CIV4104: Public Health Engineering II

Chapter 1: Planning of Water

Supply and Wastewater
Management Systems
Charles B. Niwagaba (PhD)
Associate Professor
charles.niwagaba@mak.ac.ug, cbniwagaba@gmail.com
Telephone: +256 772 335 477/751 156 722
Office: Room 1008 CEDAT New Building
 CHAPTER CONTENTS
• Introduction/Definitions
• Types of Planning – Comprehensive community,
Comprehensive functional and definitive
planning
• Some Constraints of project planning
• Planning and Design Considerations
• Basis of Volume – Design period, Design
population, Design demand, Peaking factors
etc.,
• Sustainability of Water and Wastewater
Management systems
 INTRODUCTION/DEFINITIONS
• Planning: A sequence of anticipated
actions that are to be executed for a
purpose.

• System: A series of related processes

which achieve a certain end.

• Management: Decisions and actions,

which govern the working of a system;
or more specifically, as (next page).
 INTRODUCTION/DEFINITIONS
• Management: The process – Efficiency
• “Doing things right” the efficient
of using organizational use of project/company resources.
resources efficiently and • Ratio of outputs to inputs; getting
effectively to achieve the outputs fast with little input
resources; resource utilization.
organization’s/project’s goals;
– There is always a tradeoff
through proper: between the two and
– Planning, Organizing, differentiate between a good
Leading, and Controlling and poor manager.
– Effectiveness
• “Doing the right things”; the tasks
Efficiency (Means) Effectiveness (Ends)
that help an organization/project
Resource Goal
reach its goals. Usage Attainment
• Refers to output of the project/
Low Wastage High Attainment
organization; goal attainment
Management Strives for
Low Resource Waste (High efficiency)
High Goal Attainment (High Effectiveness)
 INTRODUCTION/DEFINITIONS
• Project: A series of actions governed by:
– objectives,
– targets,
– methodologies,
– implementation,
– operation and maintenance,
– monitoring and evaluation

• For a water supply project the different aspects of

planning are presented in the next slides:
 INTRODUCTION/DEFINITIONS
• Objectives, may be to provide safe water to
the community or industry in adequate
quantities and at reasonable costs; and more
specifically, for example;
– To supply safe and wholesome water to the
community and thereby control and combat
diseases e.g. cholera, dysentery etc;
– To promote hygiene;
– To make water easily available to consumers;
– For irrigation purposes, to boost agricultural
productivity of a community;
– For industrial purposes.
 Introduction Cont’d
• Targets would be for example coverage – where
you consider providing a given quantity of water to
a given population by a given date e.g. 80 Lpcd to
100% of the population by the year 2030.

• Targets depend on the service level – what is a

service level?

• Service level is a category or standard of water supply

service. The service level includes non-piped supply, public
standpipes, yard tap and house connection.
 INTRODUCTION CONT’D
• Methodologies: These include
– Verification of the source (quantity and
quality): Often a water resources
assessment study is undertaken.
– Determination of the demand.
– Choice of the treatment units, materials,
equipment and identification of means of
distribution etc.
INTRODUCTION CONT’D
• Implementation: A decision on what to
implement and the actual implementation is
guided by considerations of:
• cost of the project (capital/ investment costs),
• environmental sensitivities with social
considerations (ESIA),
• manpower requirements,
• financial flows,
• infrastructure (roads, buildings, etc),
• topography,
• legal aspects etc.
 Introduction Cont’d
• Operation and maintenance: The
major aim is to achieve sustainable
utilization of the project.
– Issues to consider include:
• operation and maintenance daily schedules,
• decisions on manpower to be used,
• identification of spare parts and other materials
that will be routinely required etc.
INTRODUCTION CONT’D
• Monitoring and evaluation
of the project:
– involves an assessment of the
impact of the project on the
target community groups to see
whether the objectives have
been satisfied/met
– See example next page.
 How to measure impact…..
Prevalence of disease

Normal course

Impact

Course after implementation of

the project

-5yr 0yr t Time

 How to measure impact…..

Course after implementation

85% of the project

Impact
Water coverage

Normal course

40%

2002 2010 2035 Time

Conclusion on impact of a project
• The impact of the project is the difference
in results brought about by project
implementation.
• Note: That there are also negative impacts
of projects e.g.,
– Irrigation – Schistosomiasis/Bilharzia,
– Hydropower – Dracunculiasis or river
blindness,
– Displacement of people.
 Evaluation of the project…..
• Some times the evaluation may
necessitate a value for money audit.
• The value for money audit of water and
sanitation facilities needs a team of:
– Financial auditors/accountants,
– Procurement specialists,
– Engineers,
– Planners etc.
 It is important to note that in
planning, we aim at answering the
following questions:
• Where are we now?  BASELINE STUDY

• Where do we want  FUTURE - COVERAGE

to be? ......SDGS - LNOB!

• How do we get  METHODOLOGIES,

there? BUDGETS
 Also, in planning, the importance of
stakeholder involvement is key
Who are the stakeholders, necessary in planning a
sanitation project in Kampala City?? What is the
level of their interest and influence?
Low influence High Influence
Stakeholders are unlikely to be Stakeholders may oppose the
interest

closely involved in the project and intervention; therefore, they should

Low

require not more than information be kept informed and their views
sharing aimed at the ‘general acknowledged to avoid disruption or
public’ conflict
Information Consultation - Information
Stakeholders require special Stakeholders should be closely
Interest

effort to ensure that their needs involved to ensure their support for
High

are met and their participation is the project

meaningful Consultation - Collaboration
Consultation - Empowerment Empowerment / Delegation
 Types of Planning
• Basically three levels/types of planning:
– Comprehensive community/general
planning or master planning,

– Comprehensive functional planning (also

known as preliminary or feasibility study)
and,

– Definitive or project planning.

 1. Comprehensive Community/
General Planning
• This is the study of the total region or part of the
region within the context of the total region to identify
priority projects.
• It involves a study of the different aspects of public
health and their inter-relation; which may include:
– Water supply,
– Wastewater management,
– Solid waste management,
– Community health services, etc.
• It is a multidisciplinary activity involving the
participation of politicians and policy makers, health
and social workers, hydrologists, engineers,
architects, planners etc.
 1. Comprehensive Community/
General Planning Cont’d
• A comprehensive community planning
process includes:
• A statement of the goals and objectives,
• Basic studies, mapping and data analysis,
• Plan preparation,
• Plan implementation,
• Public information and community action,
• Re-evaluation and continual planning.
• It is more of master planning…..see
example…
What does a
comprehensive
community planning
process produce?
1. A National Development
plan.

2. Physical Development
Plan for Kampala, etc.

3. The SUSAP for

Kampala City, etc.
Example: What does The SUSAP for Kampala, for example,
has components as:
comprehensive community • Component #1: To improve the
planning process produce? enabling environment, increase
private sector and civil society
participation for improving
sustainable access to OSS
services and FSM in Kampala
city.
• Component #2: To build capacity
and conduct research for
improving sustainable access to
OSS and FSM in Kampala.
• Component #3: To build
infrastructure for sustainable OSS
and increase treatment capacity
of FS in Kampala.
• Component #4: To manage the
program efficiently.
 What informs the higher level, policy
makers, to take action?
To answer the question of where are we now, often
visualisation is key

SFD for
Kampala

At a glance,
the policy
makers
visualise a
problem
 What informs the higher level, policy
makers, to take action?
To answer the question of where are we now, often
visualisation is key

SFD for
informal
settlements
in Kampala

At a glance,
the policy
makers
visualise a
problem
 2. Comprehensive Functional Planning/
Preliminary or Feasibility Study
• Following the identification and selection of priority projects
from the comprehensive community planning, a
comprehensive feasibility study is carried out to consider in
detail, the several ways (alternatives) in which the project
can be executed, together with approximate costs.

• No detailed engineering or architectural construction plans

are prepared at this stage, but engineering, political, legal,
economic and social feasibility or acceptance of each
alternative is presented, with advantages and
disadvantages, environmental impact, recommendations
and cost estimates/source of funding.

• The study should be sufficiently complete to enable decision

makers (politicians) decide as well as NEMA and public
information needs.
What does
comprehensive
functional
planning
produce?
 A feasibility study
report
 Water Resources
Assessment Report
 Environmental
Impact Assessment
report
 3. Definitive/Project Planning
• After the decision makers give a go ahead for the
project, the next step is the establishment of the
legal entity, e.g. Ministry (PC/PM, PMU) to
administer the project as provided for by the
government, state or local law.

• This is followed by acquisition of necessary rights,

resolution of any legal constraints, financing
issues for capital and O&M, debt repayment, etc.

• Bidding is done to select consultant to design and

prepare plans, specifications, drawings.

• Legal entity e.g. Ministry advertises bids and

subsequently awards the contract.
 3. Definitive/Project Planning Cont’d
• Supervision is carried out by a consulting engineer
(not necessarily one who initially drew plans,
specifications etc.).

• A site engineer is also employed to take charge of

the construction at the site (could be from Ministry
or Ministry may appoint a Consultant Engineer to
be RE).

• The consulting engineer provides updated

drawings/ manuals and guidelines to the
municipality and/or community as well as SOPs for
the operation and maintenance personnel and
trains staff to take over full operation.
What does
definitive/
project
planning
produce?
 A detailed
engineering
design report
 Detailed drawings
 As-built drawings
(at end of
construction)
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON PLANNING

• The planning in the context of comprehensive

community/general planning, Comprehensive functional
planning (preliminary or feasibility studies) and Definitive or
project planning is the classical planning approach which is
very much applicable to large scale water supply and
wastewater management projects.

• For sanitation planning, especially when taking into account

on-site sanitation systems, the planning approaches may
be different; and they differ by location, e.g. urban, or rural.

• Examples include CLTS, HCES, CLUES, Town Sanitation

Planning, SFD & CSDA etc.
 Constraints of Project Planning
• Lack of resources
– Financial
– Materials and equipment
– Manpower (managerial, skilled workers etc.)
– Land.

• Infrastructure
– Roads (access to the project site)
– Communication
– Energy
– Water supply.
 Constraints of Project Planning
• Institutional arrangement
– Water supply and wastewater management
projects are usually under a ministerial department
or NGO, therefore:
• responsibility at all levels should be ensured,
• line of command should be clear,
• protocol within institutions should be respected.
– Institutional arrangements are clearer for water
supply & sewerage, but not for on-site sanitation.
– 3 Ministries - MoH, MWE, MoES; and local
Governments according to the Local Government
Act (1997).
 Constraints of Project Planning
• Political instability/regime change
– Change of governments may lead to
extermination of projects as different
governments may have different priorities.
– Change of governments through democratic
elections may also align priorities differently.

• Public opinion
– Negative attitudes, ignorance etc of the people
may lead to failure of a project.
In view of some of the above, what
is the W&S situation in UG?
• According to the WESPR (2020), in FY 2019/20
– Urban access to improved drinking water sources was 70.5%
– Urban access to safely managed water (on premises) was 57.2%
– Rural access to improved drinking water sources was 68%
– Rural access to safely managed water (on premises) - No Data

• NWSC geographical coverage increased from 253

towns as at 30th June 2019 to 258 towns as at 30th
June 2020, a growth of 2%.
In view of some of the above, what
is the W&S situation in UG?
• According to the WESPR (2020), in FY 2019/20
– Rural sanitation coverage was 78%
– Urban sanitation coverage was 89.1%
– Kampala, sanitation coverage 99%
– The coverage above is any form of sanitation facility
• Access to basic sanitation services
– Rural access to basic sanitation was 18%
– urban access to basic sanitation was 44.8%
• Access to safely managed sanitation services
– Rural access to safely managed sanitation 7%
– Urban access to safely managed sanitation was 38.9%
What is the difference between safely
managed and basic sanitation?
Service Level Definition

Safely managed Use of improved facilities, not shared with other households
and where excreta are safely disposed of insitu or transported
and treated offsite.
Basic Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other
households.
Limited Use of improved facilities shared between two or more
households.
Unimproved Use of latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or
bucket latrines.

Open Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open

defecation bodies of water, beaches or other open spaces or with solid
waste.