Full Download Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition Schaefer Solutions Manual
Full Download Sociology A Brief Introduction 11th Edition Schaefer Solutions Manual
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CHAPTER
2 SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
CHAPTER OUTLINE
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1. Outline and describe the steps in the Inclusion of a written report with executive
scientific method. summary as the final task in the scientific
2. Give an example of an operational method
definition. Updated figure on educational level and
3. Explain the relationship between household income, based on 2013 census
hypotheses and variables. release
4. Distinguish correlation from cause. Discussion of the reliability and validity of
5. Summarize the characteristics, the American Community Survey
advantages, and limitations of the major Updated figure on the impact of a college
research designs. education on income
6. List the basic principles of the American Updated coverage of the U.S. Army’s
Sociological Association’s code of ethics. Human Terrain System as an example of
7. Apply ethical principles to the challenges ethnographic research
researchers encounter in conducting Coverage of the use of content analysis of
research. children’s books to assess children’s
8. Describe the impact of feminist theory on environmental awareness
sociological research practices. Section on queer theory and methodology
9. Summarize the benefits and challenges of
In the section on the data-rich future,
conducting research online.
discussion of researchers’ use of a
10. Analyze through a sociological lens the
government database to map housing
challenges in conducting research on
conditions in Boston, with figure, “Seeing
human sexual behavior and the potential
Boston’s Housing Issues”
impact of such research on social policy.
Updated coverage of public opinion
research on the legalization of marijuana
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Sociologists are committed to the use of the scientific method in their research. The basic steps in the
scientific method are defining the problem, reviewing the literature, formulating the hypothesis,
selecting the research design, and collecting and analyzing the data. Finally, the researcher develops a
conclusion based on the findings of the research.
A review of the relevant literature helps to refine the problem, consider previous attempts to investigate
it, and reduce avoidable mistakes.
A hypothesis is a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
Variables are measurable traits or characteristics that are subject to change under certain conditions.
The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another variable is called the independent variable
(sometimes referred to as the “causal” variable). The variable that is changed or dependent on the
independent variable is called the dependent variable. Causal logic involves the relationship between a
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condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one leading to the other. A correlation exists
when a change in one variable coincides with a change in the other. A correlational relationship does
not necessarily indicate a causal relationship, however. Control variables are those factors that are held
constant to test the strength of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
In most studies, social scientists carefully select a sample. A sample is a selection from a larger
population that is statistically representative of the population. In a random sample, every member of
the population being studied has the same chance of being selected for the study.
The scientific method requires both validity and reliability. Validity refers to the degree to which a
measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study. Reliability refers to the extent to which a
measure produces consistent results.
In formulating a conclusion, sociological studies sometime fail to support the original hypothesis and
researchers must reformulate their conclusions.
A research design is a detailed plan or method for obtaining or collecting data. Surveys are a common
method of quantitative research used by researchers to collect data. A quantitative method is one in
which data are represented as numbers or statistics. Surveys may consist of oral interviews or written
questionnaires. Ethnography is a qualitative research method that allows researchers to collect data
through everyday interaction with a group or community under study. Observation is the basic
technique of ethnography. Qualitative research involves smaller samples and different research
methodologies. Experiments are artificially created situations in which researchers can manipulate
variables. Typically, an experimental group is exposed to the independent variable (or “stimulus”) and
the control group is not. Sometimes experiments can suffer from the Hawthorne effect, a term
sociologists have used to refer to the unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on
their subjects.
Analyzing existing data that has been previously collected is called secondary analysis. Content
analysis involves the systematic coding and objective recording of data, such as using newspapers,
periodicals, and other common documents or venues to interpret and test the significance of data.
All researchers must abide by a code of ethics to ensure that researchers are not causing harm or
violating a person’s privacy. The American Sociological Association (ASA) is responsible for
publishing a code of ethics for researchers in the field of sociology. Most research seeks to remain
value neutral in its judgments when interpreting research results. However, some have suggested
neutrality may be impossible to attain. As the feminist perspective gains influence among sociological
researchers, feminist methodology is changing both how issues are defined and how data is collected.
Queer theory is also exposing some of the inherent sexuality bias in sociology that can lead to
underreporting of gay and lesbian groups in a research process. Computers and the Internet are exciting
technologies that are having a major impact on research.
LECTURE OUTLINE
Introduction
• Excerpt from The Tender Cut: Inside the Hidden World of Self-Injury by Patricia A.
Adler and Peter Adler
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The Baharia (sailors) on board said, ‘You Washenzi (pagans, bush
people) from the interior, you will vomit yourselves to death.’ But we
came safe to Lindi after all, and said (to the sailors): ‘You mocked at
God (by saying that we should die), but we came safe to land.’”
This love of singing is characteristic of the Wanyamwezi. In the
course of my enforced detention here, I have taken many a
photographic stroll, in which my men are always eager to accompany
me. On these occasions I have to divide the small amount of
apparatus necessary to be taken with me among as many of them as
possible, so that everyone may have something to carry. It is never
very long before Pesa mbili the Mnyampara or caravan headman,
lifts up his voice—a very good one too—whereupon the chorus
promptly falls in in excellent time. I may here give a specimen of
these little marching songs:—
Kabowe kabowe ku meso; Namuki kabowe ku meso. (1)
Wambunga kabowe ku meso; Namuki kabowe ku meso.
Ki! kabowe ku meso; Wamwera kabowe ku meso.
Ki! kabowe ku meso; Wakumbwa kabowe ku meso.
(1) We shoot with our eyes—we shoot the Namuki with our eyes,
The Wambunga, we shoot them with our eyes—the Namuki, we shoot them
with our eyes;
Bang! we shoot with our eyes—the Wamwera, we shoot them with our
eyes;
Bang! we shoot with our eyes—the Wakumbwa—we shoot them with our
eyes.
The singers, who are principally Nubians, state that this song is in
their mother tongue, the Darfur dialect. I have not yet succeeded in
obtaining a literal translation. The general meaning of the words,
which are sung with enviable lung-power and indefatigable energy, is
somewhat as follows:
“We are always strong. The Jumbe (headman) has been hanged by
the command of Allah. Hongo (one of the insurgent leaders) has
been hanged by the command of Allah.”
Thus much as to the results of my musical inquiries so far as they
concern the foreign elements (foreign, that is to say, here at Lindi) of
the Wanyamwezi and Nubians. I have obtained some records of
ngoma songs from Yaos and other members of inland tribes, but I
cannot tell for the present whether they are a success, as I find to my
consternation that my cylinders are softening under the influence of
the damp heat, so that I can take records, but cannot risk
reproducing them for fear of endangering the whole surface. A
cheerful prospect for the future!
Very interesting from a psychological point of view is the
behaviour of the natives in presence of my various apparatus. The
camera is, at any rate on the coast, no longer a novelty, so that its use
presents comparatively few difficulties, and the natives are not
particularly surprised at the results of the process. The only
drawback is that the women—as we found even at Dar es Salam—
usually escape being photographed by running away as fast as their
legs will carry them. The cinematograph is a thing utterly outside
their comprehension. It is an enchini, a machine, like any other
which the mzungu, the white man, has brought into the country—
and when the said white turns a handle on the little black box,
counting at the same time, in a monotonous rhythm, “Twenty-one,
twenty-two, twenty-one, twenty-two,” the native may be pleasantly
reminded of the droning measures which he is accustomed to chant
at his work; but what is to be the result of the whole process he
neither knows nor cares.
GIRLS FROM LINDI
Few people, I fancy, will know where Masasi is, yet those interested
in the Colonies might well be acquainted with its situation, for in its
own small way it is quite a civilizing centre. The English Mission[6]
has been at work here for nearly the third of a century, and, since the
suppression of the rebellion, a native corporal with a dozen black
German soldiers has been gallantly maintaining his ground, in a
boma specially built for the purpose, in case of any renewed warlike
impulses on the part of the interior tribes.
I preferred to take up my quarters with the soldiers, not from any
hostility to religion, but because the two clergymen at the mission
station, about an hour’s walk from us, are both advanced in years,
and it would be unfair to trouble them with visitors. Besides their
station was burnt down during the rebellion, so that they are leading
for the moment a more idyllic than agreeable life in their former
cattle-shed. In spite of this, the two old gentlemen, as I had every
opportunity of convincing myself in the course of two long visits,
enjoy extraordinarily good health. Archdeacon Carnon, the younger
of the two, in particular, took as lively an interest in the German
Emperor and his family as if he lived in a London suburb, instead of
in a negro village at the ends of the earth. Canon Porter seems to be
failing a little, but this is only to be expected as he is getting on for
eighty and has been in the country nearly thirty years.[7] In former
days I understand that he studied the ethnology of his district
(inhabited by Wanyasa, Wayao, and Wamakonde) very thoroughly,
so that up to yesterday I had great hopes of profitable results from
my intercourse with him and his more active colleague. But in this I
was disappointed. At the ceremonious, and, I must say, sumptuous
breakfast which the two clerical gentlemen set before us two
worldlings, Ewerbeck and me, whenever I began to speak about the
inhabitants of the neighbourhood and their tribal affinities, the
conversation was invariably diverted towards the Emperor and his
family! He must have made a truly extraordinary impression on
other nations.
However, our business is with the native African, not with the
white intruder, even though he should come in the peaceful guise of
the missionary.
My landing at Lindi of itself implied the main course of my
journey. A glance at the map of East Africa shows that the extreme
south-eastern corner of our colony, considered with regard to
population, stands out like an island from the almost uninhabited
country surrounding it. The region north of the Middle, and partly
also of the Upper Rovuma is (as Lieder, the geologist, whose early
death is such a loss to science, described it) a silent pori for hundreds
of miles, extending far beyond the Umbekuru and into the hinterland
of Kilwa—an uninhabited wilderness, where not a single native
village speaks of the large and peaceable population found here by
Roscher, Livingstone and Von Der Decken nearly half-a-century ago.
Only a narrow strip running parallel to the coast some distance
inland connects this island of population with the north, while
another, much more scantily peopled, runs up the Rovuma to the
Nyasa country.
Being thus cut off from surrounding tribes, the south-east—i.e., the
Makonde Plateau, the Lukuledi Valley north of it, and the wide plain
to the west of these highlands—forms a compact, well-defined whole,
an ideal sphere of work for one who, like
myself, has only a limited time at his disposal,
but wishes the work done in this time to be as
far as possible complete. The Wamwera,
whom I had in view in the first instance, have
had, to my great regret, to be postponed for
the present. I left Lindi on July 11th, with the
Imperial District Commissioner, Mr.
Ewerbeck. Ngurumahamba, the first
noticeable place on the Lukuledi road, still
bears the impress of the Coast—there is even a
stone house among the huts of the Waswahili;
but on the second day we reach the Yao tribe
at Mtua. Here we first come in touch with the
far interior, for these are the advance guard of
the great migration which brought this
vigorous and energetic race about the middle
of the last century from its old home south-
A MAN OF THE
MWERA TRIBE AND A east of Lake Nyasa towards the shores of the
YAO Indian Ocean, and which is still going on. As
to the way in which these migrations are
accomplished, we are apt to be misled by the
picture—no doubt a very incorrect one—which has remained in our
minds from our school-days, in connection with the migration par
excellence—the great westward movement of our own forefathers.
We think of men, horses, and waggons, a dense, compact wave of
people, rolling on slowly but irresistibly across the countries lying in
its track. Here we find nothing of the sort. It is true that these Mtua
Yaos are not typical of their tribe in this respect, as they were rescued
from the Wangoni, further north, on the eastern shore of Nyasa,
about ten years ago by Captain Engelhardt, and transferred to this
settlement. But otherwise the immigration of foreign (though still
African) elements takes place, here in the south, quietly and almost
imperceptibly—a band, a horde, a group of families, sometimes, but
not always, under the command of a chief, appears one fine day, hoes
a piece of land at a suitable place in the pori, builds a few airy huts,
and the immigration is complete. Conflicts, more or less sanguinary,
between the aborigines and the intruders may have occurred—may
even have been the rule—in former times; nothing of the kind seems
to happen to-day. Whether the native has become more tolerant, or
the firm hand of the German Government, to whom every accession
of population must be welcome, has produced a change in his views,
I am compelled to leave undecided.
In outward appearance these Yaos can scarcely be distinguished
from the Swahilis of the coast. The women are dressed in precisely
the same kind of kanga (calico printed in brightly-coloured patterns,
and manufactured in Holland), as the Coast women, though not so
neatly and fashionably as the girls at Dar es Salam, where the
patterns in vogue change faster than even at Paris. They also wear
the same coquettish little pin in the left nostril as the Coast ladies. Of
Indian origin, this kipini, called chipini in Yao, has conquered the
whole east coast of Africa, and is spreading, as a symbol of higher
culture and refinement, among the more progressive tribes of the
interior. In its simplest form a mere cylinder of pith, the better
specimens are made—according to the means of the wearer—of
ebony, tin, or silver. The ebony pins are almost always very tastefully
inlaid with tin. To our notions, the chipini hardly beautifies the
human countenance; but once the beholder is accustomed to its
effect, it becomes quite pretty and attractive, lending a coquettish
touch to the brown face it adorns.