TABLE OF CONTENTS [ T O C ]

SER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04

02 INTRODUCTION 05

03 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 05

04 PROPOSED SYSTEM 06

05 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) 06

06 PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 07

07 SOURCE CODE 15

08 OUTPUT 25

09 TESTING 28

10 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 31

11 REFERENCES 32

1
 RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

The railway reservation system is basically a database based project done with help of

python language. This project is very use full for the people to book or cancel train tickets by

sitting at home with one cell phone in their hand. This project can be modified for various

reservations.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this project is to let the students apply the programming knowledge into

a real- world situation/problem and exposed the students how programming skills helps in

developing a good software.

• Write programs utilizing modern software tools.

• Apply object oriented programming principles effectively when developing small to

medium sized projects.

• Write effective procedural code to solve small to medium sized problems.

• Students will demonstrate a breadth of knowledge in computer science, as exemplified in

the areas of systems, theory and software development.

• Students will demonstrate ability to conduct a research or applied Computer Science

project, requiring writing and presentation skills which exemplify scholarly style in

computer science.

2
PROPOSED SYSTEM

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings of be really wants to stand

against today’s merciless competition where not to wise saying “to err is human” no longer

valid, it’s outdated to rationalize your mistake. So, to keep pace with time, to bring about the

best result without malfunctioning and greater efficiency so to replace the unending heaps of

flies with a much sophisticated hard disk of the computer.

One has to use the data management software. Software has been an ascent in

atomization various organisations. Many software products working are now in markets, which

have helped in making the organizations work easier and efficiently. Data management initially

had to maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paper work has to be done but now software product

on this organization has made their work faster and easier. Now only this software has to be

loaded on the computer and work can be done.

This prevents a lot of time and money. The work becomes fully automated and any

information regarding the organization can be obtained by clicking the button. Moreover, now

it’s an age of computers of and automating such an organization gives the better look.

3
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)

The systems development life cycle is a project management technique that divides
complex projects into smaller, more easily managed segments or phases. Segmenting projects
allows managers to verify the successful completion of project phases before allocating resources
to subsequent phases.
Software development projects typically include initiation, planning, design,
development, testing, implementation, and maintenance phases. However, the phases may be
divided differently depending on the organization involved.
For example, initial project activities might be designated as request, requirements-
definition, and planning phases, or initiation, concept-development, and planning phases. End
users of the system under development should be involved in reviewing the output of each phase
to ensure the system is being built to deliver the needed functionality.

PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

INITIATION PHASE

The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an opportunity.

The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to:

4
 • Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of the
organization or a deficiency related to a business need.
• Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need.
• Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to satisfy the need
including questioning the need for technology, i.e., will a change in the business process
offer a solution?
• Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship. The Sponsor designates a
Project Manager and the business need is documented in a Concept Proposal. The
Concept Proposal includes information about the business process and the relationship to
the Agency/Organization.
• Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal results in a Project
Management Charter which outlines the authority of the project manager to begin the
project.

Careful oversight is required to ensure projects support strategic business objectives and
resources are effectively implemented into an organization's enterprise architecture. The
initiation phase begins when an opportunity to add, improve, or correct a system is identified and
formally requested through the presentation of a business case. The business case should, at a
minimum, describe a proposal’s purpose, identify expected benefits, and explain how the
proposed system supports one of the organization’s business strategies. The business case should
also identify alternative solutions and detail as many informational, functional, and network
requirements as possible.

SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or opportunity is validated
by the Agency/Organization Program Leadership and the Agency/Organization CIO.
The purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to:

• Determine the feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives.

5
 • Identify system interfaces.
• Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.
• Establish system boundaries; identify goals, objectives, critical success factors, and
performance measures.
• Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the basic functional
requirements
• Assess project risks
• Identify and initiate risk mitigation actions, and Develop high-level technical
architecture, process models, data models, and a concept of operations. This phase
explores potential technical solutions within the context of the business need.
• It may include several trade-off decisions such as the decision to use COTS software
products as opposed to developing custom software or reusing software components, or
the decision to use an incremental delivery versus a complete, onetime deployment.
• Construction of executable prototypes is encouraged to evaluate technology to support
the business process. The System Boundary Document serves as an important reference
document to support the Information Technology Project Request (ITPR) process.
• The ITPR must be approved by the State CIO before the project can move forward.

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF SDLC:

6
PLANNING PHASE

The planning phase is the most critical step in completing development, acquisition, and
maintenance projects. Careful planning, particularly in the early stages of a project, is necessary
to coordinate activities and manage project risks effectively. The depth and formality of project
plans should be commensurate with the characteristics and risks of a given project. Project plans
refine the information gathered during the initiation phase by further identifying the specific
activities and resources required to complete a project.
A critical part of a project manager’s job is to coordinate discussions between user, audit,
security, design, development, and network personnel to identify and document as many
functional, security, and network requirements as possible. During this phase, a plan is
developed that documents the approach to be used and includes a discussion of methods, tools,
tasks, resources, project schedules, and user input. Personnel assignments, costs, project
schedule, and target dates are established.
A Project Management Plan is created with components related to acquisition planning,
configuration management planning, quality assurance planning, concept of operations, system
security, verification and validation, and systems engineering management planning.

REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PHASE

This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using high-level
requirements identified in the Initiation, System Concept, and Planning phases. It also delineates
the requirements in terms of data, system performance, security, and maintainability
requirements for the system. The requirements are defined in this phase to a level of detail
sufficient for systems design to proceed. They need to be measurable, testable, and relate to the
business need or opportunity identified in the Initiation Phase. The requirements that will be used
to determine acceptance of the system are captured in the Test and Evaluation Master Plan.

The purposes of this phase are to:

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 • Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and document them in
the Requirements Document,
• Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be supported (i.e.,
verify what information drives the business process, what information is generated,
who generates it, where does the information go, and who processes it),
• Develop detailed data and process models (system inputs, outputs, and the process.
• Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to determine
acceptable system performance.

DESIGN PHASE

The design phase involves converting the informational, functional, and network
requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases into unified design
specifications that developers use to script programs during the development phase. Program
designs are constructed in various ways. Using a top-down approach, designers first identify and
link major program components and interfaces, then expand design layouts as they identify and
link smaller subsystems and connections. Using a bottom-up approach, designers first identify
and link minor program components and interfaces, then expand design layouts as they identify
and link larger systems and connections. Contemporary design techniques often use prototyping
tools that build mock-up designs of items such as application screens, database layouts, and
system architectures. End users, designers, developers, database managers, and network
administrators should review and refine the prototyped designs in an iterative process until they
agree on an acceptable design. Audit, security, and quality assurance personnel should be
involved in the review and approval process. During this phase, the system is designed to satisfy
the functional requirements identified in the previous phase. Since problems in the design phase
could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development, a variety of
elements are considered in the design to mitigate risk. These include:

• Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.

• Performing a security risk assessment.
• Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.

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 • Determining the operating environment.
• Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.
• Allocating processes to resources.
• Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module. The result is a draft
System Design Document which captures the preliminary design for the system.
• Everything requiring user input or approval is documented and reviewed by the user.
Once these documents have been approved by the Agency CIO and Business Sponsor,
the final System Design Document is created to serve as the Critical/Detailed Design for
the system.
• This document receives a rigorous review by Agency technical and functional
representatives to ensure that it satisfies the business requirements. Concurrent with the
development of the system design, the Agency Project Manager begins development of
the Implementation Plan, Operations and Maintenance Manual, and the Training Plan.

DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The development phase involves converting design specifications into executable

programs. Effective development standards include requirements that programmers and other
project participants discuss design specifications before programming begins. The procedures
help ensure programmers clearly understand program designs and functional requirements.
Programmers use various techniques to develop computer programs. The large transaction
oriented programs associated with financial institutions have traditionally been developed
using procedural programming techniques. Procedural programming involves the line-by-line
scripting of logical instructions that are combined to form a program. Effective completion of
the previous stages is a key factor in the success of the Development phase. The
Development phase consists of:

• Translating the detailed requirements and design into system components.

• Testing individual elements (units) for usability.
• Preparing for integration and testing of the IT system.

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INTEGRATION AND TEST PHASE

• Subsystem integration, system, security, and user acceptance testing is conducted during
the integration and test phase. The user, with those responsible for quality assurance,
validates that the functional requirements, as defined in the functional requirements
document, are satisfied by the developed or modified system. OIT Security staff assess
the system security and issue a security certification and accreditation prior to
installation/implementation.

Multiple levels of testing are performed, including:

• Testing at the development facility by the contractor and possibly supported by end users
• Testing as a deployed system with end users working together with contract personnel
• Operational testing by the end user alone performing all functions. Requirements are
traced throughout testing, a final Independent Verification & Validation evaluation is
performed and all documentation is reviewed and accepted prior to acceptance of the
system.

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the user. In this
phase, the system is installed to support the intended business functions. System performance is
compared to performance objectives established during the planning phase. Implementation
includes user notification, user training, installation of hardware, installation of software onto
production computers, and integration of the system into daily work processes. This phase
continues until the system is operating in production in accordance with the defined user
requirements.

10
OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

The system operation is ongoing. The system is monitored for continued performance in
accordance with user requirements and needed system modifications are incorporated.
Operations continue as long as the system can be effectively adapted to respond to the
organization’s needs. When modifications or changes are identified, the system may re-enter the
planning phase.

The purpose of this phase is to:

• Operate, maintain, and enhance the system.

• Certify that the system can process sensitive information.
• Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional
requirements continue to be satisfied.
• Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired.

11
SOURCE CODE

def menu():
print('1.YES')
print('2.NO')
ch=int(input('DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE OR NOT:'))
while ch==1:
print('WELECOME TO ONLINE RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM')
print('1.SIGN IN')
print('2.SIGN UP')
print('3.DELETE ACCOUNT')
print('4.EXIT')
ch1=int(input('ENTER YOUR CHOICE:'))
if ch1==1:
a=checking()
if a==True:
print('WELCOME')
main()
else:

continue
elif ch1==2:
a=checking_1()
if a==True:
main()
else:
print('PASSWORD ALREADY EXISTS')
continue
elif ch1==3:
c=checking_2()
if c==True:

12
 print('ACCOUNT DELETED')
continue
else:
print('YOUR PASSWAORD OR USER_NAME IS INCORRECT')
continue
elif ch1==4:
print('THANK YOU')
break
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')
break
def main():
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
c=int(input("do you want to continue or not:"))
while (c==1):
print(' 1.TICKET BOOKING',"\n", '2.TICKET CHECKING',"\n",'3.TICKET
CANCELLING',"\n",'4.ACCOUNT DETAILS',"\n",'5.LOG OUT')
ch=int(input('enter ur choice:'))
if ch==1:
ticket_booking()
elif ch==2:
ticket_checking()
elif ch==3:
ticket_cancelling()
elif ch==4:
checking_3()
elif ch==5:
print('THANK YOU')
break

13
 else:
print('WRONG INPUT')
else:
print('ERROR 404: ERROR PAGE NOT FOUND')
def ticket_booking():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='Root@123',databa
se='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
nm=input('enter your name:')
phno=input('enter your phone number:')
age=int(input('enter your age:'))
print(' M=MALE','\n','F=FEMALE','\n','N=NOT TO MENTION')
gender=input('enter your gender:')
Gender=gender.upper()
fr=input('enter ur starting point:')
to=input('enter your destination:')
trno=input('enter the train no:')
date1=input('enter date(dd):')
date2=input('enter month(mm):')
date3=input('enter year(yyyy):')
date=date1+"/"+date2+"/"+date3
a={'M':'MALE','F':'FEMALE','N':'NOT TO MENTION'}
v=a[Gender]
s1="insert into railway
values('{}',{},{},'{}','{}','{}','{}','{}')".format(nm,phno,age,v,fr,to,date,trno)
cursor.execute(s1)
print('BOOKED SUCCESSFULLY')
def ticket_checking():

14
 import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='Root@123',databa
se='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
ch=int(input("do you want to continue or not:"))

if ch==1:
phno=int(input('enter your phnone number:'))
try:
s1="select * from railway where phno=phno"
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
Data=list(data)
a=['NAME','PHONE NUMBER','AGE','GENDER','STARTING
POINT','DESTINATION','DATE',]
print(a[0],'::::',Data[0].upper())
print(a[1],'::::',Data[1])
print(a[2],'::::',Data[2])
print(a[3],'::::',Data[3].upper())
print(a[4],'::::',Data[4].upper())
print(a[5],'::::',Data[5].upper())
print(a[6],'::::',Data[6])
except:
print('TICKET DOES NOT EXISTS')
elif ch==2:
print('THANK YOU')
else:

15
 print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')

def ticket_cancelling():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='Root@123',databa
se='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
ch=int(input("do you want to continue or not:"))
if ch==1:
phno=input('enter your phone number:')
s1="delete from railway where phno=phno"
cursor.execute(s1)
print('TICKET CANCELLED')
elif ch==2:
print('THANK YOU')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')

def checking_2():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='Root@123',databa
se='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True

16
 a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:
print('IS THIS YOUR ACCOUNT')
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:
x=['FIRST NAME','LAST NAME','PHONE NUMBER','GENDER','DATE OF
BIRTH','AGE']
s1="select fname,lname,phno,gender,dob,age from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
print(x[0],':::',data[0])
print(x[1],':::',data[1])
print(x[2],':::',data[2])
print(x[3],':::',data[3])
print(x[4],':::',data[4])

17
 print(x[5],':::',data[5])
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
vi=int(input('enter your choice:'))
if vi==1:
b1="delete from user_accounts where password = '{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(b1)
return True
elif vi==2:
print('SORRY,RETRY')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')
else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

def checking_1():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='Root@123',databa
se='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
f=input("FIRST NAME:")
l=input("LAST NAME:")
n=f+" "+l
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
c=input('RE-ENTER YOUR PASS WORD:')

18
 ph=input("PHONE NUMBER:")
print(' M=MALE','\n','F=FEMALE','\n','N=NOT TO MENTION')
gen=input('ENTER YOUR GENDER:')
print("ENTER YOR DATE OF BIRTH")
d=input("DD:")
o=input("MM:")
p=input("YYYY:")
dob=d+'/'+o+'/'+p
age=input('YOUR AGE:')
v={'m':'MALE','f':'FEMALE','n':'NOT TO MENTION'}
if b==c:
try:
c1="insert into user_accounts
values('{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}')".format(f,l,a,b,ph,v[gen],dob,age)
cursor.execute(c1)
print('WELCOME',f,' ',l)
return True
except:
print('PASSWORD ALREADY EXISTS')
return False
else:
print('BOTH PASSWORDS ARE NOT MATCHING')

def checking():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='Root@123',databa
se='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()

19
 mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]

data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)[0]
if data==a:
print(' HII ',data1)
return True
else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

def checking_3():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',passwd='Root@123',databa
se='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')

20
 try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:

x=['FIRST NAME','LAST NAME','PHONE NUMBER','GENDER','DATE OF

BIRTH','AGE']
s1="select fname,lname,phno,gender,dob,age from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
print(x[0],':::',data[0])
print(x[1],':::',data[1])
print(x[2],':::',data[2])
print(x[3],':::',data[3])
print(x[4],':::',data[4])
print(x[5],':::',data[5])
else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

menu()

21
OUTPUT

22
23
24
TESTING

Software Testing is an empirical investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with

information about the quality of the product or service under test[1] , with respect to the context
in which it is intended to operate. Software Testing also provides an objective, independent view
of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks at implementation of
the software. Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program
or application with the intent of finding software bugs.
It can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software
program/application/product meets the business and technical requirements that guided its design
and development, so that it works as expected and can be implemented with the same
characteristics. Software Testing, depending on the testing method employed, can be
implemented at any time in the development process, however the most test effort is employed
after the requirements have been defined and coding process has been completed.

TESTING METHODS
Software testing methods are traditionally divided into black box testing and white box
testing. These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that a test engineer takes
when designing test cases.

BLACK BOX TESTING

Black box testing treats the software as a "black box," without any knowledge of internal
implementation. Black box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value
analysis, all-pairs testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, traceability matrix, exploratory
testing and specification-based testing.

SPECIFICATION-BASED TESTING

Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the

applicable requirements.[16] Thus, the tester inputs data into, and only sees the output from, the

25
test object. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester,
who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behaviour), either "is" or
"is not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Specification-based testing is
necessary, but it is insufficient to guard against certain risks

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The black box tester has no "bonds" with the code, and a tester's perception is very
simple: a code must have bugs. Using the principle, "Ask and you shall receive," black box
testers find bugs where programmers don't. But, on the other hand, black box testing has been
said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight," because the tester doesn't know
how the software being tested was actually constructed.
That's why there are situations when (1) a black box tester writes many test cases to
check something that can be tested by only one test case, and/or (2) some parts of the back end
are not tested at all. Therefore, black box testing has the advantage of "an unaffiliated opinion,"
on the one hand, and the disadvantage of "blind exploring," on the other.

WHITE BOX TESTING

White box testing, by contrast to black box testing, is when the tester has access to the
internal data structures and algorithms (and the code that implement these)

Types of white box testing:-

The following types of white box testing exist:
• api testing - Testing of the application using Public and Private APIs.
• Code coverage - creating tests to satisfy some criteria of code coverage.
For example, the test designer can create tests to cause all statements in the program to be
executed at least once.
• fault injection methods.
• mutation testing methods.
• static testing - White box testing includes all static testing.

26
CODE COMPLETENESS EVALUATION

White box testing methods can also be used to evaluate the completeness of a test suite
that was created with black box testing methods. This allows the software team to examine parts
of a system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most important function points have been
tested.

Two common forms of code coverage are:

• Function Coverage: Which reports on functions executed and
• Statement Coverage: Which reports on the number of lines executed to complete
the test.
They both return coverage metric, measured as a percentage

27
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

I. OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 7 AND ABOVE

II. PROCESSOR : PENTIUM (ANY)

III. MOTHERBOARD : 1.845 OR 915,995 FOR PENTIUM

IV. RAM : 512 MB+

V. Hard disk : SATA 40 GB OR ABOVE

VI. CD/DVD r/w multi drive combo : (If back up required)

VII. FLOPPY DRIVE 1.44 MB : (If Backup required)

VIII. MONITOR 14.1 or 15 -17 inch

IX. Key board and mouse

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

I. Windows OS
II. Python
III. MySQL

28
 REFERENCES

1. Computer science with python by Sumitha Arora.

2. https://www.w3schools.com/python

29