THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

THE COLLEGE OF INFORMATICS AND VIRTUAL EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING (ETE)

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING II REPORT

At the Department of NETWORKING SECTION

COMPANY NAME: TANZANIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY LIMITED

(TTCL)

LOCATION: TANGA CITY

BY

STUDENT NAME: HASSAN RAJAB TENGEGEYA

REGISTRATION NUMBER: T21-03-07516

COURSE CODE: TN 231

DEGREE PROGRAM: BSC-TE2.

SUBMITTED TO: MR. DIWANI

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 ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022/2023

Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 3
LIST OFABBREVIATIONS 4
ACKNOWLEGEMENT 5
SUMMARY 6
INTRODUCTION 7
THE COMPANY PROFILE OR ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 8
CHAPTER ONE 9
1.1: ACCESS NETWORK 9
1.2: TELECOMMUNICATION 9
1.2.1: TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK 9
1.2.2: TYPES OF EXCHANGE 10
1.2.3: COMPONENTS OF ACCESS NETWORK 11
CHAPTER TWO 12
2.O: CABLES,TYPES OF CABLES AND COLOUR SCHEME 12
2.1 IMPORTANT PARTS OF COPPER CABLE 13
2.2 TERMINATION IN THE ACCESS NETWORK 14

2.3 MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME 14

2.4 TERMINATION OF SECONDARY CABLES 16
CHAPTER THREE 18
3.0: MAINTANANCE IN THE ACCESS NETWORK 18
3.1 TYPES OF MAINTANANCE 18
3.2 TYPES OF FAULTS 18
3.3 TESTING INSTRUMENTS 18
4.0: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 19
5.0:REFFERENCES 21

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LIST OF FIGURES AND LIST OF TABLES
Figure 1: regional structural of ttcl 8
Figure 2: access network connection for the subscriber 10
Figure 3: voice transmission over copper cable 11
Figure 4: data transmission over copper cable 11
Figure 5: coaxial cable 12
Figure 6: optical fibre cable 12
Figure 7: polyethylene cable 12

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 ABBREVIATION

Abbreviations word in full

ATS Automatic Transfer Switch

BTS Base Transceiver Station
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
GSM Global System for Mobile
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IP Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
MDF Main Distribution Frame
MSAN Multi-Service Access Node
PAC Power Plants and Air Condition
PLC Programmable Logic Controller
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
IPT Industrial Practical Training
TTCL Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited
VPN Visual Private Network
VLAN Visual Local Area Network
TPTC Tanzania Posts and Telecommunications Corporation
TCC Tanzania Communication Commission (TCC)
LAN Local Area Network
DP Distribution Point
CCC Cross Connection Cabinet

ACKNOWLEDGENMENT
It is my great honor to highly recognize the people who had made me travel such

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great and transforming journey since the first day 31/07/2023 as per my starting time
of the training up to my final day 22/08/2023. “Together we can as one team “due to the
unity and integrity exiting in the company everyone I ever met in the course of time was
of great value having all the mind set of promoting sociability by mean of reaching all
people with affordable and quality services offered by the company hence all the
workers with one goal in mind creating a beautiful and transforming place to be. I’m
grateful to all staff members of TANGA TTCL region for their enough cooperation
during my practical training in their company, I learnt so many things from them and
they did all their ability to ensure I acquire important lessons and knowledge so as to
take a part in developing the community nation and the world technologically. Therefore,
allow me to offer my inner thanks to the following staff members, technical leaders and
other workers at TANGA TTCL compass.

Without forgetting the entire team of fellow students from different universities like
CUCOM, UDSM, SKUA, KOM COLLEGE, DIT and extra for oneness and heart of sharing
during my entire period of IPT.

Finally, may I give my inner thanks to TTCL management for allowing me to stay in the
cooperation for my IPT time. May God bless TTCL, may God bless UDOM as well as
TANZANIA.

SUMMARY

This is an account of the practical training which I have successfully managed to

complete at Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited (TTCL) in Tanga region.

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My IPT program started on 31/07/2023 to 22/08/2023. It had been my pleasure to be
art of TTCL for the short period of time which I had in the company. Basing on the
company’s operation manual, TTCL has three main sections which are commercial,
support and network part. My practical training activities were concerned with network
section, so under the guidance of company’s supervisors’ and engineers present at the
company I underwent the network section as far as my course is concerned. The
network section has been subdivided into four subsections which are radio and
transmission, access network, switch and data as well as power plants and air
condition (PAC). I was able to go through all these sub divisions of network to learn
from each of them of its functions and operations in the company and its importance to
the company as well as in the technological advancement. I have explained in brief
both section in this report, however I have chosen Access network from the four-sub
section as my case study.

INTRODUCTION

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This chapter cover the main body of activities which show what has been taken during
fieldwork. It contains main features concerning Placement in organization(department),
Activities performed, work environment, Challenges faced, Solution to the faced
challenges, Expectation and the result of reattachment, new things learned, Gaps in the
theory and practical teaching and Relevance of attachment.

PLACEMENT IN THE ORGANIZATION

I started my practical training at TTCL on 31th July 2023 in different departments such
as Access networks, Data switching, Power and Radio transmission under the
supervisor ENG. YAZID BAFUNDA as the head of supervisor, all the requirements are
being addressed so as to run operations smooth.

ACTIVITIES/TASKS PERFOMED DURING THE FIELD PERIOD

The following are several activities taken during my fieldwork at TTCL: -Fiber Installation
and Testing, Switch and Router configurations, Routing Maintenance Schedule, Voice
and Data provision to the customers, Modem configuration.

PROBLEMS FACED DURING THE FIELD PERIOD

There were no major problems faced that could affect the effective execution of the
assigned duties. This is because TTCL is a well-organized firm. However, since
problems are inevitable, some minor problems were faced, which I shared with my
colleagues and other associates for help. Problems faced were mainly explained by the
fact that during my training I was transforming Theories acquired in lectures into
practice and lack of experience in working environment, shortage of vehicles required
for transporting student to site for more practical practices. Despite of above small
challenges faced, my field training was enjoyable and no major problem were faced.

GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF TTCL TANGA

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 As it had been stated earlier in chapter, TTCL has four subsection of Network section
which are radio and transmission, access network, power and air condition as well as
switch and data. All these works together with the remaining core section of the
company to achieve the goal of the company. Below is the structure of governance of
TTCL at regional level.

STRUCTURE OF REGIONAL GOVERNANCE IN TTCL

REGIONAL MANAGER

Senior sales Senior Engineer Senior accountant

officer

Admin officer Accountant

Sales Customer Engineers Account officer

officer service officer Assistant
procuremen Accountant
Technicians
Sales ffi technician
assistant Drivers’
Technician
Account
messengers
assistant
assistant

Figure 1: shows regional structure of ttcl

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1: ACCESS NETWORK

In this section is where we have the mode in which the service is carried from the
service provider to the customer premises, offices and extra as far the needs of the
customer is concerned ,this is mostly a physical connection of the services and how it
travel to the stated places or targeted places, inn access TTCL use both copper and
fiber among which copper in deeply explained in this chapter .in this chapter we are
going to see how this subsection works as part of network section ,including terms
used in the section .

1.2: TELECOMMUNICATION
Let’s begin in understanding the term telecommunication

 To be able to communicate at long distance through electrical or optical signals.

Or
 A long distance communication via integration of information sharing networks
all tied together

1.2.1: TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

A set of nodes and links that provides connections between two or more defined points
to carry out exchange of information b/w them

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

 PSTN is the combination of:

 Terminal Equipment’s

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  Access Network

 Switching Network

 Transmission Network
user equipment’s
 Telephone set
 Modem

(Connectivity of Subscriber with Exchange)

Figure 2: shows access network connection for the subscriber

1.2.2: TYPES OF EXCHANGES

 Local exchange
• Remote subscriber switch
• Tandem exchange.
• Transit exchange.
• International gateway exchange

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 Call example in PSTN
Following steps are involved in the establishment and subsequent release of a call on
PSTN:
 Detection of hook off
 Provision of dial tone
 Dialing of digits
 Reservation of resources for call
 Ringing of called party and ring back to calling party
 Detection of answer from called party
 Necessary charging initiation
 Speech
 Initiation of call termination from either end
 Call end, release of all reserved resources
 Necessary action regarding billing

Components and Structure of Access Network

MSA CABINE Subscribe

Primary cable secondary cable DP
T
MDF (distribution

Figure 3: Voice transmission over copper cable

MSAN
PSTN LINE CABINET DP MOE

Figure 4: Data transmission over copper cable

1.2.3: COMPONENTS OF ACCESS NETWORK

MDF: - MDF stands for Main Distribution Frame. It is an interface or test point between a
telephone exchange and subscriber local loop. There are two sides, horizontal and

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vertical side.
Horizontal Side: For Exchange Side
Vertical Side: For External Cable
Horizontal and Vertical sides connected via jumper wire.
Cabinet: Terminating Box where primary and secondary cables are terminated.
DP: Stands for Distribution point, Secondary cable distributes at DP.

 Primary Cable: From MDF to Cabinet

 Secondary Cable: From Cabinet to DP
CHAPTER TWO
2.0: CABLES, TYPES OF CABLES & COLOUR SCHEME
COPPER CABLE
Definition:
It is collection of insulated conductors arranged in particular color scheme in
a single core and covered with several protective layers.
3.2.2: Kinds of Cable
1. Aerial cable

2. underground cable

3. submarine cable

Kinds of underground copper cable

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 1. COAXIAL CABLE.

Figure 5: shows coaxial cable

2. OPTICAL FIBER CABLE.

Figure 6: shows optical fiber cable

3. POLYETHELENE (PE) CABLE

Figure 7: shows polyethylene cable

Construction of P.E cable

1. ARMOURED
2. UNARMOURE

2.1: IMPORTANT PARTS OF COPPER CABLE

1. Conductor
Any material that easily permits the flow of electric current.
For example: Copper, Silver and Aluminum etc.
2. Insulation
Any material that does not permit the flow of electric current.
For example: Plastic, Paper and Glass etc.

3. Protective layers
PROTECT THE CABLE FROM;

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  Mechanical damages

 magnetic effects

 Electrical interference

 Environmental effects

Color scheme of P.E cable.

25 pair color schemes in one group

A- WIRE B-WIRE
1. White blue
2. White orange
3. White green
4. White brown
5. White gray
6. Red blue
7. Red orange
8. Red green
9. Red brown
10. Red gray
11. Black blue
12. Black orange
13. Black green
14. Black brown
15. Black gray
16. Yellow blue
17. Yellow orange
18. Yellow green
19. Yellow brown
20. Yellow gray
21. Violet blue
22. Violet orange

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23. Violet green.
24. Violet brown.
25. Violet gray
These are the color code scheme for copper cable
1. GROUP is of 25 pairs
2. UNIT is of 50 pairs
3. SUPER UNIT is of 100 pairs
2.2: TERMINATIONS IN THE ACCESS NETWORK
There are five positions of termination in the Access Network
 Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
 Cross Connection Cabinets (CCC)
 Distribution Point (DP)
 Terminating Box
 Rosette / Socket
2.3: MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME
The major connection frame in a telephone exchange on which the local cable pairs and
exchange cable are terminated.

Here any cable pair can be cross-connected to any exchange cable (number)

TYPES OF MDF
–Floor type
–Wall type
MDF
 The M.D.F. must be installed in a separate room nearest to the switch room

 The frame must be supported with proper nuts and bolts for disconnection strips
and fuse strips.

 The M.D.F must be supported by the wall brackets.

 The M.D.F must be properly earthed.

Types of Wiring on M.D.F

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 On mini strips the underground installation cable is terminated on left/front side
of M.D.F

 Switch board cable from exchange side is terminated on right/rear side of the
M.D.F

Termination of junction cables

 Cables connecting any two exchanges are called junction cables.
 Extreme ends of junction cables are terminated on MDF’s (Main Distribution
Frames) of each exchange.
 Primary cables connect MDF of an exchange to CCC’s (Cross Connection
Cabinets) installed at suitable points of feeding areas.

 Starting end of the cable (generally called NEAR END) is terminated on the MDF
and remote end (called FAR END) is terminated on CCC (Cross Connection
Cabinets) terminal blocks.

 MDF is a junction of switching system and outside plant.

 The cables coming from switches are terminated on horizontal tag blocks
mounted on one side of the MDF.

 Cables coming from outside are terminated on vertical side terminal

blocks/strips

 Horizontal side of the MDF is called switching side and the vertical side is called

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 “Geographical side”.

 Any switching side pair can be connected to any pair of outside cable through
jumper wire.

 A vertical row (Bay) can accommodate 800 pair termination of network cable.

 The network cables are terminated on the left side of the strip and right side is
used for jumping.

 These strips also provide measuring & testing facility for network cables

2.4: TERMINATION OF SECONDARY CABLES

Secondary cables connect the CCC (Cross Connection Cabinets) to DPs (Distribution
Points) may be pole mounted DPs or wall mounted indoor DPs or pillar type DPs.

Starting end generally called near end) of secondary cables is terminated on terminating
blocks of CCC and the remote ends (called Far Ends) of secondary cables are
terminated on 10 pair terminal blocks of any kind of DPs.

CROSS CONNECT CABINET

It is a component of the Out Side Plant installed at the junction of Primary and
Secondary cables

Standard size CCC can accommodate termination of 1200 pairs.

Some of the cabinet designs are double sided and cables can also be terminated
on the other side of the cabinet. It doubles its termination capacity

Usually the ratio of 5:7 is maintained between primary cables & secondary cable
pairs.
The cabinet is installed on a pre-cast RCC base.

Minimum height of the base plate of the cabinet shall be 30 cm above the

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 ground/road level (whichever is higher).

The doors shall be water tight and the location of the cabinet shall be such that it
does not block the traffic or pedestrians.

Sufficient working space (1m minimum) shall be available on the back side of the
cabinet.
DISTRIBUTION POINT
There are three types of DPs in use by the TTCL.
Pole Mounted DPs (External DPs)
Wall mounted (Internal DPs
Pillar type DPs
The capacity of DP is generally 10 pairs. In case load is concentrated (office buildings
etc.) the termination can be increased up to 20,30 or 50 pairs especially on internal DP.
Distribution point. D.P
The D.P consists of
1. Housing/ body.
2. Terminal block
3. Cover
4. Earth Terminal
Types of DP
There are three types of D.P.
1. Pole type D.P. 2. Wall type D.P. 3. Pillar type D.P.
Poles
The post or poles used to support for overhead lines
DROPWIRE
Drop wire is a self-supporting aerial cable capable of sustaining the span load and wind
pressure and greatly resistive to climate and environmental effects

It is used for extending exchange loop to subscriber’s premises and erected from
distribution point (D.P) to subscriber’s office

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Its construction is simple.
It contains two wires of hard drawn cadmium wire, bronze wire or copper weld wire.
Copper weld wire is more common in use. The wire is enclosed in a jacket-cum
Insulation of polyethylene.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0: MAINTENANCES IN THE ACCESS NETWORK

3.1: TYPES OF MAINTENANCES

 Preventive maintenance is conducted to keep equipment working and/or extend

the life of the equipment.

 Corrective maintenance, sometimes called "Repair", is conducted to get

equipment working again.

3.2: TYPES OF FAULTS

 Insulation is that property of insulating material that opposes the leakage of

electricity through it.

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  Earth is touching of A or B wire with such a point which resists flowing of current
likely with each other or cabling sheath.
 Break of A or B wire from anywhere is known as Break Fault.
 Contact is touching of A or B wire with each other of same pair
 Cross Contact Joining of A or B wire of one pair to the other pair
Localization & rectification
For the rectification of any faults different tests are performed for the localization of
fault, after which these faults are removed. These are:

3.3: TESTING INSTRUMENTS

 Digital Meggar
 Cable Fault Locator (mTDR-070)
 Cable Route Locator
 Digital Earth Tester
 Millimeter
 LQT (Line Quality Tester)
 4.0: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
With much thanks to University of Dodoma (UDOM) who allows students to
undergo practical training. It is really a transforming section to a student who are
able to apply the knowledge from class to the real field. Thereafter I would
recommend for continuity of this part of school and if possible, to extend the
field life time.
I would also request the university to help all students to directly get the place for
field basing on their course taken for others they don’t know a proper place to
suit the course in study causing some to simply go and do field wherever place is
found.

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 REFERENCES
1. www.ttcl.go.tz had been a source of information
2. Daugherty, Herbert. ‘Automatic Transfer Switches’ p.190,200 On site Power
Generation fourth edition. Boca Raton, Florida: Electrical Generation Systems
Association, 2006.
3. Data and Computer Communications Tenth Edition by William Stallings
4. Data Communication and Networking Behrouz A. Frouzan.

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 APPENDICES
 Logbook

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