CLIMATE CHANGE & RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT Climate System-The climate system is the highly

complex global system consisting of 5 major

Layers of Atmosphere
components: the atmosphere, the oceans, the
 TROPOSHERE cryosphere (snow and ice), the landsurface, the
 Where the weather happens
biosphere, and the interactions between them.
 10-16km
 Molecules ( most abundant gas is nitrogen)
Climate System-The interactions of these components
 STRATOSPHERE
 Stable ( cold ) determine not only day-to-day weather, but also long-
 Turbolens ( tawag sa clouds na nasasagi ng term averages that we refer to as the climate.
eroplano)
 Ozone Layer Components and their interactions
 MESOSPHERE
 Coldest layer The atmosphere is the most unstable and rapidly
 Where we saw meteor
changing of the 5 components. Its composition has
-meteoroids ( outside the earth)
-meteor ( nasa kalawakan palang) changed many timesthroughout the history of the
-meteorites( landed) Earth, and it currently is made upprimarily of nitrogen
 THERMOSPHERE (78.1%) and oxygen (20.9%). These gases have limited
 Carbondioxide
interactions with incoming sunlight, and do not
 Nitrogen 78%
 Oxygen 20% interact with the infrared radiation emitted by
 Where the satelites ( signals) theEarth. There are a number of trace gases present
 Hottest layer in theatmosphere that do interact with this light
 EXOSPHERE
 Boundary between earth and atmosphere
however, notably carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane
(CH4 ) which arereferred to as greenhouse gases.
TOPIC 1 THE EARTH IN FOCUS
The cryosphere impacts the climate system greatly
Weather- is the combination of the current through itshigh albedo (reflectivity), it slow thermal
meteorological components, e.g. temperature, wind conductivity, andmost importantly its critical role
direction and speed, amount and type of indriving deep ocean watercirculation. Also, because
precipitation, sun shine hours, etc. The weather is the icesheets store a large amount ofwater, variations
defining a short time period up to several days. in their volumecontribute to sea level rise.

Climate- weather condition is the regional weather *the lighter the color the higher the albedo effect
during a defined time period from one up to several
weeks. Weather condition is describing typical TOPIC 2 The Science of Climate Change
weather phenomena, such as a series of
Climate Change - is a long-term change in the average
thunderstorm in hot summer, foggy month in autumn
weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s
or other weather conditions which are typical for a
local, regional and global climates.
specific region and/or season.
The energy emitted by the sun is known as solar
Climate Change- Change in global or regional climate
radiation. On the other hand, the upper layer of
patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid
atmosphere absorbs some amount of heat from the
to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to
raysof the sun as they pass through the atmosphere.
the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide
Radiation from the earth is called terrestrial radiation.
produced by the use of fossil fuels..

Climate variability- is the way aspects of climate

(such as temperature and precipitation) differ from an
average. Climate variability occurs due to natural and
sometimes periodic changes in the circulation of the
air and ocean, volcanic eruptions, and other factors.
What causes climate change? 3. Solar irradiance – Changing energy from the sun has
affected the temperature of Earth in the past.
1. The climate on Earth has been changing sinceit However, we have not seen anythingstrong enough to
formed 4.5 billion years ago. Until recently, natural change our climate.Any increase in solar energy would
factors have been the cause of thesechanges. Natural make the entire atmosphere of Earth warm, but we
influences on the climateinclude volcanic eruptions, can only see warming in the bottom layer.
changes in the orbit of the Earth, and shifts in the
Earth's crust (known as plate tectonics). What causes 4. Volcanic eruptions – Volcanoe shave a mixed effect
climate change? on our climate.Eruptions produce aerosol particles
that cool Earth, but they also releasecarbon dioxide,
2. Over the past one million years, the Earth has which warms it.Volcanoes produce 50 times less
experienced a series of ice-ages ('glacial periods')and carbon dioxide than humans do, so we know they are
warmer periods ('interglacial'). Glacial and interglacial not the leadingcause of global warming. On top ofthis,
periods cycle roughly every 100,000years, caused by cooling is the dominant effect ofvolcanic eruptions,
changes in Earth's orbit around the sun. For the past not warming.
few thousand years, Earth has been in an interglacial
period with a constant temperature. What causes Human causes of climate change
climate change?
Humans cause climate change by releasing carbon
3. However, since the Industrial Revolution in dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air.
the1800s, the global temperature has increased at a Today, there is more carbondioxide in the atmosphere
much faster rate. By burning fossil fuels and changing thanthere ever has been in atleast the past 800,000
how we use the land, human activity has quickly years.During the 20th and 21st century,the level of
become the leading cause of changes to our climate. carbon dioxide roseby 40%.

Natural and Human–induced Natural changes to the 1. Burning fossil fuels – Fossil fuels suchas oil, gas, and
climate Natural cycles can cause the climate to coal contain carbondioxide that has been 'locked
alternate between warming and cooling. There are away' in theground for thousands of years. When
also natural factors that force the climate to change, wetake these out of the land and burn them, we
known as 'forcings'. Eventhough these natural causes release the stored carbon dioxide intothe air.
contribute to climate change, we know that they are
not the primary cause, based on scientific evidence. 2. Deforestation – Forests remove andstore carbon
dioxide from theatmosphere. Cutting them down
Natural changes to the climate meansthat carbon dioxide builds up quickersince
there are no trees to absorb it. Not only that, trees
1. Milankovitch cycles – As Earth travels around the release the carbon theystored when we burn them.
sun, its path and the tilt of its axis can change slightly.
These changes,called Milankovitch cycles, affect 3. Agriculture – Planting crops and rearinganimals
theamount of sunlight that falls on Earth. This can releases many different types of greenhouse gases
cause the temperature of Earth tochange. However, into the air. Forexample, animals produce methane,
these cycles take placeover tens or hundreds of which is 30 times more powerful thancarbon dioxide
thousands of years and are unlikely to be causing the as a greenhouse gas. Thenitrous oxide used for
changes to the climate that we are seein gtoday. fertilizers is tentimes worse and is nearly 300 times
morepotent than carbon dioxide!
2. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)–ENSO is a
pattern of changing watertemperatures in the Pacific 4. Cement – Producing cement is anothercontributor
Ocean. In an 'ElNiño' year, the global temperature to climate change, causing 2%of our entire carbon
warmsup, and in a 'La Niña' year, it cools down.These dioxide emissions.
patterns can affect the globaltemperature for a short
amount of time(months or years) but cannot explain
thepersistent warming that we see today.
The leading cause of climate change is human activity
and the release of greenhouse gases. However, there
are lots of natural causes that also lead to changes in Types of greenhouse gases
the climate system. Several major greenhouse gases that result from
Greenhouse gases trap heat and make the planet human activity are included in U.S. and international
warmer. estimates of greenhouse gas emissions:

Primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions  Carbon dioxide (CO2)

 Methane (CH4)
1. Transportation (28.2 percent of 2018greenhouse  Nitrous oxide (N2O)
 Industrial gases:
gas emissions) – The transportationsector generates
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
the largest share ofgreenhouse gas emissions. • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Greenhouse gasemissions from transportation • Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
primarily comefrom burning fossil fuel for our cars, • Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
trucks,ships, trains, and planes. Over 90 percent of
thefuel used for transportation is petroleum Water vapor is the most abundantgreenhouse gas,
based,which includes primarily gasoline and diesel. but most scientists believethat water vapor produced
directly by humanactivity contributes very little to the
2. Electricity production (26.9 percent of amount ofwater vapor in the atmosphere.
2018greenhouse gas emissions) –
Global Warming Phenomenon of increasing average
Electricityproduction generates the second largest
air temperatures near the surface of Earth over the
shareof greenhouse gas emissions. Approximately past one to two centuries.
63percent of our electricity comes from burningfossil
fuels, mostly coal and natural gas. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

3. Industry (22.0 percent of 2018 greenhouse Mitigation refers to efforts to reduce or prevent
gasemissions) – Greenhouse gas emissions emission of greenhouse gases.
fromindustry primarily come from burning fossil -Mitigation strategies include retrofitting buildings to
fuelsfor energy, as well as greenhouse gas make them more energy efficient; adopting
renewable energy sources like solar, wind and small
emissionsfrom certain chemical reactions necessary
hydro; helping cities develop more sustainable
toproduce goods from raw materials. transport such as bus rapid transit, electric vehicles,
and biofuels; and promoting more sustainable uses of
4. Commercial and Residential (12.3 percentof 2018
land and forests.
greenhouse gas emissions) –Greenhouse gas Adaptation means anticipating the adverse effects of
emissions from businessesand homes arise primarily climate change and taking appropriate action to
from fossil fuelsburned for heat, the use of certain prevent or minimize the damage they can cause, or
productsthat contain greenhouse gases, and taking advantage of opportunities that may arise.
thehandling of waste.
GLOBAL EFFORT
5. Agriculture (9.9 percent of 2018 greenhousegas
emissions) – Greenhouse gas emissionsfrom United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) is a framework for
agriculture come from livestock such ascows,
intergovernmental efforts to tackle climate change.
agricultural soils, and rice production.
197 countries that have ratified the Convention are
called Parties to the Convention and Its ultimate
6. Land Use and Forestry (11.6 percent of2018
objective is to achieve the stabilization of greenhouse
greenhouse gas emissions) – Landareas can act as a gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
sink (absorbing CO2fromthe atmosphere) or a source would prevent dangerous interference with the
of greenhousegas emissions. In the United States, climate system. as the main forum for international
since1990, managed forests and other lands are anet action on climate change. 197 countries have joined
sink, i.e. they have absorbed moreCO2 from the the international agreement (known as a convention).
atmosphere than they emit.
Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol The global Kyoto Protocol It is the first set of international rules
community reacted in 1985 with the Vienna designed to implement the UNFCCC. The United
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, States has refused to ratify Kyoto, leaving the largest
followed in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol on emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs) outside of the
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer which sets protocol designed to contain the problem. Kyoto calls
out a binding framework to phase out production and for relatively modest reductions in GHG emissions,
consumption of ODS. setting an average goal of 5% below 1990 levels for
developed countries. The protocol does not set
Vienna Convention was the first convention of any reduction targets for developing countries on the
kind to be signed by every country involved, taking principle that the developed countries that have
effect in 1988 and reaching universal ratification in created the problem should take the first steps to
2009. This speaks to the enormity of ozone depletion clean it up. However, rapidly developing economies
at the time and the willingness of countries around such as those of China and India will have a huge
the world to work together to solve it. The Convention impact on GHG emissions in the future. Lack of
aimed to promote cooperation among nations by developing country commitments is one of the
exchanging information on the effects of human reasons why the United States refused to ratify Kyoto.
activities on the ozone layer. In doing so, the creators
of the Convention hoped policymakers would adopt Paris Agreement The specific goal of the Paris climate
measures to combat those activities responsible for agreement was to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
ozone depletion. so that the global average temperature would not rise
more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the levels with an earnest effort to not allow it to rise 1.5
Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol) is an degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. It went
international agreement made in 1987. It was into effect in November 2016. Agreement required
designed to stop the production and importation of both developed and developing countries to reduce
ozone depleting substances and reduce their their greenhouse gas emissions. Each country was also
concentration in the atmosphere to help protect the required to submit a plan to the UN for how they
earth's ozone layer. It is considered as the most intended to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
successful environment protection agreement. It sets Most nations set targets for reducing greenhouse gas
out a mandatory timetable for the phase out of ozone emissions by a certain percentage by a date between
depleting substances. 2025 and 2030.
-Montreal Protocol sets binding progressive phase out -The United States, for example, had already set a
obligations for developed and developing countries goal in 2014 for reducing emissions to 26-28% below
for all the major ozone depleting substances, including 2005 levels. China planned for its greenhouse gas
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and less damaging emissions to peak around 2030 and said it would
transitional chemicals such as make an honest effort to peak earlier. India also
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The Montreal planned to cut 33-35% of its emissions stemming from
Protocol targets 96 ozone depleting chemicals in its GDP by about 2030, though India also commented
thousands of applications across more than 240 on the difficulty of accomplishing this while still
industrial sectors. In 2016 the Montreal Protocol also reducing poverty in the country. A committee was
became responsible for setting binding progressive also formed to annually report on the progress of the
phase down obligations for the 18 main reduction of emissions and nations abiding by the
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) agreement were asked to update their plans for
emissions reduction every 5 years.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) Negotiations focus on four key Maladaptation is when climate change adaptation
areas mitigating (reducing) greenhouse gas emissions actions backfire and have the opposite of the
adapting to climate change reporting of national intended effect – increasing vulnerability rather than
emissions financing of climate action in developing decreasing it.
countries The UNFCCC obligates all signatory
countries to formulate, implement, publish and ADAPTIGATION the term "adaptigation“ was coined,
update measures to prepare for the impacts of in response to climate change that integrates a focus
climate change, known as ‘adaptation’. It also on adaptation with a focus on mitigation, to avoid
obligates countries to cooperate on adaptation and conflicts and create synergies (Langlais, 2009; Langlais
provides a variety of support mechanisms for the & Dymén, 2009)
implementation of adaptation measures in developing
countries.
 The National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan (NDRRMP) shall be based on a
comprehensive, allhazards, multi-sectoral, and
community-based risk reduction framework. It is a
REPUBLIC ACT 10121 document that shall be formulated and implemented
by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC).

The Republic Act 10121 ( RA 10121) known as the

“ Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Act of 2010 ” was enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the Philippines (Congress of the
Philippines 2010).

POLICIES ON DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND

MANAGEMENT FROM RA 10121

By law and in adherence to the Philippine

Constitution, it is the state’s responsibility to protect
the rights of its people to life and property . With this
policy, the government’s duty is to build community
resilience against impacts of hazards by addressing
the root causes of its vulnerabilities in which poverty
is the main identified cause . The policies within RA
10121 are built on this main premise. Moreover, it will
adopt internationally accepted humanitarian
principles on disaster risk reduction and adaptation to
climate change in all its policies and programs on
sustainable development from the local to the
national level.

As mandated by RA 10121, a National Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) shall
be created and implemented with the involvement of
all stakeholders from the local (barangay level) to the
national level. The law also declares that disaster risk
reduction and climate change shall be considered and
included in policy development, socioeconomic
planning, and even in budgeting of any other
development processes under the government
project or program. Within this policy, disaster risk
reduction and management shall be mainstreamed in
the education system.

Risk patterns in different localities shall be

recognized and differentiated such that appropriate
measures for risk reduction and preparedness are
locally adapted. Furthermore, strengthening of local
communities in disaster risk, mitigation, response, and
recovery is given emphasis. In addition, disaster risk
reduction plans are also mandated to be gender
responsive , sensitive to indigenous knowledge
systems , and overall respectful of human rights.