's job is to keep the personality from losing touch with reality.
c) unconscious forces are realistically always going to influence personality.
d) having to deal with other people is a reality of human existence.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
development.
39. The superego's view of which behaviours are acceptable is based on

a) an understanding of society's laws.
b) an internalization of values that are unconsciously adopted.
c) a desire to avoid punishment.
d) universal standards of moral behaviour.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
development.
40. Stephanie snooped through her boyfriend's desk because she thought he was cheating on
her. She didn't find anything suspicious and wishes she hadn't done it. Now, Stephanie is
having trouble sleeping. Which part of the personality is keeping Stephanie awake?
a) id
b) ego
c) superego
d) It's hard to say, since Stephanie’s behaviour is unconscious.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
development.
41. If the ego is NOT able to find compromises between the id and the superego, what is likely
to happen, according to Freud?
a) The needs of the id will win out.
b) The conscience and the superego will win out.
c) The ego will repress everything.
d) The person may become neurotic.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
development.
42. According to Freud, the most basic human drives are

a) libido and morality.
b) conscious and unconscious.
c) sex and aggression.
d) pleasure and guilt.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
development.
43. According to Freud the ___ is a pleasure-producing area of the body.

a) erogenous zone
b) psychosexual sector
c) Oedipal zone
d) fixated genital region
Personality 12 - 16
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
development.
44. According to Freud, the psychosexual stage that occurs when someone is 3–6 years of age
is called
a) oral.
b) anal.
c) phallic.
d) latency.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
development.
45. The correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages is

a) oral, latency, genital, anal, phallic.
b) oral, anal phallic, genital, latency.
c) oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency.
d) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
development.
46. Which of the following stages are part of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) all of the above
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
development.
47. Which of the following conflicts is correctly matched with the stage?
a) phallic; identification with the same-sex parent
b) latency; repression of sexual impulses
c) anal; weaning
d) genital; attraction to opposite-sex parent
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
development.
48. Nikola chews incessantly on her finger nails, and when she’s NOT doing that she’s smoking
or chewing on pens. According to Freud, at what stage of psychosexual development would
Nikola be fixated?
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) latency
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
development.
49. Aurora is arguing with her boyfriend. “I am tired of your stubborn, controlling attitude! Not
only that, but your insistence that everything has to be kept spotless is driving me crazy!” Based
on Aurora’s comments, it is likely that her boyfriend is fixated at Freud’s ___ stage.
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) genital
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
development.
Personality 12 - 18
50. Fenna is becoming just like her mother. She wants to dress like her mother, and she’s taken
an interest in all the activities that her mother does: gardening, mowing the lawn, and carpentry.
According to Freud, what psychosexual stage is Fenna likely in?
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) latency
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
development.
51. Erik is becoming just like his father. He wants to dress like him, and has taken an interest in
all his father’s jobs around the house: cooking, making house repairs, and fixing the car. What
psychosexual stage is Erik likely in, according to Freud?
a) oral
b) anal
c) phallic
d) latency
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
development.
52. Bruni works for a large corporation. He is suspicious of his male boss and puts a lot of effort
into proving that he is better than his male coworkers. Which of the following is most likely
Bruni’s problem?
a) Bruni has penis envy.
b) Bruni is fixated at the latency stage.
c) Bruni is fixated at the phallic stage.
d) Bruni is psychotic.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
development.
53. The latency period is characterized by

a) repression of sexual impulses.
b) the need to avoid becoming fixated.
c) the development of castration anxiety in the boy and penis envy in the girl.
d) excessive neatness or stubbornness.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
development.
54. Twenty-year-old Sasha smokes and drinks a lot, and tends to be verbally aggressive and
sarcastic. Sasha is most likely fixated at the ___ stage.
a) anal
b) genital
c) phallic
d) oral
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
development.
55. The Oedipus complex happens to ___ at the ___ stage of development.
a) girls; genital
b) girls; phallic
c) boys; genital
d) boys; phallic
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
development.
56. According to Freud, a defence mechanism that involves refusing to acknowledge something
unpleasant is called
Personality 12 - 20
a) repression.
b) rationalization.
c) displacement.
d) denial.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
development.
57. Maisie has an argument with her boyfriend. When she returns to her apartment, she yells at
her roommate for drinking the last of the milk. Maisie’s behaviour exhibits the defence
mechanism referred to as
a) sublimation.
b) denial.
c) displacement.
d) reaction formation.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
development.
58. Felix finds a wallet with $350.00 in it. Although the wallet has the owner’s identification
inside, Felix decides to keep the money because he tells himself that it is the owner’s fault for
losing the wallet. After all, the owner should NOT have been so careless. Felix’s behaviour is an
example of which defence mechanism?
a) sublimation
b) denial
c) rationalization
d) reaction formation
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
development.
59. Larissa has hostile impulses and expresses them by becoming a reporter who ruins the
careers of others with the stories that she writes. Larissa’s defence mechanism is called
a) reaction formation.
b) denial.
c) projection.
d) sublimation.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
development.
60. Lucy just found out that she has cancer in her spine. When she tells her family about it, she
is completely unemotional, and just explains her situations in medical terms only, including her
symptoms and treatment. What defence mechanism is Lucy likely using?
a) projection
b) intellectualization
c) regression
d) identification
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
development.
61. Estelle just found out that she didn’t get the promotion she’s been working toward. In
frustration, she picks up her trash can and hurls it across the room. What defence mechanism is
Estelle most likely using?
a) projection
b) intellectualization
c) regression
d) identification
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
development.
62. According to Freud, defence mechanisms are used to

a) protect us from anxiety.
b) resolve conflicts between the id and the superego.
Personality 12 - 22
c) prevent us from becoming fixated at various stages.

d) help us resolve our unconscious conflicts.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
development.
63. Gracie is pregnant, but her boyfriend has deserted her. She really doesn't want this baby,
but she has the baby and keeps it. After the baby is born, Gracie turns into “supermom” and
spends all her energies on the baby, and tells everyone she meets how much she loves her
child. Which defence mechanism is Gracie using?
a) displacement
b) reaction formation
c) denial
d) regression
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
development.
64. George and Harry were two little boys who took pleasure in tormenting little creatures. As
adults, George becomes an exterminator and Harry goes to work for an animal activist
organization. As adults, George is using the defence mechanism ___ and Harry is using the
defence mechanism ___.
a) repression; reaction formation
b) denial; sublimation
c) sublimation; rationalization
d) sublimation; reaction formation
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
development.
65. Which of the following people is most clearly using the defence mechanism projection?
a) Colette, who yells at her husband after she had a difficult day at work
b) Cody, who justifies his problem drinking by saying, “I'm just being sociable”
c) Biren, who is wrestling with his own sexual identity and makes derogatory remarks about any
man he suspects of being gay
d) Liang, who yells and gestures at other drivers who are “in her way”
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
development.
66. Madhu forgot her dentist appointment, even though the dentist's office reminded her the day
before. Madhu is most clearly using
a) repression.
b) intellectualization.
c) denial.
d) rationalization.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
development.
67. Dirk is embarrassed about his arrest as a teenager for being a “peeping Tom.” If Dirk were
to use a defence mechanism to overcome his anxiety over the event, which pair would be
correctly matched?
a) priest or minister; sublimation
b) manager of an “adult entertainment” bar; repression
c) human sexuality researcher; displacement
d) prosecuting attorney for sex crimes; projection
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
development.
68. Which of the following statements describes a key weakness of psychoanalytic theory?
a) None of Freud's patients were ever helped.
b) It generalizes to everyone.
c) It is derived from Freud's dated sexist beliefs.
d) It lacks predictive power.
Personality 12 - 24
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
development.
69. Much of the current criticism of Freud's theory stems from the fact that
a) he spent too much time talking about sexual issues.
b) his theory is difficult to test.
c) Freud overestimated how much influence parents had on child development.
d) most psychologists do not believe in unconscious processes.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
Bloomcode: Evaluation
development.
70. Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Freud’s theory?

a) It is untestable.
b) It has not held up to scientific testing.
c) The theory is based on very few observations from a select population.
d) Studies have not found evidence for defence mechanisms.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
development.
71. In what way were the ideas of the neo-Freudians like Freud’s ideas?
a) They all agree that human functioning is shaped by dynamic psychological forces.
b) They all agree that culture is a major determinant of personality development.
c) They all attempted to focus on biological forces that play on personality.
d) They all believed that anxiety is the major contributor to later neuroses.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
development.
72. Adler believed that

a) humans have not only a personal unconscious, but also a collective unconscious.
b) Freud's concept of penis envy was more accurately described as social envy.
c) conscious thoughts were more important to human behaviour than sexual needs.
d) humans are basically good and work toward self-actualization.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
development.
73. Ona’s mother was highly critical of her when she was a child, often telling her she NEVER
did anything right. Now, as an adult, Ona works long hours to prove that she is better at her job
than her coworkers. Which of the following best accounts for Ona’s behaviour?
a) Freud’s theory of the defence mechanism of reaction formation
b) Adler’s theory of how feelings of inferiority lead to over-compensation
c) Jung’s theory that the unconscious includes drives toward joy and internal harmony
d) Karen Horney’s theory that basic anxiety that develops in childhood leads to neuroses
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
development.
74. According to Jung, what form do shared memories from the collective unconscious take on?
a) free will
b) emotions
c) archetypes
d) personal unconscious
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
development.
Personality 12 - 26
75. According to Carl Jung, archetypes are

a) symbols and images that appear in all cultures.
b) the root cause of basic anxiety.
c) a storehouse of memories shared by all humans.
d) a result of our attempts to overcome inferiority.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
development.
76. According to Jung, the coherent whole that results from integrating the conscious and
unconscious minds is called the
a) collective unconscious.
b) self.
c) archetype.
d) psychodynamic imperative.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
development.
77. This theorist believed that cultural differences play a more significant role in development
than Freud acknowledged.
a) Rogers
b) Jung
c) Adler
d) Horney
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
development.
78. According to Karen Horney, penis envy was actually ___.

a) women’s desire to have a penis
b) women’s sexual feelings toward their fathers
c) women’s envy of men’s power
d) women’s envy of their mother’s relationship with their father
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Bloomcode: Compensation
development.
79. What was Karen Horney’s greatest disagreement with Freud’s ideas?
a) that the unconscious influences behaviour
b) that events in childhood can leave lasting impressions
c) that concepts that shape development are universal and don’t vary across cultures
d) that dealing with a lot of anxiety can lead to neuroses
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
development.
80. The Myers-Briggs personality test (MBTI) is based on ___ theory.

a) Freud's
b) Adler's
c) Jung's
d) Horney's
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
development.
81. In what way did Jung’s theory differ from Freud’s ideas?
a) Jung had less emphasis on sexual and aggressive forces and more on drives toward joy and
creativity.
b) Jung had less acknowledgement of the unconscious as having a major influence on
behaviour.
c) Jung placed less importance on a search for harmony.
d) Jung viewed the unconscious as a singular structure.
Answer: a
Personality 12 - 28
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
development.
82. With which of Freud’s ideas did Carl Jung agree with unquestionably?
a) that the unconscious had a major influence on behaviour
b) that much of the unconscious contains sexual and aggressive urges
c) that the unconscious is a singular structure
d) that unconscious urges do not include creativity and harmony
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
development.
83. Sami has been living on the streets for almost 2 years. He begs for money to buy food, and
every night looks for a shelter, so he can sleep somewhere warm. According to Maslow, Sami
would be
a) improving his living situation, and so is moving up the hierarchy of needs.
b) using many of his talents and capabilities to survive on the street, so is achieving self-
actualization.
c) fulfilling his basic physiological needs, so is probably somewhere in the middle of the
hierarchy of needs.
d) struggling to fulfill his basic physiological needs, so is at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
84. According to Csikszentmihalyi, what are the feelings associated with peak experiences?
a) conditions of worth
b) unconditional positive regard
c) unconscious impulses associated with gratifying basic needs
d) joy and a suspended sense of time and reality
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
85. Nadya enjoys going to the opera. Even though she does NOT understand the language in
which the songs are sung, she finds that she is always moved to tears by the emotion of the
music and performance. Which of the following might best describe Nadya’s experience at the
opera?
a) a collective unconscious experience
b) self-actualization
c) a peak experience
d) an experience of self-concept
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
86. Maslow believed that we could learn a great deal about human behaviour by studying which
group?
a) depressed individuals
b) well-adjusted people
c) children
d) women
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
87. According to Maslow, when would a person address higher-level needs, such as self-
actualization?
a) after they have re-evaluated their conditions of worth
b) once they have received unconditional positive regard
c) after all their basic needs are met
d) once they have a positive self-concept
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
88. After spending 27 years in prison for fighting to free his country from apartheid, Nelson
Personality 12 - 30
Mandela rose to become President of South Africa, win the Nobel Peace Prize, and was one of
the most respected persons in the world prior to his death. Mandela could be considered to
have achieved ___.
a) positive conditions of worth
b) self-actualization
c) the collective unconscious
d) a peak experience
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
89. Hugo is a novelist who has sold millions of books all over the world. He lives, however, on a
small farm in the middle of Northern Ontario with his wife and three dogs. He spends his days
tending to his garden, biking with his dogs, and writing. Recently, he and his wife have signed
up for an online cooking class, and they enjoy shopping for fresh ingredients at the markets,
then spending the day cooking a perfect meal followed by sitting down to savour it. What would
Maslow say about Hugo?
a) He has a stable self-concept.
b) He has received unconditional positive regard.
c) He does not have any conditions of worth.
d) He is self-actualized.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
90. The full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities is called
a) a peak experience.
b) self-concept.
c) unconditional positive regard.
d) self-actualization.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
91. Maslow believed that we can learn the most about the human condition by
a) studying “normal” or typical people.
b) studying those with psychological problems.

c) paying attention to the unconscious symbols in our collective ancestry.
d) creating an atmosphere of openness, honesty, and freedom from judgment.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
92. Which of the following people is most inconsistent with Maslow's theory?
a) After Adrienne married a wealthy businessman, she became extensively involved in many
her husband's charitable causes.
b) Sebastian is a “starving artist” who lives in a small, cold apartment that he can barely afford.
He creates beautiful paintings.
c) Ji-a works in a factory. She saves a little bit from each paycheque so that she can take a
vacation once a year.
d) Rhys dropped out of school to look after his younger siblings after their parents died.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
93. According to Carl Rogers, we need ___ to develop a healthy self-concept.

a) conditions of worth
b) positive psychology
c) unconditional positive regard
d) self-actualization
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
94. Carl Rogers would argue that the main cause of an individual’s dysfunctional behaviour is
a) unconscious impulses.
b) conditions of worth.
c) unconditional positive regard.
d) not achieving self-actualization.
Answer: b
Personality 12 - 32
Difficulty: Easy
95. According to Rogers, what is the root cause of a person’s maladaptive functioning?
a) unconscious impulses
b) conditions of worth
c) unconditional positive regard
d) not achieving self-actualization
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
96. According to Carl Rogers, healthy self-concepts develop when children receive
a) unconditional positive regard.
b) self-actualization.
c) positive reinforcement.
d) peak experiences.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
97. Sheng got into a fight at school. His parents are NOT very happy. Which of the following
statements reflects a condition of worth?
a) “We're not very happy with your behaviour, but we still love you.”
b) “You are grounded for two weeks, and we are going to talk about this situation after we eat
dinner.”
c) “Everyone gets into trouble sometimes, but we don't want this situation to be repeated.”
d) “You are going to your room and not coming out until you apologize.”
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
98. Frannie is 4 years old and decided that her 2 year old sister needed a haircut. Particularly,
her ringlets needed to come off, and she needed a very short boy’s haircut. Frannie
accomplished this with her mother’s sewing scissors. When her parents saw what had
happened, they let Frannie know that her behaviour was awful, but they made sure that she
knew that they always loved her, no matter what. According to Rogers, how is this likely to affect
Frannie’s development?
a) She will be spoiled.
b) She will not understand consequences of her behaviour.
c) She will develop a healthy self-concept.
d) She will have many conditions of worth.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
99. Luis is trying out for the school play. His new girlfriend usually gets the starring role, and he
is worried that she won’t like him anymore if he doesn’t get a part. According to Rogers, what is
Luis’s problem?
a) He has unconditional positive regard.
b) He has a delusional self-concept.
c) He has conditions of worth.
d) He is approaching self-actualization.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
100. Yuito is struggling with his grades this term in high school. He has always been a good
student, but this year he’s joined a rep hockey team and he’s starring in the school play. He
didn’t have time to devote to studying. And now he’s worried that his parents will be
disappointed in him once they see his grades. They’ll realize he’s a bad student, blame him for
all the extra activities he’s doing, and they’ll shun him from the rest of the family. According to
Rogers, what is wrong with Yuito?
a) He has unconditional positive regard.
b) He has a healthy self-concept.
c) He has conditions of worth.
d) He is approaching self-actualization.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Personality 12 - 34
101. Rogers and Maslow are similar in that

a) they both believe that human nature is basically positive.
b) they both emphasize the role that parents play in developing self-concept.
c) they both believe that individuals grow because of peak experiences.
d) they both believe that we strive to overcome inferiority.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
102. What is the difference between Maslow’s theory and Rogers’ theory of human nature?
a) Maslow’s theory is centred around conscious experiences and Rogers’ theory is centred
around unconscious experiences.
b) Maslow’s theory is focused on the self-concept and Rogers’ theory is focused on the self-
image.
c) Maslow’s theory is built around a hierarchy of needs and Rogers’ theory is built around a self-
concept.
d) Maslow’s theory involves unconditional positive regard and Rogers’ theory involves
conditional reinforcement.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
103. While Maslow’s theory of human nature is built around ___, Rogers’ theory is built around
___.
a) conscious experiences; unconscious experiences
b) the self-concept; the self-image
c) a hierarchy of needs; a self-concept
d) unconditional positive regard; conditional positive regard
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
104. What is the difference between Maslow and Rogers’ concept of personality?
a) Maslow described personality as revolving around needs while Rogers thought of personality
as revolving around the self.

b) Maslow viewed personality as centreing around our self-concept while Rogers thought of
personality as centreing around conditions of worth.
c) Maslow saw personality as striving toward self-actualization while Rogers say personality as
striving toward conditions of worth.
d) Maslow described personality as containing peak experiences while Rogers described
personality as containing solitary experiences.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
105. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of humanistic theories?

a) They are overly positive and ignore psychological dysfunction.
b) They put too much emphasis on the conflict within the personality.
c) They contain abstract concepts that are difficult to test.
d) They are overly simplistic.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
106. Freida is going to graduate school in clinical psychology so that she can help people one
day. However, all her classes are about the negative side of the human mind, and all of the
different kinds of disorders and treatments. She thinks that it would be much more helpful to
people if the focus was on how to live well, and to study people who are currently happy and
see how they do it. What area of psychology should Freida be studying instead of clinical
psychology?
a) positive psychology
b) meditative psychology
c) transcendental psychology
d) unconditional psychology
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
107. Dr. Maleki is a clinical psychologist who is tired of working for a field that focuses all of its
energy on the negative side of the human mind. Instead, Dr. Maleki wants to learn from people
Personality 12 - 36
who are living well, people who are happy, and people who enjoy their life. What area of
psychology should Dr. Maleki investigate?
a) positive psychology
b) meditative psychology
c) transcendental psychology
d) unconditional psychology
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
108. Which of the following individuals would be in the field of positive psychology?
a) Drisco, who studies how positive thinking can have a beneficial effect on health
b) Liam, who studies happy people and the qualities that they share
c) Pol, who studies how positive consequences can shape future behaviour
d) Figaro, who studies how a healthy lifestyle can have positive effects on longevity
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
109. Which of the following individuals would be in the field of positive psychology?
a) Thibault who studies how positive ions alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety
b) Mackenzie who studies what factors make people feel the most satisfied with their lives
c) Finn who studies the use of positive reinforcement as a learning tool to change behaviour
d) Jax who studies the best way to achieve perfect health
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
110. Personality traits are defined as

a) the tendency to respond in one of five ways to a given stimulus.
b) a fundamental dimension of personality made up of a related cluster.
c) a tendency to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations.
d) an inherent response pattern that is triggers by specific situation.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
111. The tendency to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations is
called
a) temperament.
b) tendencies.
c) personality traits.
d) personalized response tendencies.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
112. Since she was an infant, Daisy has been moody and exhibited symptoms of melancholy.
Her disposition has been relatively constant across situations as well. Which tendency best
describes her?
a) personality state
b) personality trait
c) central trait
d) transient state
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
113. Personal characteristics that affect a broad range of an individual's behaviour are called
a) essential traits.
b) central tendencies.
c) central traits.
d) superfactors.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 38
114. Gordon Allport believed all the following EXCEPT that

a) behaviour is not necessarily related to unconscious tensions.
b) the present is more important than the past in understanding personality.
c) individuals are unique and unified.
d) without society's rules, behaviour can become unhealthy and disorganized.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
115. Factor analysis is

a) a statistical method for analyzing correlations between variables.
b) a list of the five factors central to trait theory.
c) a scale for assessing people's personality traits.
d) an analysis of the correlation between personality traits and underlying biological tendencies.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
116. Eysenck's three superfactors are

a) extraversion, sociability, and psychoticism.
b) psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism.
c) introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
d) neuroticism, assertiveness, and extraversion.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
117. Eysenck's trait of impulsivity is related to which superfactor?

a) psychoticism
b) extroversion
c) sociability
d) assertiveness.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
118. Beau's friends describe him as impulsive and assertive. Which of Eysenck's superfactors
does he most likely possess?
a) extraversion
b) introversion
c) neuroticism
d) psychoticism
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
119. Nadalia is a quiet employee who is always punctual and seldom argues, even if she feels
others are wrong. She often thinks deeply on topics such as social justice and world politics.
Which of Eysenck’s superfactors would Nadalia’s traits fall under?
a) extraversion
b) neuroticism
c) psychoticism
d) openness
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
120. Beatrice is adopted and is wondering whether her personality is the way it is because she
inherited those traits or because she learned them from her adoptive parents. Which bit of
evidence supports the idea that she inherited her personality?
a) there is no difference between fraternal twins and identical twins on personality scores
b) identical twins raised together are more similar in personality scores than identical twins
Personality 12 - 40
raised apart
c) identical twins raised apart are more similar in personality scores than fraternal twins raised
together
d) fraternal twins raised apart differ more in personality scores than identical twins raised
together
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
121. When Harlow encounters even the smallest of stressors, she becomes extremely anxious
and upset. She believes that negative events in her life occur because she is destined to
experience bad luck. Which of Eyesenck’s superfactors would encompass Harlow’s traits?
a) extraversion
b) psychoticism
c) neuroticism
d) openness
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
122. Which of the following does NOT demonstrate one of Eysenck’s contributions to
personality theory?
a) Maddie and Jade are identical twins and are both very outgoing and impulsive.
b) Chen, from China, is very passive, whereas Luanne, from Canada, usually stands up for the
things she wants.
c) Bettina and Charlene are identical twins who were adopted at birth and raised in different
homes. They have developed very different personalities.
d) Thomas is a personality researcher who uses factor analysis.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
123. Jacques was often described as a person who often made those around him feel
uncomfortable. On which attribute of the five-factor model would he most likely obtain a
particularly low score?
a) agreeableness
b) extraversion
c) neuroticism
d) introversion
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
124. Naomi is very organized with her work and home life, and she is extremely punctual. Which
of the five factors of personality would she score high on?
a) openness
b) conscientiousness
c) agreeableness
d) neuroticism
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
125. Zaid is described by others as a very calm guy. He NEVER seems to get emotional, no
matter what the situation, and he is always secure in his own skin. Which of the five factors of
personality would Zaid score low on?
a) openness
c) agreeableness
d) neuroticism
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
126. Ayah described by others as an independent thinker, one who is curious and seeks
answers to her own questions. She is also very creative and imaginative in her problem solving.
Personality 12 - 42
Which of the five factors would Ayah score high on?

a) openness
c) agreeableness
d) neuroticism
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
127. Angelica is a very talented artist, however, her art studio it is so messy and disorganized, it
is difficult to understand how she can find anything. According to the five-factor model, Angelica
would probably score ___, and ___.
a) high on extraversion; low on openness
b) high on extraversion; high on openness
c) high on openness; low on conscientiousness
d) high on consciousness; low on extraversion
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
128. What would you predict about the level of conscientiousness that someone would show
across similar situations and different situations?
a) They would show various levels of conscientiousness across similar situations and across
different situations.
b) They would show various levels of conscientiousness across similar situations and similar
levels of conscientiousness across different situations.
c) They would show similar levels of conscientiousness across similar situations but different
levels of conscientiousness across different situations.
d) They would show similar levels of conscientiousness across similar situations and across
different situations.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
129. Suppose you know someone’s conscientiousness score. If you tested them in a
comparable situation, they should show ___ levels of conscientiousness; if you tested them in a
different situation, they should show ___ levels of conscientiousness.
a) different; different
b) different; similar
c) similar; different
d) similar; similar
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
130. Gloria is extremely agreeable when it comes to letting her friends choose their vacation
destination. Based on this, what can we predict about how agreeable she is about having her
friends borrow her things and allowing her friends to choose the restaurant?
a) She is likely to both have her friends borrow her things and allow them to choose the
restaurant.
b) She is likely to allow her friends to choose the restaurant but not necessarily allow them to
borrow her things.
c) She is not necessarily likely to allow her friends to choose the restaurant, but she is likely to
allow them to borrow her things.
d) Her tendency to do these other behaviours is unpredictable from one measure of
agreeableness.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
131. Caden’s friends often talk to him about their problems. They find that he always remains
calm in an emergency, and seems to have his own life very much in order. Which attribute of
the five-factor model would best describe Caden?
a) high on openness
b) high on agreeableness
c) low on agreeableness
d) low on neuroticism
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Personality 12 - 44
132. Which of the following corresponds to the five-factor theory of personality?

a) introversion, neuroticism, sociability, openness, psychoticism
b) openness, introversion, practicality, punctuality, conscientiousness
c) neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness
d) extraversion, emotionality, impulsivity, neuroticism, agreeableness
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
133. Which of the following is NOT one of the traits from the five-factor theory?
a) openness
c) agreeableness
d) psychoticism
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
134. In what way is Eysenck’s theory of personality like the five-factor model of personality?
a) They both include the broad traits of extroversion and neuroticism.
b) They both agree that personality traits will be unstable over time.
c) They both assume that personality traits vary across situations.
d) They both emphasize the trait of agreeableness.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
135. Research has shown that all the following are true about traits EXCEPT that
a) traits are stable and consistent over time.

b) between three and five of the “Big Five” personality traits can be found across all cultures.
c) traits are powerful and difficult to disguise.
d) traits are not always stable across situations.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
136. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of trait theorists?

a) People have innate tendencies to respond to situations in specific ways.
b) Response tendencies can be grouped to form broad habits.
c) Broad habits are modifiable with experience.
d) Trait theories are scientifically testable.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
137. Trait theories assume all the following EXCEPT

a) that people have innate tendencies to respond to situations in specific ways.
b) that response tendencies can be grouped to form broad habits.
c) that broad habits are modifiable with experience.
d) that trait theories are scientifically testable.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
138. The idea that behaviour is governed primarily by environmental circumstances rather than
by traits is called
a) behaviourism.
b) situationism.
c) interactionism.
d) reciprocal determinism.
Personality 12 - 46
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
139. Which three factors interact in reciprocal determinism?

a) thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
b) self-efficacy, social environment, and physical abilities
c) external environment, mental events, and behaviour
d) consciousness, unconsciousness, and preconsciousness
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
140. Recently, interactionist theorists have realized that personality shows disposition-situation
consistency. In other words,
a) the same situation can trigger different personality traits.
b) different personality traits are typically observed to the same situation over time.
c) personality traits don’t change with different situations.
d) certain situations trigger certain personality traits, and these show consistencies over time.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
141. According to Skinner, what we call personality is simply consistency of ___ tendencies?
a) environmental
b) response
c) latent
d) situational
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
142. Skinner's concept of response tendencies is most closely related to

a) reciprocal determinism.
b) interactionism.
c) situationism.
d) empiricism.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
personality.
143. Poppy is studying with her psychology group by playing ‘Guess the Psychologist’. It’s
Poppy’s turn, and she has to guess the name of the psychologist who would say the following
quote: “There is no such thing as personality per se, just response tendencies to environmental
triggers that have led to good outcomes in the past”. Who would have said that?
a) Skinner
b) Bandura
c) Maslow
d) Mischel
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
personality.
144. Jaida’s friends describe her as a very sensitive, soft-hearted person who cries very easily.
According to Skinner’s view of personality. Jaida ___.
a) would score high on the trait of openness
b) would score high on the trait of agreeableness
c) probably received comfort from a parent when she cried during early childhood
d) is fixated in the phallic stage
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
personality.
Personality 12 - 48
145. Which of the following best demonstrates the situationist perspective of personality?
a) Diego volunteers at a homeless centre three times a week because he finds it rewarding.
b) Guillem volunteers at a homeless centre three times a week because he is very high on the
trait of agreeableness.
c) Julian volunteers at a homeless shelter three times a week because he fears becoming
homeless himself.
d) Damian volunteers at a homeless shelter three times a week because, as a child, his parents
took him with them when they volunteered at a homeless shelter.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
personality.
146. Which of the following theorists best exemplifies the interactionist position?
a) Skinner
b) Eysenck
c) Allport
d) Bandura
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
147. Shelby has decided to learn skydiving. Which of the following explanations would an
interactionist put forth for Shelby’s decision?
a) Selby observed his father skydive, and engaged in similar behaviour.
b) Selby has partaken in other risky hobbies and found it very rewarding.
c) Selby is an extrovert and is, therefore, drawn to exciting activities.
d) Selby is high on self-efficacy and believed he could do it.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
personality.
148. Aleix is about to try walking on stilts for the first time. Although he has NEVER tried this, he
is very confident that he will pick it up quickly, based on his performance on similar tasks.
According to Bandura, Aleix has high
a) reciprocal determinism.
b) levels of modelling.
c) self-efficacy.
d) response tendencies.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
personality.
149. Yuki works hard in school and gets very good grades. According to the situationist
perspective, why would Yuki be working so hard?
a) because she believes that it will make her smarter
b) because she believes that she is smart, and she has to prove it to others
c) because she has an excellent work ethic
d) because she has been rewarded for working hard in the past
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
personality.
150. Ameer works hard in school and gets very good grades. According to the interactionist
perspective, why would Ameer be working so hard?
a) because this is what he has learned through observational learning
b) because of reciprocal determinism
c) because of his degree of self-efficacy
d) because of innate response tendencies
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
personality.
151. In what way are the situationist and interactionist perspectives similar?
a) They both emphasize disposition-situation consistency.
Personality 12 - 50
b) They both acknowledge the influence of the situation.

c) They both acknowledge the influence of internal personality traits.
d) They both agree that personality is consistent across situations.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
personality.
152. One of the biggest advantages of the interactionist perspective of personality is that
a) it uses a modern definition of ‘reinforcer’.
b) it focuses on personality variables to explain behaviour.
c) the emphasis on observable variables makes it readily testable.
d) the acknowledgement of situational factors helps explain behavioural instability.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
personality.
153. What was the biggest problem with the situationist perspective?
a) It supposes that behaviour is the result of a situational factor that is independent of inner
personality.
b) Reinforcement preferences change over time.
c) It is not possible to test it empirically.
d) It doesn’t account for how we can learn from others.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
personality.
154. How does the interactionist perspective differ from the situationist perspective?
a) The interactionist perspective uses a modern definition of reinforcement, while the situationist
perspective uses a traditional definition of reinforcement.
b) The interactionist perspective encompasses multiple points of view, while the situationist
perspective is just one point of view.
c) The interactionist perspective has undergone many revisions, while the situationist
perspective has not.
d) The interactionist perspective acknowledges the relationship between traits and situations,
while the situationist perspective ignores traits.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
personality.
155. Which of the following situations is the best example of Bandura's concept of reciprocal
determinism?
a) Jasbir knows that if he cleans up his room, his mother will give him ice cream. He cleans up
his room more often than he used to.
b) Reney goes jogging every day because exercising makes her feel more energetic. She jogs 2
miles every day.
c) Mia used to be shy, but she has discovered that she is good at chess, and is now making
friends in the chess club at school. She hopes to be this year's chess champion.
d) Arun does all his math homework, and is getting good grades on his math exams this year.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
personality.
156. Ariba has sent out dozens of applications and has gone to five job interviews, but still has
NOT found a job. Ariba remains optimistic that even in a difficult economy, she has the skills
and determination to land a great job. Ariba is high in
a) response tendencies.
b) self-efficacy.
c) reciprocal determinism.
d) extraversion.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
personality.
157. The idea that personality is influenced by the interaction of internal mental events,
behaviour, and the external environment is called ___.
a) reciprocal determinism
Personality 12 - 52
b) interactionism
c) disposition-situation consistency
d) situationalism
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
158. Which of the following is an example of reciprocal determinism?

a) Harper doesn’t bother practicing her dance routine for the contest because she believes she
is a natural born dancer and that she will win based on her talents alone.
b) Ifan studies hard for his final exams because he is terrified that he won’t get into graduate
school.
c) Alonso goes for a jog and runs his hardest to deal with the stress he is facing at work.
d) Petra works hard at the law firm because she believes that she does a great job and because
doing a great job in the past has been rewarding for her.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
159. The statement “Padmini is always much more outgoing than her brother, Ajit, when it
comes to sports, but Padmini is always more reserved and quiet than Ajit is at school” is typical
of which perspective?
a) reciprocal determinism
b) interactionism
c) disposition-situation consistency
d) situationalism
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
personality.
160. Mila has noticed that her niece is very outgoing at her soccer game but NOT at all with her
class. What is this seeming discrepant observation about Mila’s niece’s personality called?
a) behaviour-trait consistency
b) disposition-situation consistency
c) response tendencies
d) reciprocal determinism
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
personality.
161. Patrick is participating in an experiment in which he has to view violent scenes while his
brain is being imaged. What are the researchers likely to find in the brain areas responsible for
regulating aggression?
a) Patrick’s brain will respond more and more to the violent scenes over time.
b) Patrick’s brain will respond less and less to the violent scenes over time.
c) Patrick’s brain will not change in response to the violent scenes over time.
d) Patrick’s brain will initially respond more to the violent scenes and then less over time.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
personality.
162. Which of the following behaviours has conscientiousness been used to predict?
a) self-esteem
b) absenteeism
c) biological predispositions
d) extraversion
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
each.
163. Researchers recommend treating pop-culture personality quizzes as entertainment, NOT

as scientifically accurate, because
a) they may cause people personal distress if not administered with the possibility of debriefing.
b) the subject matter rarely relates to real-life situations.
c) they are often developed by people who want to gather information about you for illegal
purposes.
Personality 12 - 54
d) they do not usually undergo any type of testing or research.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
each.
164. Which of the following is true about the MMPI?

a) It is a projective test.
b) The items on the test were empirically derived to determine their ability to predict personality
types.
c) It requires subjective interpretation by the test administrator.
d) It is not used very often because it is difficult to administer.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
each.
165. Odelia’s therapist suspects that she has a personality disorder. Which of the following tests
would the therapist most likely use to confirm this impression?
a) MMPI
b) NEO-PI-R
c) Rorschach
d) TAT
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
each.
166. Nelson took the NEO-PI-R personality test and scored very high on conscientiousness.
Based on this, what can we predict, based on the research discussed in your text?
a) Nelson’s conscientiousness score will not remain stable across similar situations, but it will
across different situations.
b) Nelson’s conscientiousness score will remain stable across his lifespan.
c) Nelson will have a longer lifespan than if he had scored low on conscientiousness.
d) Nelson will have a more active social life than if he had scored low on conscientiousness.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
each.
167. Which of the following tests contains items simply because they have high predictive
value?
a) TAT
b) NEO-PI-R
c) Rorschach Inkblot Test
d) MMPI
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
each.
168. Laia is taking a personality test. She is given over 500 questions and asked to indicate
whether she agrees or disagrees with the statements on the test. Which test is Laia taking?
a) Rorschach
b) NEO-PI-R
c) TAT
d) MMPI
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
each.
169. The NEO-personality inventory is designed to

a) evaluate traits from three superfactors.
b) assess maladaptive aspects of personality.
c) tap into the unconscious mind.
d) force participants to project structure and meaning onto ambiguous images.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 56
each.
170. Which of the following is NOT a concern with using personality inventories as an indicator
of personality?
a) They typically involve self-report, so are not accurate.
b) They are not used often enough to be correctly standardized.
c) They can be misused or not applied correctly.
d) They may be subject to social desirability responding.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
each.
171. Abril is the Human Resource Manager of the Triple-City Electrical Company. She has been
asked to hire a new accounting clerk, and is thinking of using a personality test to help select
the best candidate for the job. Which of the following tests would you suggest she use?
a) MMPI – it will indicate if there are any psychological disorders.
b) NEO-PI_R – it will indicate how conscientious an employee the candidate will be.
c) Rorschach – it will indicate if there are any serious personality issues.
d) None of the above. Personality tests are not a reliable predictor of job performance.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
each.
172. Drew is completing a personality inventory. For one question, “I am always happy”, he
responds “True”. On another question, “Sometimes I feel sad”, he responds “False”. These two
questions are an example of ___.
a) reliability items
b) social response items
c) validity items
d) projective items
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
each.
173. The Rorschach test measures personality by

a) asking the person to explain what they see in a series of ambiguous pictures.
b) asking the person about the various traits they possess.
c) asking the person to agree or disagree with a series of questions.
d) asking the person to explain what they see in a set of inkblots.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
each.
174. All the following are characteristics of projective tests EXCEPT that
a) they rely on clinicians' judgment for analysis.
b) they have a validity scale built into them that guards against socially-desirable responses.
c) they include the Rorschach and the TAT.
d) they have problems with reliability.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
each.
175. While some clinicians rely on the use of projective tests to assess personality, a remaining
issue pointed out by many others is that
a) the self-reports in projective tests may be inaccurate.
b) projective tests may uncover repressed conflicts.
c) projective tests have low validity and reliability.
d) projective tests have no systematic scoring key.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
each.
176. Hamish is taking a personality test that is presenting him with inkblot drawings and he has
Personality 12 - 58
to provide a label for each one as quickly as possible. What test is Hamish most likely taking?
a) MMPI
b) NEO-PI-R
c) Rorschach Test
d) TAT
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
each.
177. Which of the following individuals is taking the MMPI?

a) Roman, who is asked 567 questions that don’t make any intuitive sense
b) Qusai, who is shown inkblots that she has to label
c) David, who is asked questions that obviously assess the five superfactors
d) Jill, who is shown ambiguous drawings of people in different situations and she has to make
up a story about each one
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
each.
178. To assess the degree to which a participant is likely to answer a question in a socially-
desirable way, researchers
a) assess whether the test is measuring what it claims to measure.
b) assess the extent that a participant’s answers would change over time.
c) include some validity items on their questionnaire.
d) report whether the test is reliable.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
each.
179. Jack joins an online dating site and must specify some personal details in his profile.
Although technically he doesn’t have his university degree because he ended up getting a job
right before he finished his last term, he writes that he has his degree. He also says that he
owns his own home, even though he pays rent to stay in his parents’ basement. What issue
about testing does Jack’s answer demonstrate?

a) experimenter bias
b) socially-desirable responding
c) reliability varies across different experimental settings
d) males and females respond to the same testing situation differently
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
each.
180. Which of the following theorists’ philosophies would best support using the Rorschach
test?
a) Skinner
b) Eysenck
c) Maslow
d) Freud
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
each.
181. Olivier was invested in making others view him positively. So, when he took the MMPI-2,
he responded to items in a way that would create a good impression. What is this testing
phenomenon called?
a) correlation
b) social desirability
c) researcher bias
d) lack of reliability
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
each.
182. Which of the following is NOT a type of personality inventory?

a) the TAT
b) the Rorschach
Personality 12 - 60
c) the MMPI
d) the NOE-PI-R
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
each.
183. Kamal is shown a series of ambiguous pictures and asked to tell a story about what is
going on between the people in the picture. Which test is Kamal taking?
a) NEO-PI-R
b) Rorschach
c) TAT
d) MMPI
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
each.
184. Jane is taking a personality test that is asking her questions that are obviously assessing
her on five key factors of personality. For instance, she’s sure that the question “Do you seek
out the company of others?” is measuring extroversion. What test is she most likely taking?
a) MMPI
b) NEO-PI-R
c) Rorschach Inkblot Test
d) TAT
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
each.
185. The main difference between the MMPI and the NEO-PI-R is that the MMPI ___ while the
NEO-PI-R ___.
a) doesn’t have high predictive validity; does
b) doesn’t ask intuitively obvious questions; does
c) is affected by social desirability; isn’t
d) has not undergone many revisions; has
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
each.
186. Based on twin data, what is the heritability coefficient for the openness superfactor?
a).31
b).39
c).51
d).55
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
187. What does a heritability coefficient of.50 mean?

a) that the trait in question is 50% genetic and 50% environmental
b) that 50% of the population scores above average for this trait and 50% scores below
c) that 50% of the variance in personality scores in a population is due to genetics
d) that this trait is normally distributed in the population
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
188. The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart found that

a) both family environment and genetics predicted psychological similarity equally well.
b) genetics were more important than family environment in predicting psychological similarity.
c) family environment was more important than genetics in predicting psychological similarity.
d) the interaction between genes and environment proved to be too intertwined to be able to
draw conclusions.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 62
189. Which of the following traits was found to have the greatest heritability, according to twin
studies?
a) agreeableness
b) warmth
c) excitement
d) openness
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
190. Noah and Joffrey are identical twins. On which of the following will they be least similar?
a) agreeableness
b) excitement
c) warmth
d) openness
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
191. The idea that personality could be determined by examining bumps on a person's skull
was called
a) biopsychology.
b) neurophysiology.
c) neurology.
d) phrenology.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
192. Miranda has an appointment with a new doctor. She is surprised when he runs his hands
over her skull and then comments, “I can tell by this bump on your skull that you are a
perfectionist.” Miranda is likely seeing a doctor who practices ___.
a) Neuropsychology
b) Neurology
c) Phrenology
d) Psychology
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
193. Suppose you’re about to go on a blind date and you learn that your date has right cerebral
hemisphere dominance. Knowing what you do about personality, how would this make you feel
about the upcoming date?
a) Relaxed; you also have right cerebral hemisphere dominance, so you should get along well.
b) Optimistic; you have left cerebral hemisphere dominance, so you should attract each other.
c) Hopeful; your date will be generous, kind, and optimistic.
d) Concerned; your date will display more negative emotions and traits.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
194. All of the following are believed to play a part in the regulation of personality EXCEPT
a) the hypothalamus.
b) hemispheric dominance.
c) the amygdala.
d) neurotransmitters.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
195. Shay has just found his long lost identical twin brother, Brandon. If they were to take a
Personality 12 - 64
personality test, on which trait would you expect their scores to be the most similar?
a) conscientiousness
b) openness
c) agreeableness
d) neuroticism
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
196. Bryce has suffered a brain injury and now is unable to learn about which stimuli around him
he should fear. What brain area was most likely damaged in Bryce?
a) amygdala
b) basal ganglia
c) cerebellum
d) hippocampus
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
197. Sachi has been described by her teacher as being generally sad and withdrawn. Which of
the following would be a feasible explanation of Sachi’s personality?
a) Sachi has an overactive hypothalamus.
b) Sachi has higher than normal levels of dopamine.
c) Sachi has lower levels of activity in her left prefrontal cortex.
d) Sachi has experienced damage to her amygdala.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
198. Koharu is a shy child. According to research, which of the following is likely true for
Koharu?
a) She may have an underactive amygdala.
b) She may have an overactive amygdala.
c) She may be left-brain dominant.

d) She may have too much dopamine.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
199. Agatha’s nine-month-old infant becomes extremely distraught when Agatha leaves the
room, even for a moment. Which of the following is most likely a factor in her baby’s behaviour?
a) The baby has an overactive amygdala.
b) The baby has heightened activity in the right prefrontal cortex.
c) The baby has excessive levels of dopamine.
d) The baby has excessive levels of cortisol.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
200. Omar is an extrovert and generally happy. All the following are likely true for Omar
EXCEPT that
a) Omar is probably left-brain dominant.
b) Omar probably has relatively high levels of serotonin.
c) Omar probably has relatively high levels of cortisol.
d) Omar probably has enough dopamine.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
201. Margot has low levels of dopamine. It is likely that Margot is

a) extroverted.
b) schizophrenic.
c) inhibited.
d) psychotic.
Answer: c
Personality 12 - 66
Difficulty: Medium
202. Based on what you have learned about the relationship between the neural system and
personality, which of the following might you expect to find in a population of violent offenders?
a) They would higher than normal levels of dopamine.
b) They would have higher than normal levels of cortisol.
c) They would higher levels of activity in the left prefrontal cortex.
d) They would have lower than normal levels of serotonin.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
203. Which neurotransmitter helps regulate the “pleasure pathway”?

a) serotonin
b) dopamine
c) acetylcholine
d) epinephrine
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
204. Zara leaves town on her Harley Davidson motorcycle on the slightest whim, gets fired
frequently, and is described by her friends as “living for the moment”. According to the work of
Clark and Watson, which temperament does she display?
a) negative emotionality
b) positive emotionality
c) disinhibition
d) constraint
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
205. According to research, people who score high on Clark and Watson's disinhibition
dimension are more likely to
a) be morning people.
b) to feel anger, contempt, and guilt.
c) lead active lives and exhibit enthusiasm.
d) get poorer grades, perform more poorly at work, and engage in riskier activities.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
206. Becky’s personality type is high on positive emotionality. What does this mean about
Becky’s personality?
a) She experiences peace and has higher levels of satisfaction.
b) She is very social and has a lot of enthusiasm.
c) She has difficulty controlling her emotional responses and tends to be impulsive.
d) She lives for the moment and doesn’t put constraints on herself.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
207. Jordan is very confident and outgoing. He is involved in many different activities. Jordan is
likely to score high on Clark and Watson's ___ scale.
a) negative emotionality
c) disinhibition
d) constraint
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Personality 12 - 68
208. According to Clark and Watson’s personality studies, which of the following might you
expect to find among persons who have a gambling addiction?
a) They would score high in disinhibition.
b) They would score low in positive emotionality.
c) They would score high in negative emotionality.
d) They would score high in positive emotionality.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
209. Which of the following is NOT one of Clark and Watson's temperament scales?
a) disinhibition vs. constraint
c) introversion/extraversion
d) negative emotionality
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
210. If someone scored high on positive emotionality, what can we say for sure?
a) They also scored high on negative emotionality.
b) They also scored low on positive emotionality.
c) They also scored low on negative emotionality.
d) There is no relationship with scores on negative emotionality.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
211. A classmate in your psychology class tells you that she is a very positive person because
she is right-handed or left-hemisphere dominant. Based on what you have learned about the
biological influences on personality, which of the following would be the best response?
a) You would agree as research has shown that being left-hemisphere dominant causes higher
levels of happiness.
b) You would disagree as personality is largely caused by genetics.
c) You would disagree as personality is the result of an interaction between biological and
environmental factors.
d) You would disagree because her positive personality is more likely due to higher levels of
serotonin.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
212. Which of the following statements about the relationship between brain function and
personality is most accurate?
a) Personality is genetically based.
b) Environmental experiences cause changes in biological systems.
c) Biological systems cause changes in the way individuals interact with their environment.
d) Environment and biological processes likely have a reciprocal, bidirectional relationship.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
213. Why must we be careful in drawing conclusions from genetic and neurological personality
research?
a) because one gene is responsible for one personality trait
b) because personality reflects activity in many brain regions and is the expression of multiple
genes
c) because each personality trait originates from a specific area of the brain
d) because neurotransmitter levels fluctuate dramatically over the course of a day
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
214. Which of the following is true about gender differences in personality?
Personality 12 - 70
a) Differences between individuals are much greater than differences between males and
females.
b) Differences between men and women are much greater than differences between individuals.
c) Gender differences in personality between men and women are determined by genes and
hormones.
d) Gender differences in personality between men and women are determined by environment
and socialization.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: Explain how gender and cultural influences can affect personality.
215. When it comes to the differences in personality between men and women, the research
here suggests that
a) women are consistently more aggressive than men.
b) men are more nurturing than women.
c) men and women are more similar than they are different.
d) men are more attuned to interpersonal relationships.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
216. Ai Lun is writing a report on the socio-cultural reasons for gender differences in personality.
What is the central theme of her report most likely to be?
a) Males and females have different degree of hemispheric lateralization.
b) Testosterone and estrogen act differently on males and females.
c) Boys and girls are encouraged to behave in gender appropriate ways from a young age.
d) Females tend to process information all over the brain while males tend to rely on their
dominant hemisphere.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
217. Which of the following is an area of measurable differences between men and women?
a) Men are more likely to be effective leaders than women.
b) Women are more accurate than men in assessing emotion in other people.
c) Women tend be to more introverted than men.
d) Women score higher on tests of cognitive ability than men.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
218. Yasmine is taking part in a group study on spatial ability. Before they begin, the male
experimenter comments, “research has shown that males typically do much better than females
on these types of spatial tasks”. Which of the following best describes the findings related to
gender differences you would expect to find in the study?
a) Males would do better than females because the gender differences in spatial ability are well-
established.
b) There will be no gender differences found because research has shown there to be no
difference between males and females on spatial tasks.
c) Males will do better because the female participants may be influenced by the gender
stereotype put forward by the experimenter.
d) Females will do better than males because the experimenter’s comments will motivate them
to work harder at the task.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
219. Gilligan states that women are more likely than men to focus on which aspect in moral
decision making?
a) laws
b) abstract principles
c) interpersonal concerns
d) justice
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
220. Adele and Damon are out for a walk when they find a wallet containing $300 as well as the
owner’s identification. According to Gilligan (2011), which of the following best predicts how
each will respond?
a) Adele will want to return the money because the person who lost it might need the money;
Damon will want to keep the money.
Personality 12 - 72
b) Adele will want to return the money because the person who lost it might need it; Damon will
want to return the money because it is legally the owner’s.
c) Adele will want to return the money because it is legally the owner’s; Damon will want to
return the money because the person who lost it might need it.
d) Both will want to return the money because the person who lost it might need the money.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
221. According to social role theory, girls and boys develop different personality styles,
behaviours, and skills based on
a) family and social relationships.
b) cultural practices that have resulted in men having more power in society.
c) the division of labour between the sexes.
d) imitation of same-sex models.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
222. The social role theory argues that the reason that men and women differ in personality is
because each sex
a) inherits different genes.
b) has differences in brain lateralization.
c) has differences in hemispheric dominance.
d) has different gender role expectations.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
223. Freya likes to play with trucks and trains, but her parents keep buying her dolls and other
stereotypically female toys. The attitudes of Freya's parents are closest to the premise behind
a) gender identity theory.
b) social schema theory.
c) modelling theory.
d) social role theory.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
224. Today’s parents are more sensitive to the influence of social role theory on the
development of personality. What is something that parents can do to avoid creating gender
differences in personality?
a) Encourage boys to play rough and girls to play nicely.
b) Ignore boys when they cry getting hurt and overly attend to girls when they get hurt.
c) Don’t allow their sons to play with girls or their daughters to play with boys.
d) Provide gender neutral toys and games.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
225. Which of the following is NOT consistent with gender schema theory?
a) Gender schemas do not form until individuals reach adolescence.
b) A self-schema refers to an individual's cognitive framework about himself or herself.
c) Research has found that individuals' self-esteem was related to how well they lived up to
gender schemas.
d) Women are more likely than men to have relationship schemas.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
226. All the following are true about gender differences EXCEPT that
a) differences are not deficiencies.
b) differences between men and women are substantial and consistent.
c) highlighting differences between genders may serve to support prejudice and discrimination
against women.
d) denying the existence of some differences may downplay the unique strengths and gifts of
each gender.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 74
227. Dr. LeBlanc is discussing gender differences in personality with his graduate class. He
offers 2% bonus marks for the first student to correctly identify these differences. Which student
below will get the bonus marks?
a) Lester says that women tend to score higher on individuality and men tend to score higher on
emotionality.
b) Kincaid says that women tend to score higher on independence and men tend to score
higher on agreeableness.
c) Gethin says that women tend to score higher on conscientiousness and men tend to score
higher on nurturing.
d) Erwan says that women tend to score higher on empathy and men tend to score higher on
autonomy.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
228. Luuk is playing a game with his psychology study group in which each person is given
descriptions of how 4 people would respond to the same scenario, such as finding a lost puppy.
Based on the 4 responses, Luuk would have to figure out which of the 4 people is the ‘odd’
gender – so if 3 of them are males, identify the one female, and vice versa. If the choices below
represent what Luuk gets on his turn, what do you recommend that he chooses as the response
of the ‘odd gender’?
a) “I would snuggle the puppy to keep it warm.”
b) “I would go around and knock on all the doors to find the owner.”
c) “I would feed it some warm milk.”
d) “I would think that someone out there is very sad about their lost puppy.”
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
229. Someone from an individualistic culture is more likely to describe themselves as

a) having a specific personality trait.
b) belonging to a certain social group.
c) belonging to a specific religion.
d) being from a specific country.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
230. People from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on measures of ___ than people
from collectivist cultures.
a) agreeableness
b) extroversion
c) introversion
d) conscientiousness
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
231. Which of the following is TRUE about individualistic cultures, as compared to collectivist
cultures?
a) Individualistic cultures have higher rates of stress-related disease.
b) People in individualistic cultures tend to score higher on measures of agreeableness.
c) People in individualistic cultures report less happiness than those in collectivist cultures.
d) People in individualistic cultures score lower on measures of extraversion than those in
collectivist cultures.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
232. People who come from bicultural backgrounds are likely to

a) show some characteristics of both individualistic and collectivist cultures.
b) switch back and forth between cultures, depending on the situation.
c) adopt the characteristics of the individualistic culture.
d) adopt the characteristics of the collectivist culture.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 76
233. Dr. LaBelle is discussing cultural differences in personality with his graduate class. He
offers a 2% bonus mark for the first student to correctly identify these differences. Which student
below will get the bonus marks?
a) Isidora says that people from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on extroversion and
people from collectivist cultures tend to score higher on agreeableness.
b) Raghed says that people from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on introversion and
people from collectivist cultures tend to score higher on conscientiousness.
c) Lucy says that people from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on openness and
people from collectivist cultures tend to score higher on competitiveness.
d) Jordanka says that people from individualistic cultures tend to score higher on neuroticism
and people from collectivist cultures tend to score higher on extroversion.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
234. One’s cultural values can certainly affect one’s personality. For instance, collectivist
cultures value ___ and tend to score higher on ___.
a) group harmony; agreeableness
b) personal success; introversion
c) commitment to family; extroversion
d) individual human rights; neuroticism
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
235. Ying Hui moved to Canada from China when she was five years old. Which of the following
best describes changes to Ying Hui’s personality by the time she is in university?
a) Ying Hui would still exhibit personality traits characteristic of her peers in China.
b) Ying Hui would exhibit personality traits more like her Canadian peers than her peers in
China.
c) Ying Hui would exhibit lower levels of extroversion than her Chinese peers.
d) We cannot predict based on previous research or on the information provided.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
236. “Frame switching” refers to the tendency of people to

a) change back and forth between introversion and extraversion depending on the situation.
b) change back and forth between traditional and modern gender roles depending on the
situation.
c) change back and forth between collectivist and individualistic norms depending on the
situation.
d) change back and forth between negative emotionality and positive emotionality depending on
the situation.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
237. Cheng came to Canada with his family when he was two years old. When he is with his
family or Chinese friends, he speaks Mandarin Chinese. When he and his Chinese friends are
with his Canadian friends, however, they speak only English. This would be an example of ___.
a) a social schema
b) a social role
c) cultural reciprocity
d) frame switching
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
238. Which of the following is true about the link between delinquency and the trait of impulsivity
in 13-year-old boys?
a) Boys in lower socio-economic neighbourhoods were more likely to engage in delinquent
behaviours regardless of whether they ranked high in impulsivity.
b) Boys who ranked high in impulsivity were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours
regardless of whether they lived in a high or low socio-economic neighbourhood.
c) Boys who ranked high in impulsivity were more likely to engage in delinquent behaviours if
they also lived in low socio-economic neighbourhoods.
d) Research has been unable to determine whether a link exists between impulsivity and
delinquent behaviours.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
Personality 12 - 78
239. Laura is from a wealthy neighbourhood, and Lila is from a very impoverished
neighbourhood. Both girls scored high on the trait of impulsivity. Based on this information, what
do you predict about their tendency toward delinquent behaviours?
a) Since both girls are high in impulsivity, neither of them is likely to engage in delinquent
behaviours.
b) Since Laura is from a wealthy neighbourhood, she is more likely to engage in delinquent
behaviours than Lila.
c) Since Lila is from an impoverished neighbourhood, she is more likely to engage in delinquent
behaviours than Laura.
d) Since the quality of neighbourhood has no bearing on the tendency to perform delinquent
behaviours, both girls are equally likely to engage in delinquent behaviours.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
240. Which of the following is a likely reason why impulsive adolescents are more likely to
engage in delinquent behaviour if they live in low versus high socio-economic neighbourhoods,
according to researchers?
a) Children from poor neighbourhoods are more likely to have lower IQ because of
impoverished environmental conditions.
b) Children in poor neighbourhoods are more likely to have delinquent parents as models.
c) Children from poor neighbourhoods are more tempted by peers because they have low self-
esteem.
d) There are limited opportunities for antisocial activities in high socio-economic
neighbourhoods.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
241. What is a personality disorder?

a) an innate tendency to respond in a maladaptive way to environmental stimuli
b) an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress and
interferes with daily functioning
c) a disorder characterized by major loss of memory without a clear physical cause
d) having a split in personality, resulting in many different personalities within the same
individual
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
242. Which characteristic(s) is/are related to antisocial personality disorder?

a) egocentrism
b) recklessness
c) impulsivity
d) all of the above
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
243. Personality disorder is defined as being

a) an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or
difficulty with daily functioning.
b) characterized by a high degree of self-interest and a high, often unrealistic, degree of self-
importance.
c) characterized by extreme and callous disregard for the feelings and rights of others.
d) characterized by severe instability in emotions and self-concept and high levels of volatility.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
244. Which of the following is NOT one of the four core features that all personality disorders
share?
a) develops before adolescence
b) distorted and rigid thinking patterns
c) significant interpersonal problems
d) impulse control problems
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
Personality 12 - 80
245. Which of the following is FALSE about personality disorders?

a) They are inflexible patterns of interacting with people.
b) They typically become evident in childhood.
c) Between 9% and13% of the U.S. population is believed to have a personality disorder.
d) They may be difficult to notice without multiple encounters with the person.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
246. Which of the following is NOT one of the classes of personality disorders?
a) dramatic-emotional cluster
b) odd-eccentric cluster
c) unstable-erratic cluster
d) anxiety-fear cluster
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
247. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder belongs to the ___ cluster.

a) odd-eccentric cluster
b) anxiety-fear cluster
c) dramatic-emotional cluster
d) This is not a personality disorder.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
248. Which of the following is NOT a personality disorder defined by the American Psychiatric
Association?
a) antisocial
b) borderline
c) aggressive
d) narcissistic
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
249. If someone had a personality disorder, when do you think it would become apparent?
a) as soon as they’re born
b) when they become school age and their personality is set
c) in adolescence or early adulthood
d) when they have children of their own
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
250. What type of personality disorder is characterized by an excessive need to be noticed and
be the centre of attention?
a) paranoid
b) borderline
c) dependent
d) histrionic
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
251. Which of the following does NOT belong in the dramatic-emotional cluster of personality
disorders?
a) borderline
b) antisocial
c) histrionic
d) paranoid
Personality 12 - 82
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
252. Chase has had nine jobs in four years. A couple of months after he begins each new job,
he begins to suspect that his boss is stealing his ideas. He has also accused his coworkers of
talking about him behind his back, going through his desk, and spying on him. Although his
coworkers have tried to include him in social plans, he always says he is too busy. Which of the
following personality disorders best fits Chase’s behaviour?
a) schizotypal
b) paranoid
c) borderline
d) obsessive-compulsive
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
253. Mateo exaggerates his popularity and thinks he's “The world’s gift to women.” If anyone
challenges that, Mateo becomes angry. Mateo is likely suffering from a ___ personality disorder.
a) borderline
b) histrionic
c) narcissistic
d) antisocial
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
254. Luca is charming and manipulative. He views other people as objects to be exploited, and
does NOT feel guilty when he hurts their feelings or takes advantage of them. Luca likely has
a) antisocial personality disorder.
b) narcissistic personality disorder.
c) paranoid personality disorder.
d) schizoid personality disorder.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
255. Dale doesn’t think twice about hurting other people because he lacks empathy and has a
complete disregard for the feelings of others. He’s very impulsive, doing whatever he wants
whenever he wants, and the only friends he has are the ones he needs something from. Most
likely, Dale has ___ personality disorder.
a) avoidant
b) borderline
c) antisocial
d) schizotypal
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
256. Delilah has trouble with friendships because she overly focused on herself. She has no
patience when others try to tell her about their day, and she will interrupt them to ask about
something that is important to her. What personality disorder does Delilah likely have?
a) narcissistic
b) borderline
c) dependent
d) schizoid
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
257. When Sydney’s boyfriend, Alan, comments how pretty she looks, Sydney flies in to a rage.
“So, you are saying that I usually look horrible!” Although Alan tries to explain, Sydney kicks him
out of the apartment and tells him she NEVER wants to see him again. After he leaves, she is
very distraught and cries to her roommate that Alan has left her, and she doesn’t think she can
live without him. Threatening to kill herself, she locks herself in the bathroom. Which of the
following personality disorders best fits Sydney’s behaviour?
a) narcissistic
Personality 12 - 84
b) histrionic
c) borderline
d) dependent
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
258. Hanging around with Daphne is like being on an emotional roller coaster, and she can go
from clingy and dependent to ruthless and impulsive in a matter of minutes. She also engages
in a lot of self-destructive behaviours, such as smoking, drinking, and occasionally she self-
injures by cutting her arms. What type of personality disorder does Daphne most likely have?
a) avoidant
b) borderline
c) obsessive-compulsive
d) dependent
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
259. Bram is thirty-six years old and still lives with his parents. Although he has had many part-
time jobs, he usually ends up quitting because he believes he CANNOT do anything right. When
faced with even a small decision, Bram becomes very anxious and pleads with his parents to
decide for him. Which of the following personality disorders best fits Bram’s behaviour?
a) histrionic
b) borderline
c) narcissistic
d) dependent
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
260. Which of the following individuals most likely has schizoid personality disorder?
a) Desmond, who exploits others and has no concern for their rights
b) Dolly, who doesn’t show any emotions and is indifferent toward others
c) Dakota, who is very dependent and can’t make decisions
d) Donald, who needs to be the centre of attention and is only superficially concerned about
others
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
261. Devlin is in danger of losing his job. Although he has plenty of work to do, he NEVER
seems to be able to complete a project. He spends a great deal of his time making lists and
trying to decide which task on his list should take priority. Even when he does begin a project,
he keeps redoing the work because he wants it to be perfect. Which of the following personality
disorders best fits with Devlin’s behaviour?
a) schizotypal
b) obsessive-compulsive
c) borderline
d) histrionic
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
262. Which of the following individuals most likely has obsessive-compulsive personality
disorder?
a) Stijn, who sometimes sees things that aren’t there or believes things that have no basis in
reality (e.g., fairies live in his plants)
b) Dagmar, who is crushed with the slightest hint of a criticism and who feels very inadequate in
life
c) Reuben, who stays up all night working to try and reach his impossible standard of perfection
d) Celia, who only thinks of herself, as if she is the only person who matters in the world
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
Personality 12 - 86
263. What is missing in someone with a personality disorder that makes them different from
someone without a personality disorder?
a) a functional daily home and work life
b) a gene for empathy
c) a social support network to turn to and to learn from
d) a flexibility to learn from experience about which responses are likely to be most effective
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
disorder.
264. In what way are antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder the
same?
a) They both have no disregard for the feelings of others.
b) They both have extreme emotional highs and lows.
c) They both tend to be deceitful to others.
d) They both tend to be impulsive.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
disorder.
265. In what way are paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders the same?
a) They both involve dramatic or emotional behaviour.
b) Both personality disorders are marked by odd or eccentric behaviour.
c) Both personality disorders involve high levels of fear and anxiety.
d) They both emphasize depressive or manic emotional responses.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
disorder.
MATCHING QUESTION
266. Match the appropriate terms in the left column to the definitions in the right column.
Terms Definitions
A. Id ___ 1. Characterized by sexual role rigidity or
B. Superego confusion
C. Ego ___ 2. Tailoring answers on personality inventories to
D. Unconditional positive try to create a good impression.
regard ___ 3. Moments in which people experience intense
E. Socially-desirable clarity of perception, feelings of joy and
responding excitement, and a suspended sense of time and
F. Self-actualization reality
G. Peak experiences ___ 4. A pattern of perception that remains consistent
H. Personality traits over time and can be used to characterize an
I. Self-concept individual
J. Phallic stage ___ 5. A cumulative storehouse of inherited
K. Genital stage memories shared by all humankind
L. Latency stage ___ 6. Focused on how feelings of inferiority shape
M. Personal unconscious human behaviour
N. Collective ___ 7. Acceptance without terms or conditions
unconscious ___ 8. The need of humans to fulfill their full and
O. Preconscious special potential
P. Archetypes ___ 9. Determines which impulses are acceptable to
Q. Analytical psychology express openly and which are unacceptable
R. Individual psychology ___ 10. A school of psychology developed by Jung
Personality 12 - 88
ANSWERS TO MATCHING QUESTION
1. J: Phallic stage
2. E: Socially-desirable responding
3. G: Peak experiences
4. I: Self-concept
5. N: Collective unconscious
6. R: Individual psychology
7. D: Unconditional positive regard
8. F: Self-actualization
9. B: Superego
10. Q: Analytical psychology
Difficulty: Medium
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
267. The unique characteristics that account for our enduring patterns of inner experience and
outer behaviour is referred to as our ___.
Answer: personality
Difficulty: Easy
development.
Section Reference: Introduction
268. The id and our most instinctual impulses are governed by the ___ principle.
Answer: pleasure
Difficulty: Easy
development.
269. A boy entering the phallic stage may begin to feel sexual attraction toward his mother. This
is referred to as the ___ complex.
Answer: Oedipus
Difficulty: Easy
development.
270. Unlike Freud, Adler was interested in how feelings of ___, stemming from childhood
experiences, motivate behaviour.
Answer: inferiority
Difficulty: Easy
development.
Personality 12 - 90
271. The search for ___ is a central theme of Jung's theory.
Answer: harmony
Difficulty: Easy
development.
272. Those followers of Freud who broke away and formed their own schools of thought were
called ___.
Answer: Neo-Freudians
Difficulty: Easy
development
273. Moments when people experience intense clarity of perception, feelings of joy, and a
suspended sense of time are known as ___.
Answer: peak experiences
Difficulty: Easy
274. According to Carl Rogers, ___ is a pattern of perception that remains consistent over time
and can be used to characterize an individual.
Answer: self-concept
Difficulty: Easy
275. Allport believed that psychologists should investigate ___ motives before delving into the
unconscious.
Answer: manifest
Difficulty: Easy
276. Research with twins and studies of hormones and blood pressure suggest that ___ factors
are linked to Eysenck's superfactors at least to some degree.
Answer: biological
Difficulty: Easy
277. Researchers have found that people tend to display the characteristic of ___ with a great
degree of stability across similar situations.
Answer: conscientiousness
Difficulty: Easy
278. Observational learning or ___ is a process by which children learn to respond to particular
situations.
Answer: modelling
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
279. Predicting the suitability of potential employees for various positions is a use of personality
assessment utilized by employers and job ___.
Answer: counsellors
Difficulty: Easy
each.
Personality 12 - 92
280. Items that are built into a personality assessment to control for social desirability responses
are referred to as ___ items.
Answer: validity
Difficulty: Easy
each.
281. A method of assessing a person's mental and moral qualities by studying the shape of the
skull is called ___.
Answer: phrenology
Difficulty: Easy
282. Low activity of the neurotransmitter ___ has been linked to anxiety, inhibition, and low
energy levels.
Answer: dopamine
Difficulty: Easy
283. An individual who displays enthusiasm and leads an active life would likely score high on
Clark and Watson's component of ___.
Answer: positive emotionality
Difficulty: Easy
284. The theory that boys and girls develop different personal styles based largely on division of
labour between the sexes is known as the ___ theory.
Answer: social role
Difficulty: Easy
285. An individual's cognitive framework for organizing knowledge about himself or herself is
referred to as a ___.
Answer: self-schema
Difficulty: Easy
286. The tendency to have unrealistically inflated feelings of self-importance and self-interest is
termed ___.
Answer: narcissism
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
287. Individuals with ___ personality disorder are most often male.
Answer: antisocial
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
288. Borderline personality disorder is characterized by severe instability in ___ and self-
concept.
Answer: mood
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 94
disorder.
SHORT ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS
289. What type of energy fuels the id?
Answer: libido or sexual energy
Difficulty: Easy
development.
290. According to Freud, what are defence mechanisms?
Answer: unconscious tactics employed by our egos to protect us from anxiety
Difficulty: Easy
development.
291. What was Adler's school of psychology called?
Answer: Individual Psychology
Difficulty: Easy
development.
292. What was Jung’s school of psychology called?
Answer: Analytical Psychology
Difficulty: Easy
development.
293. Describe basic anxiety according to Horney.
Answer: Develops in children who experience extreme feelings of isolation and helplessness;
Personality 12 - 96
feelings set the stage for later neuroses.
Difficulty: Easy
development.
294. What type of therapy did Rogers develop?
Answer: client-centred therapy
Difficulty: Easy
295. What statistical method did Eysenck use to study personality traits?
Answer: factor analysis
Difficulty: Easy
296. What acronym is useful for remembering the components of the five-factor model, and
what does each letter stand for?
Answer: OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism)
Difficulty: Easy
297. What lifespan findings are associated with the personality trait of conscientiousness?
Answer: People rated as conscientious lived significantly longer than others.
Difficulty: Easy
298. Explain how modelling and self-efficacy influence personality?
Answer: Bandura argued for the concept of reciprocal determinism; the higher your self-efficacy,
the more likely you are to pursue goals and, ultimately, be reinforced by the outcome of your
efforts.
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
299. Which type of personality assessment requires individuals to answer a series of true-false
or agree-disagree statements?
Answer: personality inventories
Difficulty: Easy
each.
300. On the Rorschach Inkblot Test, what are examinees asked to do with each ambiguous
shape of inkblots they are shown?
Answer: project structure and meaning onto the images
Difficulty: Easy
each.
301. What brain structure may be too easily activated in people who are shy and have a fear of
the unfamiliar?
Answer: amygdala
Difficulty: Easy
Personality 12 - 98
302. Imaging studies of distressed infants reveal activation of what brain structure?
Answer: right prefrontal cortex
Difficulty: Easy
303. Describe two lifestyle characteristics that may be observed in those who score high in
disinhibition.
Answer: poor grades in school, poor job performance, engaging in risky activities such as
drinking and drug abuse, etc.
Difficulty: Easy
304. Identify two variables that Hyde found consistent gender differences in?
Answer: Males were more aggressive, and scored higher on measures of motor performance
and likelihood to engage in casual sex than females.
Difficulty: Easy
305. What percentage of people in Canada qualify for the diagnosis of antisocial personality
disorder?
Answer: between 1.7 and 3.7%
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
306.Which early childhood experiences may explain the development of borderline personality
disorder?
Answer: abandonment, neglect, abuse, etc.
Difficulty: Easy
disorder.
Personality 12 - 100
ESSAY QUESTIONS
307. Describe how Freud conceptualized the ego.
Answer: Ego is the rational, problem-solving force that strives to keep the id-based impulses in
check. The ego is governed by the reality principle such that it may not always be possible to
have all wants and desires satisfied.
Difficulty: Easy
development.
308. Name and describe our most basic defence mechanism according to Freud.
Answer: Repression is the most basic defence mechanism that allows us to keep unpleasant
memories or thoughts buried deep within the unconscious mind to avoid facing them.
Difficulty: Easy
development.
309. Name and describe the two parts of the unconscious mind identified by Jung.
Answer: Personal unconscious is formed by individualized personal experiences, whereas the

collective unconscious is a cumulative storehouse of inherited memories shared by all humanity.
Difficulty: Easy
development.
310. Describe Maslow's concept of “self-actualization.”
Answer: highest level of need within his hierarchy; need to fulfill our full potential as human
beings
Difficulty: Easy
311. Describe the concept Rogers termed as “unconditional positive regard.”
Answer: Children need acceptance without terms or conditions from parents and other adults to
develop healthy self-concepts.
Difficulty: Easy
312. Describe Eysenck's three superfactors of personality.
Answer: Extraversion is the degree to which a person is outgoing. Neuroticism is the degree to
which a person experiences negative emotion. Psychoticism is the degree to which a person is
vulnerable to developing a serious personality disorder.
Difficulty: Easy
313. Using the five-factor model, analyze your own personality by specifying how you believe
your friends may label you for each of the five attributes.
Answer: Make a claim for all five attributes (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism).
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
314. Define situationism.
Answer: notion that behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a situation rather than by
internal traits
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
315. Define disposition-situation consistency.
Answer: Finding that interactive effects between traits and situations are common and relatively
stable over time.
Difficulty: Easy
personality.
316. How does the MMPI-2 differ from the NEO-PI-R?
Answer: MMPI-2 assesses maladaptive personality traits that may lead to psychological
disorders; NEO-PI-R does not attempt to assess maladaptive aspects of personality; evaluates
30 traits that comprise 3 of the 5 superfactors.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
each.
317. What is an alternative projective test to the Rorschach Inkblot Test? Describe this test.
Answer: Thematic Apperception Test; people are asked to create stories about drawings they
view.
Difficulty: Easy
each.
318. How is hemispheric dominance in the brain related to personality?
Answer: Research indicates that right hemispheric dominance is related to negative emotions
and traits such as withdrawal, whereas left hemispheric dominance is related to positive
emotions and traits such as extraversion.
Difficulty: Medium
Bloomcode: Analysis
319. Describe Kagan's (1994) study of children and stress levels.
Answer: Measured blood cortisol levels of children reacting to stressful situations; children with
inhibited personalities had higher cortisol stress reactions to unfamiliar situations.
Difficulty: Easy
320. Describe how play behaviour helps teach gender roles.
Answer: Boys are expected to engage in competitive games and are given fake weapons as
toys, whereas girls are encouraged to play games that emphasize nurturing and interacting with
peers.
Difficulty: Easy
321. Describe two values that individualistic cultures often embrace.
Answer: They value freedom, individual success and achievement; competition between
individuals.
Difficulty: Easy
322. Describe how socio-economic conditions can influence whether personality traits will be
expressed behaviourally.
Answer: Studies of high- and low-SES neighbourhoods in Manitoba revealed that boys from a
low-SES neighbourhood who scored highly on an index of impulsivity were more likely to
commit delinquent acts than boys with similar scores from a high-SES neighbourhood. These
situational triggers must co-occur with personality traits for behaviour to occur.
Difficulty: Easy
LEGAL NOTICE
Copyright © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. or related companies. All rights
reserved.
The data contained in these files are protected by copyright. This manual is furnished
under licence and may be used only in accordance with the terms of such licence.
The material provided herein may not be downloaded, reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, modified, made available on a network, used to create derivative works, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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CHAPTER 12

1. Summarize the main ideas of the psychodynamic view of personality development.

2. Describe the humanistic theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

4. Describe and differentiate the situationist and interactionist views of personality.

7. Explain how gender and cultural differences can affect personality.

6. Central traits affect a broad range of individuals' behaviour.

7. Eysenck's superfactors represent fundamental dimensions of personality.

9. Interactionism emphasizes the relationship between underlying personality traits and

Section Reference: Biological Foundations of Personality

18. Happiness and success are defined differently in diverse cultures.

19. Personality disorders involve dramatic or emotional behaviours.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

21. Which of the following is NOT one of Freud’s levels of consciousness?

22. According to Freud, the preconscious

26. Which of the following is primarily associated with consciousness?

b) primal needs and social or moral restraints.

31. Which of the following is FALSE about the id?

36. In a healthy personality, Freud believed that

37. Which part of the personality operates on the reality principle?

38. The reality principle states that

39. The superego's view of which behaviours are acceptable is based on

42. According to Freud, the most basic human drives are

43. According to Freud the ___ is a pleasure-producing area of the body.

45. The correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages is

Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective

Section Reference: The Psychodynamic Perspective

53. The latency period is characterized by

62. According to Freud, defence mechanisms are used to

c) prevent us from becoming fixated at various stages.

70. Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Freud’s theory?

72. Adler believed that

75. According to Carl Jung, archetypes are

78. According to Karen Horney, penis envy was actually ___.

d) women’s envy of their mother’s relationship with their father

80. The Myers-Briggs personality test (MBTI) is based on ___ theory.

Section Reference: The Humanistic Perspective

b) studying those with psychological problems.

93. According to Carl Rogers, we need ___ to develop a healthy self-concept.

101. Rogers and Maslow are similar in that

as revolving around the self.

105. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of humanistic theories?

110. Personality traits are defined as

114. Gordon Allport believed all the following EXCEPT that

115. Factor analysis is

116. Eysenck's three superfactors are

117. Eysenck's trait of impulsivity is related to which superfactor?

Which of the five factors would Ayah score high on?

132. Which of the following corresponds to the five-factor theory of personality?

a) traits are stable and consistent over time.

136. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of trait theorists?

137. Trait theories assume all the following EXCEPT

139. Which three factors interact in reciprocal determinism?

142. Skinner's concept of response tendencies is most closely related to

b) They both acknowledge the influence of the situation.

158. Which of the following is an example of reciprocal determinism?

163. Researchers recommend treating pop-culture personality quizzes as entertainment, NOT

d) they do not usually undergo any type of testing or research.

164. Which of the following is true about the MMPI?