English

1. What are grammatical signal or expressions?

- Grammatical signal or expressions are
writing devices that severe to maintain text
coherence. They signal the relationship between
new sentences and the one before it, and they are
also the important writing devices in text
constructions. There are. the words that give the
readers or the listeners a signal of what will
follow an idea.

2. What is idea development?

- Idea development is the manner or pattern
by which a writer or speaker explains his/her
main idea about a topic in a paragraph or
paragraphs. Patterns of organization show the
relationship between supporting details in
paragraphs, essays,

and chapters. The organization of the supporting

details helps you remember what you read. Idea
development or patterns of organization has 4
(four) common types which includes, General to
particular, claim and counter claim, Cause and
effect, and others.
3. What do you mean by:
a. General to particular
- It is the method of explaining by starting
with a brood (big. ideal and following it with
specific (small) ideas in support its also called the
deductive method.
b. Claim and counter claim
- It is a method of developing a paragraph
or a longer composition by stating (someone
else's) claim, by stating your (the writer)
counterclaim and by following the counter claim
with reasons. or evidences to support the said
counter claim.

c. Problem Solution
- It is the text that presents a significant
problem and explains it in detail. Then, a possible
solution is suggested. Sometimes, only the
problem is presented because there is no solution.
d. Cause and effect
 - cause and effect describes or discusses an
event/action that is caused by another
event/action. There may be a single Cause and
effect or several causes with several effects.
4. Give examples of grammatical signals or
expressions for each pattern of idea development.
a. General to particular
- It has a signal word for General
statements, for Major details, and for Particular
ideas. For General statements it uses the
examples Generally, primarily, largely and in
general. For major details it uses the examples
first, second, third, another, furthermore,
moreover, in addition, and next. For particular
ideas it uses the examples for instance, for
example, to illustrate, to be specific, specifically,
particularly, such as, and like.
b. Claim and counter claim
- It has a signal word for signal verbs for
claims signal words /verbs for counterclaims and
signal words for citing. evidence -In signal verbs
for claims it uses the examples agree, claim,
conclude discuss and etc. In signal words /verbs
for counter- claims it uses the examples argue
ferrite, disagree, oppose, and etc., it also uses the
examples although, even though, and many more.
For signal words in citing evidence, it uses the
examples according to ...., evidence shows.... and
many more.
c. Problem and solution
- For problem and solution it uses answer,
challenge, need, difficulty, dilemma, enigma,
improve, indicate, issue, plan a need, problem,
propose, remedied, resolve, respond to, solve,
suggest.
d. Cause and effect
- For causes it uses because, causes, creates,
due to, for this reason, if this…then, leads to, on
account of, produces, since this. For effects it
uses as a result, consequently, hence, in effect,
resulting, since, therefore, thus
Expanding the content of an Outline Using notes
from Primary and secondary sources.
Outline
 is a map of your essay
 shows what information each section or
paragraph will contain, and in what order
  the general plan of what you are going to
white
Topic outline
 words and phrases.
Sentence outline
 contains sentences.
Why Create an Outline?
 An outline provides on summary and
shows the logical of a paper. flow
 It may be helpful to create an outline
when you want... to show the
hierarchical relationship or logical
ordering of information
 For research papers, an outline may help
you keep track of large amount of
information.
 For creative writing, an outline may help
organize the various plot threads and
help of character traits.
 Many people find that organizing an oral
report or presentation in outline from
helps them speak more effectively in
front of an audience.
 Primary reasons. for creating an outline:
✓ Aids in the process of witing
✓Helps you organize your ideas
✓ Presents your material in a logical form.
✓shows the relationships among ideas in your
writing
✓ Constates an ordered overview of your writing
✓ Defines boundaries and groups
 Title
I. Main Topic
A. First subtopic of I
1. Supporting Detail of A
a. Supporting details of 1
b. Supporting details of 1
2: Supporting Detail of A
B. Second Detail of A
II. Main Topic
A first subtopic of II
B. second subtopic of II

Primary Sources.
- provide immediate flist-hand accounts of a
topic or unidence that originally and directly
comes from the main source of information
 autobiographic
 artifacts  emails
 original  diaries
research  speeches
  interviews
 letters  newspaper
 surveys report
 economic  photographs
statistics  video or audio
 artwork that captures an
 performance event
 poem

Secondary Sources
- are one step removed from primary sources,
though they often quote or otherwise use primary
sources. They can cover the same topic, but add a
layer of inter butation and analysis.

 Biographics  Books about

 Commentaries specific subjects
 dictionaries  Analysis or
 documentaries interpretation of
 history books data
 Literary reviews  Scholarly or
and textbooks other articles
about a topic
especially by
 people not
directly
involved

Example of Topic outline:

Thesis: The above of alcohol and drugs can
affect a person economically, psychologically,
and physically.
Topic Outline:
1. Economical effects (Main idea)
A. Alcohol (sub- ideal)
1. Cost of alcohol purchases (Detail of A).
2. Cost of DUIs (Detail of A)
B. Drug (sub- point)
1. Lost of ding purchases (Detail of B)
2. Lost of ding arrest (Detail of B)

II. Psychological effects

 A. Alcohol
1. Mental impairment.
2. Mental addiction

B. Dungs
1. Mental impairment
2. Mental addiction.

III. Physical effects

A. Alcohol
1. Liver disease
2. Mental addigion
B. Dungs
1. Bain damage
2. Ding overdose

Rules in Outlining!
1. Do not mix topic and sentence outline method.
2 Ident properly
3. In a sentence outline, begin each point with a
capital letter and at the end of the sentence.
4. In a topic outline, begin each point with a
capital letter. and place a period after each
division number or letter, do not place periods
after ideas.
5. Strive for parallel wording among outline
topics and Sub-topics.
Synthesis Essential Information.
- synthesizing essential information found
What is Synthesis?
- Refer to combining multiple sources and
ideas
- is the composition or combination of parts
or elements so as to form a whole
- Involves looking for similarities and
differences between your sources.
- New ideas and opinion
McCombes (2020)
Synthesis
 - is beyond summarizing ideas from
various sources. After summarizing the text, one
must analyze and combine his/her generalization
and conclusion to the analysis made.

How is synthesis different from summarizing?

Summary
- share the key points from an individual
source and then move on and summarize another
source.
Synthesis
- combine the information from those
multiple sources and add your own analysis of
the literature.
- means that each of your paragraphs will
include multiple sources and citations, as well as
your own ideas and voice.
Formula
Source 1 + Source 2 + Personal Ideas observation
= SYNTHESIZED IDEAS
Three types of synthesis:
1. At new understanding something a reader has
not considered before until reading the text.
2. A deeper somber standing, becoming more
aware of appreciative of an idea after reading a
text.
3. A changed understanding, thinking differently
because of the text.

Strategies in Synthesizing
1. The BEST thethod
B- Read two different sources about a topic and
record ideas
E. Edit notes and combire concepts that are
similar.
S- Synthesize by combining notes with what you
already. Know about the topic.
T- Think about your new ideas and connect them
to what you already know.

2. The ADD method

 - The advantage of ADD is that it helps you
learn to integrate your leaning with what you
already know and discuss it with otter student.
A - What the Students Already know about the
topic
D- What the Students learned during the reading
on the same topic
D- what the students learned during be discussion
of the topic.

3. A Venus Diagram
- record facts about two topics, which go in
the large outer circles
- record overlapping facts and ideas where
the circles overlap
- Add information at each step-phor
reading, knowledge and discussion
Developing Paragraphs that illustrate Text
Types
Text types
- may be categorized in a number of ways.
1. Narrative Text Type
 - Tells a story which can be fiction (made-
up story) or not fiction (real events).
- Short stories and other traditional tales are
example of fiction, while biographies are
examples of narrative non-fiction.
- helps tell the story and heeps the story
moving.
- includes action, events and exciting
descriptive words
- helps keep the reader engaged in the story
- similar to descriptive paragraphs (and a
paragraph may actually be both at once), but a
narrative tends to offer the reader more
background information, such as past events that
led up to or cause events in the story.
Purpose
- To entertain the readers through reading
on story.
Language
- written in third person or first person
perspective.
- written in past or present tense
 - uses creative language to create an image,
in the minds of the readers.
Structure
- there is a beginning and ending,
characters, setting conflict and resolution
2. Explanatory
- explains a particular subject or topic through
ideal that support it. It is a hind of factual text
that explains how at why things are. It elaborates
on how or why something occurs or gives
information on how to do something
Explanatory
- gives explanation on a process of how and
why something happens.
Examples: instructions, procedure and directions.
- offers the reader information on a certain
subject.
- contain directions or might be describe a
process in a logical, linear manner.
- are also factual in nature and are not a
common tool for fictions or fiction writers.
 A how-to article is an example of a place of
writing that would use are these paragraphs.
Purpose:
- to explain what how and why a certain
thing happens
Language
- written in present tense
- uses technical terminologies
- uses action verbs
Structure:
- begins with an opening statement that
introduces the subject to be delved into.
3. Expository - are also informational text that
present the factual data, on a topic trough
description sequence, comparison and contrast,
cause and effect, and problem-solution.
- explains something or provides instruction
- describes a process and move the reader step by
step through a method
- often requires research but its possible that the
writer is able to rely on his or her own knowledge
and expertise.
- a type of text that informs, explains, and
describe the subject to the readers by providing
factual information from reliable sources.
- these may include reports, textbooks, historical
economic or scientific information.Purpose:
- to simplify and expose things, ideas
person and places through educational and
purposeful facts.
Language:
- use language that foluses in the subject.
- written in the past or future on present
tense
Structure
- uses signal words.
- diagram, charts and illustrations can used
to support

4. Recount
- retells past events which may wither be
personal or factual
 - a paragraph which retells past events or
experience for the purpose of informing or
entertaining.
- includes personal events, factual incidents
or imaginary incidents
Purpose:
- to list and describe post experiences by
retelling events in the order in which they
happened.
- recounts are written to retell events with
purpose of informing your audience.
Personal recount
- retells past events that the writer was
personally involved in.
- Diary entries and short personal memoirs
are example of
- is when the writer is involved.
-retells on action, interest, event or activity.
Examples:
- diary
- Journal
 - personal letter.
- biography
Purpose:
- to build a relationship between the readers
and the uniter by providing information that the
latter has been personal involved. ally

Language
- uses every first person pronoun
- uses action verb
- uses everyday language
- written in past tense

Structure:
- gives details to who, what, when, where
and why
- arranged in chronological order, so it has
a beginning. middle and an end.
Factual recount
 -retells events that also happened in real life
but may. not be about the writer himself/herself.
News reports and witness statements are
examples of factual recounting
-is a recount where the writer is not in the
recount but the structure is the same as a personal
recount, because it has a beginning, middle and
end
- a type of text that gives useful facts and
information on a certain subject, topic, or issue.
Example:
- new reports
- history
Purpose:
- to give information by means of Facts;
- To explore different point of views on a given
subject.
Language:
-written in present tense
-uses formal language
- title is written in question form.
Structure:
-provides background information on the issue or
topic
-gives details about what, who, when, or where
of a subject
5. Persuasive text
-intends to convince the readers / listeners to
believe, perform a certain action or change
minds. Examples of persuasive that types include
advertisements, editorials, debate speeches,
arguments and persuasive essays and speeches.
-one in which is actually giving his own opinion
on a certain action or change minds, subject or
topic and seek to convince the reader to agree
- also include facts and information that help to
backout back up the writer's opinion.
Example:
- Speeches or editorial essays,
advertisement, commercial, editorial and other
forms of writing where the main goal is
persuasion.
-In fiction, use these paragraphs to convince the
reader to feel a certain way toward a character,
place or event, perhaps a different way that they
may have felt earlier in the story.

Purpose
- to encourage or convince readers of the ments
of adopting a particular viewpoint or taking a
specific course of action.
Language
-written in the simple present tense.
-uses consesston, comparison, and cause and
effect subordinating conjunctions (therefore,
because of this, this proves
- Stats opinion on a specific topic
-we fart and indexes to support arguments