TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..............................................................................................................
1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM..................................................................................................................
1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH...............................................................................................
1.6 DELIMITATION OF SCOPE ...........................................................................................................
1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS........................................................................................................
1.8 DEFINITION (IF ANY)...................................................................................................................
1.9 CONCLUSION OR CHAPTER SUMMARY......................................................................................

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................................

2.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................

2.1 REVIEW OF KEY CONCEPTS ...................................................................................................

2.2 CRITICAL REVIEW OF THEORIES AND MODELS......................................................................

2.2.1 VARIABLE 1.........................................................................................................................

2.2.2 VARIABLE 2.........................................................................................................................

2.2.3 VARIABLE 3........................................................................................................................

2.2.4 DV VARIABLE......................................................................................................................

2.3 EMPIRICAL STUDIES..............................................................................................................

2.4 LITERATURE GAP ..................................................................................................................

2.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK..................................................................................................

Predictor or Antecedents

V1

V2 Outcome
variable

V3

Frigure 2.1: Theoretical framework/Conceptual Framework of ‘Title’

AP DR.DYKT

Source : Developed fr this study

3.0 RESEARCH METHDOLOGY................................................................................................................

3.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................

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3.1 RESEARCH PARADIGM...........................................................................................................

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN................................................................................................................

3.3 RESEARCH STRATEGY.............................................................................................................

3.4 DATA COLLECTION METHOD.................................................................................................

3.5 DATA INSTRUMENT ..............................................................................................................

MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS.............................................................................................................

3.6 INSTRUMENT VALIDITY AND REALIABILITY...........................................................................

3.6.1 SCALE OF REALIABILITY AND VALIDITY...............................................................................

3.7 TRAGET POPULATION ...........................................................................................................

3.8 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING METHOD................................................................................

3.9 ETCHICAL ISSUES AND ACCESSIBILITY...................................................................................

3.10 DATA ANALYSIS PALAN ........................................................................................................

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Research Background: Factors Affecting Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia

1.0 Introduction:
Entrepreneurship plays a pivotal role in driving economic growth and innovation, and the
contribution of young entrepreneurs is increasingly recognized as a vital component of a thriving
economy (Khan ,et al ,.2016) .In the Malaysian context, fostering the growth of young entrepreneurs
has become a priority for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and educators. This research aims to
delve into the multifaceted factors influencing young entrepreneurship in Malaysia, with a focus on
understanding the challenges and opportunities faced by this demographic.

Significance of the Study:

Malaysia, with its dynamic economy and burgeoning start-up ecosystem, presents a unique
landscape for studying the factors affecting young entrepreneurship. ( Mahadhir, A .,2022) As the
nation strives to transition into a high-income economy, empowering young entrepreneurs becomes
imperative for sustainable development. The study seeks to contribute valuable insights that can
inform policies, educational initiatives, and support systems tailored to the needs of young
entrepreneurs.

Current State of Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia:

Despite the growing interest in entrepreneurship, young individuals face a myriad of challenges in
establishing and sustaining successful ventures. These challenges include access to finance, cultural
influences, educational support, and the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. (Mai, K. N.,
& Nguyen, V. T. (2023) .Additionally, the evolving digital landscape and changing consumer behaviors
add layers of complexity to the entrepreneurial journey.

Existing Literature:
Previous studies have explored entrepreneurship in Malaysia from various perspectives, but there is
a notable gap in understanding the specific factors influencing young entrepreneurs. Some studies
have focused on broader entrepreneurial ecosystems, while others have examined specific sectors.
However, a comprehensive examination of the unique challenges and opportunities faced by young
entrepreneurs is essential for informed policy and program development (Akinboyo, O. L. (2020).

Key Areas of Investigation:

This research will address key areas, including:

1. Government Policies: Analyzing the impact of existing policies on young entrepreneurs and
identifying areas for improvement.

2. Cultural Factors: Investigating how cultural norms and values influence the decision-making
and success of young entrepreneurs.

3. Educational Initiatives: Assessing the effectiveness of educational programs in equipping

young individuals with the necessary entrepreneurial skills.

4. Access to Finance: Exploring the challenges young entrepreneurs face in accessing financial
resources for their ventures.

5. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Examining the overall effectiveness of the entrepreneurial

ecosystem in Malaysia and its support for young entrepreneurs.

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1.2 Research Objectives:
This study aims to:

 Provide a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing young entrepreneurship in

Malaysia.

 Identify barriers and enablers that impact the success and growth of young entrepreneurial
ventures.

 Offer actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and industry stakeholders to enhance
support mechanisms for young entrepreneurs.

Conclusion:

As Malaysia continues its economic transformation journey, understanding and addressing the
unique factors affecting young entrepreneurs are crucial for fostering a vibrant and sustainable
entrepreneurial ecosystem. This research seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge and
provide practical recommendations for stakeholders invested in the success of young entrepreneurs
in Malaysia.

1.3 Research Problem Statement:

Title: Exploring the Multifaceted Landscape: Factors Affecting Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia

Background: The dynamic economic environment of Malaysia, coupled with a growing interest in
entrepreneurship, underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of the factors
influencing young entrepreneurship(Basit, et al,. (2018). Despite the increasing recognition of the
importance of young entrepreneurs, a significant gap exists in our knowledge regarding the specific
challenges and opportunities they face in the Malaysian context.

Research Problem: The overarching problem to be addressed in this research is the lack of in-
depth exploration into the intricate factors that shape the entrepreneurial endeavors of young
individuals in Malaysia. The emerging entrepreneurial landscape, characterized by cultural diversity,
evolving policies, and a digital economy, demands a focused investigation to inform policies,
educational programs, and support systems tailored to the unique needs of young entrepreneurs.
(Cao, et al. (2021).

Key Dimensions of the Problem:

1. Policy Implications:

 Sub-Problem: The current research gap fails to provide a nuanced understanding of

how existing government policies impact the initiation and growth of young
entrepreneurial ventures in Malaysia. (Gozali,et al,. (2017)

2. Cultural Influences:

 Sub-Problem: The role of cultural norms and values in shaping the mindset, decision-
making, and success of young entrepreneurs remains largely unexplored. (Aly , et al,.
(2021).

3. Educational Support:

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  Sub-Problem: The effectiveness of educational initiatives in equipping young
individuals with the necessary entrepreneurial skills and mindset needs to be
critically examined. (Bux, S. (2016).

4. Access to Finance:

 Sub-Problem: Limited research exists on the specific challenges young entrepreneurs

encounter in accessing financial resources for their ventures and the implications for
business sustainability. (Lüdeke‐Freund, F. (2020).

5. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem:

 Sub-Problem: The overall effectiveness of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Malaysia,

particularly in supporting and nurturing young entrepreneurs, lacks comprehensive
investigation.

Rationale: Understanding these dimensions is crucial for shaping evidence-based interventions that
can address barriers and enhance enablers, fostering a conducive environment for the success of
young entrepreneurs in Malaysia.( Omar, et al,. (2020). This research aims to bridge the gap by
delving into these critical aspects, providing insights that can inform policy decisions, educational
strategies, and support mechanisms for the benefit of young entrepreneurs and the broader
Malaysian economy.

1.4 Research Questions:

1. How do existing government policies impact the initiation and growth of young
entrepreneurial ventures in Malaysia?

2. What is the role of cultural norms and values in shaping the mindset, decision-making, and
success of young entrepreneurs in Malaysia?

3. How effective are educational initiatives in equipping young individuals with the necessary
entrepreneurial skills and mindset in Malaysia?

4. What are the specific challenges that young entrepreneurs face in accessing financial
resources for their ventures, and how does this impact business sustainability?

5. How can the overall effectiveness of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Malaysia be evaluated,
particularly in supporting and nurturing young entrepreneurs?

By addressing these research questions, this study aims to contribute valuable insights to the
understanding of factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia and inform evidence-based
strategies for fostering a thriving ecosystem.

1.5 Significance of Research: Factors Affecting Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia

3. Policy Formulation:

 Informed Policy Decisions: Policymakers require nuanced insights into the factors shaping
young entrepreneurship. (Arshed,et al,. (2014). This research aims to provide evidence-
based recommendations that can guide the formulation of policies supporting the needs of
young entrepreneurs in Malaysia.

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4. Educational Enhancement:

 Optimizing Educational Initiatives: By examining the effectiveness of educational programs,

the study contributes to optimizing initiatives that equip young individuals with the
necessary entrepreneurial skills (Edokpolor, J. E. (2020). This is critical for fostering a culture
of innovation and risk-taking.

5. Cultural Integration:

 Cultural Sensitivity: Malaysia's diverse cultural landscape influences entrepreneurial

behavior.( Lee,et al,. (2011) .Understanding cultural influences on young entrepreneurs
allows for the development of programs sensitive to cultural nuances, promoting inclusivity
and diversity.

6. Financial Inclusion:

 Access to Finance: Identifying challenges in accessing financial resources helps in developing

solutions for improved financial inclusion. This can positively impact the sustainability and
growth of young entrepreneurial ventures.

7. Ecosystem Strengthening:

 Enhancing the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: The research aims to assess the effectiveness of
the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Malaysia, contributing insights that can strengthen support
systems and networks for young entrepreneurs.

In summary, this research holds significant implications for economic, social, and educational facets
of Malaysian society. By understanding and addressing the factors influencing young
entrepreneurship, the study aims to contribute to the development of a vibrant entrepreneurial
ecosystem that not only benefits individual entrepreneurs but also fosters sustainable economic
development for the nation.

1.6 Delimitation of Scope: Factors Affecting Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia

1. Geographic Focus:

 Limitation: The study will focus specifically on young entrepreneurship within the
geographic boundaries of Malaysia.

 Rationale: Restricting the scope to Malaysia ensures a focused investigation into

factors relevant to the Malaysian context, considering regional variations in policies,
culture, and economic conditions.

2. Age Range:

 Limitation: The study will primarily consider individuals aged 18 to 35 as "young

entrepreneurs."

 Rationale: This age range aligns with commonly accepted definitions of youth and
young entrepreneurship, providing a specific demographic focus for the study.

3. Entrepreneurial Sectors:

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  Limitation: The research will primarily concentrate on young entrepreneurs across
various sectors, with a focus on emerging industries and technology-driven ventures.

 Rationale: This delimitation allows for a targeted exploration of factors affecting

young entrepreneurs in sectors that are particularly relevant to Malaysia's economic
development.

4. Time Frame:

 Limitation: The study will primarily examine factors affecting young entrepreneurship
within the last decade (2013-2023).

 Rationale: Restricting the time frame allows for a contemporary analysis of factors,
considering the rapid changes in technology, policy, and market conditions over the
past decade.

5. Policy Context:

 Limitation: While the study will consider government policies, it will not
comprehensively analyze the broader economic and political policies impacting
entrepreneurship in Malaysia.

 Rationale: Focusing on specific policies related to young entrepreneurship ensures a

more in-depth examination of targeted interventions.

6. Quantitative and Qualitative Methods:

 Limitation: The study will employ a mixed-methods approach but will not delve
deeply into advanced statistical modeling or extensive qualitative case studies.

 Rationale: Balancing both methods allow for a comprehensive understanding

without overwhelming the study with complex analyses.

7. Language Limitation:

 Limitation: The study will be conducted in English, limiting the inclusion of materials
and perspectives available only in other languages (e.g., Malay).

 Rationale: English is commonly used in academic and business contexts, and using it
as the primary language ensures accessibility to a broader audience.

8. Economic Scale:

 Limitation: The study will focus on factors affecting entrepreneurship irrespective of

the economic scale (micro, small, or medium enterprises).

 Rationale: This delimitation allows for a more generalized understanding of factors

affecting young entrepreneurs across different economic scales.

9. Cultural Diversity:

 Limitation: While cultural factors will be considered, the study may not exhaustively
explore the nuances of every ethnic or cultural group within Malaysia.

 Rationale: Acknowledging the cultural diversity, the study will focus on overarching
cultural influences that impact young entrepreneurship in Malaysia.

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By clearly delimiting the scope in these ways, the research aims to maintain focus on specific aspects
of young entrepreneurship in Malaysia, ensuring a balanced and feasible investigation that addresses
key research questions within practical constraints.

1.7 Structuring a thesis on the factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia involves
organizing the content in a logical and coherent manner. The following is a suggested structure:

1. Title Page:

 Title of the Thesis

 Author's Name

 Institutional Affiliation

 Date

2. Abstract:

 Summarize the thesis, including the research problem, objectives, methods, key findings, and
conclusions.

3. Acknowledgments:

 Express gratitude to individuals, institutions, or organizations that contributed to the

research.

4. Table of Contents:

 List of chapters and subheadings with page numbers.

5. List of Figures and Tables:

 Include a separate list for figures and tables.

6. List of Abbreviations and Acronyms:

 If applicable.

7. Chapter 1: Introduction

 Introduction:

 Background of the Study

 Significance of the Research

 Research Problem Statement

 Research Questions and Objectives

 Scope and Delimitations:

 Define the scope and limitations of the study.

 Research Methodology:

 Overview of the research design, methods, and data collection.

 Thesis Structure:

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  Outline of the chapters.

8. Chapter 2: Literature Review

 Introduction:

 Recapitulation of the research problem.

 Theoretical Framework:

 Explore relevant entrepreneurship theories and models.

 Review of Empirical Studies:

 Summarize existing studies on factors affecting entrepreneurship in Malaysia and

globally.

 Cultural Dimensions:

 Discuss cultural influences on entrepreneurship.

 Policy Landscape:

 Examine government policies influencing entrepreneurship.

 Educational Initiatives:

 Analyze the role of education in fostering entrepreneurship.

 Access to Finance:

 Explore challenges and opportunities in accessing financial resources.

 Entrepreneurial Ecosystem:

 Review the overall entrepreneurial environment in Malaysia.

9. Chapter 3: Research Methodology

 Introduction:

 Overview of the research design and approach.

 Research Design:

 Justification for the chosen design (e.g., mixed methods).

 Sampling Method:

 Explain the selection criteria, sample size, and method.

 Data Collection:

 Detail methods for both quantitative and qualitative data collection.

 Data Analysis:

 Describe the statistical and qualitative analysis techniques.

 Ethical Considerations:

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  Address ethical issues and safeguards.

 Limitations:

 Acknowledge potential limitations.

10. Chapter 4: Data Presentation and Analysis

 Introduction:

 Overview of the data analysis chapter.

 Quantitative Analysis:

 Present and analyze quantitative findings.

 Qualitative Analysis:

 Present and analyze qualitative findings.

 Integration of Findings:

 Explore patterns and relationships between quantitative and qualitative results.

11. Chapter 5: Discussion

 Introduction:

 Recapitulation of research questions and objectives.

 Interpretation of Findings:

 Discuss the implications of the results.

 Comparison with Literature:

 Relate findings to existing literature.

 Policy and Practical Implications:

 Discuss how the research can inform policies and practices.

 Future Research Directions:

 Suggest areas for further exploration.

12. Chapter 6: Conclusion

 Summary of Findings:

 Recapitulate key findings.

 Contributions to Knowledge:

 Highlight the contributions of the study.

 Practical Implications:

 Summarize practical implications for stakeholders.

 Concluding Remarks:

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  Conclude the thesis.

13. References:

 List all sources cited in the thesis.

14. Appendices:

 Include supplementary materials such as surveys, interview transcripts, or additional data.

15. Vita:

 Brief biography of the author, including academic and professional background.

Several key factors and concept influence entrepreneurship in Malaysia, shaping the entrepreneurial
landscape and impacting the success of ventures (Mokhtar, A. (2017). Here are some key concepts
related to factors affecting entrepreneurship in Malaysia:

1. Government Policies and Support: Government policies play a crucial role in fostering or
hindering entrepreneurship. In Malaysia, government initiatives, incentives, and regulatory
frameworks can significantly impact the ease of doing business, access to funding, and the
overall entrepreneurial ecosystem.

2. Access to Finance: The availability of financial resources is a key determinant of

entrepreneurial success. Access to funding through banks, venture capital, government
grants, and other financial institutions can either facilitate or impede the growth of
entrepreneurial ventures in Malaysia.

3. Educational System: The quality of the educational system and its alignment with the needs
of the entrepreneurial sector are important. Entrepreneurial education and training
programs can equip individuals with the necessary skills and mindset to pursue and succeed
in entrepreneurship.

4. Cultural Factors: Malaysia has a diverse cultural landscape influenced by various ethnicities
and religions. Cultural factors, such as attitudes toward risk-taking, entrepreneurship, and
the role of family in business, can impact the entrepreneurial environment.

5. Infrastructure and Technology: Adequate infrastructure and technology are vital for
supporting entrepreneurial activities. Access to reliable transportation, communication
networks, and digital infrastructure can enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of
entrepreneurial ventures in Malaysia.

6. Market Conditions: The economic and market conditions in Malaysia, including the level of
competition, consumer behavior, and industry trends, can affect the viability and success of
entrepreneurial endeavors.

7. Networking and Collaboration: Building a strong network and fostering collaboration within
the entrepreneurial community can provide valuable support, mentorship, and business
opportunities. Networking platforms and collaborative ecosystems contribute to the growth
of entrepreneurship in Malaysia.

8. Legal and Regulatory Environment: The legal and regulatory framework influences the ease
of starting and operating businesses. Clarity, simplicity, and consistency in regulations can

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 encourage entrepreneurship, while bureaucratic hurdles and complex processes may act as
barriers.

9. Social and Environmental Awareness: Increasing awareness of social and environmental

issues is influencing entrepreneurship globally. In Malaysia, entrepreneurs who incorporate
social and environmental responsibility into their business models may find increased
support and recognition.

10. Globalization and Trade Policies: Malaysia's participation in global markets and trade
agreements can impact entrepreneurial opportunities. Access to international markets,
exposure to global best practices, and favorable trade policies can stimulate
entrepreneurship.

11. Supportive Institutions and Incubators: The presence of business support institutions,
incubators, and accelerators can provide crucial resources, guidance, and mentorship to
aspiring entrepreneurs in Malaysia.

12. Demographic Trends: Demographic factors, such as the age distribution of the population
and urbanization rates, can influence consumer demand and market opportunities for
entrepreneurs.

Understanding and navigating these factors is essential for entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Successful
entrepreneurship often involves a combination of proactive government policies, a conducive
business environment, access to funding, and a supportive ecosystem that encourages innovation
and risk-taking.

Several theories and models can be applied to understand and analyze the factors affecting young
entrepreneurship in Malaysia. It's important to note that the entrepreneurial landscape is complex
and influenced by various internal and external factors. Here are some relevant theories and models:

1. Resource-Based View (RBV): The RBV suggests that a firm's competitive advantage is derived
from its unique resources and capabilities (Madhani, P. M. (2010) . In the context of young
entrepreneurship in Malaysia, this could include access to financial resources, human capital,
and social networks. Entrepreneurs who can leverage unique resources may have a
competitive edge.

2. Institutional Theory: Institutional theory focuses on the impact of formal and informal
institutions on organizational behavior. In Malaysia, the legal and regulatory environment,
government policies, and cultural norms can shape the landscape for young entrepreneurs
(Chew, et al, (2021).Understanding and navigating these institutional factors are crucial for
success.

3. Cultural Dimensions Theory (Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions): Geert Hofstede's cultural

dimensions theory explores cultural differences in societies. Malaysia has its own cultural
context, influenced by factors such as collectivism, power distance, and uncertainty
avoidance.( Thien,et al,. (2014). These cultural dimensions can impact entrepreneurial
behavior and business practices.

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 4. Technology Adoption Models (e.g., Technology Acceptance Model): The adoption of
technology is crucial for the success of young entrepreneurs (Kithae, P. P. (2014).Models like
the Technology Acceptance Model can be applied to understand how individuals perceive
and adopt technology. In Malaysia, factors such as internet penetration, mobile technology
adoption, and digital literacy are relevant considerations.

5. Triple Helix Model: The Triple Helix model emphasizes the collaboration between
government, academia, and industry for innovation and economic development. In Malaysia,
initiatives that involve collaboration between government agencies, educational institutions,
and businesses can create a conducive environment for young entrepreneurs (Razak, et al,.
(2015).

6. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): TPB suggests that entrepreneurial behavior is influenced
by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (Mohammed,et al,. (2017).
In the Malaysian context, understanding how these factors shape the intentions and actions
of young entrepreneurs can provide insights into their decision-making processes.

7. Social Cognitive Theory: This theory focuses on the role of observational learning and
modeling in behavior. In the context of young entrepreneurship in Malaysia, social cognitive
factors, such as the influence of role models, mentors, and social networks, can significantly
impact the development of entrepreneurial skills and attitudes (St-Jean,et al,. (2015).

8. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Model: This model considers the interconnected elements that
support entrepreneurship, including government policies, funding sources, educational
institutions, and support organizations. Analyzing Malaysia's entrepreneurial ecosystem can
provide insights into the overall environment for young entrepreneurs (Al-Abriet . al, . (2018)

It's important to approach the analysis of young entrepreneurship in Malaysia with a

multidimensional perspective, considering cultural, institutional, and individual factors. Research
studies and empirical evidence specific to the Malaysian context can further enhance the
understanding of the challenges and opportunities faced by young entrepreneurs in the country.

The Resource-Based View (RBV) is a theoretical framework that emphasizes the importance of a
firm's unique resources and capabilities in achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage. When
applied to young entrepreneurship in Malaysia, the RBV model provides insights into how certain
resources and capabilities can influence the success of entrepreneurial ventures. (Srivastava,et al,.
(2001). Here's an examination of the RBV model in the context of young entrepreneurship in
Malaysia:

1. Financial Resources:

 RBV Perspective: According to RBV, financial resources are a critical aspect of a firm's
competitive advantage. In Malaysia, access to funding, either through traditional
banking channels, government grants, or venture capital, can significantly impact the
ability of young entrepreneurs to start and grow their ventures.

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  Application: Young entrepreneurs with sufficient financial resources may have the
capacity to invest in research and development, marketing, and other activities that
contribute to the competitive positioning of their businesses.

2. Human Capital:

 RBV Perspective: RBV highlights the importance of human capital, including the
skills, knowledge, and experience of individuals within an organization. In the
context of young entrepreneurship, the education, expertise, and entrepreneurial
skills of individuals are critical resources.

 Application: Young entrepreneurs in Malaysia may benefit from investing in their

own education, skills development, and assembling a team with diverse expertise.
Human capital contributes to innovation, adaptability, and overall competitiveness.

3. Social Networks:

 RBV Perspective: RBV recognizes the value of social capital, which includes the
relationships and networks that individuals and organizations build. These networks
can provide access to information, resources, and opportunities.

 Application: Young entrepreneurs in Malaysia can leverage social networks for

mentorship, guidance, and business collaborations. Well-established connections can
open doors to potential investors, customers, and strategic partners.

4. Technological Capabilities:

 RBV Perspective: The ability to harness and leverage technology is considered a

strategic resource. In the Malaysian context, technological capabilities are crucial for
staying competitive in an increasingly digital and globalized business environment.

 Application: Young entrepreneurs can focus on developing technological expertise,

adopting innovative solutions, and staying updated on industry trends. Technological
capabilities contribute to product/service differentiation and operational efficiency.

5. Innovative Capacity:

 RBV Perspective: RBV emphasizes the importance of innovation as a source of

competitive advantage. Entrepreneurs who can continuously innovate and bring new
products or processes to the market gain a distinct edge.

 Application: Young entrepreneurs in Malaysia should foster a culture of innovation

within their ventures. This could involve investing in research and development,
encouraging creative thinking among team members, and being open to adopting
new ideas and technologies.

6. Brand and Reputation:

 RBV Perspective: Brand equity and a positive reputation are intangible resources
that can contribute to a firm's competitive advantage. RBV acknowledges the
strategic importance of these assets.

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  Application: Young entrepreneurs in Malaysia should focus on building a strong
brand and maintaining a positive reputation through ethical business practices,
quality products/services, and effective communication strategies.

Applying the RBV model to young entrepreneurship in Malaysia involves recognizing the strategic
importance of various resources and capabilities and leveraging them to create a sustainable
competitive advantage. Entrepreneurs should assess and enhance their internal resources while also
considering how external factors, such as government policies and market conditions, interact with
their resource base.

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory is a framework that identifies and measures cultural
differences across various nations (Soares,et al,. (2007) . The theory, developed by Geert Hofstede,
includes several dimensions that help in understanding how culture influences behavior, values, and
norms within a society. Applying this theory to young entrepreneurship in Malaysia provides insights
into how cultural factors impact entrepreneurial activities. Here are some key dimensions and their
potential effects:

1. Power Distance:

 Hofstede's Dimension: Power distance refers to the extent to which less powerful
members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

 Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: In a society with a high power

distance, young entrepreneurs might face challenges challenging traditional
hierarchical structures or seeking support from established figures. Conversely, in a
society with a lower power distance, young entrepreneurs may feel more
empowered to challenge norms and seek innovative solutions.

2. Individualism vs. Collectivism:

 Hofstede's Dimension: This dimension explores the degree to which individuals in a

society are integrated into groups. Individualistic cultures emphasize individual
achievements and autonomy, while collectivist cultures emphasize group harmony
and loyalty.

 Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: Malaysia has a collectivist

culture, which may influence how young entrepreneurs approach teamwork,
collaboration, and networking. Building relationships and maintaining group
harmony may be considered important in the entrepreneurial context.

3. Masculinity vs. Femininity:

 Hofstede's Dimension: This dimension reflects the distribution of roles between

genders. Masculine cultures value assertiveness, achievement, and competition,
while feminine cultures prioritize cooperation, modesty, and quality of life.

 Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: In Malaysia, where the culture

is more masculine, young entrepreneurs might face expectations related to
assertiveness and competitiveness. Balancing these traits with cultural norms may
be important for success.

4. Uncertainty Avoidance:

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  Hofstede's Dimension: This dimension measures the extent to which a society
tolerates ambiguity and uncertainty. Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance prefer
structured situations and clear rules, while those with low uncertainty avoidance are
more tolerant of ambiguity.

 Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: A higher uncertainty avoidance

culture may influence risk-taking behavior among young entrepreneurs. Cultural
expectations regarding risk aversion or risk tolerance could impact the types of
ventures young entrepreneurs are willing to undertake.

5. Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Normative Orientation:

 Hofstede's Dimension: This dimension explores the extent to which a society values
future-oriented virtues such as perseverance, thrift, and adaptability versus past-
and present-oriented values.

 Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: A long-term orientation in

Malaysia may influence how young entrepreneurs plan for the future, invest in
sustainable practices, and adapt to changing market conditions.

Understanding these cultural dimensions can help young entrepreneurs navigate the cultural context
in Malaysia. It's important for entrepreneurs to recognize the cultural nuances, adapt their strategies
accordingly, and leverage cultural strengths to build successful and sustainable ventures. Moreover,
considering cultural dimensions in communication, teamwork, and decision-making processes can
contribute to the overall success of young entrepreneurs in Malaysia.

The Triple Helix Model is a framework that emphasizes the collaboration and interaction among
three key entities: government, industry, and academia. In the context of young entrepreneurship in
Malaysia, the Triple Helix Model provides insights into how these three sectors can work together to
create a conducive environment for entrepreneurial activities ( Ranga,et al,. (2015). Here's an
exploration of the Triple Helix Model and its impact on young entrepreneurship in Malaysia:

1. Government (Policy and Support):

 Role in the Triple Helix Model: The government plays a central role in shaping
policies and providing support mechanisms for entrepreneurship. This includes
creating a favorable regulatory environment, offering financial incentives, and
implementing programs that encourage innovation and startup growth.

 Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: The Malaysian government has

implemented various initiatives to support entrepreneurship, including funding
programs, incubators, and mentorship schemes. Young entrepreneurs can benefit
from these policies and collaborate with government agencies to access resources
and support.

2. Industry (Business and Market):

 Role in the Triple Helix Model: The industry sector represents businesses and
enterprises that drive economic growth. In the Triple Helix Model, industry
involvement includes fostering innovation, providing mentorship, and creating
opportunities for collaboration with academic and government institutions.

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  Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: Industries in Malaysia can
contribute to the growth of young entrepreneurship by providing mentorship
programs, collaborating with universities on research and development projects, and
creating internship opportunities for students. Industry support can enhance the
practical skills of young entrepreneurs.

3. Academia (Education and Research):

 Role in the Triple Helix Model: Academic institutions are responsible for education,
research, and knowledge creation. In the Triple Helix Model, academia contributes to
the entrepreneurial ecosystem by providing relevant education, conducting research
that supports innovation, and fostering a culture of entrepreneurship among
students.

 Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: Universities and educational

institutions in Malaysia can play a vital role in nurturing young entrepreneurs. This
includes offering entrepreneurship courses, organizing startup competitions, and
establishing incubators that provide resources and mentorship to aspiring
entrepreneurs.

4. Collaboration and Knowledge Transfer:

 Role in the Triple Helix Model: The essence of the Triple Helix Model lies in the
collaboration and knowledge transfer among government, industry, and academia.
These sectors work together to share expertise, resources, and insights for mutual
benefit.

 Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: Collaboration between these

three sectors can create a dynamic ecosystem for young entrepreneurs. For instance,
joint research projects, industry-sponsored educational programs, and government-
funded initiatives can enhance the knowledge and skills of young entrepreneurs.

5. Innovation and Technology Transfer:

 Role in the Triple Helix Model: The Triple Helix Model emphasizes the role of
innovation as a driver of economic development. Technology transfer from academia
to industry is a crucial aspect, and government policies can facilitate this transfer.

 Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: Young entrepreneurs in

Malaysia can benefit from innovations and technologies developed in academic
institutions. Government initiatives that promote technology transfer and
commercialization can create opportunities for startups to leverage cutting-edge
research.

6. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Development:

 Role in the Triple Helix Model: The Triple Helix Model contributes to the
development of a robust entrepreneurial ecosystem by fostering collaboration,
innovation, and knowledge exchange. This ecosystem is essential for the growth and
sustainability of young entrepreneurship.

17
  Application to Young Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: The model encourages the
creation of an entrepreneurial ecosystem in Malaysia that provides support services,
funding opportunities, and networking platforms for young entrepreneurs. The
interconnectedness of government, industry, and academia strengthens this
ecosystem.

In summary, the Triple Helix Model offers a framework for understanding how the collaboration
among government, industry, and academia can positively impact young entrepreneurship in
Malaysia. By fostering an environment that encourages innovation, knowledge transfer, and
collaboration, the Triple Helix Model contributes to the growth and success of young entrepreneurs
in the country.

Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Model as dependant variable in factor effecting your enterprenuership in

malaysia (Arabi,et al,. (2020).

2.2.4 Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Effectiveness

1. Entrepreneurial Support Services:

 Indicators: Presence and effectiveness of support services such as incubators,

accelerators, mentorship programs, and business advisory services.

2. Access to Funding:

 Indicators: Availability of various funding sources, success rates in securing funding,

and the overall ease of access to financial resources for young entrepreneurs.

3. Government Policies and Regulations:

 Indicators: Presence of supportive policies, regulatory frameworks that facilitate

entrepreneurship, and the ease of navigating legal processes for startups.

4. Collaboration and Networking Opportunities:

 Indicators: Strength of networks among entrepreneurs, collaborations between

industry and academia, and the existence of networking events or platforms.

5. Educational Initiatives:

 Indicators: Presence of entrepreneurship education in academic institutions,

availability of relevant courses, and initiatives that encourage an entrepreneurial
mindset among students.

6. Technological Infrastructure:

 Indicators: Availability and accessibility of technology, digital infrastructure, and the

integration of technology in business processes.

7. Cultural Support and Perception:

 Indicators: Societal attitudes towards entrepreneurship, cultural acceptance of risk-

taking, and the level of prestige associated with entrepreneurial endeavors.

18
 8. Market Conditions:

 Indicators: Overall market dynamics, level of competition, and the existence of

market opportunities for new and young ventures.

9. Success Stories and Role Models:

 Indicators: Presence of successful entrepreneurs who serve as role models, share

their experiences, and contribute to the inspiration and mentorship of young
entrepreneurs.

10. Innovation and Research:

 Indicators: The extent to which innovation and research contribute to

entrepreneurial activities, including the transfer of knowledge from academia to
industry.

11. Global Connectivity:

 Indicators: Opportunities for international collaboration, ease of access to global

markets, and the integration of Malaysian startups into the global entrepreneurial
community.

2.3 Empirical studies in factor effecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia

As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, I don't have specific details on the latest empirical
studies on factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia. However, I can provide you with
general insights into the types of research and empirical studies that are often conducted in this
area. It's essential to check the latest academic journals, databases, and research repositories for the
most recent studies. Here are some general themes and topics that empirical studies in Malaysia
might explore:

1. Access to Finance:

 Studies may investigate the availability of financial resources for young

entrepreneurs in Malaysia. This could include an analysis of funding sources, success
rates in securing loans or investment, and the impact of financial literacy programs.

2. Government Policies and Support:

 Research might focus on the effectiveness of government policies in supporting

young entrepreneurs. This could include an assessment of entrepreneurship-related
programs, regulatory frameworks, and the impact of policy changes on the
entrepreneurial landscape.

3. Educational Interventions:

 Empirical studies may examine the role of educational initiatives in fostering

entrepreneurship among young individuals. This could involve assessing the impact

19
 of entrepreneurship education, training programs, and university-industry
collaborations.

4. Cultural Factors:

 Researchers may explore how cultural dimensions influence the decision-making and
success of young entrepreneurs in Malaysia. This could include attitudes towards
risk, perceptions of entrepreneurship, and the influence of cultural norms on
business practices.

5. Technology Adoption and Innovation:

 Studies may investigate the level of technology adoption and innovation among
young entrepreneurs. This could include an analysis of the use of digital
technologies, the integration of innovation in business models, and the impact on
competitiveness.

6. Networking and Collaboration:

 Empirical research might explore the role of networking and collaboration in the
success of young entrepreneurs. This could involve assessing the strength of
entrepreneurial networks, the impact of mentorship programs, and the benefits of
collaborative initiatives.

7. Barriers and Challenges:

 Studies may identify and analyze the barriers and challenges faced by young
entrepreneurs in Malaysia. This could include regulatory hurdles, access to markets,
and the impact of economic conditions on entrepreneurial activities.

8. Gender and Diversity:

 Researchers might explore gender and diversity issues in entrepreneurship,

examining the experiences of young female entrepreneurs and individuals from
diverse backgrounds. This could involve assessing access to resources, challenges
faced, and the impact on business outcomes.

9. Impact Assessment:

 Some studies may focus on assessing the overall impact of young entrepreneurship
on economic development, job creation, and innovation in Malaysia.

2.4 Literature gap in factor effecting young enterprenuership in malaysia

20
Identifying a literature gap involves recognizing areas within the existing body of research where
there is limited or no exploration. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, specific literature
gaps in factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia may have evolved. However, based on
general themes and common gaps observed in entrepreneurship literature, here are a few potential
areas that researchers could explore:

1. Intersectionality and Diversity:

 Explore the intersectionality of factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, and

socioeconomic background in young entrepreneurship. Examine how these
intersecting identities influence entrepreneurial opportunities, access to resources,
and success outcomes.

2. Regional Disparities:

 Investigate regional variations in the factors affecting young entrepreneurship within

Malaysia. Analyze how differences in urban and rural environments, economic
conditions, and infrastructure contribute to variations in entrepreneurial activities.

3. Psychological Factors:

 Explore the psychological aspects influencing young entrepreneurs in Malaysia.

Investigate the role of factors such as entrepreneurial mindset, risk perception, and
motivation in entrepreneurial decision-making and success.

4. Sustainability and Social Impact:

 Assess the extent to which young entrepreneurs in Malaysia are incorporating

sustainability practices and social impact initiatives into their ventures. Explore the
motivations, challenges, and outcomes associated with environmentally and socially
conscious entrepreneurship.

5. Innovative Business Models:

 Investigate the adoption of innovative business models by young entrepreneurs in

Malaysia. Explore how factors such as technology adoption, digitalization, and
creative business strategies contribute to the differentiation and success of ventures.

6. Ecosystem Dynamics:

 Examine the dynamics of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in different regions of

Malaysia. Investigate how variations in government policies, industry collaboration,
and educational support contribute to or hinder young entrepreneurship.

7. Long-Term Entrepreneurial Intentions:

 Explore the long-term intentions of young entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Investigate

factors influencing their decision to sustain or exit entrepreneurial ventures,
examining the role of personal, economic, and environmental factors.

8. Impact of Mentorship Programs:

 Assess the effectiveness of mentorship programs in supporting young entrepreneurs.

Investigate how mentorship influences entrepreneurial skills development, decision-
making, and overall venture success.

21
 9. Cultural Nuances:

 Delve into specific cultural nuances within Malaysia that may impact young
entrepreneurship. Explore how cultural values, traditions, and beliefs influence the
entrepreneurial process, including startup ideas, business models, and networking
practices.

10. Access to Global Markets:

 Investigate the internationalization efforts of young entrepreneurs in Malaysia.

Explore how factors such as globalization, digitalization, and government support
contribute to or hinder the ability of young entrepreneurs to access global markets.

2.5 Conceptual frame in factor effecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia

Developing a conceptual framework involves identifying key variables and relationships to guide
research on the factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Below is a conceptual
framework that outlines several key elements to consider in the study of young entrepreneurship in
the Malaysian context:

1. Independent Variables:

a. Government Policies and Support: - Incentives, regulations, and programs supporting young
entrepreneurs.

b. Educational Initiatives: - Presence and effectiveness of entrepreneurship education programs.

c. Access to Finance: - Availability of funding sources and financial literacy programs.

d. Cultural Factors: - Attitudes towards risk, societal perceptions, and cultural values.

e. Technological Infrastructure: - Digital and technological resources available to young

entrepreneurs.

f. Networking and Collaboration: - Existence and strength of entrepreneurial networks and

collaboration opportunities.

2. Mediating Variables:

a. Entrepreneurial Skills and Mindset: - Skills development and the cultivation of an entrepreneurial
mindset through education and experiences.

b. Innovation and Technology Adoption: - The extent to which young entrepreneurs adopt and
integrate technological innovations into their ventures.

c. Access to Resources: - How government policies, education, and networks mediate access to
financial and non-financial resources.

3. Dependent Variables:

a. Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Effectiveness: - The overall health, vibrancy, and supportiveness of the
entrepreneurial ecosystem.

22
b. Number of New Businesses Started: - Quantifying the establishment of new businesses by young
entrepreneurs.

c. Business Growth and Revenue: - Indicators of business growth, market share, and revenue
generation.

d. Job Creation: - The number of jobs created by young entrepreneurs.

e. Innovation and Research Output: - The impact of young entrepreneurs on innovation and
research within their industries.

f. Global Connectivity: - The extent to which young entrepreneurs are connected to and engaged
with global markets and networks.

4. Moderating Variables:

a. Regional Disparities: - The impact of regional variations on the relationship between independent
and dependent variables.

b. Psychological Factors: - How individual psychological factors moderate the relationship between
external factors and entrepreneurial outcomes.

5. Contextual Variables:

a. Economic Conditions: - Macro-level economic factors influencing entrepreneurial activities.

b. Socioeconomic Background: - How the socioeconomic background of young entrepreneurs

interacts with other variables.

6. Feedback Mechanisms:

a. Impact Assessment: - Continuous assessment of the impact of entrepreneurship on economic

development, job creation, and innovation.

b. Policy Feedback: - How outcomes and findings influence the development and adjustment of
government policies.

This conceptual framework provides a structured overview of the factors influencing young
entrepreneurship in Malaysia, illustrating the relationships between independent, mediating, and
dependent variables. Researchers can use this framework as a starting point and adapt it based on
the specific focus of their study, incorporating additional variables or refining relationships based on
empirical findings.

3.0 Research methadology of factor effecting young entrepereneurship in malaysia

. Below is a suggested research methodology outline:

1. Research Design:

 Type of Study:

 Consider whether the research will be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory in

nature. Given the complexity of the topic, a mixed-methods approach may be
beneficial.

 Time Horizon:

23
  Decide whether the study will be cross-sectional or longitudinal, depending on the
research questions and objectives.

2. Sampling:

 Population:

 Define the population of interest, which could include young entrepreneurs in

Malaysia, relevant government agencies, educational institutions, industry
representatives, and other stakeholders.

 Sampling Technique:

 Employ a suitable sampling technique, such as stratified random sampling, to ensure

representation across different regions, industries, and demographic factors.

 Sample Size:

 Determine an appropriate sample size based on statistical considerations and the

scope of the study.

3. Data Collection:

 Primary Data:

 Utilize surveys, interviews, or focus group discussions to collect primary data directly
from young entrepreneurs, policymakers, educators, and other relevant
stakeholders.

 Secondary Data:

 Review existing literature, government reports, and statistical data to complement

primary data and provide context.

4. Variables and Measurements:

 Clearly define and operationalize the key variables in the study, such as government support,
access to finance, cultural factors, educational initiatives, entrepreneurial skills, and the
effectiveness of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

5. Research Instruments:

 Questionnaires:

 Develop structured questionnaires with a mix of closed-ended and open-ended

questions to gather quantitative and qualitative data.

 Interviews:

 Conduct semi-structured interviews to gather in-depth insights from key informants,

such as successful young entrepreneurs, policymakers, and educators.

6. Data Analysis:

 Quantitative Analysis:

24
  Use statistical tools (e.g., regression analysis, correlation) to analyze quantitative
data and identify patterns, relationships, and significant factors influencing young
entrepreneurship.

 Qualitative Analysis:

 Employ thematic analysis or content analysis to analyze qualitative data obtained

from interviews and open-ended survey questions.

7. Ethical Considerations:

 Ensure that the research adheres to ethical principles, including informed consent,
confidentiality, and respect for participants' rights.

8. Validity and Reliability:

 Implement measures to enhance the validity and reliability of the research, such as pilot
testing instruments, using validated scales, and employing a robust sampling strategy.

9. Triangulation:

 Combine multiple data sources (e.g., surveys, interviews, secondary data) to enhance the
robustness of findings through triangulation.

10. Limitations:

 Clearly acknowledge and discuss the limitations of the study, including potential biases,
generalizability constraints, and challenges encountered during data collection.

11. Research Timeline:

 Develop a realistic timeline outlining key milestones, from literature review and data
collection to analysis and report writing.

12. Dissemination of Findings:

 Plan how the research findings will be disseminated, whether through academic
publications, presentations, policy briefs, or other channels.

13. Continuous Review:

 Regularly review and adapt the research methodology based on emerging findings and
unexpected challenges encountered during the research process.

3.1 Reasearch paradigm in factor effecting young enterpreneurship in malaysia

In the context of researching factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia, you can adopt a
research paradigm that aligns with your epistemological and ontological perspectives. Two common
research paradigms are positivism and constructivism. Here's how each paradigm may be applied:

1. Positivist Research Paradigm:

Ontology:

 Positivism typically assumes an objective reality that exists independently of human

perception. In the case of studying factors affecting young entrepreneurship, this perspective

25
 would imply that there are measurable and observable factors that influence entrepreneurial
activities among young individuals.

Epistemology:

 Positivist research relies on empirical evidence, quantitative data, and statistical analyses to
establish causal relationships and generalizable patterns. Surveys, structured interviews, and
statistical methods would be suitable for gathering and analyzing data.

Methodology:

 Utilize quantitative methods to measure and analyze variables systematically. Surveys with
closed-ended questions, statistical analyses (e.g., regression, correlation), and structured
observations can be employed to identify and quantify factors affecting young
entrepreneurship.

Sample Questions:

 "What is the impact of government policies on the number of new businesses started by
young entrepreneurs in Malaysia?"

 "How does access to finance correlate with the growth of young entrepreneurial ventures in
different regions?"

2. Constructivist/Interpretivist Research Paradigm:

Ontology:

 Constructivism suggests that reality is socially constructed and subjective, emphasizing the
importance of individual perspectives and experiences. In this paradigm, the focus is on
understanding the meanings individuals ascribe to their experiences as young entrepreneurs
in Malaysia.

Epistemology:

 Constructivist research values subjective interpretations and seeks to understand the context
and lived experiences of individuals. Qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews,
participant observation, and content analysis, are commonly employed to capture the
richness of participants' narratives.

Methodology:

 Adopt qualitative research methods to explore the lived experiences and perceptions of
young entrepreneurs. Semi-structured interviews, thematic analysis, and case studies can
provide a deeper understanding of how cultural, social, and personal factors influence
entrepreneurial activities.

Sample Questions:

 "How do young entrepreneurs in Malaysia perceive the impact of cultural factors on their
decision-making process?"

 "Can you describe your journey as a young entrepreneur and the role of social networks in
your entrepreneurial activities?"

3. Mixed-Methods Research:

26
 Integration:

 Alternatively, you may choose to adopt a mixed-methods approach, combining elements of

both positivism and constructivism. This approach allows for a more comprehensive
understanding by triangulating quantitative and qualitative data.

Sequential or Concurrent Design:

 In a sequential design, you might start with a quantitative phase to identify patterns and
then follow up with a qualitative phase to explore the nuances. In a concurrent design, both
methods are used simultaneously.

Sample Questions:

 "How do government policies quantitatively impact the number of new businesses started by young
entrepreneurs, and what are the qualitative experiences of entrepreneurs in navigating these policies?"

The choice between these paradigms should align with your research objectives, the nature of the
phenomenon you're studying, and your philosophical stance. Consider the strengths and limitations
of each paradigm and how well they align with the complexity of the factors influencing young
entrepreneurship in Malaysia.

3.2 Research design in factor effecting young enterpreneurship in malaysia

The research design outlines the overall structure and strategy of the study, including data collection
methods, sampling, and analysis. Below is an example of a research design for studying factors
influencing young entrepreneurship in Malaysia:

1. Research Objective:

 Identify and analyze the key factors that influence young entrepreneurship in Malaysia,
considering aspects such as government policies, cultural factors, educational initiatives,
access to finance, and the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

2. Research Design Type:

 A mixed-methods research design, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches for a

comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.

3. Population and Sample:

 Population:

 Young entrepreneurs (aged 18-35) in Malaysia.

 Sampling Technique:

 Stratified random sampling to ensure representation across regions, industries, and

demographic characteristics.

 Sample Size:

 Determine an appropriate sample size based on statistical considerations and the

diversity of the population.

4. Data Collection:

27
  Quantitative Data:

 Conduct surveys using structured questionnaires to collect quantitative data on

factors such as government support, access to finance, and the effectiveness of
educational initiatives.

 Use a Likert scale to measure respondents' perceptions and attitudes.

 Qualitative Data:

 Conduct in-depth interviews with a subset of respondents to gather rich qualitative

data on their experiences, challenges, and perceptions.

 Use semi-structured interviews to allow for flexibility and exploration of emerging

themes.

5. Research Instruments:

 Quantitative Instrument:

 Structured surveys with closed-ended questions, designed to gather numerical data

on factors influencing young entrepreneurship.

 Qualitative Instrument:

 Semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions to explore participants'

experiences, motivations, and challenges.

6. Variables:

 Clearly define and operationalize key variables, including independent variables (e.g.,
government policies, cultural factors), mediating variables (e.g., entrepreneurial skills,
innovation), and dependent variables (e.g., entrepreneurial ecosystem effectiveness,
business growth).

7. Data Analysis:

 Quantitative Analysis:

 Utilize statistical methods such as regression analysis, correlation, and descriptive

statistics to analyze quantitative data.

 Examine relationships between variables and identify significant factors.

 Qualitative Analysis:

 Conduct thematic analysis to identify patterns, themes, and narratives within the
qualitative data.

 Use coding and categorization to interpret and report qualitative findings.

8. Data Integration:

 Merge quantitative and qualitative findings for a comprehensive understanding. Triangulate

data to validate and strengthen research conclusions.

9. Ethical Considerations:

28
  Ensure that the research adheres to ethical principles, including informed consent,
confidentiality, and respect for participants' rights.

10. Pilot Testing:

 Conduct a pilot test of the survey and interview instruments to identify and address any
issues related to clarity, comprehension, and validity.

11. Timeline:

 Develop a realistic timeline outlining key milestones, from literature review and data
collection to analysis and reporting.

12. Dissemination Plan:

 Plan how research findings will be disseminated, including academic publications,

presentations, and potential policy briefs.

13. Continuous Review:

 Regularly review and adapt the research design based on emerging findings and unexpected
challenges encountered during the research process.

3.4 Data collection of factor effecting young enterpreneurship in malaysia

Data collection for studying factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia involves gathering
information on various aspects that influence the entrepreneurial activities of young individuals.
Below are some key methods for data collection, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative
approaches:

1. Quantitative Data Collection: Surveys

Surveys are an effective way to collect quantitative data on a large scale. Develop structured
questionnaires focusing on factors such as government policies, cultural influences, educational
support, access to finance, and the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Steps for Survey Data Collection:

1. Define Survey Objectives:

 Clearly outline the research objectives and the specific factors to be measured in the
survey.

2. Design Survey Instrument:

29
  Develop a well-structured questionnaire with a mix of closed-ended questions,
including Likert scale items, to measure respondents' perceptions.

3. Pilot Testing:

 Conduct a pilot test with a small group to identify and address any issues related to
clarity, wording, or response options.

4. Sampling:

 Use stratified random sampling to ensure representation across different regions,

industries, and demographic characteristics.

5. Distribution:

 Distribute the survey electronically or in person, ensuring clarity about the purpose
and confidentiality of responses.

6. Data Collection:

 Gather responses systematically and track the progress of data collection.

7. Data Analysis:

 Utilize statistical methods such as regression analysis, correlation, and descriptive

statistics to analyze quantitative data.

2. Qualitative Data Collection: In-Depth Interviews

In-depth interviews provide a deeper understanding of individual experiences, motivations, and

challenges. Conducting interviews allows researchers to explore nuances and gather rich qualitative
data.

Steps for In-Depth Interview Data Collection:

1. Define Interview Objectives:

 Clearly outline the research objectives and the specific aspects to be explored in the
interviews.

2. Develop Interview Guide:

 Create a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions, allowing

flexibility for participants to share their experiences.

3. Pilot Testing:

 Conduct a pilot interview to refine the interview guide and ensure that questions are
clear and conducive to in-depth responses.

4. Sampling:

 Select participants based on the research objectives, using purposive or criterion-

based sampling.

5. Informed Consent:

30
  Obtain informed consent from participants, explaining the purpose of the interview
and ensuring confidentiality.

6. Conduct Interviews:

 Conduct in-depth interviews, allowing participants to share their experiences,

perspectives, and insights related to factors influencing young entrepreneurship.

7. Data Recording:

 Record interviews with participants' consent or take detailed notes during the
interview.

8. Data Analysis:

 Perform thematic analysis or content analysis to identify patterns, themes, and

narratives within the qualitative data.

3. Data Triangulation:

Combine both quantitative and qualitative data to strengthen the overall research findings.
Triangulation helps validate and enhance the reliability and validity of the study.

4. Ethical Considerations:

Ensure that data collection adheres to ethical principles, including informed consent, participant
confidentiality, and respectful treatment of participants.

5. Continuous Review:

Regularly review the data collection process, address any challenges, and adapt the methods based
on emerging findings and participant feedback.

By employing a combination of surveys and in-depth interviews, you can capture a comprehensive
understanding of the factors influencing young entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Adjust the methods
based on the specific context and objectives of your study.

3.5 Data instrument in factor effecting young enterpreneurship in malaysia

Quantitative Data Instrument: Survey Questionnaire

Design a structured survey questionnaire with closed-ended questions to collect quantitative data on
various factors influencing young entrepreneurship.

Sample Questions:

1. Government Policies:

 To what extent do you believe that government policies in Malaysia support young
entrepreneurs?

 Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree

2. Cultural Factors:

31
  How would you rate the impact of cultural attitudes towards entrepreneurship on
your business decisions?

 Very Negative, Negative, Neutral, Positive, Very Positive

3. Educational Initiatives:

 Have you participated in any entrepreneurship education programs or initiatives in

Malaysia?

 Yes / No

4. Access to Finance:

 How would you rate the accessibility of financial resources for your entrepreneurial
venture?

 Very Difficult, Difficult, Neutral, Easy, Very Easy

5. Effectiveness of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem:

 Rate the effectiveness of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Malaysia in supporting

young entrepreneurs.

 Poor, Fair, Average, Good, Excellent

6. Entrepreneurial Skills Development:

 To what extent do you feel that your entrepreneurial skills have been developed
through formal education?

 Not at all, Slightly, Moderately, Very, Extremely

Qualitative Data Instrument: In-Depth Interview Guide

Develop a semi-structured interview guide to explore in-depth insights, experiences, and perceptions
of young entrepreneurs in Malaysia.

Sample Interview Questions:

1. Government Policies:

 Can you share specific experiences where government policies have positively or
negatively affected your entrepreneurial journey?

2. Cultural Factors:

 How do you perceive the impact of cultural norms and values on your decision-
making as a young entrepreneur?

3. Challenges Faced:

 What are the main challenges you have encountered in starting and growing your
business, particularly as a young entrepreneur?

4. Educational Support:

32
  How has your educational background or participation in entrepreneurship
education programs influenced your entrepreneurial skills and mindset?

5. Access to Finance:

 Can you describe any challenges you faced in obtaining financial support for your
entrepreneurial venture?

6. Collaboration and Networking:

 How important do you think networking and collaboration are for the success of
young entrepreneurs in Malaysia?

Data Triangulation:

Combine the quantitative survey data and qualitative interview data to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Triangulation enhances
the reliability and validity of the study by corroborating findings from different sources.

Ethical Considerations:

Ensure that participants provide informed consent, and their confidentiality and privacy are
protected. Ethical considerations are crucial in both survey and interview data collection.

Pilot Testing:

Before the main data collection, conduct pilot testing for both the survey and interview instruments
to identify and address any issues related to clarity, comprehensibility, and relevance.

Adapt these data instruments based on the specific objectives of your study, and continuously review
and refine them as needed during the research process.

3.6 Instrument validity and reliability in factor effecting young enterpreneurship in

malaysia
Ensuring the validity and reliability of your instruments is crucial in conducting robust research on
factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Validity refers to the accuracy of your
instrument in measuring what it is intended to measure, while reliability pertains to the consistency
and stability of the measurements.

1. Content Validity:

 Ensure Comprehensive Coverage:

 Make sure that your survey questions or interview guide cover a comprehensive
range of factors relevant to young entrepreneurship in Malaysia. This involves a
thorough review by experts in the field.

 Align with Theoretical Framework:

 Ensure that the questions align with the theoretical framework and relevant
literature on factors influencing entrepreneurship among young individuals.

2. Construct Validity:

33
  Use Established Constructs:

 Base your questions on established constructs and theories related to

entrepreneurship. Ensure that each question aligns with the theoretical concepts
you aim to measure.

 Pilot Testing:

 Conduct pilot testing with a small group of respondents to identify and address any
ambiguities or potential issues related to construct validity.

3. Face Validity:

 Seek Feedback:

 Obtain feedback from potential respondents, experts in the field, or colleagues to

assess whether the questions appear to measure what they are intended to
measure.

4. Criterion-Related Validity:

 Compare with Existing Measures:

 If applicable, compare your instrument's results with those from established and
validated measures to assess criterion-related validity.

5. Reliability:

 Test-Retest Reliability:

 If using a survey, conduct a test-retest reliability analysis by administering the survey

to a subset of participants on two separate occasions. Analyze the consistency of
responses over time.

 Internal Consistency:

 Assess internal consistency using measures like Cronbach's alpha for scales with
multiple items. Ensure that items within a scale are correlated and measure the
same underlying construct.

 Inter-Rater Reliability:

 If using qualitative data, establish inter-rater reliability by having multiple

researchers independently code a subset of data and assess the agreement.

6. Pilot Testing:

 Small-Scale Testing:

 Before full-scale data collection, conduct pilot testing to identify and address any
issues with wording, clarity, or interpretation.

7. Ethical Considerations:

 Informed Consent:

 Ensure that participants provide informed consent, understanding the purpose of

the research and the use of their responses.

34
  Confidentiality:

 Assure participants of the confidentiality of their responses to encourage honest and

open input.

8. Continuous Review:

 Iterative Process:

 Continuously review and refine your instruments based on feedback from

participants, colleagues, and any unexpected findings during the research process.

9. Triangulation:

 Combine Methods:

 If using both quantitative and qualitative methods, triangulate findings to enhance

the overall validity and reliability of the study.

3.6.1 Scale of validity and reliability in factor effecting young enterpreneurship in

malaysia
Below are common scales and techniques used to evaluate validity and reliability:

1. Content Validity:

 Scale Development:

 Develop a scale that covers a comprehensive range of factors related to young

entrepreneurship. Ensure that the items align with the theoretical framework and
relevant literature.

 Expert Review:

 Seek input from experts in entrepreneurship, business, and related fields to review
and validate the content of the scale.

2. Construct Validity:

 Factor Analysis:

 Conduct factor analysis to examine the underlying structure of the scale. Confirm
that items intended to measure the same construct load onto the same factor.

 Convergent Validity:

 Assess convergent validity by examining the strength of relationships between items

measuring the same construct.

 Divergent Validity:

 Examine divergent validity by assessing the strength of relationships between items

measuring different constructs. This helps ensure that the scale is not measuring
unrelated factors.

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3. Face Validity:

 Pilot Testing:

 Administer the scale to a small group of potential respondents and gather feedback
on the clarity and appropriateness of the items.

4. Criterion-Related Validity:

 Correlation with Established Measures:

 Assess the correlation between your scale and other established measures that
theoretically should be related.

5. Reliability:

 Internal Consistency:

 Measure internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. A higher alpha indicates

greater reliability. Aim for a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.70 or higher.

 Test-Retest Reliability:

 Administer the scale to a subset of participants on two separate occasions. Calculate

the correlation between the responses to assess test-retest reliability.

 Inter-Rater Reliability (for qualitative data):

 If using qualitative data, establish inter-rater reliability by having multiple raters

independently code a subset of data and assess the agreement.

6. Pilot Testing:

 Small-Scale Testing:

 Before full-scale data collection, conduct pilot testing to identify and address any
issues with the scale, such as ambiguous wording or unclear instructions.

7. Ethical Considerations:

 Informed Consent:

 Ensure that participants provide informed consent, understanding the purpose of

the scale and how their responses will be used.

 Confidentiality:

 Assure participants of the confidentiality of their responses.

8. Continuous Review:

 Iterative Process:

 Continuously review and refine the scale based on feedback from participants,
colleagues, and any unexpected findings during the research process.

9. Triangulation:

 Combine Methods:

36
  If using both quantitative and qualitative methods, triangulate findings to enhance
the overall validity and reliability of the study.

3.7 The target population

In the Malaysian context, the target population might generally be defined as individuals between
the ages of 18 and 35, reflecting a common age range used for assessing youth and young
entrepreneurship.

The target population can be further specified based on the characteristics relevant to the research
objectives. For a comprehensive study, consider including individuals who:

1. Are Actively Involved in Entrepreneurial Activities:

 Include those who have started their own businesses or are actively engaged in
entrepreneurial ventures.

2. Reside in Malaysia:

 Focus on individuals who are Malaysian citizens or residents, as factors influencing

entrepreneurship may vary across countries.

3. Have Diverse Business Backgrounds:

 Ensure diversity in terms of industries and sectors to capture a broad spectrum of

entrepreneurial activities.

4. Represent Various Regions:

 Consider individuals from different regions of Malaysia to account for potential

regional variations in entrepreneurial ecosystems and support.

5. Possess Different Educational Backgrounds:

 Include individuals with varying levels of education to understand how educational

background influences entrepreneurial endeavors.

6. Include Both Male and Female Entrepreneurs:

 Ensure gender diversity to explore potential gender-specific factors affecting young

entrepreneurship.

7. Consider Ethnic and Cultural Diversity:

 Recognize and account for the ethnic and cultural diversity within Malaysia, as
cultural factors can play a significant role in entrepreneurship.

8. Involve Startups of Different Maturity Levels:

 Include both early-stage startups and those that have been in operation for a longer
duration to capture a range of entrepreneurial experiences.

37
3.8 Sample size and sampling method of factor effecting young enterpreneurship in
malaysia
1. Sample Size:

The determination of sample size depends on several factors, including the desired level of precision,
confidence level, variability within the population, and the complexity of the research design.
Common methods for calculating sample size include:

 Use of Formulas:

 Employ statistical formulas specific to the research design, such as those for
estimating proportions or means. Common formulas include the formula for sample
size in a proportion (p) estimation or a mean estimation.

 Consideration of Effect Size:

 Consider the effect size, which represents the magnitude of the relationship or
difference you expect to find. Larger effect sizes generally require smaller sample
sizes for detection.

 Power Analysis:

 Conduct a power analysis to determine the likelihood of detecting a true effect if it

exists. This analysis helps balance the risk of Type I and Type II errors.

 Consider Practical Constraints:

 Take into account practical constraints, such as available resources, time, and budget,
when determining the sample size.

2. Sampling Method:

The choice of a sampling method depends on the research objectives, the characteristics of the
population, and the resources available. Here are common sampling methods:

 Stratified Random Sampling:

 Divide the population into strata based on relevant characteristics (e.g., regions,
industries, educational levels) and then randomly sample from each stratum. This
ensures representation from different subgroups.

 Systematic Sampling:

 Select every nth individual from a list after choosing a random starting point. This
method is efficient and straightforward, particularly when a complete sampling
frame is available.

 Purposive Sampling:

 Select participants based on specific criteria relevant to the research objectives. This
method allows for the intentional selection of individuals with certain characteristics
or experiences.

 Snowball Sampling:

38
  Start with a few participants who meet the criteria, and then ask them to refer other
potential participants. This method is useful when the population is hard to reach or
identify.

 Cluster Sampling:

 Divide the population into clusters and randomly select entire clusters for inclusion.
This method is suitable when the population is naturally grouped.

 Convenience Sampling:

 Select participants based on convenience and accessibility. While this method is less
rigorous, it can be practical in certain situations, such as when access to the entire
population is challenging.

3. Considerations:

 Representativeness:

 Ensure that the sample is representative of the larger population to enhance the
external validity of the study.

 Diversity:

 Aim for diversity within the sample to capture variations in factors affecting young
entrepreneurship.

 Informed Consent:

 Obtain informed consent from participants, explaining the purpose of the study and
ensuring voluntary participation.

 Balancing Precision and Resources:

 Balance the desire for precision with practical considerations, especially in terms of
available resources.

In summary, the determination of sample size and the selection of a sampling method should be
carefully considered to ensure the study's validity and generalizability. The chosen approach should
align with the research objectives, the characteristics of the population, and the available resources.

3.9 Ethical issue and accessabilitiy of sample size and sampling method of factor
effecting young enterpreneurship in malaysia
Ethical Issues:

1. Informed Consent:

 Ethical Issue: Ensure that participants provide informed consent, understanding the purpose
of the study and the potential implications of their participation.

 Mitigation: Clearly explain the study's objectives, procedures, and potential risks and
benefits. Provide participants with the opportunity to ask questions and obtain their
voluntary and informed consent.

39
2. Confidentiality:

 Ethical Issue: Protect the confidentiality of participants' information to prevent the

disclosure of sensitive data that may harm individuals or their businesses.

 Mitigation: Assure participants that their responses will be kept confidential and
anonymized. Avoid collecting personally identifiable information unless necessary.

3. Privacy:

 Ethical Issue: Respect participants' privacy and ensure that the research process does not
intrude on their personal or business affairs.

 Mitigation: Clearly communicate how participant privacy will be maintained. Avoid asking
intrusive or unnecessary questions and ensure that data storage and handling comply with
privacy standards.

4. Honesty and Transparency:

 Ethical Issue: Be honest and transparent about the purpose of the study, the nature of the
questions, and the potential impact of the research.

 Mitigation: Provide clear and truthful information about the study, avoid deceptive practices,
and communicate openly about the intended use of the data.

5. Avoiding Harm:

 Ethical Issue: Take measures to avoid causing harm to participants, whether psychological,
emotional, or financial, through the research process.

 Mitigation: Design survey questions and interview protocols with sensitivity. Provide support
resources or referrals for participants who may be affected by the discussion of certain
topics.

Accessibility of Sample Size and Sampling Method:

1. Representativeness:

 Consideration: Ensure that the sample is representative of the larger population to enhance
the external validity of the study.

 Accessibility: Strive to include individuals from various regions, industries, educational

backgrounds, and demographic characteristics to capture a diverse range of experiences.

2. Diversity:

 Consideration: Aim for diversity within the sample to capture variations in factors affecting
young entrepreneurship.

 Accessibility: Use stratified random sampling to include individuals from different strata,
ensuring that the sample is not biased toward specific characteristics.

3. Informed Consent:

 Consideration: Obtain informed consent from participants, explaining the purpose of the
study and ensuring voluntary participation.

40
  Accessibility: Clearly communicate the study's objectives, benefits, and risks to potential
participants. Provide consent forms in multiple languages if necessary and ensure that
participants have the opportunity to ask questions.

4. Balancing Precision and Resources:

 Consideration: Balance the desire for precision with practical considerations, especially in
terms of available resources.

 Accessibility: Consider the financial and time constraints when determining the sample size
and choose a method that is feasible within the available resources.

5. Ethical Review:

 Consideration: Seek ethical review and approval from relevant institutional review boards or
ethics committees.

 Accessibility: Ensure that the research design, including the sample size and sampling
method, aligns with ethical standards. Provide necessary documentation to ethics
committees to demonstrate the ethical considerations in the study.

By addressing these ethical considerations and ensuring the accessibility of the sample size and
sampling methods, researchers can conduct a study on factors affecting young entrepreneurship in
Malaysia in a responsible and inclusive manner.

3.10 Data analysis plan of sampling method for factor effecting young
entrepreneurship in malaysia
Developing a data analysis plan for a study on factors affecting young entrepreneurship in Malaysia
involves outlining the steps and methods you will use to analyze the collected data.

1. Data Cleaning:

 Objective: Ensure the accuracy and completeness of the dataset.

 Steps:

 Check for missing data and handle it appropriately (impute or exclude).

 Identify and address any outliers or anomalies.

2. Descriptive Statistics:

 Objective: Summarize and describe key features of the dataset.

 Steps:

 Calculate measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion

(standard deviation, range).

 Generate frequency distributions for categorical variables.

3. Stratified Analysis (if applicable):

 Objective: Examine differences within subgroups if stratified sampling was employed.

 Steps:

41
  Conduct separate analyses for each stratum to identify any patterns or variations
specific to those subgroups.

4. Comparative Analysis:

 Objective: Compare groups or conditions as relevant to the research questions.

 Steps:

 Perform t-tests, ANOVA, or non-parametric tests to compare means between groups

for continuous variables.

 Use chi-square tests or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables.

5. Correlation Analysis:

 Objective: Explore relationships between variables.

 Steps:

 Calculate correlation coefficients to assess the strength and direction of relationships

between continuous variables.

6. Factor Analysis (if applicable):

 Objective: Identify latent factors underlying observed variables.

 Steps:

 Conduct factor analysis to reduce data dimensionality and identify common factors
influencing young entrepreneurship.

7. Regression Analysis:

 Objective: Examine the impact of independent variables on a dependent variable.

 Steps:

 Perform regression analysis to assess the relationship between key factors and the
outcome variable (e.g., business success, growth).

8. Thematic Analysis (for Qualitative Data):

 Objective: Analyze qualitative data to identify themes and patterns.

 Steps:

 Code qualitative data into themes and categories.

 Summarize and interpret qualitative findings.

9. Data Integration (if using Mixed Methods):

 Objective: Combine quantitative and qualitative findings for a comprehensive understanding.

 Steps:

 Compare and contrast quantitative and qualitative results.

 Look for convergence or divergence of findings.

42
10. Subgroup Analysis:

 Objective: Examine specific subgroups of interest.

 Steps:

 Conduct subgroup analyses based on relevant demographic or contextual factors.

11. Sensitivity Analysis:

 Objective: Assess the robustness of findings to variations in analytical methods.

 Steps:

 Re-run analyses with alternative methods or assumptions to check for consistency.

12. Statistical Software:

 Objective: Perform analyses using appropriate statistical software.

 Steps:

 Utilize tools like SPSS, R, or Python for quantitative analysis.

 Use qualitative data analysis software (e.g., NVivo) for thematic analysis.

13. Interpretation and Reporting:

 Objective: Provide meaningful interpretations of results and draw conclusions.

 Steps:

 Interpret findings in the context of research questions and objectives.

 Report results in a clear and concise manner.

14. Validation (if applicable):

 Objective: Validate findings using additional methods or external validation.

 Steps:

 Seek feedback from experts in the field to validate interpretations and conclusions.

15. Ethical Considerations:

 Objective: Ensure that the analysis aligns with ethical standards.

 Steps:

 Handle data with confidentiality and privacy in mind.

 Protect participants' identities and adhere to ethical guidelines.

43
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