Foueg GanNeters

Power ConverteYs
Baey Convesters are c+vcusts for Cenverting
electieal energy
DC to DC onver sion
-Ltheah
Regulato
Lînea
- Buck Convetey v
Boost Convester V
- Buck/Beost Gonvester

AC to DC Cohversio
-Boost Converter
-Hyback Converte
DC to Ac Convers+on
-Invexter

Ac to AC Conversion
-6oHz Tran sfermers

Typ< of Converters
Linear Type
The pouer dehvery is continuous from Souce to Loal
|The pass element ohtch requlate the crent Plouy om
Source to Load) operates în Linear
Vout
 Swrtoher ype
The pooer 7s Tn bursts from Souce to load
-The pass eements Switeh ON
oN ¢ OFF by cycles

Vout

Prwer Management
Linear Suteher
Ihductor basel Inductoless
Beferences LDe (suitched caps)
ExtemalFET, Loo heigkt/
Coontrdler) Integvted FET
Lous Noise High Cament CRegulator)
Small size
High efRieney
 Linean Requlatr
Pass ywwww
Vout
X SISTOR

Eror R
Arn

Vsef

Applic ations ?
Extienely Low ápples ¢ noise apps
Los nput to output difference
Tizht veglation
Fast Tron sient espOnse

Advantages
Low output vipple &noise
Fast tran sient espon se
Low cost
Easy to desi
Negliyible EMT

|DLowkadvantug2
efRialency, at Vin7 Vout
High het dissipatm
Vout <in
 Buck Converter:
Abuck cohvertor allous vetage to be eficiesty
corvested fon a higher Input voltage to alaber
eutpat vetge.
Common appicatn ncude
-DOR Memoy
-CPU Pouwer Suplies
-ASIC and FPGA Cores
-Batevy chagers

Buck opeaton
To qenente a segulated otpat valtage,the centrol
Suwitch ust begh Susitehibg
When the control Suttch is ON' the Ve ttage acoss
inductor Fneseases to the înput voltage minug the output
veltage,and eneray is stored Tn the Inductr
When Control Suitch is 'OFF energy continues to-foy to
the otput thaough the Thductr.
The otput capaciter tters the Ac cumest,albwing
DC cunrent to flocy Tnto the Lo adl.
Contsol Susteh m
Vout
 Buck Duty ycle
IL
Derivetion ?

yIout

Switeh is closedfor DT seconds

T =in-Vout ostspT.

and the îrndutor ta "charging"

2but
FVout

Susiteh îs ep for (l-D)T Seconds

Voat DTt T
dt L

By Steady- State Inluetor Prineiple: Volt second, balance]

tn-Voit) DT + GVeut) (-D)T
VonD- Vout D-Vot +VoutD = O

the abee, the -final înput- output

vo tage
expYGISiom

Vout = , D
 Switeh curent
charges to I
Tout

Vat

10.0 Diedeeetifrescuet

Jout
Yut
Switch Aca Sanme.
ON

Sw Suitch
oFF
Vot

FIsR =-I duñng Di Schasge oyele.

Because trductor suppley curent to Dio de.
Sw- Const Switch
SR - Synchonous Rectife, (Diode)
 Lype; of Buck Coverterg
Bleck Diagrem Deseviptí o
Vat
Non-Synchenoj "Uses a ectfying diode
and Low ourentS
" Lower cost

mmout "Most common

mon Troplementati
Replaag atitying dtode wth
MoSFET
Redu ces cetyng losSse, utth
siahtyhher cost
MutBphase " Mutiple phayesoperoing
Caka întesle aved) Mulbplepase. with the same
-Use-fl tn bighea
eurest Pplieationg

Boost Convester
.A boost convertey allows voltage to be effcantly
Con ves ted leuier înput"
from a lowey input' to a higher otptatag
Common applations Tnehde
-LED Sacktghte
- ouser Amplfiers
- Energy
-Haptte
-Thunerbolt Pots
 Boest operationi

|T genexate esegulatd autpt vatage, the contl

Suiteh muat begin Suitching
when the ehaige Sictch is 'or'the otage a s the
indutor ineaagey ta toput voitage, 4 energy
stored tn tmeluctox

When the chalge suitch ip 'oFP" the energy stored

the fnlustoy elensed to the otput though the
eetfer.

The outpat capactor fitess the pulsating cumrent, allbuy

De cuent to floo îoto the Load.

Cortoel Vout
Siteh

Indutor stendy state Princip le i

The ave raye acoss the înductor
voltage
Zer.

ler)
Inductor doent allow Sulden change of cumcnt

LL
 Lout Iot

Tin

Swrtch ts dosedto DT Secondy Suiteh is open Tor (-b)T seconly

i VVin-Vout DTetsT
t L

&the inductor is
ischaqing
Steady state Inductor Binetplei V(a)=0

Sa that, Vi,D + Vin -VaitVinDt+ VoutD=0

Sirmplifying the abeve yielde the final înput -outpt

votage exposlon
Vout
 Iout
Sstch oN

I Ioutt->
Susth oFF

Vs
Suteh Vout
Node
Vattose
Suteh
Curent

Rectiie COFF)

Diode cuwent

Induetor
Cument(I)

Suiteh oFF
 Types of Boost Converter
Block Diagra Descviption
"Most Cemmon
Non- Synchsonou~. n t irmplenertati
-Uses a
erode

Synehons Replacas ectiffig

Liole ctth a MoSFET
Regucep eetihying
lesse
with sh, htly hige Goat

Mu lti pase "Mu tip hase eperting

ith the same înput
CAKa Tter Vout
leaved and output.
Can be synchsonoys
non- Sypehenous.
Usefat i, htgher cmest
ppltcatoni .
 Buck-Boost Converter. 1, expectel i
Dl
S K Bo oduced
S-oN

Dtode-RE

S-oFF
Vout e-M

-ton’<toe

Vo
T

lI.

AV
CActual)
 V6Vs
T L=
Lvs
LAI
1etow+
totp=
toff
or) -V=Lx(-0E)
t-ofp
0=Lar N
Vs=Lx
toDI >V=Vs -oN S
oS<De1,
Boost
OeDeo5
Buck -D
1D20
to
DVs V.
-tenf toN T-
ton7 Vx toN
toy tofp VoV,to=
n
state stendy Ihducto
they balance second (or)
vat sing V
 Flter Capacitance (C)

O= ’cV= tos lo
C= itoN

LDO (Low Drepot Regukto)

’ Low Dropout or LDO eulator is eneas valt aye
cgulatar that can gulte eveh when the
voltage i close to the output veltge
IN ou Vout
LDo
I FCout

Vour VN -VbRoP

n the minimum voltage dference betwce

qulation
 VouT= VREF
>T% Load

PMoS LDO

NMos based LDo eqre chaye pump

because wrth Nomal NMOs, V cill hare to be
pesite

EVen with It cahnet hese

bigh

Work aoun is ith chasge pup

Vin D Voad

R
 Vaiabe Jnpat on dgait
PMos LDO ^VouT
NMOS LDOtth biay voe when Vou
pass element sze Voo whey size
output crent ^Voo cwhen 1Ieut
Teap ‘Voo cohen 17i
 logC 6-
change . s = RR 85c X-5S C
5Rxcapaöto
’Befeed
T
XR
|2
Capacitanee(MF)
lo
t2o)
tolerancaio%,o
tempertire
chages
în
ODerating
todue
atae Biaseduth
De
dasth biase being ODerting
todie
Tlel. beg Cpadtr
hot Reasors
for
 Copator
Deratingof capacitort

Metal Plate Metal Plate

HMetal Plate Metal PLte

Aetie Actve Lcked
Diple Dip le Dipole
’ When a De Vitage i) apphed to a caprctor, it ertatey
lan E- eld which lockg" ome of the atomic dipole
te place.
These "locke 4" dipoles dorot seat to Ac vo tage transiets
which i ohy the efeetre capacitane lecneasel.

Rececemmended to use ceramic capac+tors

Lz Non polaizel
sVey Small size bted selee tion
’ Minma ESB. of high capacitnce 7
’Low Cogt Bop LDe Bias Dersting
Lo toenceg

Thesmaly stable Cong

 cbing typei fesesh. Metilzre&
barl
Oscilksage
Long shortbae
eund

Vo it Vott GND
Bebetip
Good Pobing