Biology 1 f2 Classification
Biology 1 f2 Classification
Biology 1 f2 Classification
KINGDOM FUNGI
1. Ascomycota
2. Zygomycota
3. Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
are also called sae fungi. They produce spore in sae-like cell calledasei. These spores are called
ascopores. Examples of Ascomycota are bakers’yeast, cup fungi and ringworm fungi.
1. Their cell wall is not made by chitin but cetin polysaccharide component of phosphoric acid
2. Have granulated cytoplasm
3. Store food in form of glycogen
4. Reproduce asexually by budding and sexually by means of ascospores.
Distinctive features
1. Reproduce sexually by means of ascospores
Mosses are small, softplants called bryophytes, that are typically 1–10 cm (0.4–4 in) tall, though
some species are much larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or
shady locations. They do not have flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry
stems. At certain times mosses produce spore capsules which may appear
as beak-like capsules borne aloft on thin stalks.
On the advantage side, it can help to hold the bonsai soilin place and prevent it from washing out of
the container.
Moss can increase the water retention capability of the soil by slowing evaporation.
On the disadvantage side, a thick carpet of moss can reduce the diffusion of gases into the soil and
to the roots, which can result inroot rotorpoor drainageconditions. Moss can grow up onto the surface
roots and trunk of your bonsai, and soften their bark, promoting its decay.
This division was formerly called Pteridophyta. The division Filicinpphyta includes a group of
primitive vascular plants. The adult plant body in these plants is a sporophyte. It showsdifferentiation
into true roots, stems and leaves. The stem is mostly herbaceous. Leaves may besmaller or larger.
Vascular tissues are present in all the vegetative parts of the
plant body.
Ferns are intermediate in complexity between the more primitive bryophytes (mosses, liverworts,and
hornworts) and the more advanced seed plants.
Like bryophytes, ferns reproduce sexually bymaking spores rather than seeds. Most ferns produce
spores on the underside or margin of their leaves. Like seed plants, ferns have stems with a vascular
system for efficient transport of waterand food. Ferns also have leaves, known technically as
megaphylls, with a complex system ofbranched veins.
Fronds. The frond is the “leaf” of a fern. It is divided into two main parts, the stipe (leaf stalk or
petiole)and the blade (the leafy expanded portion of the frond).
Rhizomes. Rhizomes would be comparable to “stems” in the flowering plants. Fronds arise from the
rhizome. In some epiphytic ferns (ferns that grow on trees) and in terrestrial creeping ferns the
rhizome roams widely and is quite visible.The rhizome contains the conducting tissues (xylem and
phloem) and the strengthening tissues(sclerenchyma fibres). The conducting tissue, known
as the vascular bundle, carries the water,minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant.
Roots. Roots are formed from the rhizomes or sometimes from the stipe. The roots usually do not
divide once they grow from the rhizome. Tree fern roots grow down from the crown and help thicken
and strengthen the trunk. The
roots anchor the plant to the ground and absorb water and minerals.
Sporangia. The sporangia are the reproductive structures of the ferns and fern allies.
They produce the dustlikespores that are the “seeds” by which ferns are propagated. Several
sporangia grouped together are called a sorus. Most ferns have their sporangia on the underside of the
frond,arranged in an organized pattern usually associated with veins in the pinnule (leaf). Many
times(but not always) the ferns provide a protective covering for the sorus called an indusium.
Spores. The “seeds” of the ferns and fern allies are called spores. Normally they are formed in
groups offour. Spores contain oil droplets and sometimes chlorophyll in their nucleus.
Advantages of ferns
Disadvantages of ferns