Abo Blood Group System

ODISHA ADARSH VIDYALAYA KAITHAPADAR,
RAYAGADA, GAJAPATI(ODISHA)
BIOLOGY PROJECT
SESSION 2023-24
"ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM "
PREPARED BY
MANISA BHUYAN
CLASS - XII
ROLL NO-
GUIDED BY
MR. ASHUTOSH SUBUDHI
AIM
To understand the basic concepts of blood grouping and
classification of blood based on inherited differences in antigens
on the surfaces of the red blood cell.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
 Monoclonal Antibodies (Anti-A, B and D)

 Clean glass slide
 Needles
 Alcohol swabs
 Sterile cotton balls.
PROCEDURE
 At first we cleaned the finger tip of the donor by alcohol,

with the help of cotton.
 Then we tightly pressed the finger tip of the donor and
slightly taken out the blood with a needle
 We took three drops of the blood on a slide..
 We had put three antibodies, i.e anti A, anti B and anti D
Separately on three blood drops...
 We then observed the coagulation taking place with the
blood.
 Based on the coagulation we identified the blood groups

of the donor..
PRINCIPLE OF
BLOOD GROUPING
It was in 1901, that Austrian-American

immunologist and pathologist Karl
Landsteiner discovered human blood
groups. Karl Landsteiner's work helps to
determine blood groups and thus
opened a way for blood transfusions
which can be carried out safely. He was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1930 for this discovery.
He recognized three groups-A, B, and O-based on their

reactions to each other. A fourth group, AB, was identified a
year later by another research team. Other blood groups were
identified later, such as, Diego, Lutheran, Duffy, and Kidd. The
remaining blood group systems were rest described after
antibodies were identified in patients.
Once reliable tests for Rhesus grouping had been established,
transfusion reactions became rare! For this discovery Landsteiner
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930...
THE IMPORTANCE OF ANTIBODIES
The red cells of an individual contain antigens on their surfaces

that correspond to their blood group and antibodies in the serum
that identify and combine with the antigen sites on the surfaces
of red cells of another type.
Individual blood group antigens vary in their antigenic potential;

for example, some of the antigens belonging to the Rh and ABO
systems are strongly immunogenic (i.e., capable of inducing
antibody formation), whereas the antigens of the Kidd and Duffy
blood group systems are much weaker immunogens.
The blood group antigens are not restricted solely to red cells or
even to hematopoietic tissues. The antigens of the ABO system
are widely distributed throughout the tissues and have been
unequivocally identified on platelets and white cells and in skin,
the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, the kidney, the
urinary tract, and the lining of the blood vessels. Evidence for the
presence of the antigens of other blood group systems on cells
other than red cells is less well substantiated. Among the red cell
antigens, only those of the ABO system are regarded as tissue
antigens and therefore need to be considered in organ
transplantation.
CHEMISTRY OF THE BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES
The exact chemical structure of some blood groups has been

identified, as have the gene products (i.e., those molecules
synthesized as a result of an inherited genetic code on a gene of
a chromosome) that assist in synthesizing the antigens on the red
cell surface that determine the blood type. Blood group antigens
are present on glycolipid and glycoprotein molecules of the red
cell membrane. The carbohydrate chains of the membrane
glycolipidsare oriented toward the external surface of the red cell
membrane and carry antigens of the ABO, Ii, and P systems
ABO BLOOD GROUPING
SYSTEM:
ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface

antigens on the RBC namely A&B. Similarly, the plasma of
different individuals contain two natural antibodies. The
distribution of antigens & antibodies in the four groups of blood,
A ,B, AB & O.
From the above mentioned table it is evident that group O blood

can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence
O group individuals are called 'UNIVERSAL DONORS'. Persons with
AB group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the
other groups of blood. Therefore, such persons are called
'UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS'.
According to the ABO blood group system there are four different
kinds of blood groups: A, B, AB and O.
Blood
group
A
A If you are having blood group A,

you have A antigen on the surface
of your red blood cells and B
antibodies in your blood plasma.
Blood group B
B If you are having blood group B,
you have B antigen on the surface
of your red blood cells and A
antibodies in your blood plasma.
Blood group O
Blood group AB
RH GROUPING:
Another antigen, the RH antigen similar to one present in Rhesus

Monkeys, is also observed on the surface of RBC's of majority of
humans. Such individuals are called RH Positive and those in
whom this antigen is absent are called RH Negative. An RH
negative person, if exposed to RH Positive blood, will form
specific antibodies against the RH antigens. Therefore, RH group
should also be matched before transfusions.
BLOOD DONATION SCHEME
OBSERVATIO
N:
We observed the following coagulation in the blood of three

different donors, they are as follows:
Here, coagulation took place by anti A & anti B. Hence, the blood
group is AB negative.
Here, coagulation took place by anti A & anti D. Hence, the blood
group is B negative.
CONCLUSION:
We can conclude any blood group by observing its colour, and
other observations like coagulation or else we can use the
following
table:
INDEX
 AIM
 Material requirement
 Procedure
 Principle of blood groping
 The importance of antibodies
 Chemistry of the blood group substances
 ABO blood grouping system
 Blood group A
 Blood group B
 Blood group C
 Blood group AB
 RH grouping
 Blood donation scheme
 Observation
 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
At the outset I am thankful to almighty for

his sustained blessing and mercy through
the entire work. I express deep gratitude to
my guide. for Mr. Ashutosh subudhi( PGT
Biology) this kind help and support
throughout the whole work. I would like to
thank the facility members and (Principal)
Miss. Padmini Tudu to provide us such an
environment to develop this project. Lat but
not the list I must thank my parents entire
friend for their Co-operation and valuable
suggestions.
Bibliography
 www.encyclopedia.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 Britannica encyclopaedia
 Practical manual in Biology for class xii
 Microsoft Encarta
 NCERT Biology - XII
 Comprehensive Practical Biology - XII

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ODISHA ADARSH VIDYALAYA KAITHAPADAR,

"ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM "

 Monoclonal Antibodies (Anti-A, B and D)

 At first we cleaned the finger tip of the donor by alcohol,

 Based on the coagulation we identified the blood groups

It was in 1901, that Austrian-American

He recognized three groups-A, B, and O-based on their

The red cells of an individual contain antigens on their surfaces

Individual blood group antigens vary in their antigenic potential;

The exact chemical structure of some blood groups has been

ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface

From the above mentioned table it is evident that group O blood

A If you are having blood group A,

Another antigen, the RH antigen similar to one present in Rhesus

We observed the following coagulation in the blood of three

At the outset I am thankful to almighty for

 Practical manual in Biology for class xii

 NCERT Biology - XII

 Comprehensive Practical Biology - XII

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