08.22.2023 - Introduction

Radar Signal Processing
Course Objectives
To understand the principles of operation of modern radar

systems:
• Emphasis on physical principles

• Provide a jump off point to more detailed or specific
radar sensing
• Emphasis on modern technology and signal processing
methods
• New and emerging concepts
Course Textbooks
The formal course text books is:

Mark A. Richards, Fundamentals of Radar Signal
Processing third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2022.
and recommended supplementary reading is:

Mark A. Richards, et al, Principles of Modern Radar: Basic
principles, Scitech, 2010.
Hugh D. Griths, et al, Stimson's Introduction to Airborne
Radar 3rd edition, Scitech, 2014
The First Radar - Hülsmeyer, 1904
The First Radar - Hülsmeyer, 1904
A Little more history
In the autumn of 1922, A.H. Taylor and L.C. Young of the

Naval Research Laboratory in the USA demonstrated
detection of a wooden ship using a CW wave-interference
radar, at a wavelength of 5 m.
In December 1924, Appleton and Barnett in the UK used an

FM radar technique to measure the height of the
ionosphere, and the following year Breit and Tuve in the
USA used a pulsed radar for the same purpose.
The first detection of aircraft using the wave-interference

effect was made in 1930 by L.A. Hyland of the Naval
Research Laboratory in the USA.
More history
Before Radar is Invented
Acoustic Detection of Aircraft
Before the advent of radar, the

only practicable means of detection
of aircraft was acoustic, and a
network of acoustic detectors was
built in the 1920s and 1930s
around the south and east coast of
the UK, some of which still remain.
In calm air conditions, detection

ranges of up to 25km were
achievable.
Yet more history…
In 1935, Watson Watt had been

asked by the UK Air Ministry to
investigate the feasibility of
electromagnetic "death rays" to
disable aircraft. He concluded, in
an elegantly-reasoned piece, that it
would not be feasible, but that
detection of aircraft using radio
waves should be possible. The
same year he demonstrated
detection of aircraft at a range of
up to 8 miles in what has become
known as "the Daventry
experiment", and by June 1935 he
had demonstrated the pulsed radar
technique to measure aircraft
range."
Death Ray
(12 February 1935)
‘Suppose it is desired to produce physiological disablement in a man

remaining for so long as ten minutes in the field of the beam, at a
distance of 600 metres. He may be treated as composed simply of 75 kg
of water. It is necessary to deliver, over his projected area of 1 sq metre
(2 metres high × 1/2 metre wide) enough energy to raise his temperature
by at least 2°C. Making the very unduly favourable assumptions of black
body absorption, of 100% efficiency of conversion, without increased
cooling by radiation and convection, the reasonable assumption of
negligible absorption en route, and the unfavourable assumption of no aid
from resonance in draining an area of front greater than the net projected
area, it is necessary to deliver 1.5 × 104 cal/gm per minute. …..
…. It must be repeated that these figures depend on the target remaining

within the field of a beam, not worse than 5° in semi-angle of divergence,
i.e. within a transverse range of 100 metres at 600 metres distance, for
ten minutes. The more practical assumption of one minute sends the
required power up tenfold and seems to remove the whole scheme
outside practicable limits.
Detection and location of aircraft by
radio methods (27 February 1935)
ʻLet it be assumed that the typical night-bomber is a metal-winged craft,

wellbonded throughout, with a span of the order of 25 metres. The wing
structure is, to a first approximation, a linear oscillator with a fundamental
resonant wavelength of 50 metres and a low ohmic resistance. Suppose a
ground emitting station be set up with a simple horizontal half-wave linear
oscillator perpendicular to the line of approach of the craft and 18 metres above
ground. Then a craft flying at a height of 6 km and at 6 km horizontal distance
would be acted on by a resultant field of about 14 millivolts per metre, which
would produce in the wing an oscillatory current of about 1½ milliamperes per
ampere in sending aerial. The reradiated or ʻreflectedʼ field returned to the
vicinity of the sending aerial would be about 20 microvolts per metre per ampere
in sending aerial...
... If now the sender emits its energy in very brief pulse, equally spaced in time,
as in the present technique of echo-sounding of the ionosphere, the distance
between craft and sender may be measured directly by observation on a cathode
ray oscillograph directly calibrated with a linear distance scale, the whole
technique already being worked out for ionosphere work at Radio Research
Station.
Daventry Experiment (26 February 1935)
On February 26, 1935, a Handley Page Heyford bomber flew along a path
between the receiving station and the transmitting towers of a BBC
shortwave station in nearby Daventry. The aircraft reflected the 6 MHz (49
m) BBC signal, and this was readily detected by Arnold "Skip" Wilkins using
Doppler-beat interference at ranges up to 8 mi (13 km). This convincing
test, known as the Daventry Experiment, was witnessed by a
representative from the Air Ministry, and led to the immediate
authorization to build a full demonstration system.
Daventry Experiment (26 February 1935)
Chain Home
Chain Home
Chain Home, or CH for short, was the

codename for the ring of coastal Early
Warning radar stations built by the British
before and during the Second World
War to detect and track aircraft. The term
also referred to the radars themselves,
until they were given the official
name AMES Type 1 in 1940.
Chain Home was one of the first practical
radar systems, and the main component
of the world's first integrated air defence
system, the Dowding system. Operated by
the Royal Air Force (RAF), Chain Home
radars stretched across the eastern and
southern shoreline of the British Isles,
looking outward, offering almost
continuous coverage of the over-water
areas offshore. CH systems would often
detect larger formations of aircraft
over France, offering invaluable early
warning of an impending raid.
- From Wikipedia
The cavity magnetron
British and American Universities have a long and

distinguished tradition of work in radar - the cavity
magnetron was invented at the University of
Birmingham in 1940.
H2S
Early U.S. EW Radar: SCR-270
What is “Radar”
Transmission and reception of Electro-Magnetic radiation via

eco location.
Collimated into a beam and scanned
Usually pulsed and many pulses per second
Detects objects and their location.

Why Radar
• Radar is able to operate day or night

• Radar is able to operate in all weathers
• Radar has very broad coverage
• Detects and tracks moving objects
• High resolution Imaging
• Object recognition
Weather Radar
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Automotive Radar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2lKcTyuoHc
Drone Radar
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqO8hbZcmtA
Joint Radar and Communication
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6OpUh4tQ6Q
Simple Radar System

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Radar Signal Processing

To understand the principles of operation of modern radar

• Emphasis on physical principles

The formal course text books is:

and recommended supplementary reading is:

In the autumn of 1922, A.H. Taylor and L.C. Young of the

In December 1924, Appleton and Barnett in the UK used an

The first detection of aircraft using the wave-interference

Before the advent of radar, the

In calm air conditions, detection

In 1935, Watson Watt had been

‘Suppose it is desired to produce physiological disablement in a man

…. It must be repeated that these figures depend on the target remaining

ʻLet it be assumed that the typical night-bomber is a metal-winged craft,

Chain Home, or CH for short, was the

British and American Universities have a long and

Transmission and reception of Electro-Magnetic radiation via

Collimated into a beam and scanned

Usually pulsed and many pulses per second

Detects objects and their location.

• Radar is able to operate day or night

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