Evaluating the Environmental and Economic Concerns of the Local Communities

Residing Near Kaliwa Dam

A Research Paper Submitted to the

NU Fairview

Senior High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Practical Research I for

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Aborquiz, Christopher Aldwin M.

Andal, Gian Franco T.

Dingal, Dherine D.

Gervacio, Denise Regine R.

Mamangun, Aaron Rowelle D.

Paat, Joenel S.

November 2023

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This research paper entitled:

Evaluating the Environmental and Economic Concerns of the Local Communities

Residing Near Kaliwa Dam

prepared and submitted by Christopher Aborquiz, Gian Andal, Dherin Dingal, Denise
Gervacio, Aaron Mamangun, and Joenel Paat has been approved and accepted as fulfillment
of the requirements in Practical Research 1.

Ron Rille A. Dela Merced, LPT

Course Facilitator

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

approved by the NUFV Senior High School for Practical Research 1 on March ___, 2023.

Name of Panelist Name of Panelist

Member Subject Specialist

Recognized by the Language and Research Coordinator

Erika Gin C. Constantino-Bacuyag, LPT

Language and Research Coordinator,
Senior High School Department

and the Senior High School Administrators

Erika Gin C. Constantino-Bacuyag, LPT Erna D. Rosario, LPT, RGC
HUMSS Strand Head Senior High School Principal

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 Certificate of Originality
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person

nor material to which a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other institute,

except where due acknowledgment is made in the text.

We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work,

even though we may have received assistance from others on style, presentation, and language

expression.

Aborquiz, Christopher Aldwin M.

Andal, Gian Franco T.

Dingal, Dherine D.

Gervacio, Denise Regine R.

Mamangun, Aaron Rowelle D.

Paat, Joenel S.

________________________________ ____________
Signature of adviser over printed name Date

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers would like to show gratitude to the following who gave their assistance

and support for the fulfillment of this study.

First, to our God Almighty. The researchers would like to offer God their deepest

gratitude for giving them the strength and heart to conduct this research. God's divine guidance

has truly been influential for the researchers' hands to work and their minds to function so that

they can strive towards the success of this research.

We, the researchers, would like to thank Mr. Ron Rille Dela Merced, the research

adviser of 12STEM2313, for putting so much effort into nurturing and guiding us to be better

students. Through his prodigious ways of teaching, the researchers were able to understand and

apply the lessons in conducting and finishing this research. With the help of His understanding,

constructive criticisms, and perceptive character, this study has reached its peak. Working and

studying under his guidance was a great privilege and honor.

To the researchers’ parents, who gave us love and support from the beginning to the

days of confusion, stress and tears, and the successful completion of this research. The

researchers are thankful for allowing them to harness their innermost potential and find the

courage to carry on despite the weight they carry. We are grateful to our parents for providing

us with educational opportunities and shaping us into the people we are today.

To the participants that agreed to participate in the researchers' survey even though they

were busy with their school and personal life priorities. Their substantial insights were

imperative to the discovery of truth regarding this research. The researchers are thankful for

their time and participation.

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 ABSTRACT

This research seeks to offer a thorough understanding of the extensive implications

surrounding the Kaliwa Dam. The study's objective is to collect firsthand information from the

local communities near the Kaliwa Dam, utilizing qualitative research methods. The main

questions this study attempts to answer are: How do local communities perceive the

environmental advantages and disadvantages of the dam's construction? How do they view the

potential economic benefits and drawbacks? What are their attitudes and levels of awareness

regarding environmental conservation measures and sustainable practices, and how might these

influence their opinions on the Kaliwa Dam project? This research is primarily motivated by

the need to fully comprehend and resolve the economic and environmental issues that the

communities surrounding the Kaliwa Dam are facing. The pressing necessity to assess the dam

project's possible negative effects on the environment and the local population's means of

subsistence gives rise to an urgency. The goal of this study is to provide insightful information

that will aid in the creation of policies and the making of well-informed decisions. The goal is

to offer thorough and nuanced assessments that help direct inclusive and sustainable

development, eventually influencing the continuing conversation and decision-making

processes related to the Kaliwa Dam. To investigate economic and environmental concerns

among locals near Kaliwa Dam, especially in Quezon Province, researchers used a

phenomenological design. This study contributes to the field's knowledge, employing

purposive random sampling with 20 respondents. Surveys serve as the main data collection

method, allowing residents near Kaliwa Dam to freely share their perspectives. Residents close

to the dam are aware of both the advantages and disadvantages of its development, according

to the study of responder data. Two categories of respondents were identified: those in favor

of the dam's development and those against it. Opponents raised concerns about disruptions to

the environment and livelihoods, while supporters emphasized the possible benefits for

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economic development. Their responses were influenced by personal perceptions and sources

of wealth. Respondents offered a variety of ideas for resolving dam-related problems, such as

water management, environmental mitigation, and conservation, lobbying for education, and

improvement of education.

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 Table of Contents

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 4

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Chapter I: The Problem and its Background........................................................................ 9

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 12

1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................... 12

1.3 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................... 13

1.4 Scope and Delimitations of the Study ............................................................................ 15

1.5 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................................ 16

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature ........................................................................... 19

2.1 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................. 19

2.2 Related Literature ........................................................................................................... 21

2.3 Relevance of the Review of Related Literature.............................................................. 27

2.4 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................. 29

Chapter III: Research Methodology .................................................................................... 31

3.1 Methods and Techniques of the Study ........................................................................... 31

3.2 Population and Sample of the Study .............................................................................. 32

3.3 Research Instrument ....................................................................................................... 33

3.4 Data Gathering Procedures ............................................................................................. 34

3.5 Data Processing .............................................................................................................. 34

3.6 Ethical Considerations .................................................................................................... 35

Chapter IV: Results and Discussion..................................................................................... 36

4.1 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 36

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Chapter V: Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................ 51

5.1 Summary of the Findings ............................................................................................... 51

5.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 55

5.3 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 56

Student Profile ........................................................................................................................ 58

References ................................................................................................................................ 64

Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 67

Appendix I: Instruments ...................................................................................................... 67

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 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The development and construction of the Kaliwa Dam, a significant infrastructure

project in the Philippines, has been the epicenter of numerous discussions and evaluations. This

project, primarily aimed at alleviating water scarcity issues in the Metro Manila region, stands

as a monumental initiative with the potential to fundamentally reshape the local landscape.

However, alongside its perceived benefits, it has engendered substantial apprehension and

speculation, particularly concerning its environmental and economic ramifications on the

nearby communities. This study seeks to offer in-depth analysis of these concerns, providing a

more complete picture and comprehensive understanding of the broader implications of the

Kaliwa Dam project.

The area surrounding the Kaliwa Dam is a veritable haven of biodiversity, home to a

diverse range of flora and fauna. This rich biological diversity is a critical component of the

region, fostering a vibrant and dynamic ecosystem (Moya, 2022). The impending construction

and operation of the dam, however, threatens to disrupt this delicate balance, potentially

leading to significant habitat loss and fragmentation. The concerns of the local communities

are deeply rooted in the potential degradation of these rich biological habitats. As stated by

Racho (2023), the project could potentially pave the way for extensive deforestation and other

forms of environmental degradation, which would directly impact the diverse species

inhabiting the area. Furthermore, the alteration of the river system’s natural flow could have

ripple effects across the ecosystem, affecting aquatic life and other wildlife dependent on these

habitats for survival. This portion of the study seeks to thoroughly examine these factors,

providing a thorough assessment of the possible effects on the local biodiversity and

ecosystem.

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 A significant area of concern regarding the construction of the Kaliwa Dam is its

potential impact on the quality of water and the propensity for increased soil erosion in the

region. It was mentioned by Cruz and Dela Cruz (2019) that the construction activities are

anticipated to disturb the soil profile, leading to sedimentation in water bodies. This process

can significantly impair water quality, a critical resource upon which the local communities

heavily rely for various daily activities including drinking, agriculture, and fishing. Soil erosion

is another potential consequence, which can foster conditions conducive to landslides and other

forms of land degradation. These developments pose not only environmental risks but also

safety hazards to the local communities. This part of the study seeks to explore these concerns

in detail, offering an in-depth analysis of the potential impacts on water quality and soil

conditions in the region surrounding the Kaliwa Dam. In addition, the looming construction of

the Kaliwa Dam harbors the potential to induce significant shifts in the economic landscape of

the local communities. A considerable portion of the population in the vicinity relies heavily

on the natural resources available in the area for their livelihoods. Agriculture, fishing, and

forestry stand as vital economic activities, potentially endangered by the construction of the

dam. The prospect of economic displacement is substantial, with individuals facing the loss of

homes and lands that are critical to their economic sustenance. The potential upheaval and

disruption to their livelihoods are significant concerns that warrant detailed investigation. This

section of the study aims to provide a deep understanding of these potential economic shifts,

offering insights into the broader implications of the project on the economic wellbeing of the

local communities.

The scenic landscapes surrounding the Kaliwa Dam have long been a magnet for

tourists. The area is renowned for its natural beauty and ecological diversity, fostering a

thriving tourism industry. However, the dam project brings with it concerns regarding the

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potential decline in tourism. The alteration of the natural landscape and possible ecological

degradation might deter tourists, affecting the income generated from tourism-related activities

significantly. The local communities fear a substantial negative impact on the tourism industry,

a vital economic sector in the region. This part of the study aims to analyze these concerns

meticulously, offering a comprehensive analysis of the potential economic repercussions on

the tourism industry, and by extension, on the local communities that depend heavily on it.

Moreover, the study will investigate the potential for economic displacement and the

measures put in place to prevent such risks. To construct a thorough and grounded analysis,

this research plans to actively involve the local communities by employing qualitative research

methods to collect a diverse set of data. Through interviews, the researchers aim to build a clear

and detailed picture of the community's views, expectations, and concerns regarding the

implemented dam project. The interviews to be conducted will be participated by the locals

residing near Kaliwa Dam.

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Introduction

In this chapter, the researchers have presented the problem, background, significance,

and scope and limitation of their study. The rest of the chapters will explore the various

environmental and economic aspects surrounding the Kaliwa Dam project, which will be of

great value to all stakeholders.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of this study is: How do the local communities residing near the

Kaliwa Dam perceive and experience the interplay between environmental and economic

concerns arising from the dam’s construction and operation?

Specifically, this study will find answers to the following questions:

1. What are the environmental advantages and disadvantages of the construction of

Kaliwa Dam as expressed by the local communities?

2. How do local communities perceive the potential economic benefits and drawbacks

associated with the construction and operation of Kaliwa Dam?

3. What are the attitudes and levels of awareness among the local communities regarding

environmental conservation measures and sustainable practices?

4. How might these attitudes influence their opinions on the Kaliwa Dam project?

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Significance of the Study

The paper is deemed significant to the following:

The Environmentalists, the study emphasizes community engagement and the

importance of considering local perspectives. Environmentalists can align with community

interests and work together to promote eco-friendly alternatives and ensure community voices

are heard in decision-making processes. The study provides valuable data and insights for

future scientific research related to dam construction and its environmental impacts.

Environmentalists can use this information as a basis for further studies and investigations.

They can also use this study to encourage the adoption of best practices in dam construction

and other infrastructure projects, emphasizing the importance of minimizing ecological

damage.

The Engineers, the study provides insights into the environmental impact assessment

process, which is crucial for environmental engineers. It demonstrates the importance of

considering environmental concerns in engineering projects and the need for sustainable

solutions. Engineers can also understand the importance of community engagement and

participatory approaches in project development. This knowledge can help future engineers

navigate community relationships and foster collaboration.

The Government, they can use this study to make more informed rules based on solid

information regarding dam construction and its associated mitigation measures. Government

agencies responsible for natural resource management can use this information to balance

economic development with the conservation of natural resources. The study can contribute to

greater transparency and accountability in infrastructure development projects. Government

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agencies can use this approach to demonstrate their commitment to responsible governance

and public accountability.

The Community, the study empowers local communities by shedding light on the

potential impacts of dam construction. It equips them with knowledge to actively participate in

discussions, negotiations, and decision-making processes related to the project. Communities

can also make more informed decisions about their future, considering the potential benefits

and drawbacks of the dam construction. This enables them to actively shape their destinies and

livelihoods. By assessing economic concerns, the study helps communities ascertain how their

economic livelihoods may be affected. This knowledge allows them to plan and adapt to

potential changes, safeguarding their overall quality of life.

Future Researchers can use this study as a foundational source of knowledge in the

environmental and economic impact assessment for large-scale infrastructure projects. Future

researchers can also use this study as a basis for comparative research. It allows comparing

findings from other dam construction projects, enabling a broader understanding of the

commonalities and variations in environmental and economic impacts. Researchers working

on similar projects in different parts of the world can draw lessons from this study's findings,

adapting them to their specific contexts and contributing to a broader global discourse on

sustainable development.

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Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The general intent of this research is to examine the implications of the Kaliwa Dam

project in the Philippines. This research aims to analyze its environmental, economic, and

societal impacts. An essential aspect of the approach involves active engagement with the local

communities, particularly the residents residing near Kaliwa Dam, to comprehend their

perspectives and concerns. For this study, 20 respondents will be involved in the data collection

process, the local communities residing near Kaliwa Dam. This categorization ensures a

diverse range of perspectives and insights. Qualitative research methods, notably structured

interviews, will serve as a principal means of data collection, offering an opportunity for a

nuanced exploration of their viewpoints. Their perspectives on the subject will be collected

using surveys with inquiries related to the topic.

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Definition of Terms

Alleviate. can refer to physical relief, like physicians providing a pill for headaches to

relieve the pain of inflammation (Madden, A., & Kevin., 2020). As used in this study, alleviate

refers to relief of the water scarcity issues in the Metro Manila region.

Biodiversity. is the variation among living organisms from different sources including

terrestrial, marine, and desert ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are a

part (Byju Raveendran, 2020). As used in this study, biodiversity refers to a group of living

organisms.

Biology. It is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital

processes (Lim & Dutfield, 2022). As used in this study, biology refers to the study of all living

things, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, all that is once alive.

Conservation. It is carefully using valuable natural substances that exist in limited

amounts to make certain that they will be available for as long a time as possible (Edubirdie,

2023). As used in the study, conservation is one of the ways to protect and preserve wildlife.

Dam. A bridge constructed over a river, estuary, or stream to hold back water. Dams

are constructed to store water for use in industrial processes, human consumption, and

irrigation of semiarid and arid terrain (Jackson & Brown, 2023). As used in this study, dam

refers to the project structure of the government that can be used to store and generate water.

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 Deforestation. It is the conversion of forest to an alternative permanent non-forested

land use such as agriculture, grazing or urban development (Ritchie & Roser, 2021). As used

in this study, deforestation refers to the removal of trees and forests in the area where the dam

is being built to make space for the dam's construction and related activities.

Economics. A branch of social science that examines the production, consumption, and

distribution of goods and services as well as the decisions that people, organizations, societies,

and governments make regarding the distribution of resources (Hayes, 2023). As used in this

study, economics refers to the study of scarcity and its implications for the use of resources and

production of goods over time.

Environment. It refers to both Abiotic (physical or non-living) and Biotic (living)

environment (Josh, J., 2016). As used in this study, environment refers to surroundings, in

which organisms live.

Indigenous. It describes any group of people native to a specific region (Crystal

Raypole, 2021). As used in this study, indigenous refers to people who lived there before

colonists or settlers arrived, defined new borders, and began to occupy the land.

Livelihood. It comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required for a means of

living (Karki, 2021). As used in this study, livelihood refers to the way people earn a living or

make money to support themselves and their families.

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 Perceive. It is the act of understanding, realizing, seeing, noticing, or becoming aware

of (Albright T.D, 2019). As used in this study, perceive refers to the opinions and insights of

the people.

Sedimentation. It is the process of allowing particles in suspension in water to settle

out of the suspension under the effect of gravity. The particles that settle out from the

suspension become sediment, and in water treatment is known as sludge (Gregory R. and

Edzwald J., 2010). As used in this study, it is the result of disturbance in the soil profile.

Soil Erosion. It is one of the major causes, evidence of, and key variables used to assess

and understand land degradation (Pereira and Muñoz-Rojas,2017). As used in this study, soil

erosion is one of the possible consequences of constructing a dam.

Speculation. Refers to taking a calculated financial risk with the hope of generating

higher-than-average returns (Laura Rodini, 2023). As used in this study, speculation refers to

the risks that building a dam has.

Sustainability. The capacity to continue or maintain a process over time (Daniel

Mollenkamp, 2023). As used in this study, sustainability refers to the concern with protecting

the planet, halting climate change, and promoting social development, without endangering life

on Earth.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The theoretical framework serves as a foundational backbone, facilitating a robust and

critical analysis of the research study at hand, which aims to evaluate the environmental and

economic concerns of the local communities residing near the Kaliwa Dam. It introduces and

discusses theories relevant to understanding the underlying issues that surround the research

problem. In this vein, the framework will consolidate comprehensive knowledge components

necessary to facilitate a profound understanding of the community dynamics and the broader

environmental and economic implications of the Kaliwa Dam project.

1. RELEVANT THEORY

Theory 1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Theory

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Theory is pivotal in evaluating and

understanding the potential environmental ramifications of developmental projects before they

are realized. This theory underscores a meticulous process that involves the identification,

prediction, and evaluation of the potential adverse environmental consequences that might stem

from proposed actions (Sharma & Islam, 2016). It is particularly centered on assessing the

impacts on the community and the surrounding natural resources. In the context of the Kaliwa

Dam, this theory will serve as a lens through which the research will scrutinize the

environmental concerns that have been voiced by the local communities. It will delve deeply

into assessing the possible negative repercussions that the dam project might have on the

environment, including but not limited to, the disruption of local ecosystems, pollution, and

the alteration of natural landscapes.

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 Furthermore, the theory advocates for community participation in environmental

decision-making processes, emphasizing the incorporation of local knowledge and

perspectives to foster sustainable development (Sharma & Islam, 2016). As such, the research

will explore the avenues through which the local communities can be actively involved in the

decision-making processes surrounding the dam project, thereby fostering a sense of ownership

and inclusivity.

Theory 1.2 Sustainable Livelihood Theory

The Sustainable Livelihood Theory offers a comprehensive approach to understanding

the mechanisms through which communities sustain their livelihoods, especially in face of

external shocks and stresses that might be induced by developments such as the construction

of a dam. This theory delineates the various assets or capitals — natural, physical, human,

financial, and social — that communities utilize to forge their livelihood strategies (da Silva

Junior, 2020). In the realm of the Kaliwa Dam project, the research will employ this theory to

analyze the economic concerns of the local communities intricately. It will focus on examining

how the dam project might influence their livelihood assets and strategies. This will involve a

detailed investigation into the potential disruptions to economic activities, alterations to sources

of income, and the impacts on social cohesion and community structures.

Moreover, the theory will guide the research in suggesting viable pathways to bolster

sustainable economic opportunities for the local communities, thereby fostering resilience and

enhancing their capacity to adapt to the changes brought about by the dam project. The goal is

to facilitate a harmonious coexistence between the project's developmental objectives and the

wellbeing of the local communities (da Silva Junior, 2020). By integrating and applying these

theories, the study aims to provide a nuanced and comprehensive evaluation of the

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environmental and economic concerns of the local communities residing near the Kaliwa Dam.

It intends to contribute significantly to policy and decision-making processes, potentially

steering the dam's development towards a sustainable and inclusive path.

2. RELATED LITERATURE

The key points of pertinent research and literature that are directly relevant to the

current research will be summarized in this chapter. These would be provided to strengthen the

conceptual foundation of the study.

2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Dams

According to Aspiring Youths (2023), in their article “Advantages and Disadvantages

of Dams” dams are constructed across rivers and streams to control water flow, produce

hydroelectric power, and supply irrigation and drinking water. One of the primary advantages

of dams is that they can provide water for irrigation that will help to grow crops in dry seasons

or areas. On the other hand, the major disadvantage of building a dam is the environmental

impact of it, which is altering the natural flow of rivers that will destroy the habitats of fish and

other wildlife. In a way, the endangered species will be more vulnerable to hunters or

extinction. In addition, sediment buildup also occurs in dams, resulting in a decrease in fertile

soil that will impact the health of aquatic ecosystems.

Byjus (2022), in their article “Disadvantages of Dams” discusses the usage of dams. It

states that water dams help the environment and agricultural sector. It also serves as a tourist

spot for recreational activities. Even the businesses and farms near the area needed to be

relocated because of the fear of flooding. Sometimes, people are evacuated forcibly to build

hydroelectric facilities, which raises ethical issues. Building a dam is expensive. It must be

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highly maintained to work efficiently. In conclusion, there are pros and cons to establishing a

water dam, and we should analyze if the benefits outweigh the consequences that it will bring.

2.2 Water Security

Roco et al. (2022), in their study “Urban Water Supply Planning and Managemenr via

an Integrated P-graph-Analytic Hierarchy Process Framework” explained that Water security

is a major issue that affects the sustainability of cities, including Metro Manila. The region's

only source of potable water is currently the Angat dam in Norzagaray, Bulacan. However, the

dependency on this dam, coupled with increasing water demand and the effects of climate

change, became apparent in 2019 when large parts of Metro Manila experienced one of the

worst water crises in two decades. To address this issue, Metropolitan Waterworks and

Sewerage System (MWSS) has released an updated water source map that includes new

projects such as building new dams, water treatment plants, and desalination plants around

Laguna Lake. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised about potential negative impacts on

indigenous peoples and the ecosystem with the construction of new dams, such as the Kaliwa

dam. Scientific studies have shown that water released behind dams usually comes from near-

bottom reservoirs where little sunlight penetrates, significantly lowering the temperature of

sun-warmed shallow water. To ensure water security in Metro Manila, all viable solutions that

will create the least adverse impact on the environment and people should be explored. The

group also recommends rehabilitating existing water reservoirs and strengthening efficient

water distribution systems and facilities. Government officials have suggested exploring

Laguna Lake as a possible source of water for Metro Manila.

According to Coronel (2023), in his study “Preventing Water Conflicts: Developing

the Armed Forces of the Philippines Water Security Strategy” addressing water shortage and

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management issues involves a multi-pronged approach. One commonly suggested strategy

center on individual efforts to conserve water, emphasizing the need for responsible water

usage to minimize waste and reduce the demand for freshwater on a personal level. Simple

actions like monitoring water consumption during activities and turning off taps when not in

use can instill discipline and a conscientious attitude toward water resources. However, it's

recognized that water management and scarcity are complex challenges that demand more than

individual conscientiousness. While individual actions can set positive examples and create a

ripple effect in households, communities, businesses, and institutions, it's crucial to implement

broader measures. Mismanagement of water infrastructure has been identified as a contributor

to freshwater resource depletion, underscoring the importance of effective management at sub-

unit levels, such as Barangays and military units like the AFP. Adequate funding plays a pivotal

role in advancing water infrastructure, systems, and technologies for production and supply.

Investment in these areas enhances water management and reduces wastage. Properly designed

infrastructure for water storage and distribution ensures the delivery of high-quality water,

particularly benefiting impoverished communities and improving their quality of life.

Exploring alternative water sources through technological advancements and investments is

also vital.

2.3 Impacts of Kaliwa Dam Construction

As stated by Mayuga (2020), in his paper “All eyes on the Kaliwa Dam Project: Will

its benefits outweigh the costs?” the Kaliwa Dam project aims to address the water supply

shortage issue in Metro Manila exacerbated by climate change and population growth. The

proposed site is part of the Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve, a critical habitat for numerous

threatened wildlife, including the critically endangered Philippine eagle. Construction and

operation of the dam will lead to substantial land submergence, habitat loss, and alteration of

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migration patterns for aquatic organisms. The large-scale clearing of vegetation will disrupt

wildlife and potentially introduce invasive species. Additionally, the project's impacts on the

forest and coastline within the Kaliwa Watershed could have significant consequences for the

15 species of amphibians, 334 bird species, 1476 fish species, and numerous other plant and

animal species inhabiting the area. The dam is planned in a seismically active zone, posing

risks associated with potential earthquakes and other geological events. The project's financing

through a foreign loan has raised concerns about national sovereignty and financial obligations.

Altogether, these environmental concerns highlight the need for a thorough assessment of the

project's long-term environmental impact and its alignment with sustainable development

goals. As this article points out, large-scale dam projects in Luzon, particularly in the Cordillera

region, have been fraught with tension. These dynamics underscore the complex economic

concerns of local communities residing near the Kaliwa Dam, as they grapple with the broader

issues of energy development, environmental impact, and cultural preservation amid the

changing energy landscape in the Philippines.

According to Ramos (2023), in her study “Indigeneous Filipino fight plans to build a

dam on their land” the conflict over the building of the Kaliwa Dam in the Sierra Madre by the

Dumagat-Remontados. Indigenous people of The Philippines. The dam is considered critical

in addressing Metro Manila's water crisis. Yet indigenous groups argue that they were not

adequately engaged and fear what the project will do to their ancestral lands and long-standing

practices. The Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) argued that proper

consultation happened and stressed the urgency of the dam, considering that a water crisis in

the area is looming. However, indigenous campaigners say the dam project threatens their

culture, sacred sites, ecosystems, and livelihoods. The situation draws attention to a higher

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dilemma of balancing infrastructure development for the growing water demands concerning

indigenous rights and environmental preservation. Indigenous peoples, as mandated by the

Philippine Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997 (IPRA), have the right to FPIC. Yet

questions remain over the sufficiency and fairness of the FPIC process, with allegations of

disinformation and insufficiency in translating consent material. To address the water problem

while respecting their rights and territory, indigenous organizations advocate for alternative

environmentally sound solutions such as watershed conservation, restoration, and innovation.

It emphasizes how difficult it is to continue to balance social and environmental concerns with

development goals in an environment where urbanization is happening quickly.

2.4 Disaster Preparedness and Risk Mitigation

Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (2019), in their study “New

Centennial Water Source – Kaliwa Dam Project” demonstrated the importance of disaster

management and preparedness, which has become widely recognized in recent years due to the

increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters caused by climate change. The

Philippines, being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, has implemented a

whole-of-government approach to address climate change through policy mainstreaming.

However, there are still gaps in disaster management and preparedness, particularly ensuring

accountability and transparency in dam-related projects. The local disaster coordinating

council recommends conducting a rapid investigation of the disaster area to determine

casualties and damages and report the results to the operations center of the affected locality

for initial assessment. Additionally, the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

(MWSS) is responsible for repairing and restoring any damage to the dam and its facilities,

emphasizing the importance of accountability and transparency in dam-related projects. Lastly,

the termination stage of a flood-initiated emergency is vital, including documentation of

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emergency activities for future reference, incident investigation, damage assessment, incident

debriefing, and critique of emergency response plans and safety policies and procedures.

As elucidated by Lasco et al. (2018), in their study “Development of the Philippine

Country Programme for the Green Climate Fund” large areas of land in CALABARZON would

be covered by the construction of the Kaliwa Dam Project. The region around Sierra Madre,

referred to as the "backbone of Luzon," experiences a negative loss of biodiversity. In

surrounding areas of the proposed Kaliwa Dam building site, inhabitants will unfortunately

become more vulnerable to disaster- or climate- related hazards. Given the responsibility of

Local Government Units (LGU), the Climate Change Act requires them to take full

accountability on stepping up to formulate their corresponding local resilience and response

plans. Possessing a roadmap for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation

and mitigation (CCAM) is one of the most desirable possibilities for resiliency and readiness,

according to this literature. The strategy intends to launch climate and disaster resilient

communities to support local government activities and contribute to the environmentally

sustainable development of the area. The Program Convergence Budgeting approach will be

utilized in the roadmap for planning and programs. These strategies will be effective in

encouraging the resilience of natural ecosystems and vulnerable locations. Plans for

development and recovery are also essential for putting the roadmap into action. However, to

refer to a sizable section of the afflicted areas, access to international support will be necessary

in terms of financial resources, technical transfer, and the capability of building support. By

implementing various kinds of decentralization, the Local Government Code of 1991 will

strengthen local communities and development standards.

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Relevance of the Review of the Related Literature

2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Dams

The review of related literature mentioned the positive and negative effects of

establishing a dam on the residents who live near the site but also on the environment. It

indicates that the agricultural sector will be one of the beneficiaries of dams since they can

supply water for the irrigation system of the farmers. On the other hand, one of the

disadvantages of water dams is that it will affect the surface of the earth, including the way

river’s function. Having a background knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of

constructing a dam is pertinent to this research, for it studies the effects of dams on its

surroundings.

2.2 Water Security

It is necessary to have background information about water security because one of the

main goals of creating a dam is to solve the water scarcity problem of Metro Manila. The

related literature discusses the alternative solutions to manage the water shortage; conserving

and minimizing water usage is the solution. It also states why water scarcity exists, specifically

the mismanagement of water infrastructure. Rehabilitating existing water reservoirs and

strengthening efficient water distribution systems and facilities are some of the mentioned

recommendations to fulfill the water scarcity issues in Metro Manila.

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2.3 Impacts of Kaliwa Dam Construction

The relevant literature states that the Kaliwa Dam may have several negative

environmental effects, including habitat loss, disrupted wildlife migration, and dangers to

endangered species. These effects are crucial to the investigation of regional environmental

issues. It emphasizes the importance of determining if the project is in line with sustainable

development objectives, a crucial component of the research. In addition, safety concerns for

locals are brought about by the dam's placement in a seismically active region. The concerns

about project funding are relevant to the researcher’s investigation of local community

economic implications. For thorough examination of the Kaliwa Dam project, it is critical to

address concerns regarding national sovereignty and financial commitments.

2.4 Disaster Preparedness and Risk Mitigation

Given the possible environmental and financial hazards of the Kaliwa Dam project in a

climate-vulnerable area, the pertinent literature emphasizes the growing significance of disaster

management. Given that climate change can have an impact on the area around the dam, the

Philippines' vulnerability to it fits with the context of the study. The related literature also

determined how local governments and communities might react to any difficulties brought on

by the dam's development. The proposal for effective disaster response mechanisms is greatly

relevant in the study. Finally, the related study focuses on continued learning and adaptation

highlights the significance of ongoing monitoring and mitigation, which is crucial for

determining the long-term worries of local populations impacted by the Kaliwa Dam.

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Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study (CIPP) Model

Figure 1 shows the conceptual model of the study. This framework presents the flow of

the study using the CONTEXT-INPUT-PROCESS-PRODUCT (CIPP) model.

The first frame is the CONTEXT, which examined the concept of Evaluating the

Environmental and Economic Concerns of the Local Communities Residing Near Kaliwa

Dam.

The second frame is the INPUT, which includes the demographic profile of the

respondents such as age, occupation, and years of residency, following with the evaluation

aspects regarding in-depth analysis and broadening of information.

29 | P a g e
 The third frame is the PROCESS, which described the techniques and process used to

provide accurate findings. It also demonstrates the methodology and the tools that the

researchers utilized to analyze their respondents and to collect data from them.

The fourth frame is the PRODUCT, which is the expected outcome of the study. This

includes the perceptions, insights, and knowledge of the participants regarding the issue given.

30 | P a g e
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The researchers will describe their selected approach and the steps they took to collect

data from the participants in this chapter. This chapter will outline and explain the study design,

the sampling technique the researchers used to get the sample and respondents, and the creation

of tools and instruments that were utilized in the data collection.

Methods and Techniques of the Study

The research design that is used is a Phenomenological Research Design that aims to

analyze and evaluate the environmental and economic concerns of local communities residing

near Kaliwa Dam, specifically the residents in Quezon Province. Phenomenological design is

a methodological approach that seeks reality from individuals’ narratives of their experiences

and produces in-depth descriptions of the phenomenon (Yüksel & Yildirim, 2015), which is

the case of this study. Since the Kaliwa Dam project is a controversial infrastructure project, it

has faced opposition from local communities who claim that it will have adverse impacts on

their livelihoods, culture, and environment. Therefore, the researchers aim to assess the

repercussions of the locals in Quezon Province through qualitative methods such as surveys to

gather initial insights that can guide further research.

In this research, the researchers have used only one sampling technique: PURPOSIVE

RANDOM SAMPLING. It is a method of non-probability sampling in which the researcher

intentionally selects a particular subset of the population based on certain characteristics, traits,

or criteria (Nikolopoulou, 2022). The researchers’ main objective is to evaluate the

environmental and economic concerns of the local communities residing near Kaliwa Dam, so

they have decided to choose participants from different places in Quezon Province. The

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researchers also have limited resources, such as time and budget. Therefore, purposive random

sampling can be a cost-effective way to access a sample of a hard-to-reach population (locals

residing near Kaliwa Dam).

Population and Sample of the Study

Demographic Variable Categories Sample Size

Age Young Adult 15
(18 - 30 years old)
Middle-Aged Adult 5
(31 – 50 years old)
TOTAL 20
Table 1. Sample of the Study

Demographic Variable Categories Sample Size

Occupation Student 9
Unemployed 1
Engineer 4
Architect 1
Project Coordinator 1
Operations Director 1
Teacher 1
Farmer 2
TOTAL 20
Table 1.1 Sample of the Study

In this research, the researchers plan to engage two distinct groups of respondents. The

first group will consist of the residents, enabling us to gather insights from those directly

affected by the project. The second group will encompass professionals with expertise in the

fields of engineering, environmentalists, and teachers. This diverse mix of respondents will

provide a diverse perspective on the issue.

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Research Instrument

The researchers utilized a survey to collect the necessary information and responses of

the participants for the research study. The research instrument will be conducted online

through Google Forms, which consists of eight (8) parts and a total of fifteen (15) survey

questions.

• Part I contains the information about the researchers and the topic.

• Part II of the research instrument consists of the consent form, which contains the terms

and conditions that need to be answered.

• Part III includes items that collect the respondent’s demographic profile, such as their

age, occupation, and years of residency.

• Part IV consists of three (3) questions that evaluate the environmental advantages and

disadvantages of Kaliwa Dam construction to the local communities.

• Part V consists of two (2) questions, primarily focusing on the economic benefits and

drawbacks of the operation and construction of Kaliwa Dam.

• Part VI consists of two (2) questions that examine the attitudes and levels of awareness

among the local communities regarding environment conservation and sustainable

practices.

• Part VII consists of two (2) questions that explore how their attitudes influence their

opinions on the Kaliwa Dam project.

• Part VIII is the acknowledgement form.

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Data Gathering Procedure

For the researchers to collect data, they created a survey to be answered by the residents

living in Quezon Province. It includes the local citizens and professionals residing in that area.

The researchers will gather opinions from different participants to get a variety of perspectives

on the given issue. With the help of this survey, the researchers will be able to get the

viewpoints of each respondent regarding the stated problem. The participants may answer the

questions by expressing their thoughts and giving an example. The results gathered will be

analyzed and comprehended to accumulate proper conclusions.

Data Processing

Subsequent to the data collection of the researchers via survey using Google Forms,

the information gathered was put and saved on Microsoft Word software. It was compiled

and sorted based on the free form questions and the specific research questions. The answers

undergone thematic analysis (qualitative coding) which is the process of labelling and

grouping similar types of data to make generating themes and analyzing the data more

manageable (Jansen, 2023). The researchers utilized hybrid coding approach for the data

processing. A hybrid coding is the combination of deductive coding that applies

predetermined codes or categories from established theories or research questions, and

inductive coding where emerging themes and patterns are identified. It is flexible and can

make use of existing knowledge. Further, it opens new insights for the analysis (Crosley,

2020).

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Ethical Consideration

The researcher's foremost concern in recruiting and using subjects is treating them

ethically and responsibly (Hansen & Myers, 2006a, 2012b). The guidelines in conducting

research were guided by a legal and ethical principle that centers the welfare of all participants

in the approved research study. Permission to the pursuance of the study is hereby sought out

for prevention of encountering any obstacle during the entire process. Research that is harmful

to participants is undesirable even though it may increase wisdom (Hansen & Myers, 2006).

The researchers are obliged to follow research ethics in order to construct an ethical research

study.

An informed consent is required to be given to the co-researchers and participants in

this study indicating the agreement that should clarify the obligations and responsibilities or all

involved in the process. Further to this, the informed consent contains the purpose of the study,

procedure, risk and benefits and the voluntary nature of research. The respondents have the

right to decline in participating in the research study. The researchers assure that there would

be anonymity between the participants, any personal information about the co-researchers is to

be treated with utmost confidentiality. All the information entrusted to the researchers is strictly

observed and was only used for the studies purpose only. Lastly, the proper citation of authors

and other references based on American Psychological Association (APA) were cited and

acknowledged. The researchers did not plagiarize any content of the research study.

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 CHAPTER IV

Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the findings from gathered data which were analyzed properly to

interpret it to make a comprehensive understanding of the environmental and economic

concerns of the local communities residing near the Kaliwa Dam. These data are presented in

tabular form by the specific questions posited in the statement of the problem.

4.1 Results and Discussion

1. What are the environmental advantages and disadvantages of the construction of Kaliwa

Dam as expressed by the local communities?

Master Themes Arising From

Ecological Disruption Affect the Residential, Levels of the Impact,

Deforestation, Loss of Habitat, Lack of Food Source,

Threat he Animal and Plant Species, Hydrological

Alteration, and Flooding

Advantage of Dam Provides Water Supply, Flood Control, Boost the

Tourism, and Source of Energy

Disadvantage of Dam Dislodgement of the Community, Levels of the

Impact, Harm the Environment, Negative

Consequences

Environmental Mitigation Reforestation, Translocation, Preservation, Water

Resource Management, Awareness, Sustainable

Project Planning, and Community Engagement

Table 2. Results

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 The researcher came up with these subthemes that are based on the answers of the

respondents. The subthemes were collated and regrouped into four master themes that the

researcher felt best reflected the structure of the data set (see Table 2).

The first master theme “ecological disruption” describes the answers of the respondents

to the construction of Kaliwa Dam. Most of them are seeing the negative consequences of the

infrastructure project to the environment. It includes deforestation, loss of habitat, flooding and

hydrological alteration, and threats animal and plant species. Large areas of land of Sierra

Madre would be covered by the construction of the Kaliwa Dam Project and surely will greatly

affect the environment there. As stated by Mayuga (2020), in his paper “All eyes on the Kaliwa

Dam Project: Will its benefits outweigh the costs?” the proposed site is part of the Kaliwa

Watershed Forest Reserve, a critical habitat for numerous threatened wildlife, including the

critically endangered Philippine eagle. Construction and operation of the dam will lead to

substantial land submergence, habitat loss, and alteration of migration patterns for aquatic

organisms. The large-scale clearing of vegetation will disrupt wildlife and potentially introduce

invasive species. The following are some direct citations from the respondents’ answers:

R7: “The Kaliwa Dam's development is probably going to have a big influence on the

environment, especially on species and their habitats. The reservoir created by the dam will

overflow an important region, resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation that could endanger

native species. Changes in river flow have the potential to impact fish populations by affecting

aquatic habitats. Construction activities can also disturb and move wildlife, which could cause

stress and population decreases.”

R10: “As it is a massive project, we would expect a large-scale clearing of vegetations,

green covers, destruction of eco habitats, endangering species to extinction, and disturbing the

37 | P a g e
ecological balance of the affected areas given that it is located within the Sierra Madre

mountain range.”

The second master theme “advantage of dam” explains the possible benefits it will give

to the local communities in Kaliwa Dam. These are, it will provide more water supply, source

of energy, and can prevent flooding. According to Aspiring Youths (2023), in their article

“Advantages and Disadvantages of Dams” dams are constructed to control water flow, produce

hydroelectric power, and supply irrigation and drinking water. The following are some direct

citations from the respondents’ answers:

R4: “Ang alam ko kasi na magiging benefit ng pagtatayo ng dam na ito ay mabigyang

supply ang mga kalapit na lugar.”

R7: “The building of the Kaliwa Dam can have both positive and negative effects on

the environment. On the positive side, it provides a source of clean energy and aids in the

management of water resources, promoting sustainable development.”

The third master theme “disadvantage of dam” elaborates the negative effects of the

Kaliwa Dam construction to the residences living there. It will not only affect the environment

and animals but also the people. According to Ramos (2023), in her study “Indigenous Filipino

fight plans to build a dam on their land” indigenous groups argue that they are afraid on what

the project will do to their ancestral lands and long-standing practices. Indigenous campaigners

also said the dam project threatens their culture, sacred sites, ecosystems, and livelihoods. The

following are some direct citations from the respondents’ answers:

R1: “It won’t be beneficial for indigenous people knowing that they are living in the

land that they own.”

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 R8: “Indigenous people are also affected by it and are not consulted properly by the

construction of it endangering their lives and their livelihood.”

The fourth master theme “environmental mitigation” elucidates the ways on how to

minimize harm and to protect the environment during and after the construction of Kaliwa

Dam. The participants mostly answered reforestation, translocation, preservation of the

environment, water resource management, having a sustainable project planning, and engaging

in the community’s sustainability projects. In accordance with Metropolitan Waterworks

and Sewerage System (2019), in their study “New Centennial Water Source – Kaliwa Dam

Project” demonstrated that there are still gaps in disaster management and preparedness,

particularly ensuring accountability and transparency in dam-related projects. The local

disaster coordinating council recommends conducting a rapid investigation of the disaster area

to determine casualties and damages and report the results to the operations center of the

affected locality for initial assessment. As stated by Lasco et al. (2018), in their study

“Development of the Philippine Country Programme for the Green Climate Fund” suggests

that having such a strategy is highly desirable. The roadmap's goal is to create communities

that are both climate and disaster resilient. By doing so, these communities can better support

local government efforts and work toward environmentally sustainable development in the

region. In essence, the roadmap outlines a path for communities to effectively address and

mitigate the impacts of climate change and disasters, fostering a more sustainable and resilient

future.

In this part the theory of “Environmental Impact Assessment” (EIA) can be directly

related to the Kaliwa Dam construction by providing a structured and systematic approach to

assess the potential environmental consequences and benefits of the project. Through EIA, a

39 | P a g e
thorough evaluation can be conducted to identify and address environmental concerns,

including habitat disruption, water quality, and ecosystem impacts. This process ensures that

the Kaliwa Dam construction is conducted with a comprehensive understanding of its

environmental implications, allowing for informed decision-making and the implementation of

mitigating measures to minimize adverse effects.

2. How do local communities perceive the potential economic benefits and drawbacks

associated with the construction and operation of Kaliwa Dam?

Master Themes Arising From

Source of Income Cultivating Crops, Subsistence Fishing, Mineral

Extraction, Livestock Raising, Microenterprises, and

Mat Weaving.d

Livelihood Disruption Job Loss, Inundate, Insufficient Supply of Goods, and

Negative Effect of the Construction.

Economic Development More Job Opportunities, Sustaining Business,

Tourism Promotion, Government Support,

Awareness Campaign, and Community Decision-

Making

Table 2.1 Results

The researcher came up with these subthemes that are based on the answers of the

respondents. The subthemes were collated and regrouped into three master themes that the

researcher felt best reflected the structure of the data set (see Table 2.1).

40 | P a g e
 The first master theme “source of income” discusses the responses of the participants

on the survey question “What is the common source of income of the residents in the area?”.

Based on the responses, their source of living includes cultivating crops, fishing, mining,

farming, mat weaving, and having a small business. Quezon Province has a significant amount

of arable land, making it well-suited for agriculture. It is also located on the eastern coast of

Luzon Island, with a substantial coastline along the Philippine Sea. This proximity to the sea

provides access to rich fishing grounds and encourages a strong fishing tradition among coastal

communities. Livestock farming has been a part of the agricultural tradition in the province for

generations. Many families have a history of raising animals, and knowledge and practices

related to animal husbandry have been passed down through the years. The following are some

direct citations from the respondents’ answers:

R3: “The common sources of income around the area include farming, mining, and

coconut cultivation”

R13: “Ang pangunahing pinagkikitaan namen ay ang pagsasaka at pangingisda.

Nakakatulong sobra samen ang pagpapatayo ng dam dahil makakakuha na kami ng tubig para

sa aming mga tanim at para naman sa mga aming mga mangingisda meron na kaming

makukunan na makakain at trabaho.”

R14: “Some have their own farm at iba pang pinagkakakitaan.”

R19: “Pagbabanig, ang pagbabanig ang pangunahing hanap buhay.”

The second master theme “livelihood disruption” describes the negative effects of the

Kaliwa Dam construction to the source of living of the residences. The construction of the dam

may require the displacement of communities and the relocation of residents living in the

project area. This can disrupt their established livelihoods, leading to the loss of homes,

farmland, and access to traditional sources of income. It can also disrupt local fisheries and

41 | P a g e
aquatic ecosystems, affecting the livelihoods of those engaged in fishing and related activities.

The dam's construction can lead to short-term economic disruptions in the region. Construction

activities may create jobs, but once completed, the project might not offer the same level of

employment opportunities. The following are some direct citations from the respondents’

answers:

R16: “Karaniwang pinagkikitaan ng mga nakatira dito ay yung pagsasaka nila, dahil

sa pagpapatayo ng dam tatamaan yung mga pinagsasakahan nila na pwede namang ikasira

ng hanapbuhay ng mga magsasaka.”

R18: “The common source of income is planting or farming crops since the land

around kaliwa dam is rich in soil which makes it easier to plant. Therefore, the construction of

kaliwa dam will affect the livelihood of farmers as this will damage the crops and soil

cultivation.”

R20: “Ang mga magsasaka, mangingisda, mga nagugugubat, at sektor ng turismo ay

maaaring apektado nito. Posible ang kakulangan sa suplay ng tubig, pagkawala ng mga

taniman, pagbabago sa daloy ng tubig, at pagkabawas sa suplay ng isda.”

The third master theme “economic development” elaborates what the local government

should do to address the economic problems faced by the residents. Mostly their answers are

by conducting job training programs for the people, supporting small business, giving financial

support to the affected residents, and promoting tourism. Training programs can prepare

residents for jobs related to the construction and operation of the dam. This can create

temporary and long-term employment opportunities for residents, helping them secure stable

sources of income. Supporting small businesses and tourism-related activities generate

employment opportunities for local residents. This can include jobs in hospitality,

transportation, food service, and retail. It can also boost local revenue through taxes and fees,

42 | P a g e
which can be reinvested into the community for infrastructure improvements, public services,

and other essential needs. The following are some direct citations from the respondents’

answers:

R5: “Providing trainings for the available jobs there will help for more chances of

being hired.”

R8: “Fostering small-scale and sustainable businesses, promoting tourism, and

encouraging agro-forestry initiatives can diversify the local economy.”

R9: “Give some contingencies or options for the affected residences or families.”

In this part the theory of “sustainable livelihood” can be related to the Kaliwa Dam

construction by emphasizing the importance of minimizing the negative economic impacts on

affected communities. By promoting economic diversification, resilience-building, social

inclusion, and long-term sustainability, the project can help residents adapt to changes, reduce

vulnerability, and enhance their overall well-being, aligning with the principles of sustainable

livelihoods.

3. What are the attitudes and levels of awareness among the local communities regarding

environmental conservation measures and sustainable practices?

Master Themes Arising From

Environmental Conservation Nurturing the Environment, Proper Waste

Management, Afforestation, Sustainable Resource

Management, Regularity of Action, and Reducing

Plastic Waste

Educational Advocacy Community Involvement, Conducting Seminars, and

Influencing Others

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 Improving One’s Understanding Being Updated, Enlightenment, and Intellectual

Depth

Table 2.2 Results

The researcher came up with these subthemes that are based on the answers of the

respondents. The subthemes were collated and regrouped into three master themes that the

researcher felt best reflected the structure of the data set (see Table 2.2).

The first master theme “environmental conservation” describes ways the residences

protect and conserve the environment and environmental resources. According to Cruz and

Dela Cruz (2019), in their study “The Case of Kaliwa Dam” that the construction activities are

anticipated to disturb the soil profile, leading to sedimentation in water bodies. Soil erosion is

another potential consequence, which can foster conditions conducive to landslides and other

forms of land degradation. These developments pose not only environmental risks but also

safety hazards to the local communities. Therefore, the residents should have approaches on

how they will mitigate these risks. The following are some direct citations from the

respondents’ answers:

R1: “Ang pag aalaga at pagkalinga sa maaring upagkaloob satin ng mga likas na

yaman na mayroon tayo.”

R2: “Iwasang putulin ang mga puno sapagkat magdudulot ito ng paglambot ng lupa

at magreresulta sa pagguho ng lupa at malakihang pagbaha at ang mga ibon ay mawawalan

ng tirahan.”

R6: “Protecting and conserving environmental resources involves various practices

such as reducing, reusing, and recycling to minimize waste.”

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 The second theme “educational advocacy” elaborates the way can the residents improve

their knowledge about conserving resources and practice sustainability. Most of them answered

by conducting seminars that educate the people, engaging in environmental talks with the

experts, sharing your ideas to others, and being open minded for new knowledge. By

conducting seminars on environmental conservation and protection, communities and

organizations can empower individuals to become informed, engaged, and proactive

environmental stewards. These educational opportunities contribute to a more sustainable and

responsible approach to environmental issues, benefiting both local communities and the planet

as a whole. The following are some direct citations from the respondents’ answers:

R3: “It should start with the local government organizing seminars and projects

tackling the importance of conserving the environment. Then, it should be passed onto one

person to another by being open and critical-minded about influencing others.”

R12: “Through continuous education within the family and sharing it to community.”

R16: “Pwede silang sumali sa mga environmental sustainability programs na

makakatulong sa pagunawa kung paano mapapanatili ng mga kayamanan.”

The third master theme “improving one’s understanding” shows the importance of

having deeper knowledge of the environmental and economic issues posed by the construction

of Kaliwa Dam. Education fosters a sense of environmental stewardship. When people

understand the environmental impact of the dam, they are more likely to advocate for

responsible environmental practices and protection. An educated and informed community can

engage in constructive dialogues, raise relevant questions, and actively participate in public

consultations and decision-making processes. The following are some direct citations from the

respondents’ answers:

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 R8: “Stay up to date in current news. find time to read relevant news that are

circulating online.”

R11: “Mag aral dapat ang mga tao.”

R20: “Ang kailangan lang dito ay mas malawak na kaalaman para maintindihan ang

mga problemang tulad niyan.”

In essence, based on the respondents, community cooperation and education about the

Kaliwa Dam issue serve to empower community members, promote unity, and lead to more

informed, inclusive, and resilient decision-making processes. This collective effort aims to

protect the interests and well-being of the community while considering the environmental and

long-term implications of the project.

4. How might these attitudes influence their opinions on the Kaliwa Dam project?

Master Themes Arising From

Dilemma Disapproval of the Locals to the Construction and

Agreement of Others on the Construction for Greater

Cause

Outcome Environmentally Detrimental, Livelihood Disruption,

Solution to the Water Shortage Problem, and Provide

Sustainable Energy

Water Management Conserving Water, Harvesting of Rainwater,

Maintenance and Repair for Improvement, and

Promotion of Conservation

Table 2.3 Results

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 The researcher came up with these subthemes that are based on the answers of the

respondents. The subthemes were collated and regrouped into three master themes that the

researcher felt best reflected the structure of the data set (see Table 2.3).

The first master theme “dilemma” describes the objection and reaction of the

respondents regarding the on-going Kaliwa Dam construction. According to Villanueva

(2019), in her article the thoughts of the Dumagat-Remontado indigenous groups were stated.

The said indigenous group is mainly the most affected group in the building of the Kaliwa Dam

project. The tribal leader, Krisanto, claimed that they did not receive any notice of the project.

The Dumagat people rely on the river to deliver their produce to the market, and in some

seasons, they catch aquatic animals that trade for rice in the lowlands. With urbanization, the

fear of destroying their land grows, for their identity relates to their land. During the dam's

construction, people are encouraged to remain away from the river. Their main concern is that

the relocation place may perhaps not be appropriate for their needs. The researchers have found

the similarities of the article to the responses of participants. The following are some direct

citations from the respondents’ answers:

R3: “I don’t support the construction of the Kaliwa Dam since the risks alarmingly

outweigh the benefits to people in the city. It would just badly affect the minority and indigenous

people throughout the process.”

R6: “Hindi, dahil maraming maapektuhang kababayan natin ang kanilang kabuyahan

at tirahan. Isa pa ay ang masisira ang ating kalisakasan.”

R8: “No, since it can be a big problem to other communities and can disrupt the

indigenous peoples’ lives.”

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 On the other hand, there were responses that they agreed to the infrastructure project

for the greater cause. Wherein it will be a big help for the water shortage problem in Metro

Manila. The following are some direct citations from the respondents’ answers:

R7: “Yes, the construction of the Kaliwa Dam can be supported for its potential to

provide clean energy and contribute to water resource management in the region.”

R13: “Oo, tulad ng aking unang sinabi nakakatulong ito sa lahat lalo na sa mga taong

katulad namen na malapit sa kaliwa dam. Makakatulong rin to sa lahat na meron ng

pagkukuhaan ng tubig at mapapadali ang pagdaloy ng tubig sa metro manila.”

The second theme “outcome” elaborates on the possible benefits and adverse results of

the Kaliwa Dam construction. Some of the participants some responses state the undesirable

outcomes of it. The following are some direct citations from the respondents’ answers:

R2: “Ang pagtatayo ng Kaliwa Dam ay hindi ko sinusuportahan dahil malaki and hindi

maganda ang magiging epekto nito sa kalikasan lalo na sa mga magsasaka.”

R14: “I oppose the construction of the Kaliwa Dam because it's causing harm to our

environment and displacing wildlife. We should be looking for more sustainable and eco-

friendly solutions to our water and development needs that don't harm the natural world

around us.”

R15: “No because it will hurt the nature and we will suffer for the consequences.”

Conversely, some have said that there are gains from the construction. The following are some

direct citations from the respondents’ answers:

R7: “It offers a source of renewable power that can reduce the dependence on fossil

fuels and mitigate climate change impacts.”

R9: “It might be a solution to the country's problem on water shortage.”

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 The third master theme “water management” shows the possible solution to solve the

water shortage problem in Metro Manila instead of building the Kaliwa Dam. As elucidated by

Roco et al. (2022), in their study “Urban Water Supply Planning and Managemenr via an

Integrated P-graph-Analytic Hierarchy Process Framework” explained that Water security is a

major issue that affects the sustainability of cities, including Metro Manila. The region's only

source of potable water is currently the Angat dam in Norzagaray, Bulacan. However, the

dependency on this dam, coupled with increasing water demand and the effects of climate

change, became apparent in 2019 when large parts of Metro Manila experienced one of the

worst water crises in two decades. The group also recommends rehabilitating existing water

reservoirs and strengthening efficient water distribution systems and facilities. Government

officials have suggested exploring Laguna Lake as a possible source of water for Metro Manila.

Based on the responses, mostly they answered to solve the water shortage problem is to

conserve water by collecting rainwater and recycling water. The following are some direct

citations from the respondents’ answers:

R2: “Ang tanging paraan lamang upang maresulbahan ang kakulangan sa tubig ay

ang pagtitipid sa paggamit nito at maari rin nating gamitin ang tubig ulan upang mag save ng

tubig kung rainy season.”

R3: “Individuals can contribute in solving the water shortage in Metro Manila by

rainwater harvesting and recycling wastewater. People should also be one in conserving water

by fixing underground pipes and being responsible in using water in order to prevent water

scarcity.

R9: “The government must urge people to conserve water daily.”

R12: “Use of the resources responsibly and rehabilitate the water system distribution.”

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 In the case of Metro Manila, conserving water and improving water management

practices are critical to addressing the current water shortage problem and preparing for future

challenges. It involves efficient use of water resources, reducing wastage, protecting water

sources, investing in infrastructure upgrades, and fostering a culture of responsible water use

in the community.

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the research summary, conclusions, and recommendations drawn

from the study. The data gathered discussed in the preceding chapter were concluded and

proposed the best possible development.

Summary of Findings

The purpose of this study is to assess and evaluate the environmental and economic

concerns of local communities residing near Kaliwa Dam. Specifically, the study described the

establishments and the distinct factors of the construction of the Kaliwa Dam. While there is a

plethora of international and domestic literature concerning the effectiveness of the

implementation of the Kaliwa Dam, they fail to account for the effect of such on the economy.

As such, this research aims to bridge the gap of this deficiency in the environmental effects of

Kaliwa Dam.

Based on the gathered data, the researchers came up with the following findings:

1. What are the environmental advantages and disadvantages of the construction of Kaliwa

Dam as expressed by the local communities?

The data collected from respondents has provided a comprehensive overview of the

advantages and disadvantages associated with the construction of the Kaliwa Dam in its

surrounding environment. On the positive side, many respondents recognized the potential

benefits of the dam, such as its capacity to provide a source of renewable energy through

hydropower generation and to secure a reliable water supply for various purposes, thereby

enhancing water security in the region. However, it is important to acknowledge the concerns

raised by the majority of respondents regarding the potential negative environmental impacts

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of the dam construction. The clearing of forests and natural vegetation, as well as the disruption

of ecosystems, are significant disadvantages associated with the project. These actions can lead

to the destruction of critical habitats, resulting in the displacement and increased vulnerability

of plant and animal species. Moreover, soil erosion and sedimentation in nearby water bodies

can degrade water quality and harm aquatic ecosystems. To address these environmental

disadvantages, it is imperative that dam projects like the Kaliwa Dam incorporate

comprehensive environmental impact assessments, implement effective mitigation measures,

and explore alternatives that minimize the negative effects on forested ecosystems.

Furthermore, engaging with and consulting local communities, including indigenous and tribal

groups, is essential to understanding the potential impacts and to collaboratively identify

strategies to reduce and mitigate the project's adverse environmental effects. Balancing the

advantages of infrastructure development with responsible environmental stewardship is

critical for ensuring the long-term well-being of both the ecosystem and the communities that

rely on it.

2. How do local communities perceive the potential economic benefits and drawbacks

associated with the construction and operation of Kaliwa Dam?

The data findings showed he data findings from the survey conducted among residents

residing near the Kaliwa Dam project have shed light on the common sources of livelihood in

this region, including small businesses, farming, fishing, and crop cultivation. These

livelihoods are deeply intertwined with the natural environment and ecosystem of the area.

However, the proposed dam's location in the mountainous and forested Sierra Madre Mountain

Range, with its rugged terrain and rich biodiversity, poses a significant challenge to these

communities. Many respondents expressed concern that the construction of the dam would

disrupt their traditional sources of income and way of life. Importantly, the residents insisted

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on the government's responsibility to address the economic concerns they face due to the

project. They are calling for solutions that would help mitigate the potential negative impacts

of the dam's construction on their livelihoods. It is evident that the support and intervention of

the government are crucial in finding a balance between infrastructure development and the

well-being of local communities. The government's active engagement in addressing the

economic concerns of those affected by the Kaliwa Dam project is not only a matter of policy

but also a demonstration of its commitment to responsible development and the protection of

the livelihoods of its citizens.

3. What are the attitudes and levels of awareness among the local communities regarding

environmental conservation measures and sustainable practices?

The data collected from the respondents provided valuable insights into their attitudes

and levels of awareness regarding environmental conservation and sustainable practices. The

majority of respondents emphasized several key themes. Firstly, they recognized the

importance of proper waste management, nurturing the environment, and afforestation as

essential strategies for protecting and preserving natural resources and nature. These practices

reflect a commitment to responsible resource use and ecosystem preservation. Moreover, the

respondents underscored the significance of educational advocacy in promoting sustainability.

They advocated for the dissemination of knowledge through seminars, lectures, workshops,

and other programs to raise awareness and encourage sustainable practices. It is through

education and information-sharing that individuals can be inspired and empowered to make

positive environmental choices. A prevalent sentiment among the respondents was the belief

that positive change begins within oneself. By consistently practicing responsible and

environmentally conscious behaviors, individuals can set an example and inspire others to

follow suit. They recognized that personal responsibility and environmentally aware choices

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have a cumulative and positive effect on present and future generations. In essence, the data

reveals a shared commitment to environmental stewardship, emphasizing that small, everyday

actions can collectively contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future.

This mindset highlights the potential for positive change through individual and collective

efforts, fostering a responsible and environmentally conscious society for generations to come.

4. How might these attitudes influence their opinions on the Kaliwa Dam project?

The data collected from the respondents shed light on the complex dilemma faced

by those affected by the Kaliwa Dam construction. The project, while intended to address

water supply issues for Metro Manila, has encountered significant opposition from the

indigenous people residing in the project's vicinity. The majority of respondents expressed

their disagreement with the construction of the dam, primarily due to the environmental

and economic concerns it raises. They expressed valid worries about the potential negative

impacts of the project, particularly regarding whether the anticipated benefits, such as

increased water supply to Metro Manila, would outweigh the costs and disruptions it may

bring. Interestingly, many of the respondents provided alternative solutions to address the

water shortage problem, which they felt would be more sustainable and less disruptive.

Water conservation emerged as a key strategy, emphasizing the importance of responsible

water usage as a means to alleviate the issue. They also highlighted the significance of

maintaining and repairing the existing waterwork system to minimize water loss and

enhance the efficiency of water supply. The data reflects a nuanced and informed

perspective on the challenges posed by the Kaliwa Dam project. It underscores the

importance of considering alternative, less intrusive solutions and the need for a balanced

approach that takes into account the concerns of the affected communities, as well as the

broader water supply issues faced by Metro Manila.

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Conclusion

In this study, the researchers were able to determine how the residents perceive and

experience the environmental and economic concerns arising from the construction and

operation of Kaliwa Dam. After analyzing the data provided by the respondents, the researchers

identified that the residents residing near the Kaliwa Dam understand both the benefits and

drawbacks caused by the dam construction. The resident’s answers are divided into two: those

who coincide and those who concur with the building of the dam. Those who agree with the

project mentioned that it has advantages and can provide economic development. On the other

hand, those who concur stated that establishing a dam contains disadvantages and will lead to

ecological and livelihood disruption. Their responses were affected by factors such as their

source of income and their own perception. Regardless of where they stand, they provide ideas

to deal with the issues related to the dam. The proposed solutions were environmental

mitigation and conservation, educational advocacy, improving one’s education, and water

management. By comprehending the results of this study, it gives us a new understanding on

how residents residing near Kaliwa dam perceive and experience environmental and economic

concerns originating from the construction of Kaliwa Dam.

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Recommendations

Based on the gathered results and findings of this study, the researchers came up with the

following recommendations. The following recommendations will be provided based on the

associated population in this study:

1. For the Environmentalists, the researchers recommend undertaking various programs and

advocacies that imply environmental awareness and feasible resource conservation. It can

be done through the use of social media platforms. In addition, the conduction of surveys

and interviews can be done to know their levels of knowledge to attain more plans on

mitigation practices.

2. For the Engineers, the researchers recommend having concrete infrastructure plans to

lessen and minimize the factors that can affect biodiversity. It is recommended to assess

the involvement of the community regarding the project.

3. For the Government, the researchers recommend; first is to have an organized and

prepared emergency response and reserved fund in case of unexpected disasters caused by

the destruction of the environment. Secondly, it is recommended to be accountable for the

involvement of decision-making projects. Lastly, coordination for skill-development and

job hiring programs are beneficial for the residents.

4. For the Community, the researchers recommend obtaining knowledge about sustainable

practices for the environment. Additionally, it is recommended to spread consciousness

regarding environmental hazards. Having knowledge about the topic should improve the

insights of the community as a whole.

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5. For the Future Researchers, conducting along with the development of this study should

maintain its objectives and expand the concepts of the given topic. The future researchers

should examine the potential impacts of the Kaliwa Dam generally to a greater extent and

re-evaluate the study until it is fully understood before expanding the research. With these

recommendations, the flow of study is expected to be much more accurate and relevant.

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 Curriculum Vitae

Full name: Andal, Gian Franco T.

Home address: Blk 32 L7-A Camia Street, Barangay Pasong Putik,
Maligaya Park Subdivision, Novaliches, Quezon City
Contact number: 09953102171
Email address: gianfranco.andal25@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Sex: Male
Birthdate: May 25, 2006
Birthplace: Novaliches, Quezon City
Age: 17
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
School name: St. Francis Xavier Catholic School
Primary
School name: St. Francis Xavier Catholic School

58 | P a g e
 Curriculum Vitae

Full name: Aborquiz, Chistropher Aldwin

Home address: 4 Ipil Int Feria Road Matandang Balara Quezon City
Contact number: 09087308282
Email address: lastprince2314@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Sex: Male
Birthdate: June 29, 2005
Birthplace: Paco, Manila
Age: 18
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Christian

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
School name: Universal Evangelical Christian School
Primary
School name: Immaculate Conception Knowledge School

59 | P a g e
 Curriculum Vitae

Full name: Dingal, Dherine D.

Home address: #3 Yakal Street, Feria Road Matandang Balara,
Quezon City
Contact number: 09562995635
Email address: dingaldherine@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Sex: Female
Birthdate: November 22, 2005
Birthplace:
Age: 17
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
School name: National College of Business and Arts – Fairview Branch
Primary
School name: Immaculate Conception Knowledge School

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 Curriculum Vitae

Full name: Gervacio, Denise Regine R.

Home address: Sienna Villas, Bagumbong, Caloocan City
Contact number: 09684240811
Email address: denisegervacio159@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Sex: Female
Birthdate: August 27, 2006
Birthplace: Manila City
Age: 17
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
School name: St. Joseph College of Novaliches Inc.
Primary
School name: Our Lord’s Angels School

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 Curriculum Vitae

Full name: Mamangun, Aaron Rowelle D.

Home address: Blk 41 Lot 11, Salubong Street, Lagro Subdivision,
Quezon City
Contact number: 09762145615
Email address: aaronmamangun26@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Sex: Male
Birthdate: July 24, 2005
Birthplace: San Fernando, Pampanga
Age: 18
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Protestant

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
School name: Holy Child Academy – London Drive
Primary
School name: Holy Child Academy – London Drive

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 Curriculum Vitae

Full name: Paat, Joenel S.

Home address: Blk 12 Lot 45, Aaron Street, North Olympus
Subdivision
Contact number: 09391410544
Email address: jnlpaat@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Sex: Male
Birthdate: September 1, 2005
Birthplace: Baguio, Benguet
Age: 18
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
School name: Sacred Heart Academy of Novaliches
Primary
School name: Sacred Heart Academy of Novaliches

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