Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign literature revealed that technology aids student expression and presentswhat they have
learned. They can use software to make presentations and projects. This makes them more interested in
the subject and leads to better retention of information. With technology aids, students will found it easy
to remember notes in a creative presentation of the information they have viewed. It is not wrong to say
that application of technology has made a student’s life easy. It is only easier for them to carry a mobile
phone or smart phone than carrying big fat books to school. Furthermore, iPod is less bulky than pile of
notebooks or an eBook reader much lighter than a book.
Due to the rapid expansiveness of technology in learning, it has become a viable and inexpensive
option. Almost three quarters of Americans or 73 percent believes that investing in innovation and
advance technology sciences in education is key to the country’s long-term success (Harris, 2009). Based
on Freeman Dyson (2008) technology is a teaching aid. Computers offer an interactive audio–visual
medium: PowerPoint presentations and animation software can be used to present information in
interactive way. Owing to the audio-visual effects, this way of teaching invites greater interest from
students. The method is equally helpful for teachers.
Projectors and screens facilitate simultaneous viewing of information by a large number of students.
Addressing systems using microphones and speakers make it possible for teachers to reach a larger
number of students simultaneously. These teaching aids have led to improvements in student attendance
and their attentiveness in class interactive media has proven to be useful in increasing student’s
concentration levels. It only means that through using those technological devices, the students may
revolutionize the field of education.
The importance of technology in schools cannot be ignored. In fact with the onset of computers in
education, it has become easier for teachers to impart knowledge and for students to acquire it. The use
of technology has made the process of teaching and learning enjoyable. (Herzig, 2008). However, it is
important to realize that failure to present multimedia technology in an appropriate form can lead to
negative results. The perception of display on a multimedia application is of significant importance in
terms of transfer learning. Although, too much multimedia stimulation can interfere with the deeper
cognitive processing that is critical to learning.
E-Reader devices like the IPod are in our current Society. The ability to gather textual information with
a single touch on a screen makes e- reader devices highly valued. The pad has the advantages of the book
without its drawbacks- the bulk, the limitations on how much text can be made to fit into a single volume,
and the problem that annotating a paper book means, in some ways, running it (Ragen, 2008)
 Mayer, Griffith, Jurkowitz, and Rothman, 2008 according to them technology devices may affect the
learning performance of the students in negative result if they failed to use property those devices in a
right way. Guide for designing interactive teaching for the world guide web the internet used to exchange
information in hyper formats and dynamic electronic network that permits computers connected
anywhere on that network to exchange information. It is different from worldwide where learning is
fostered and supported (Brooks, 2007). As what Brooks explained, he says that through the use of
technological devices the learning performance of the student’s may be affected.
Most of our youth and students today are fond of going into internet shop to use computer without
knowledge of their parents what they are up to do. They will ask money from their parents telling that
they have something to search in the internet for their project or assignment although others do so, but
there are some who just make it as an alibi so that they can complement shills with their peers through
playing games online like war craft, battle realms, cross fire, clash of clans, etc. (Khan, 2007). Foreign
studies in the field of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) designed the term net generation and
the same was clearly defined by Prensky (2010). Net generation members are digital natives since they
spend their entire lives surrounded by and using computers, videogames, digital music players, video
cams, cell phones, and all the other toys and tools of the digital age which make them different from the
other generations. The edited book by Oxford and Oxford (2009) describes empirical studies art tools,
offering pedagogical ideas, effective strategies and useful suggestion on how these technologies could be
applied to enhance language teaching and learning also. Educational technology usage in practice teaching
can make instruction to be much more interesting and enjoyable. The changing images and use of special
effects among others can reduce boredom on the part of learners.
Further, classroom interaction can be interactive. Technology can promote student-interaction, student
teacher interaction and teacherstudent interaction if pre- instructional planning incorporates interaction
(Wainer, 2009).It is easier to store information that computers enable better and it is a more robust
storage of information which replaced notebooks. Hundred pages of a book can be compacted into a tiny
memory chip. It takes hours to write, but it takes only seconds to type is a storing data and has become
much easier, owing to technology (Prasad and Jones 2008).
Moreover, information is easily accessible. The internet is a huge information base. The web user
needs to do is to key in queries to search engines. After that, users are presented with thousands of search
results. There are several websites and web directories that offer information everything in the world and
all this is just a few clicks away. Both teachers and students can benefit from this.
Technology has eliminated space and time constraints. Online education and distance learning have
given a new dimension to education and higher learning. Even if students are geographically far away from
each other they can be a part of one classroom though not physically but virtually, they can. Many
educational institutes offer online course which climates time and constraints in acquiring education.
Universities’ offer online educational programs wherein students can internet with their teacher over the
internet access reference material from the university website and earn degree online
(Tritter 2008).

Local literature technology also saves teaching time as they require short time to present large
information. They can be used to imaginative power. As a whole, media ensure the application of
classroom-oriented communication techniques. Therefore, learners should be assisted, encouraged and
motivated not only to learn but also to continue to learn (Demegilio 2009). Based on Demegilio,
technology is a factor to the learning of the student, not only to learn but also to renew something to
learn.
On the Journal of Athens Academy (p.-66, 2009), it was emphasized that educational technology can
make student study more interesting and enjoyable. The changing images and use of special effects
among others can reduce boredom on the part of learners. Furthermore, classroom interaction can be
interaction. Technology can also promote student- student interactive.
Bringing the electronic media into the schools could capitalize on the strong motivation qualities that
these media have for children. Many children who are turned off by school are not turned off by one of
the electronic media quite the opposite. An educational system that capitalized on this motivation would
have a chance of much greater success. Each medium has its own profile of cognitive advantages and
disadvantages and each medium can be used to enhance the impact can be used to enhance the impact of
others (Chaves, 2008).
Researchers can conclude that the impact of using gadgets on student learning outcomes is divided
into two, namely positive impacts and negative impacts. The positive impact of gadgets on student
learning outcomes is that students are able to find knowledge and information that they have not learned
in the school environment, facilitate long-distance communication, and train children's creativity, namely
technological advances have created a variety of creative and challenging games. While the negative
impact of gadgets on student learning outcomes is that students become dependent on gadgets so that
this is very dangerous for the students themselves, dependence on playing gadgets makes students forget
their study time so this is very influential on student learning outcomes. Students who are dependent on
their gadgets will certainly not have a good impact on students because this is very detrimental to health,
disrupts student development, is prone to crime, and greatly affects the behavior of the students
themselves.
According to research conducted by Rahayu (2018) which shows that student learning outcomes do
not have a significant increase even with source books or searching for information through devices. It can
be concluded that student learning outcomes do not affect the presence or absence of the use of devices
in the information search process, but devices greatly affect the process of teaching and learning activities.
Based on research that has been conducted by Nikmawati (2021) which concludes that the use of gadgets
does not significantly affect the learning outcomes of fifth grade students. The positive impact obtained in
using gadgets makes it easier for students to participate in teaching and learning activities, makes it easier
to access information, and learns new things through social media. But there is also a negative impact on
students' learning achievement which is decreased interest in learning, playing more social media, online
games and eye disorders. Addiction to using more gadgets to play games and social media results in
students' achievements not progressing in understanding learning which makes their grades decrease
(Galingging, 2022).

According to research conducted by Sandrawita (2019) which shows that the gadgets they have are
only used as entertainment media, the gadgets used cannot be used as learning media. Children's study
time, has not been managed properly. This is marked by the absence of a child's study schedule at home.
Gadgets have a negative impact on children with gadgets when children's learning is not managed
properly. Besides that, it is difficult for children to break away from using gadgets, weak parental control,
there is no policy from the sub-district government regarding time limits for using gadgets, an
unsupportive environment and so on.
Based on research that has been conducted by Nelli (2019) which concludes that field research shows
that student academic development greatly influences the use of gadgets because students who really
fuse gadgets as they should or more precisely students who use gadgets to learn, these students will
experience an increase the value of achievement or academic value increases. The form of using gadgets
that can shape student academics is the ability of students to find study materials and references and even
use them correctly, because it is obvious that students who use gadgets correctly tend to win in
competitions even in almost all fields of competition they win because they don't only fostered by schools
but also additional learning at home using gadgets (Das, 2018; Budhiarto et al., 2020; Fauzi, 2018).
According to the first hypothesis, the result of the study showed that there is a significant impact of
electronic gadgets on the academic performance of secondary school students. the use of modern gadgets
greatly improves the performance of educational standards in this way all students can perform well from
their mental skills and understanding. Modern gadgets make life easier and thus improves the quality of
education as well.
According to the second hypothesis, there is no significant difference between the responses of males
and females regarding the usage of gadgets. Because the availability of gadgets is available same for the
male and female students so they will use them well and it will have a positive effect on their academic
performance as well. According to Kaplan & Haenlein, [19] Electronic gadgets are a collection of internet
deal with demonstrations that systems rancid the concrete plus procedural sources of the net, then permit
the .formation and interchange of user-created at ease and it is very useful for male and female as well.