Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition Patton Solutions Manual
Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition Patton Solutions Manual
Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition Patton Solutions Manual
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3. b: This is an example of negative feedback. As the level of water in the blood falls, negative feedback ensures
that the amount of ADH rises. As the level of water in the blood rises, negative feedback ensures that the
amount of ADH falls.
Answers to Review Questions (pp. 36-37)
1. Homeostasis is the relatively constant state maintained by the body (relative uniformity of the normal body’s
internal environment). Examples include the following: the body maintains a constant internal temperature,
the blood and body fluid must maintain a constant chemical composition, or any other occurrence that
demonstrates the body’s homeostatic regulation.
2. Homeostatic control mechanisms are devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis. Feedback control
loops are systems that respond to changing internal environments and restore and maintain a healthy internal
environment.
3. The four basic components of a control loop are (1) a sensor mechanism, (2) an integrator or control center,
(3) an effector mechanism, and (4) feedback.
4. A negative feedback loop causes a reversal of a change that is occurring in the body, thus stabilizing a
controlled variable near a set point value. A positive feedback loop, on the other hand, works in the opposite
manner—amplifying a change in the controlled variable and thus promoting further movement away from the
set point.
5. A drop in body temperature below the set point temperature acts as a stimulus, which promotes the response
of muscle shivering. Shivering produces heat that moves the body temperature back toward the set point
temperature.
6. Examples mentioned in this chapter include: regulation of body temperature, blood oxygen concentration,
blood carbon dioxide concentration, blood acid levels (pH), and water content of body tissues.
7. Examples mentioned in this chapter include: regulation of labor contractions during childbirth, immune
system response to infection, and formation of a blood clot.
8. A circadian rhythm is regular daily pattern in the body, such as highs and lows of temperature, blood
pressure, or hormone concentrations in the blood.
9. Feed-forward is the concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in
anticipation of an event that will follow. It allows the body to react to anticipated changes in the body, rather
than reacting only to changes after they have happened.
10. The three levels of homeostatic control in the body are intracellular, intrinsic, and extrinsic control
mechanisms. Intracellular control mechanisms operate at the cell level. Intrinsic control mechanisms operate
at the tissue and organ levels. Extrinsic control means “outside” control and operates at the system and
organism levels.
11. Health usually involves an overall stability of the body maintained by homeostatic feedback loops. Disease is
often the result of some disruption of homeostasis when abnormal changes to the body cannot be easily
returned to normal ranges.
12. Risk factors mentioned in this chapter include: genetic factors, age, lifestyle, stress, environmental factors,
microorganisms, and preexisting conditions.
13. A pathogen is an agent that causes disease. Examples mentioned in this chapter include: prions, viruses,
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and animals.
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions (p. 37)
1. Just as an aquarium filter removes toxic fish wastes, keeping the toxin levels relatively constant at a low, safe
level, the kidneys remove toxic cellular wastes from the blood—thus keeping toxin levels in the blood at a
relatively constant safe (low) level.
2. Your eyes (seeing you are drifting out of your lane) are the sensory mechanism. Your brain is the integrator
or control center. Your arms and hands are the effector mechanism. This is a negative feedback loop because
the response opposes the change that stimulated it and returns it to set point (your own lane).
3. As blood glucose levels drop below the set point value, sensors detect this and provide the information to
integrator mechanisms. Integrators respond by using regulatory mechanisms (such as, hormones) to push the
glucose back up to normal concentrations.
4. This is negative feedback, because it reverses the drop in tissue oxygen levels by increasing the flow of blood
to the local tissues (by dilating the nearby vessels). It is an example of intrinsic control, because it is
happening at the tissue level, using cell-to-cell communication.
1872.—Democratic Platform.
Baltimore, July 9.
We, the Democratic electors of the United States, in convention
assembled, do present the following principles, already adopted at
Cincinnati, as essential to just government:
[Here followed the “Liberal Republican Platform;” which see
above.]
1872.—Republican Platform,
Philadelphia, June 5.
The Republican party of the United States, assembled in national
convention in the city of Philadelphia, on the 5th and 6th days of
June, 1872, again declares its faith, appeals to its history, and
announces its position upon the questions before the country;
1. During eleven years of supremacy it has accepted, with grand
courage, the solemn duties of the time. It suppressed a gigantic
rebellion, emancipated four millions of slaves, decreed the equal
citizenship of all, and established universal suffrage. Exhibiting
unparalleled magnanimity, it criminally punished no man for
political offenses, and warmly welcomed all who proved their loyalty
by obeying the laws and dealing justly with their neighbors. It has
steadily decreased, with firm hand, the resultant disorders of a great
war, and initiated a wise and humane policy toward the Indians. The
Pacific railroad and similar vast enterprises have been generously
aided and successfully conducted, the public lands freely given to
actual settlers, immigration protected and encouraged, and a full
acknowledgment of the naturalized citizen’s rights secured from
European powers. A uniform national currency has been provided,
repudiation frowned down, the national credit sustained under the
most extraordinary burdens, and new bonds negotiated at lower
rates. The revenues have been carefully collected and honestly
applied. Despite annual large reductions of the rates of taxation, the
public debt has been reduced during General Grant’s presidency at
the rate of a hundred millions a year, great financial crises have been
avoided, and peace and plenty prevail throughout the land.
Menacing foreign difficulties have been peacefully and honorably
compromised, and the honor and power of the nation kept in high
respect throughout the world. This glorious record of the past is the
party’s best pledge for the future. We believe the people will not
intrust the government to any party or combination of men
composed chiefly of those who have resisted every step of this
beneficent progress.
2. The recent amendments to the national constitution should be
cordially sustained because they are right, not merely tolerated
because they are law, and should be carried out according to their
spirit by appropriate legislation, the enforcement of which can safely
be intrusted only to the party that secured those amendments.
3. Complete liberty and exact equality in the enjoyment of all civil,
political, and public rights should be established and effectually
maintained throughout the Union by efficient and appropriate state
and federal legislation. Neither the law nor its administration should
admit any discrimination in respect to citizens by reason of race,
creed, color, or previous condition of servitude.
4. The national government should seek to maintain honorable
peace with all nations, protecting its citizens everywhere, and
sympathizing with all peoples who strive for greater liberty.
5. Any system of civil service under which the subordinate
positions of the government are considered rewards for mere party
zeal is fatally demoralizing; and we, therefore, favor a reform of the
system, by laws which shall abolish the evils of patronage, and make
honesty, efficiency, and fidelity the essential qualifications for public
positions, without practically creating a life tenure of office.
6. We are opposed to further grants of the public lands to
corporations and monopolies, and demand that the national domain
be set apart for free homes for the people.
7. The annual revenue, after paying current expenditures,
pensions, and the interest on the public debt, should furnish a
moderate balance for the reduction of the principal; and that
revenue, except so much as may be derived from a tax upon tobacco
and liquors, should be raised by duties upon importations, the
details of which should be so adjusted as to aid in securing
remunerative wages to labor, and promote the industries, prosperity,
and growth of the whole country.
8. We hold in undying honor the soldiers and sailors whose valor
saved the Union. Their pensions are a sacred debt of the nation, and
the widows and orphans of those who died for their country are
entitled to the care of a generous and grateful people. We favor such
additional legislation as will extend the bounty of the government to
all our soldiers and sailors who were honorably discharged, and who
in the line of duty became disabled, without regard to the length of
service or the cause of such discharge.
9. The doctrine of Great Britain and other European powers
concerning allegiance—“once a subject always a subject”—having at
last, through the efforts of the Republican party, been abandoned,
and the American idea of the individual’s right to transfer allegiance
having been accepted by European nations, it is the duty of our
government to guard with jealous care the rights of adopted citizens
against the assumption of unauthorized claims by their former
governments, and we urge continued careful encouragement and
protection of voluntary immigration.
10. The franking privilege ought to be abolished, and a way
prepared for a speedy reduction in the rates of postage.
11. Among the questions which press for attention is that which
concerns the relations of capital and labor; and the Republican party
recognizes the duty of so shaping legislation as to secure full
protection and the amplest field for capital, and for labor, the creator
of capital, the largest opportunities and a just share of the mutual
profits of these two great servants of civilization.
12. We hold that Congress and the President have only fulfilled an
imperative duty in their measures for the suppression of violence and
treasonable organizations in certain lately rebellious regions, and for
the protection of the ballot-box; and, therefore, they are entitled to
the thanks of the nation.
13. We denounce repudiation of the public debt, in any form or
disguise, as a national crime. We witness with pride the reduction of
the principal of the debt, and of the rates of interest upon the
balance, and confidently expect that our excellent national currency
will be perfected by a speedy resumption of specie payment.
14. The Republican party is mindful of its obligations to the loyal
women of America for their noble devotion to the cause of freedom.
Their admission to wider fields of usefulness is viewed with
satisfaction; and the honest demand of any class of citizens for
additional rights should be treated with respectful consideration.
15. We heartily approve the action of Congress in extending
amnesty to those lately in rebellion, and rejoice in the growth of
peace and fraternal feeling throughout the land.
16. The Republican party proposes to respect the rights reserved
by the people to themselves as carefully as the powers delegated by
them to the states and to the federal government. It disapproves of
the resort to unconstitutional laws for the purpose of removing evils,
by interference with rights not surrendered by the people to either
the state or national government.
17. It is the duty of the general government to adopt such measures
as may tend to encourage and restore American commerce and
shipbuilding.
18. We believe that the modest patriotism, the earnest purpose, the
sound judgment, the practical wisdom, the incorruptible integrity,
and the illustrious services of Ulysses S. Grant have commended him
to the heart of the American people; and with him at our head, we
start to-day upon a new march to victory.
19. Henry Wilson, nominated for the Vice-Presidency, known to
the whole land from the early days of the great struggle for liberty as
an indefatigable laborer in all campaigns, an incorruptible legislator
and representative man of American institutions, is worthy to
associate with our great leader and share the honors which we pledge
our best efforts to bestow upon them.
1876.—Republican Platform,
1876.—Democratic Platform.
1878.—National Platform.