Foundation of Education

I. Key Terms

Try to check the meanings of these words.

1. Self-regulation : is the ability to respond effectively to various stressors and return to a state of
equilibrium.
2. Instructional Planning: involves developing a systematic, organized strategy for lessons.
3. Innovative designer: students use various technologies to solve problem and craft useful and
imaginative solutions to these problems.
4. Classroom management: includes all the action teachers take to create an environment that support
academic learning, self-regulation, and social and emotional development
5. Behavioral objective: are statements about changes that the teacher wishes to see in students’
performance.
6. Digital citizen: Students demonstrate responsibility and are ethical in their use of technology.
7. Self-motivation: taking responsibility for completing tasks and engaging in appropriate activities.
8. Bloom’s taxonomy: is a set of three hierarchical models used to classify educational learning
objectives into levels of complexity and specificity.
9. Knowledge constructor: Students use a variety of resources and digital tools to construct knowledge,
become more creative, and engage in meaningful learning.
10. Emotional regulation: expressing emotions in socially appropriate ways
11. Direct instruction: is a structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher
direction and control, high teacher expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent by
students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.
12. Global collaborator: Students use technology to widen their perspectives and enhance their learning
by connecting with others locally and globally.
13. Self-socialization: understanding society’s standards of behavior and acting in accordance with those
standards
14. Indirect instruction: is a learner- centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals
actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
15. Facilitator: is a person who helps a group of people to work together better, understand their
common objectives, and plan how to achieve these objectives, during meetings or discussions.
16. Instructional time: means time during which a school is responsible for a student and the student is
required or expected to be actively engaged in a learning activity.
17. Mastery learning: involves learning one concept or topic thoroughly before moving on to a more
difficult one.
18. Instructor: is the title for an individual responsible for teaching students in a particular subject area.
19. Academic learning time: the amount of time students are successful while engaged in learning
activitie
20. Problem-based learning: is a learner-centered approach that focuses on a problem to be solved
through small-group efforts.
21. Schooling: he totality of experiences that occur within the institution called school, not all of which
are educational
22. Allocated time : the amount of time a teacher or school designates for a content area or topic, such as
elementary schools’ allocating an hour a day to math or middle and secondary schools’ having 55-
minute periods.
23. Discovery learning: is a technique of inquiry-based learning and is considered a constructivist based
approach to education.
24. Tertiary relatives: friends, neighborhood relations and many other similar relation.
25. Cyberbullying: a form of bullying that occurs when students use electronic media to harass or
intimidate other students.
26. Collaborative learning : One of the most effective ways to use the Internet in your classroom is
through project- centered activities.
27. Secondary relatives: uncle, aunt, nephew, niece
28. Withitness: is often described as “having eyes in the back of your head.”
29. Empowered learner: Students actively use technology to reach learning goals.
30. Ecoliteracy: understanding the principles of organization of ecological communities (i.e. ecosystems)
and using those principles for creating sustainable human communities.

II. Questions
Try to answer the following questions based on the lessons you have learnt as well as your own
experiences.

1. What are the roles of school in contemporary society?

The roles of school in contemporary society:
a) Creating freedom to learn
b) Inclusive decision making
c) Social entrepreneurship and sustainable livelihood
d) Skill for peace and social transformation
e) Apply ecoliteracy
f) Teach children vs teaching school
g) Spiritual development
h) Developing a bulletproof crap detector
i) Dialogical action
j) Purposeful activity
k) Nurturing expression
l). Developing an integral worldview
2. What roles do you play an effective teacher in the classroom?

3. Are there any political changes that influence education?

Political Changes Influencing Education
 Public policy: is a course of action created and/or enacted, typically by a government, in response to
 public, real-world problems.
 Public funding: is money that comes from the government, often through taxes, that's used to help
the public through goods and services.
 Local politics: political activity at local level, as opposed to national politics
 Globalization: the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence
or start operating on an international scale.
4. What is different between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
 Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to connect, or associate,
stimuli. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (such as the sight of a person) becomes
associated with a meaningful stimulus (such as food) and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar
response.
 Operant conditioning (also called instrumental conditioning) is a form of learning in which the
consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability that the behavior will occur.

5. What are the pros and cons of observational learning?

6. What can you understand from behavioral approach and cognitive approach to learning?
7. Based on the social constructivist approach, what are the roles of teachers and peers as joint
contributors to students’ learning?
8. How can we structure small-group interaction to play different roles properly among students?
- Encourager—brings out reluctant students and is a motivator
- Gatekeeper—equalizes participation of students in the group
- Coach—helps with academic content
- Checker—makes sure the group understands the material
- Taskmaster—keeps the group on task
- Recorder—writes down ideas and decisions
- Quiet captain—monitors the group’s noise level
- Materials monitor—obtains and returns supplies
9. What are the elements of instructional planning?
Many planning strategies are organized around four elements:
o the nature of the subject matter,
o the learners,
o the context, and
o the teacher’s role”

10. Based on bloom’s taxonomy, what are the 3 domains of students’ learning outcome?
Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge) has 6 objectives:
 Knowledge: Students have the ability to remember information.
 Comprehension: Students understand the information and can explain it in their own words.
 Application: Students use knowledge to solve real-life problems.
 Analysis: Students break down complex information into smaller parts and relate information to
other information.
 Synthesis: Students combine elements and create new information.
 Evaluatio: Students make good judgments and decisions.
The Affective Domain
• Receiving: Students become aware of or attend to something in the environment.
• Responding: Students become motivated to learn and display a new behavior as a result of an
experience.
• Valuing: Students become involved in, or committed to, some experience.
• Organizing: Students integrate a new value into an already existing set of values and give it proper
priority.
• Value characterizing. Students act in accordance with the value and are firmly committed to it.
The Psychomotor Domain
 Reflex movements. Students respond involuntarily without conscious thought to a stimulus
 Basic fundamentals. Students make basic voluntary movements that are directed toward a particular
purpose, such as grasping a microscope knob and correctly turning it.
 Perceptual abilities. Students use their senses, such as seeing, hearing, or touching, to guide their
skill efforts, such as watching how to hold an instrument in science, like a microscope, and listening
to instructions on how to use it.
 Physical abilities. Students develop general skills of endurance, strength, flexibility, and agility, such
as running long distances or hitting a softball.
• Skilled movements. Students perform complex physical skills with some degree of proficiency, such
as effectively sketching a drawing.
• Nondiscursive behaviors. Students communicate feelings and emotions through bodily actions, such
as doing pantomimes or dancing to communicate a musical piece.
11. What is different between direct and indirect instruction?
• The constructivist approach is a learner- centered approach that emphasizes the importance of
individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
• children should be encouraged to explore their world, discover knowledge, reflect, and think
critically with careful monitoring and meaningful guidance from the teacher
• The direct instruction approach is a structured, teacher-centered approach characterized by
teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent
by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.
• An important goal in the direct instruction approach is maximizing student learning time

12. Do you think how all stakeholders such as family, school, friend, and media in the society can help
contribute to promoting the education in our country?
13. What are the political changes that influence education?
14. As a teacher, what are the different categories of 21st century skills that we need to provide to our
students nowadays?
15. What are the 10 active learning strategies for 21st century learners?
16. What are the four contemporary perspectives on literacy?
17. What are the different motivation theories to be divided into content and process theories?
18. What are the major and minor forms of motivation can we find in the classroom?
19. In order to effectively manage the classroom, how do we develop the learner self-regulation as a
teacher?
20. How do you plan for classroom management as a teacher?