Population and Community Health Nursing 6th Edition Clark Solutions Manual
Population and Community Health Nursing 6th Edition Clark Solutions Manual
Population and Community Health Nursing 6th Edition Clark Solutions Manual
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Chapter 2
Population Health Nursing:
Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe the contributions of historical figures who influenced the development of population
health nursing.
2. Discuss the contributions of population health nurses to social and health care reform.
3. List significant historical events in the development of population health nursing in the United
States.
4. Describe evidence for a shift in public health policy toward a greater emphasis on health
promotion.
5. Describe events that are shaping current and future population health nursing practice.
I. Historical Roots
1. The roots of modern public health and population health nursing practice go far back in history
2. Over 5,000 years different cultural groups have developed a variety of approaches to dealing
with common population health problems:
3. Ancient civilizations: supernatural beings and healers often functioned as priests of healing
gods:
a) Ancient Greeks: spent time theorizing health and disease causation
b) Empedocles of Acragas: theory of imbalance among four “humors” (blood, yellow bile,
phlegm, and black bile) as the cause of disease
c) Hippocrates: natural causation
d) Galen: humoral theory and elements of Hippocratic thinking
4. Nursing of the sick was primarily the function of the women of the family
5. The care was primarily palliative and only slightly related to today’s concept of nursing
PowerPoint Slides
• Historical Roots
1
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Slides
• The Influence of Christianity
• The Early Christian Church
• The Middle Ages (500–1500 A.D.)
• Other Religious Influences
PowerPoint Slides
• The European Renaissance
V. A New World
1. Discovery and colonization of the American continents led to different health issues
a) Communicable disease and poor health habits, for instance, traveled across the oceans in
both directions.
b) Native Americans devastated by disease (measles and smallpox)
2
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Population and Community Health Nursing
PowerPoint Slides
• A New World
• The Colonial Period
• Early Public Health Efforts
PowerPoint Slides
• The Industrial Revolution
• Table 2-1
3
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Another random document with
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“The principal defects may be presented under the following
headings:
A Scientific Ration.
Wednesday.
Oatmeal, 1 oz. $ .00234
Milk, ½ pint .01743
Beef, 9 oz. .06283
Coffee, ⅔ oz. .00530
Fruit, 1 piece .01
Cornstarch, ½ oz. .00138
Raisins, 2 oz. .01016
Bread, 24 oz. .03375
Rice, 1 oz. .00219
Cheese, ½ oz. .00735
Vermicelli, 2 oz. .0084 $ .16113
Estimated value in calories, 3000.
Friday.
Puffed wheat, 1 oz. $ .00235
Milk, ½ pint .01743
Salmon, canned, 4 oz. .05313
Rice, 1 oz. .00219
Tomatoes, 2 oz. .00644
Bread, 24 oz. .03375
Raisins, 2 oz. .01016
Coffee, ⅔ oz. .00530
Tea, .11 oz. .00115
Sugar, 2 oz. .00741 $ .13931
Estimated value in calories, 2600.
Sunday.
Rice, 1 oz. $ .00219
Syrup, 1 oz. .00226
Milk, ½ pint .01743
Sugar, 2 oz. .00741
Bread, 24 oz. .03375
Roast Beef, 9 oz. .06283
Potatoes, 10 oz. .025
Peas, 2 oz. .01087
Gelatine, 2 oz. .00375
Cornstarch, ½ oz. .00276
Gingerbread, 8 oz. .02
Tea, .11 oz. .00115
Coffee, ⅔ oz. .00530 $ .19470
Estimated value in calories, 3800.
The average cost for these three days for each inmate, 16½ cents.
Now this is an imaginary bill of fare, not supposed to be served in
any institution in the world. It is a suggestion of possibilities. The new
service at Sing Sing may approximate to this list of eatables.
In the report of the Michigan State Prison for two years ending June
30, 1916, we find the daily menu for every meal in a whole year.
Twenty-six pages of the report are taken up with this schedule of
eatables.
An extract from this report explains the unusual pains to publish the
bill of fare.
“An old adage states that one of the avenues to a man’s heart is
through his stomach. The now existing system of intensive farming,
and of canning the surplus fruits and vegetables not consumed by
the prison commissary has furnished the Michigan State Prison with
unusual opportunity to supply food products. The opportunity is
reflected in the following menu, showing the food actually served
during the last fiscal year.”
We present the menu for a few days selected from different times of
the year:
Saturday, July 3, 1915.
Breakfast—Oatmeal, milk, sugar, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner—Fried pork steak, mashed potatoes, cream gravy, stewed
tomatoes, bread, iced tea, cookies, strawberry shortcake.
Supper—Lunch from dinner, bread, coffee.
Sunday, August 1, 1915.
Breakfast—Hot biscuits, syrup, fried potatoes, bread, butter, coffee.
Dinner—Roast beef, browned potatoes, beans, lettuce, radishes,
bread, mince pie, iced tea.
Supper—Lunch from dinner, bread, coffee.
Wednesday, December 15, 1915.
Breakfast—Liver and bacon, steamed potatoes, bread, gravy, coffee.
Dinner—Boiled beef, fried parsnips, steamed potatoes, onions,
mashed turnips, tomato pickle, bread.
Supper—Bean soup, corn bread, crackers, bread, coffee.
Thursday, February 24, 1916.
Breakfast—Baked hash, gravy, bread, coffee.
Dinner—Baked beans, pork, syrup, steamed potatoes, bread,
buttermilk.
Supper—Rice soup, corn bread, crackers, bread, coffee.
Tuesday, May 23, 1916.
Breakfast—Creamed potatoes, apple jelly, bread, coffee.
Dinner—Boiled pork, stewed beans, horseradish, mashed
rutabagas, green onions, bread, buttermilk.
Supper—Rice soup, rhubarb pie, bread, coffee.
Complete menus are given for 364 days, or for 1092 meals. No, we
were not quoting from the Ritz-Carlton cuisine, but from the culinary
department of a western penal establishment.
Elmira Reformatory.
The daily bill of fare at the Elmira Reformatory shows that the
question of the serving and the variety of food has had careful
thought. We quote from a recent report of the State Commission of
Prisons, N. Y.
“This institution has one of the best equipped kitchens in the State. It
is kept scrupulously clean and the waste has been reduced to a
minimum. A physician makes frequent inspections which include an
examination of the inmates employed in the kitchen and mess halls.
Special white suits are provided.”
Sunday.
Breakfast—Rolled oats, bread, coffee, syrup.
Dinner—Beef soup, corned beef, boiled potatoes, bread, coffee,
pudding.
Supper—Stewed raisins, spice cake, bread, butter, syrup, tea.
Monday.
Breakfast—Creamed rice, bread, coffee.
Dinner—Roast beef, brown gravy, potatoes, bread, coffee, rice
pudding.
Supper—Roast beef hash, bread, butter, syrup, tea.
Friday.
Breakfast—Rolled oats with milk and sugar, bread, coffee.
Dinner—Macaroni with tomato sauce, creamed potatoes, rice
pudding with raisins, bread, coffee.
Supper—Creamed rice, bread, butter, syrup, tea.
Albany, N. Y.
In the last report of the Board of State Charities, Ohio, Mr. Henry C.
Eyman, of Massillon, makes some wise suggestions in regard to
some economical variation of the dietary.
“By a little care in arranging the diet list a great saving may result. It
is easy to reduce the total cost of your food supply 25%. Does that
look unreasonable? Well, let us analyze some prices. We must use
present-day prices because we know not what tomorrow may bring.
Suppose you have potatoes on the bill of fare twice daily, or fourteen
times a week, the cost for 1000 persons would be at present prices,
$32.00 per meal, or $448.00 per week. Now substitute for potatoes,
rice three times, hominy twice and corn meal mush three times, your
total cost of potatoes will be six times $192.00; rice three times
$6.00; hominy twice $4.00; corn meal mush three times $5.00, or a
total of $207.00, as against $448.00, or a saving of $241.00 per
week, or $12,532 per year. Now let us substitute evaporated
peaches, evaporated apples and evaporated apricots for these same
goods canned. Fruits should be used once daily. The canned fruits
will cost an average of $14.00 a meal for 1000 persons, while the
evaporated fruit will cost an average of $4.00 for same number, a
saving of $10.00 per day, or $3,650.00 a year. Now you will admit
that fish is a desirable article of diet for at least 32 weeks a year.
Suppose fish be placed on your bill of fare twice a week for 32
weeks, or in all for 64 meals. Beef, pork or mutton will all cost about
the same, or for 1000 persons $45.00. Fish for same number, $18.00
to $20.00, or a saving per meal of $25.00 to $27.00, or for the year,
$1670.00. Now, in these three items just mentioned we have
effected a saving of $16,000.00, or more than 25% of your entire
food cost. The entire food cost for 1000 persons will run between
$40,000.00 and $45,000.00 per annum.
“It is an easy matter to take every article of food which makes your
dietary, calculate food values and prices and make your bill of fare in
accordance therewith. Entirely too much meat is used by all of us.
Beans, peas, asparagus, milk, cheese and spinach make an
excellent direct substitute. This is conservation, without loss in heat
units or even in the tastiness of the food.”
Dietary in Illinois.
SUNDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Amount Cost
Baked beans 150lbs. (raw) $11.75
With pork 50lbs. 11.00
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. 9.45
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Roast pork 300lbs. 66.00
Gravy 10lbs. .50
Potatoes 5bushels 6.25
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Pie 29.50
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
Tapioca pudding 5.85
Hot biscuit 6.00
Syrup 4.00
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .48
Sugar 9lbs. .75
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
———
Total cost Sunday for 1,000 inmates $217.79
Approximate cost for each inmate 21⅘ cents
Food value for each inmate, 2,700 calories.
MONDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Amount Cost
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. $ 9.45
Oatmeal 71lbs. 3.20
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Beef Stew 26.84
Macaroni 85lbs. 5.95
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Tea 2lbs. .48
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
lbs.
Cornmeal mush 70 5.85
(meal)
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. 9.45
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2½lbs. .60
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
————
Total cost Monday for 1,000 inmates $132.75
Approximate cost each inmate 13¼ cents
Food value for each inmate, 2,631
calories.
TUESDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Prunes 54lbs. $ 4.72
Boiled potatoes 5bushels 6.25
Rye bread 70loaves 3.50
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Boiled pork 65lbs. } 12.50
Boiled cabbage 400lbs. }
Red beets 8bushels 8.00
Rye bread 70loaves 3.50
Sugar 9lbs. .75
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
SUPPER.
Stewed corn 100lbs. 4.00
Rye bread 70loaves 3.50
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2¼lbs. .52
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sour pickles 25gal. 3.00
Sugar 9lbs. .75
———
Total cost Tuesday for 1,000 inmates $107.70
Approximate cost each inmate 10⅘ cents
Food value for each inmate, 2,658 calories.
WEDNESDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Sausage 200lbs. $32.00
Oatmeal 71lbs. 3.20
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Boiled pork 300lbs. 66.00
Navy beans 165lbs. 18.00
Kraut 4.56
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .52
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
Gingerbread 4.80
Cornmeal mush 70lbs. 5.85
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. 9.45
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .52
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
———
Total cost Wednesday for 1,000 inmates $215.83
Approximate cost each inmate 21⅗ cents
Food value for each inmate, 2,631 calories.
THURSDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. $ 9.45
Rice 50lbs. 5.00
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Beef Stew 26.84
Macaroni 85lbs. 5.95
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
Stewed tomatoes 50gal. 12.50
Cinnamon rolls 4.80
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. 9.45
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .48
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
————
Total cost Thursday for 1,000 inmates $145.88
Approximate cost each inmate 14⅗ cents
Food value for each inmate, 2,900 calories.
FRIDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. $ 9.45
Farina 45lbs. 2.70
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Fish 300lbs. 27.00
Potatoes 5bushels 6.25
Navy beans 150lbs. 17.25
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
Sugar 9lbs. .75
SUPPER.
Oatmeal 71lbs. 3.20
Red beets 8bushels 8.00
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .48
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
————
Total cost Friday for 1,000 inmates $145.74
Approximate cost each inmate 14⅘ cents
Food value for each inmate, 2,627 calories.
SATURDAY.
BREAKFAST.
Items Quantity Cost
Liver 225lbs. $29.25
Bacon 16lbs. 9.60
Oatmeal 71lbs. 3.20
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Coffee 8lbs. .96
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
DINNER.
Pork 65lbs. } 12.50
Cabbage 400lbs. }
Red beets 8bushels 8.00
Bread 80loaves 4.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
Coffee 6lbs. .72
Tea 2lbs. .48
SUPPER.
Hot rolls 6.00
Kraut 40gal. 4.80
Evaporated fruit 90lbs. 9.45
Butter 25lbs. 12.50
Tea 2lbs. .48
Milk 480lbs. 14.40
Sugar 9lbs. .75
———
Total cost Saturday for 1,000 inmates $150.29
Approximate cost each inmate 15 cents
Food value for each inmate, 2,730 calories.
It must be understood that in the preparation of this dietary for a
week Mr. Eyman had in mind the food necessities for the general
institution, not specializing for an establishment where men and
women are sent to repent. However, it is now recognized that a
wholesome and appetizing bill of fare should be prepared for
inmates of any home or institution in order for both health and
economy. Most wardens would cut out the Sunday pie. Something
more nutritious and wholesome could readily be substituted. The
loaves of bread are reported to weigh 2 lbs. each.
Expert Opinion.
Canning Factory.
Consumers and any one interested may inspect this plant at any
time. Here they see the men, preparing the vegetables for canning,
in a white room, dressed in white caps, white coats, white shirts, and
white aprons.
They have copyrighted the label “Home Grown,” and adopted as
their slogan: “We grow, pack, sell and guarantee our own product.”
Their goods are sold in the open market, being very popular
throughout the State and in adjoining States.
They have long ago abolished the contract system which was really
a system of slavery. They have gone beyond the policy of raising
produce or manufacturing articles for State-use, but transact
business on the State-Account plan, disposing of the product
wherever they can find a market. They claim that under their system
of employing convicts, outside labor has nothing to fear from
competition. Contract labor may have been somewhat of a menace
to labor on the outside, but these men earning wages are engaged in
honest production and the product is distributed just as the fruits of
any other industry. Let me illustrate. A man working on a farm, in a
canning factory, in a cotton mill, commits a fault and is secluded from
the community but continues his work on another farm, in another
canning factory, in another cotton mill. He receives wages which
maintains his family. Competition is neither increased nor
diminished. When the man is released, he may return to his old job.
High authority in the labor unions has stated that there is no
objection to a system which affords fair play to the prisoner and also
to the working man. Laborers have justly opposed the exploitation of
prisoners under the lease and contract systems. They have not been
opposed to the development of prison industries on a fair basis.
They present no objection to a “State-Use” method, and we trust
they will not oppose the development of a few industries organized
under the State-Account plan which appears to have been so
successful in the Michigan State Prison.
Fair Exhibits.
The products of the prison industries and of the farm have been
shown at a number of County Fairs and also at the State Fair, and
the public has thus been informed of their activities and greatly
pleased therewith. Nought has been heard but favorable comment.
Objects.
It is not the object of the officers to exploit the men to the advantage
of the State. In the last two years they may have returned to the
State about $9,000, but in the same time they paid out to the men
the sum of $65,000 in wages. They are spending their surplus in
betterments. They have built dormitories, with rooms, not cells,
avoiding particularly the menagerie appearance. They aim to supply
the men with a wholesome and natural environment, believing that
thus they may accomplish the main object of a penal institution
which is the reformation and restoration of the offender.
A. H. V.
THE PRISON AND THE PRISONER.
A Symposium, edited by Julia K. Jaffray, Secretary, National
Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor. Boston. Little, Brown and
Company. 1917. $2.50.
A volume of 216 pages, containing eleven chapters contributed by
fourteen men of high repute. Judge Wadhams, of New York City,
comments on the Indeterminate Sentence, favoring a liberal
application of the principle. Doctor Glueck and Doctor Salmon
describe the necessity for psychiatrical studies of the convict in order
to determine the best treatment for his welfare and also for the
interest of the community.
Thomas Mott Osborne briefly delineates the self-government plan as
instituted by him at Auburn and Sing Sing, and E. Kent Hubbard
describes a similar system adopted in the Connecticut State
Reformatory. “The Honor System” is condemned and there is no
word in its defense.
We commend the book to all those who wish in brief compass to
know what progress has been made in humanitarian ideals for the
reformation of prisoners and what the scientific analysis of modern
conditions indicates as the best measures to attain the cure and
prevention of crime. Like other compilations, however, the various
themes are not treated with equally judicial tone or
comprehensiveness.
THE OFFENDER.
By Burdette G. Lewis, Commissioner of Correction, New York City.
Harper and Brothers. 382 pp. $2.00.
In this volume of 382 pages, Commissioner Lewis speaks from
careful observation and from conscientious study. The reader will
soon perceive that a judicial treatment is applied to the various
questions involved in dealing with penological problems. Various
systems of government are considered, the differences between the
Honor System and the Self-Government clearly indicated, and
valuable suggestions made as to the classes of prisoners to which
the various systems of government may be adapted. The subjects of
Probation and The Indeterminate Sentence are fairly presented and
discussed, the author coming to the conclusion that the
Indeterminate Sentence is far preferable to the determinate system
of the older penology.
The tendency today is to treat the offender in much the same way as
the insane are now treated. Originally these unfortunates were dealt
with as though possessed of demons. Gradually a reform was
introduced. Special institutions were established, and these have
been gradually improved to the extent that such afflicted persons are
given such occupation and such freedom as compatible with safety.
The result is that from 20 to 30 per cent. of them are either released
as cured or may be released under the custodial care of their friends
or relatives.
Mr. Lewis holds that the tendency to accord similar treatment after a
careful diagnosis of each case to the delinquent is likely to produce a
similar result. Each offender should be dealt with according to his
special peculiarity, the treatment aiming at the substitution of good
for bad habits, commitment to prison being used when it is not in the
interest of the individual or of society to release the convicted
criminal. Mr. Lewis advocates the retaining of old-established
methods as long as they are of service. These should not be
discarded merely because they are old. He claims that the leaders in
the movement agree that the new methods should be wisely tested
before they are introduced generally. It is clear that there must have
been good reasons for the adoption of any new method, but at the
same time he is strongly in favor of studying the human equation,
and of differentiating the treatment to suit each case.
In order to administer intelligently the large department under his
charge he has “found it necessary to proceed carefully and to
experiment widely before effecting a departure from the well-known
methods of treatment.” The processes as well as the result of Mr.
Lewis’s labors are given in the present volume. In Part I he
rehearses the fundamental social forces upon which one must
depend in order to check the development of the criminal. Among
these are the home, the church, the school, health and sanitation,
and the police.
In Part II are outlined the manner of utilizing the forces likely to
improve the offender; in short, all the forces of law, order and social
development in harmonious co-operation. The book is of serious
concern to all interested in social science and in the best means of
encouraging normal growth and development through a study of
existing conditions.
PRISON ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK.
We acknowledge the receipt of the Seventy-second Annual Report
of our sister association in New York. It is a ponderous pamphlet of
648 pages full of information concerning Prison Progress in 1916.
This Association was incorporated in 1846.
Our members will be interested in knowing that their Executive
Committee, like our Acting Committee, has power to examine, and
inspect all prisons of the State. Not only do they have the power but
it is also enjoined upon them as a duty to make such visits and to
report annually to the State Legislature the condition of the prisons
and any circumstances “in regard to them as may enable the
Legislature to perfect their government and discipline.” The charter
also provides that the State shall print 500 copies of this annual
report. Many additional copies are purchased by the Association for
general distribution.
Their working staff contains twenty officers who are engaged in
parole and probation duties, in the work of inspection and research,
in securing employment and in affording relief.
The last 300 pages of this document are devoted to reports of the
inspection of the various prisons of the State. The officers do not
shrink from sharp criticism of undesirable features, and yet their
criticism is of a constructive type. Recommendations are made, and
the progress made since the last inspection is duly credited.
We have also received the Report of the New York State
Commission of Prisons, a bound volume of 592 pages. 328 pages
are devoted to description, recommendations and criticisms
connected with the prisons of the State from the large State Prisons
to the small village lock-ups. This appears to us a duplication of the
work of the Prison Association. Why should there be two
organizations doing the same work?
The report of the Prison Association contains much valuable
information with regard to legislation both recent and proposed, and
to the success of the reformatory measures recently introduced into
their penal system. Those who desire copies of the report may write
to this Association at 135 E. 15th St., New York City.
NEW JERSEY PRISON INQUIRY
COMMISSION.
This Commission was appointed according to the provisions of a bill
of the legislature of the State passed in January, 1917. By January 1,
1918, the Commission had prepared an elaborate report of 822
pages giving a history and description of the prisons and penal
methods of the State, and also presenting their recommendations.
The historical record in general indicates a series of failures rather
than of successes in penal administration. The so-called
“Pennsylvania system,” the “Auburn Plan,” the method of contract
labor, the State-Use plan, the Parole work, the efforts at
Reformation, the partisan Boards, all have their share of more or
less condemnation.
The student of penology, however, will discover in this record
encouraging tendencies which may ultimately bring about a higher
type of treatment of those who go astray.
The Commission believes in giving the largest opportunities for work
in the open air and regards with detestation the “vicious rule of
silence.”
Their discussion with regard to the merits and demerits of a Central
Board of Control of all correctional institutions is deeply interesting
and illuminating. They have come to the conclusion that a “system
may be devised which will give to the State of New Jersey the
benefits of a centralized control of its correctional system as a whole,
but which will still leave to the separate institutions the advantages of
the personal interest and devotion which have been such important
factors in their development.” To accomplish this purpose, they
recommend the appointment of a Central Board by the Governor,
who without compensation, shall have a general power of
supervision and visitation of all correctional institutions. The local
boards are to be continued with authority to manage the several
institutions to which they are attached.
The principal recommendation of this Commission is to advise the
appointment of this Central Board with whom should be vested the
power to readjust, harmonize and improve the entire penal system of
the State.