MODULE 6

SEXUAL SELF

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
 Discuss and elaborate concepts associated with sexual self.
 Identify the factors that contribute to one’s sexual development.
 Explain how one can manifest responsible sexual behavior.

INTRODUCTION

Understanding and experiencing the self includes a discussion of the biological factors of sex characteristics that
differentiate between man and woman. The reproductive system is a system of sex organs designed for reproduction and
sexual function. It affects not only how individuals view themselves but also their sexuality and sexual relationships.
During adolescence, most young people become involved in dating and courtship. Through romantic relationships, sexual
behaviors are developed. Risk factors for sexual behaviors such as early pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.
Early pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections among youth are major problems in the Philippines. A number of
strategies are recommended and be discussed to prevent this.

INPUTS
THE SEXUAL SELF

The beginning of adolescence is marked by rapid physical changes, and the development of primary and
secondary sex characteristics. Primary sex characteristics are physical characteristics present at birth. These are the
characteristics that distinguish male from female.

Secondary sex characteristics develop during the onset of puberty. For women, some of the earliest evidence
of puberty are the enlargement of the breasts, onset menstruation, widening of the hips, enlargement of buttocks, and
growth of pubic hair. Onset of menstruation varies among countries but usually occurs at around 10 to 12 years of age.
Testicular growth, sperm production, appearance of facial, pubic and other body hair, and deepening of voice are some of
the first signs of puberty in men.

Primary sex characteristics develop as the embryo grows in the womb as a result of the chromosomes
contained within the embryonic cells as well as hormonal influences. At about 5 weeks of pregnancy, two organs, called
the gonads, form in the embryo. In men, the gonads release testosterone that causes the male’s sex organs to develop.
During puberty, testosterone and other androgens stimulate the development of primary and secondary sex
characteristics and also increase one’s sex drive. In women, the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone as well as
small amount of testosterone. Estrogen promotes female reproductive capacity and secondary sex characteristics.
Progesterone stimulates growth of the female reproductive organs and prepares the uterus for pregnancy. Unlike men,
however, female sex hormones are not produced consistently. Their production follows a cyclical pattern, on an
approximately 28-day monthly cycle. The greatest production occurs during the ovulation period, when an egg is released
from the ovaries. Ovulation period can occur 14 days after the beginning of the menstrual period.

The reproductive system is a system of sex organs designed for reproduction and sexual function. The female
reproductive system is composed of the clitoris, the vagina, the uterus, the fallopian tubes, and the two ovaries. The
clitoris which is made of erectile tissue swells with blood and hardness when a woman is sexually aroused. The vagina is
a muscular tube that serves as the receptacle for the penis and carrier of the sperm to the uterus. It is also the birth canal
where the fetus passes out a mother’s body. The two ovaries produce, store, and release the egg cell during ovulation.
The uterus is a hollow organ where the fertilized embryo grows to become a fetus. The lower part of the uterus is called
the cervix, a passage between the uterus and the vagina that expands during childbirth. The fallopian tube carries the

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fertilized egg from the ovary to the uterus. Pregnancy starts from fertilization and end at birth, for an approximate duration
of 260 days.

On the other hand, the male reproductive system includes the penis, the testes, the scrotum, the prostate gland,
the seminal vesicles, the vas deferens, and the epididymis. The penis is the organ through which male urinate and deliver
the sperm cells into the vagina during sexual intercourse. It is made up of sensitive tissues and nerve endings. When a
man is sexually aroused, it becomes erect and allows for penetration. Before reaching the penis, sperm cells travel
through the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. The testes or testicles located in a loose pouch-like sac of skin called the
scrotum are responsible for the production of sperm-containing fluid called semen. The epididymis is a set of coiled ducts
connected to the vas deferens where the sperm cells are stored. The prostate gland and seminal vesicles produce semen
and nourish the sperm cells. Sperm cells can live up to 48 hours inside the uterus.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Sexual orientation describes patterns of sexual, romantic, and emotional attraction—and one's sense
of identity based on those attractions. Sexual orientation is distinct from gender identity, the internal sense of being male
or a female.

Heterosexuality (attraction to members of the opposite sex), homosexuality (attraction to members of the same
sex), and bisexuality (attraction to members of both sexes) are the three most commonly discussed categories of sexual
orientation, although they are by no means the only ones in the world of sexual identification.

While most scientists agree that nature and nurture both play complex roles, the determinants of sexual
orientation are still poorly understood. Current research frequently focuses on the role of genes, environment, brain
structure, and hormones.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs) AND EARLY PREGNANCY

Sexually transmitted diseases, or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), usually pass from one person to
another through sexual contact. Most are fairly common, and effective treatment is available, especially in the early
stages.

Some STIs are benign, but others can lead to severe complications if a person does not seek treatment. HIV has other
routes of transmission. For example, this STI can spread through the use of unsterilized drug needles, as well as through
sexual contact.

Anyone can contact an STI, regardless of their sexual orientation and hygiene standards. Many STIs can transmit through
nonpenetrative sexual activity.

 CHLAMYDIA

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 Chlamydia results from an infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a common infection that can spread through
anal, vaginal, and oral sex. A pregnant woman can also transmit it to the baby during delivery. Chlamydia does not
usually produce symptoms, but it can result in infertility and other complications if a person does not receive treatment
for it. It is easy to cure with early treatment.
If symptoms do occur, they may include a change in vaginal discharge and burning pain during urination.
Chlamydia can also affect the rectum, if the infection occurs as a result of anal sex or if the infection spreads from
another area. This can lead to:
 rectal pain
 rectal bleeding
 rectal discharge
In those who do develop symptoms, these will usually appear 7–21 days after exposure.

 CRABS, OR PUBIC LICE

Crabs, or pubic lice, usually attach to pubic hair. Sometimes, however, they can affect the hair in the armpits,
mustache, beard, eyelashes, or eyebrows. They are very small and difficult to see, but a person will notice itching in
the areas they affect.
The first stage in the life cycle will be the appearance of the eggs, which lasts 6–10 days. After hatching, the lice
will look like tiny crabs. They need blood to survive and will live for around 2–3 weeks. In the last day or two, the
females will lay more eggs, and the cycle will continue.
Pubic lice can spread from person to person during close physical contact, including sexual contact. They can
also transmit via shared towels or bed linen. However, they cannot spread via toilet seats.
To remove pubic lice in the genital area, a person can apply a 1% permethrin solution or a similar product. These
are available over the counter from drugstores and pharmacies. It is essential to follow the instructions precisely.
If pubic lice are affecting the hair near the eyes, the person may need a prescription medication.

 GENITAL HERPES
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common virus that affects the skin, cervix, genitals, and some other parts of
the body.

HSV-1 usually affects the mouth. People can contract it through saliva or if there is a herpes-related sore around
their partner’s mouth. It can pass to the genital area during oral sex. HSV-2 can affect the genital area, the anal area,
and the mouth. It transmits through vaginal, oral, and anal sex.
A person cannot contract herpes from utensils, toilet seats, swimming pools, soaps, or bedding. However, if a
person touches a body part where herpes is present and then touches another part of their body, they can spread it to
that area.
Once herpes is present, it stays in the body. It usually remains dormant, however, and many people will never
develop symptoms.
The main symptom is a blister around the mouth, anus, or genital area. These blisters can break, causing a
painful sore that takes a week or longer to disappear.
Some symptoms of initial infection include:
 fever
 body aches
 swollen lymph nodes
Some people never have symptoms, some have only an initial outbreak, and others have repeated outbreaks.
The first bout is usually the most severe, but people with a compromised immune system — due, for example, to HIV
— have a higher risk of severe symptoms overall. Having herpes can also increase the risk of contracting or
transmitting HIV. A person might never know that they have the herpes virus, but they can still transmit it to others.

There is currently no cure, but medication can help relieve any symptoms. Daily antiviral medications can help prevent
the spread of herpes. Wearing a condom will not completely prevent the transmission of herpes.

 HEPATITIS B

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 Hepatitis B can cause a long-term infection and result in liver damage. Once a person has the virus, it can remain
in their semen, blood, and other bodily fluids.
Transmission is possible through:
 sexual contact
 using nonsterile equipment for injections
 puncturing the skin with a sharp object where the virus is present
A woman may pass this infection to the baby during pregnancy or delivery. However, a doctor can advise on ways
to prevent this. As long as the nipples are not cracked, the risk of transmitting the virus through breast milk is
negligible, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
People at high risk of contracting hepatitis B should ask their doctor about a vaccine, which can offer some
protection. The vaccine may not offer long-term immunity, however, and the person may need booster doses for
continued protection.

 TRICHOMONIASIS
Trichomoniasis, or trich, can affect both males and females, but females are more likely to experience
symptoms. Trichomonas vaginalis is the cause of this infection.
In females, it is most likely to affect the vagina. In males, the infection can develop in the urethra.
Transmission can occur through penetrative sex and vulva-to-vulva contact.
Many people do not experience any symptoms. If symptoms do occur, they may include:
 unusual discharge  pain during ejaculation
 pain during urination  pain or discomfort during sex
Trich can also lead to pregnancy complications and increase the risk of both contracting and transmitting HIV. A
doctor can prescribe medications to resolve trich, but both partners will likely need treatment, or the infection may
return. Without treatment, trich can last for months or years.

 HIV
HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system. Sexual contact is one way of transmitting HIV, but it can transmit in
other ways, too. HIV leaves a person more prone to certain other infections. People with HIV also have a higher
risk of having other STIs. Without treatment, this susceptibility to infection worsens and may lead to life threatening
complications.
Once a person has HIV, the virus will be present in their bodily fluids, including semen, blood, breast milk, and
vaginal and rectal fluids. If these fluids enter another person’s body, that person can also develop HIV.
This can happen through sexual contact, sharing needles, through broken skin, giving birth, breastfeeding, and so
on. Treatment can reduce the amount of the virus present within the body to an undetectable level. This means that
the amount of the virus within the blood is so small that blood tests cannot detect it. It also means that the person
cannot transmit HIV to other people.
A person with undetectable HIV must continue to follow their treatment plan exactly as the doctor prescribes to
keep virus levels low.
Some other ways to prevent transmission include:
 using a condom or other barrier method during  not sharing needles
vaginal or anal penetrative sex  using gloves and disposing of sharps carefully, such
 taking PrEP, which is a drug that can help prevent the as when working in a healthcare setting
development of HIV in people exposed to the virus

 HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
Human papillomavirus (HPV) refers to a group of viruses that affect the skin and mucous membranes, such as the
throat, cervix, anus, and mouth. There are various types, and some pose a higher risk than others.
HPV is common. It affects around 79 million people in the United States. Nearly everyone who is sexually active
will have HPV at some point in their lives, unless they have a vaccination to prevent it.
Many people experience no symptoms, but they can still pass on the virus to others. Some types of HPV can lead
to genital warts. These types tend to be low risk. Having HPV can also increase the risk of cervical and throat cancer.
HPV can spread through:
 vaginal and anal sex  oral sex
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 genital-to-genital contact  from a pregnant woman to the fetus, though this is
rare
Vaccination can help prevent the transmission of HPV.

 MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
Molluscum contagiosum is a contagious viral skin infection that is usually benign. It can affect adults and children.
Doctors consider it an STI when it occurs in adults but not when it occurs in young children. Experts believe that it is a
type of pox.
Among adults, transmission tends to be through skin-to-skin contact or lesions, usually during sexual activity.
Symptoms include small, round bumps and indents on the skin. There may only be one of these. The bump or bumps
usually disappear without treatment, but this can take time, and they remain contagious while present.
Some ways of removing the bumps include taking certain prescription medications, applying chemicals or an
electrical current, or freezing them. Using a barrier method can help prevent the transmission of the virus. A person
who has the virus should wash their hands carefully after touching an affected area of skin to prevent spreading the
virus to another part of the body or another person.

 SCABIES
Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, which is a mite. This condition can cause a
pimple-like rash to appear anywhere on the body. The first time a person has scabies, symptoms may appear after 2–
6 weeks. If they have scabies again, symptoms can appear 1–4 days after exposure. A person can transmit scabies
before they know that they have it.
Transmission is usually through skin-to-skin contact and sharing items such as towels and bedding. A doctor can
prescribe topical creams that kill the mites. While a person has scabies, they should avoid skin-to-skin contact with
others. Once it has cleared up, they should decontaminate any personal items, including bedding and clothes.

 SYPHILIS
Syphilis stems from an infection with the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is a potentially serious infection, and
early treatment is necessary to prevent permanent damage and long-term complications.
There are usually four stages. In the first stage, a person may notice a round, firm sore at the site of the infection,
usually around the genitals, anus, rectum, or mouth. It tends to last for 3–6 weeks. The sore may not be visible, since
it is often painless and may be hidden, for example, in the vagina.
A person can pass on the bacterium at any point during the infection. Syphilis can also pass from a woman to the
fetus during pregnancy.
At the secondary stage, there may be:
 a non-itchy rash of rough, brownish or red spots  headaches
on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet  weight loss
 lesions in the mucous membrane, such as the  muscle aches
mouth, vagina, or anus  fatigue
 swollen lymph nodes  a fever
 hair loss

In the latent stage, the symptoms disappear, but the bacteria remain in the body and can continue to cause
damage. In the tertiary stage, life threatening complications can affect the brain, nervous system, eyes, heart, and
several other organs. Symptoms at this stage will depend on which part of the body the syphilis affects.
The only way to confirm whether or not syphilis is present is by conducting a test. If the result is positive, the
person should inform their sexual partner or partners, and they, too, should seek medical advice.
Symptoms will appear 21 days after transmission of the bacteria, on average, but they can take between 10 and
90 days to appear.

 GONORRHEA
Gonorrhea is a common infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is highly contagious and,
without treatment, can lead to life threatening complications.

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 A person can transmit gonorrhea during oral, vaginal, or anal sex. If they touch an infected area of the body and
then touch their eye, gonorrhea can also lead to pink eye. A pregnant woman can also pass the infection to the baby
during delivery.
N. gonorrhoeae thrive in warm, moist parts of the body, such as the vagina, penis, mouth, rectum, and eye. A
person can transmit this infection during sexual contact.
There are often no symptoms, but if they do occur, they may include:
 pain during urination
 discharge
 swelling of the genitals
 bleeding between periods
If it affects the rectum, it can lead to:
 anal itching
 pain during bowel movements
 discharge

An infection that occurs as a result of oral sex can lead to a burning pain in the throat and swollen lymph nodes.
In females, the infection can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease. Males may experience an inflammation of the
epididymis, which is the tube that stores sperm. Both conditions can affect fertility.
As soon as a person has gonorrhea, the bacteria can spread to other people and to other parts of the body
through physical contact. Treatment with antibiotics can usually resolve the infection.
Symptoms can appear 1–14 days after infection. Males usually notice symptoms 2–5 days after exposure.
Females often do not experience symptoms. If they do, these usually appear up to 10 days after exposure.

 CHANCROID
Chancroid is a rare bacterial infection caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. It causes painful sores on the genitals.
The only way to transmit and contract it is through sexual contact.
Symptoms include a painful, genital ulcer. Chancroid can also increase the risk of HIV, and it can make HIV
harder to treat.
Treatment is with antibiotics. Anyone who receives a diagnosis of chancroid should inform any partners they have
had sexual contact with within the past 10 days.

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

Natural Method - the natural planning methods do not include any chemical or foreign body introduction into the
human body.

 ABSTINENCE

A natural method involves abstaining from sexual intercourse and is the most
effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate.

 CALENDAR METHOD

It is also called a rhythm method

this natural method of family planning
involves refraining from coitus during the
days that the woman is fertile.

 BASAL BODY
TEMPERATURE (BBT)

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 It is the woman temperature at rest. BBT falls at 0.5ºF before the day of ovulation and during ovulation.

 CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD

To check if the woman is ovulating, the cervical

mucus must be copious, thin, watery.

 SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD

This is simply combination of the BBT

method and the Cervical mucus method.

 OVULATION DETECTION

It is an over the counter kit that can predict ovulation

through the surge of luteinizing hormone that happens 12-24 hours
before ovulation.

 COITUS INTERRUPTUS

One of the oldest methods of contraception. The

disadvantage of this method is the pre-emission fluid that contains a
few spermatozoa that may cause fertilization.

Artificial Methods - artificial birth control can be defined as any product, procedure or practice that uses artificial or
unnatural means to prevent pregnancy.

 CONTRACEPTIVES
It is also known as the pills; oral
contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and
progesterone.

 TRANSDERMAL PATCH

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 It has a combination of both estrogen and progesterone in a form of a patch.

 VAGINAL RING
It releases a combination of estrogen and
progesterone and surrounds the cervix.

 SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS
A two rod-like implants embedded under the
skin of a woman during her menses or on the 7th day of
her menstruation to make sure that is not pregnant.

 HORMONAL INJECTIONS
It consists of medroxyprogesterone, a progesterone,
and given every 12 weeks intramuscularly.

 INTRAUTERINE DEVICE
An IUD is a small, t-shaped object that is inserted into
the uterus via the female reproductive organ.

 CHEMICAL BARRIERS
Such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films are also used to cause the death of sperms
before they can enter the cervix and also lower the pH level of the female reproductive organ so it will not become
conducive for the sperm.

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  DIAPHRAGM
It works by inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the female reproductive organ.

 CERVICAL CAP
Another barrier method that is made
of smooth rubber and fitted on the rim of the
cervix.

 MALE CONDOMS
A latex or synthetic rubber sheath
that is placed on the erect male reproductive organ before penetration in the female reproductive organ to trap the
sperm during emission of semen.

 FEMALE CONDOMS
It has an inner ring that covers the cervix and an outer, open ring that is placed against the opening of
female reproductive organ.

 SURGICAL METHODS
MALES undergo vasectomy, which is
executed through a small incision made on each side
of the scrotum. In WOMAN, tubal ligation is performed
by occluding the fallopian tubes through cutting,
cauterizing or blocking to inhibit the passage of the
both the sperm and the ova.

ACTIVITY
Choose only one (1) among the activity given.
A. Write an essay that answers the question: “Are you in favor of same-sex marriage? Why?”. Write your answer in a
short bond paper.
B. Begin improving your relationships and discover your love language by answering the survey at
https://www.5lovelanguages.com/quizzes/. Write a short reflection paper about the results of the survey. Attached
picture of the result of the survey. (Screenshot)

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 MODULE 7
MATERIAL SELF

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
 Determine the different factors that contribute to one’s material self.
 Distinguish between needs and wants and how they influence his/her daily social behavior.
 Analyze and evaluate one’s material behavior that contributes to his/her sense of self.

INTRODUCTION

This section puts focus on how we maintain extensions of ourselves through our material possessions and
maintenance of lifestyles. In the context of what society values as needs and wants, this module discusses how an
individual acquire goods, the factors that shape his economic decisions, and what these things say about one’s sense of
self.

INPUTS

A Harvard psychologist in the late nineteenth century William James, wrote in his book, The Principles of Psychology,
in that understanding components as: (1) its constituents; (2) the self-feelings; (3) self-seeking and self-preservation.

The constituents of self are composed of the material self, the social self, the spiritual self and the pure ego.
The self-feelings are the feelings and emotions they arouse. The self-seeking and self-preservation are the actions to
which they prompt. The material self according to James primarily is about our bodies, clothes, immediate family, and
home.

We are deeply affected with these things because we have put much investment of our self to them.

The inner most part of our material self is our body. Intentionally, we SELF
are investing to our body. We are directly attached to this commodity that
we cannot live without. There were people who get their certain body
parts insured.
 Celebrities like singer Mariah Carey who was reported to have
placed a huge amount for the insurance of her vocal cords and
legs.

Next to our body are the clothes we use. Influenced by the

“Philosophy of Dress” by Herman Lotze, James believed that clothing is
an essential part of the material self. Lotze in his book, Microcosmus,
stipulates that “any time we bring an object into the surface of our body, we invest that object into the consciousness of
our personal existence taking in its contours to be our own making part of the self.”

The fabric and style of the clothes we wear brings sensations to the body, to which directly affect our attitudes and
behavior. Clothing is a form of self-expression. We choose and wear clothes that are reflection of our self.

Third in the hierarchy is our immediate family. Our parents and our siblings hold another great important part of our
self. What they do or become affects us. We place huge investment to our immediate family when we see them as the
nearest replica of our self.

The fourth component of material self is our home. Home is where our heart is. It is the earliest nest of our Selfhood.
Our experiences inside the home were recorded and marked on particular parts and things in our home.
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 Having investment of self to things, made us attached to those things. The more investment of self is given to the
particular thing, the more we identify ourselves to it. We also had the tendency to collect and possess properties. The
collections in different degree of investment of self becomes part of the Self.

As James (1890) described self: “a man’s self is the sum total of all what he CAN call his.” Possessions then
become a part or an extension of self.

• WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE

Russel Belk (1988) suggests that “we regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We are what we have and what
we possess.” The identification of the self to things started in our infancy stage when we make a distinction from self and
environment and others who may desire our possessions. As we grow older, putting importance to material possession
decreases. There are even times, when material possession of a person that is closely identified to the person, gains
acknowledgement with high regard, even if the person already passed away. The favorite things are a symbol of the
owner.

ACTIVTY
Instructions:
o List down at least 10 material things that you have.
o Tell whether they are wants or needs.
o Write their utility and significance.
Wants or
Material Things Utility Significance
Needs

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 MODULE 8
SPIRITUAL SELF

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
 Determine the different factors that contribute to one’s material self.
 Distinguish between needs and wants and how they influence his/her daily social behavior.
 Analyze and evaluate one’s material behavior that contributes to his/her sense of self.

INTRODUCTION

Spiritual self is one of the constituents of the self-according to William James. The spiritual self is the most
intimate, inner subjective part of self. The ability to use moral sensibility and conscience may be seen through the
expressions of religion, its beliefs and practices. Cultural rituals and ceremonies are some manifestations what people
believe in.

INPUTS
RELIGION
Rebecca Stein works on the definition of religion as a set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually includes some or all
basic characteristics. These characteristics are:
A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit and gods.
A focus the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling or reverence and awe.
The presence of supernatural power or energy that is found on supernatural beings as well as physical beings
and objects.
The performance of ritual activities that involves the manipulation of sacred object to communicate to supernatural
beings and/or to influence or control events.
The articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives and other means
Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of social control within a community;
provides explanation for unknown and a sense of control for individuals.
An individual lives in a society where there are many practices of religion. The choice of religious belief lies within
the Spiritual Self. Although the choice may be influenced by the society and its culture.

RITUAL
Ritual is the performance of ceremonials acts prescribed by a tradition or sacred law. Ritual is a specific, observable
mode of behavior exhibited by all known societies. It is possible to view rituals as a way of defining or describing humans.
There are three fundamental characteristics of rituals according to Penner: Ritual has the characteristics of:
A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation to the sacred.
Dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in the language of myth.
Symbolic in relation to its reference.

The self can be described as a ritual being who exhibit a striking parallel between their ritual and verbal behavior.
Participation to rituals is expressions of religious beliefs.
Some world religious beliefs and practices
Buddhism Hinduism Judaism
Christianity Islam

A. BUDDHISM
 Belief
Buddhism teaches that life is unsatisfactory.
The Buddha taught that a way to break this cycle is to practice ethics and meditation and cultivate wisdom.
 Customs and Practices
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 Meditation practices can be divided into samatha and vipasanna practices.
Samatha – develop calm, concentration and positive emotion and are practiced as mindfulness of breathing
and development of loving kindness.
Vipasanna – aim at developing insight into reality.
Developing and cultivating wisdom happens through studying and reflecting the Dharma, the Buddha’s
teaching.
 Celebrations
Parinirvana Day in February Padmasambhava Day in October
Wesak Day (Buddha Day) in May Sangha Day in November
Dharma Day in July

B. CHRISTIANITY
 Belief
Christians believe that God became fully present in the world in person of Jesus Christ of Nazareth.
Summarized the law as loving God and neighbor and extends the message of God’s redemption to all people.
Christians have distinctive understanding of God as a trinity: Father (Creator), Son (Redeemer), and Holy
Spirit (Sustainer), still emphasizing the unity of God.
The Holy Bible
 Customs and Practices
Sacrament of Baptism (water ceremony) Sacrament of Holy Communion
 Celebrations
Christmas Celebration on December 25 Easter Sunday Symbol
Holy Week

C. HINDUISM
 Belief
Hinduism has no single founder, doctrine, or religious authority.
Best understood as a complete way of life, a path of sanctification and discipline that leads to a higher level of
consciousness.
Hindus are often thought to be polytheists but most claim to believe in one supreme god who incarnated in
many forms
Hindus sacred writings/scriptures are Vedas.
Veda is a Sanskrit word meaning knowledge
Veda includes the great epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana
Bhagavad Gita a part of Mahabharata is very popular in the West.
Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, governed by Karma.
 Custom and Practice
Follow the lunar calendar
 Celebrations
Diwali (Festival of Lights) Navratri

D. ISLAM
 Belief
An Arabic word which means willing submission to God.
Quran is the Islam’s Holy Book
Ummah is a strong sense of the Muslim community
 Customs and Practices
Islam has 5 pillars that represent the foundation of Islamic worship and practice:
Shahada – “There is no God, but the one true God and Mohammed is his messenger.”
Salat – Prayer five times a day at given times.
Zakat – Two and a half percent of a Muslim’s assets over a given in welfare tax to benefit the poor.
Hajj – an annual pilgrimage to Mecca, which is a requirement at least once in a lifetime for those who can
afford it.

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 Sawm – During the month of Ramadan (the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar), Muslims are required
to abstain from food, drink, and sexual acts from dawn to sunset.
 Celebrations
Eid ul-Fitr (Muslims visit the Mosque) Eid ul-Adha

E. JUDAISM
Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions and was founded over 3500 years ago in the Middle East.
 Belief
The Jewish people believe themselves to be descended from a Semitic tribe that originated in the land of
Canaan in the Middle East.
Jews believe of the coming Messiah (the Savior)
Jewish Sabbath (begins Friday evening at sunset)
 Celebrations
Jewish has 5 festivals
Rosh Hashanah (New Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) Shavuot (Pentecost)
Year) Pesach (Passover) Sukkot (Tabernacles)

Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the expression of the Spiritual Self. What to believe
and how to manifest the belief is entirely dependent to the individual, to the Self.

A person might believe that there is a higher being, a supernatural being, usually termed as God. But not necessarily
wants to be affiliated or identified with a certain religious group. Others may have their own religious practices, which are
perceived to be contrary to the practices of other groups.

ACTIVITY
In a short bond paper, make a creative artwork or collage that reflects your beliefs, traditions or cultures that you practice
in your family.

ASSESSMENT
I. ESSAY
Answer the following questions in NOT LESS THAN 5 SENTENCES.
1. Can you really change the natural/innate sexual organ and sexual response?
2. For you, what are the advantages and disadvantages of natural and artificial method of contraception?
3. Does the different methods of contraception help family planning?
4. Choose one (1) material thing that you possess and has personal significance or meaning to you. Why do you find
that particular object personally relevant or meaningful?
5. What belief(s) that your family is practicing since your childhood?

References:
Go-Monilla, M. J. (2018). Understanding the Self. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Macayan, J. V. (2018). Understanding the Self. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc
Bandura, A. (1999). Social Cognitive Theory of Personality. In Pervin and John (eds) Handbook of Personality
Theory and Research. 2nd ed. Guilford Press 134-194
Chafee, J. (2013) Who are you? Consciousness, Indentity and The Self. In the Philosopher’s Way: Thinking
Critically About Profound Ideas.Pearson. 106-109
https://www.abbott.com/corpnewsroom/nutrition-health-and-wellness/5-tips-for-taking-charge-of-your-health.html
https://www.pinterest.ph/understandingtheself/14-taking-charge-of-ones-health/
https://familydoctor.org/self-management-taking-charge-of-your-health/

Reviewed by: EPHRAIM P. MAGUAD, LPT, M.Ed. Approved by: MARILYN T. ALCALA, LPT, Ph.D
Program Head Dean

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