Full Download e Commerce 2016 Business Technology Society 12th Edition Laudon Solutions Manual
Full Download e Commerce 2016 Business Technology Society 12th Edition Laudon Solutions Manual
Full Download e Commerce 2016 Business Technology Society 12th Edition Laudon Solutions Manual
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h-edition-laudon-solutions-manual/
Teaching Objectives
● Identify the key components of e-commerce business models.
● Describe the major B2C business models.
● Describe the major B2B business models.
● Explain the key business concepts and strategies applicable to e-commerce.
Key Terms
business model, p. 56
business plan, p. 56
e-commerce business model, p. 56
value proposition, p. 57
revenue model, p. 58
advertising revenue model, p. 58
subscription revenue model, p. 58
freemium strategy, p. 58
transaction fee revenue model, p. 59
sales revenue model, p. 59
affiliate revenue model, p. 59
market opportunity, p. 62
marketspace, p. 62
competitive environment, p. 62
competitive advantage, p. 63
asymmetry, p. 64
first-mover advantage, p. 64
complementary resources, p. 64
unfair competitive advantage, p. 64
perfect market, p. 64
leverage, p. 65
market strategy, p. 65
organizational development, p. 65
management team, p. 66
seed capital, p. 67
elevator pitch, 67
incubators, p. 67
angel investors, p. 67
venture capital investors, p. 68
crowdfunding, p. 68
e-tailer, p. 71
barriers to entry, p. 74
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
community provider, p. 74
content provider, p. 75
portal, p. 76
transaction broker, p. 79
market creator, p. 79
service provider, p. 80
e-distributor, p. 82
e-procurement firm, p. 82
B2B service provider, p. 83
scale economies, p. 83
exchange, p. 83
industry consortia, p. 84
private industrial network, p. 84
industry structure, p. 86
industry structural analysis, p. 87
value chain, p. 88
firm value chain, p. 89
value web, p. 90
business strategy, p. 91
profit, p. 91
differentiation, p. 91
commoditization, p. 91
strategy of cost competition, p. 92
scope strategy, p. 93
focus/market niche strategy, p. 93
customer intimacy, p. 93
disruptive technologies, p. 94
digital disruption, p. 94
sustaining technologies, p. 95
disruptors, p. 95
Content Provider
Insight on Technology: Battle of the Titans and Lilliputians
Portal
Transaction Broker
Market Creator
Service Provider
2.7 Review
Key Concepts
Questions
Projects
References
Figures
Figure 2.1 The Eight Key Elements of a Business Model, p. 57
Figure 2.2 Marketspace and Market Opportunity in the Software Training Market, p. 63
Figure 2.3 How E-commerce Influences Industry Structure, p. 86
Figure 2.4 E-commerce and Industry Value Chains, p. 88
Figure 2.5 E-commerce and Firm Value Chains, p. 89
Figure 2.6 Internet-enabled Value Web, p. 90
Tables
Table 2.1 Subscription Revenue Model Examples, p. 59
Table 2.2 Five Primary Revenue Models, p. 62
Table 2.3 Key Elements of a Business Model, p. 66
Table 2.4 Key Elements of an Elevator Pitch, p. 67
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Again the impetuous wild thing, she seized one of the bags of nuts
before I had had time to stop her, and went darting off before me
along the forest track, while I was left to follow slowly in a sober
mood.
Chapter VIII
THE BIRDS FLY SOUTH
It was early in October when the mystery of the Ibandru began to
take pronounced form.
Then it was that I became aware of an undercurrent of excitement in
the village, a suppressed agitation which I could not explain, which
none would explain to me, and which I recorded as much by
subconscious perception as by direct observation. Yet there was
sufficient visible evidence. The youth of the village had apparently
lost interest in the noisy pastimes that had made the summer
evenings gay; old and young alike seemed to have grown restless
and uneasy; while occasionally I saw some man or woman scurrying
about madly for no apparent reason. And meantime all bore the
aspect of waiting, of waiting for some imminent and inevitable event
of surpassing importance. Interest in Yulada was at fever pitch; a
dozen times a day some one would point toward the stone woman
with significant gestures; and a dozen times a day I observed some
native prostrating himself in an attitude of prayer, with face always
directed toward the figure on the peak while he mumbled
incoherently to himself.
But the strangest demonstration of all occurred late one afternoon,
when a brisk wind had blown a slaty roof across the heavens, and
from far to the northeast, across the high jutting ridges of rock, a
score of swift-flying black dots became suddenly visible. In an
orderly, triangular formation they approached, gliding on an
unwavering course with the speed of an express train; and in an
incredibly brief time they had passed above us and out of sight
beyond Yulada and the southern peak. After a few minutes they
were followed by another band of migrants, and then by another, and
another still, until evening had blotted the succeeding squadrons
from view and their cries rang and echoed uncannily in the dark.
To me the surprising fact was not the flight of the feathered things;
the surprising fact was the reaction of the Ibandru. It was as if they
had never seen birds on the wing before; or as if the birds were the
most solemn of omens. On the appearance of the first flying flock,
one of the Ibandru, who chanced to observe the birds before the
others, went running about the village with cries of excitement; and
at his shouts the women and children crowded out of the cabins, and
all the men within hearing distance came dashing in from the fields.
And all stood with mouths open, gaping toward the skies as the
successive winged companies sped by; and from that time forth, until
twilight had hidden the last soaring stranger, no one seemed to have
any purpose in life except to stare at the heavens, calling out
tumultuously whenever a new band appeared.
That evening the people held a great celebration. An enormous
bonfire was lighted in an open space between the houses; and
around it gathered all the men and women of the village, lingering
until late at night by a flickering eerie illumination that made the
scene appear like a pageant staged on another planet. In the
beginning I did not know whether the public meeting had any
connection with the flight of the birds; but it was not long before this
question was answered.
In their agitation, the people had evidently overlooked me entirely.
For once, they had forgotten politeness; indeed, they scarcely
noticed me when I queried them about their behavior. And it was as
an uninvited stranger, scarcely remembered or observed, that I crept
up in the shadows behind the fire, and lay amid the grass to watch.
In the positions nearest the flames, their faces brilliant in the glow,
were two men whom I immediately recognized. One, sitting cross-
legged on the ground, his features rigid with the dignity of leadership,
was Abthar, the father of Yasma; the other, who stood speaking in
sonorous tones, was Hamul-Kammesh, the soothsayer. Because I
sat at some distance from him and was far from an adept at Pushtu,
I missed the greater part of what he said; but I did not fail to note the
tenseness with which the people followed him; and I did manage to
catch an occasional phrase which, while fragmentary, impressed me
as more than curious.
"Friends," he was saying, "we have reached the season of the great
flight.... The auguries are propitious ... we may take advantage of
them whenever the desire is upon us.... Yulada will help us, and
Yulada commands...." At this point there was much that I could not
gather, since Hamul-Kammesh spoke in lower tones, with his head
bowed as though in prayer.... "The time of yellow leaves and of cold
winds is upon us. Soon the rain will come down in showers from the
gray skies; soon the frost will snap and bite; soon all the land will be
desolate and deserted. Prepare yourselves, my people, prepare!—
for now the trees make ready for winter, now the herbs wither and
the earth grows no longer green, now the bees and butterflies and
fair flowers must depart until the spring—and now the birds fly south,
the birds fly south, the birds fly south!"
The last words were intoned fervently and with emphatic slowness,
like a chant or a poem; and it seemed to me that an answering
emotion swept through the audience. But on and on Hamul-
Kammesh went, on and on, speaking almost lyrically, and sometimes
driving up to an intense pitch of feeling. More often than not I could
not understand him, but I divined that his theme was still the same;
he still discoursed upon the advent of autumn, and the imminent and
still more portentous advent of winter....
After Hamul-Kammesh had finished, his audience threw themselves
chests downward on the ground, and remained thus for some
minutes, mumbling unintelligibly to themselves. I observed that they
all faced in one direction, the south; and I felt that this could not be
attributed merely to chance.
Then, as though at a prearranged signal, all the people
simultaneously arose, reminding me of a church-meeting breaking
up after the final prayer. Yet no one made any motion to leave; and I
had an impression that we were nearer the beginning than the end of
the ceremonies. This impression was confirmed when Hamul-
Kammesh began to wave his arms before him with a bird-like
rhythm, and when, like an orchestra in obedience to the band-
master, the audience burst into song.
I cannot say that the result pleased me, for there was in it a weird
and barbarous note; yet at the same time there was a certain wild
melody ... so that, as I listened, I came more and more under the
influence of the singing. It seemed to me that I was hearing the voice
not of individuals but of a people, a people pouring forth its age-old
joys and sorrows, longings and aspirations. But how express in
words the far-away primitive quality of that singing?—It had
something of the madness and abandon of the savage exulting,
something of the loneliness and long-drawn melancholy of the wolf
howling from the midnight hilltop, something of the plaintive and
querulous tone of wild birds calling and calling on their way
southward.
After the song had culminated in one deep-voiced crescendo, it was
succeeded by a dance of equal gusto and strangeness. Singly and in
couples and in groups of three and four, the people leapt and
swayed in the wavering light; they flung their legs waist-high, they
coiled their arms snake-like about their bodies, they whirled around
like tops; they darted forward and darted back again, sped gracefully
in long curves and spirals, tripped from side to side, or reared and
vaulted like athletes; and all the while they seemed to preserve a
certain fantastic pattern, seemed to move to the beat of some
inaudible rhythm, seemed to be actors in a pageant whose nature I
could only vaguely surmise. As they flitted shadow-like in the
shadowy background or glided with radiant faces into the light and
then back into the gloom, they seemed not so much like sportive and
pirouetting humans as like dancing gods; and the sense came over
me that I was beholding not a mere ceremony of men and women,
but rather a festival of wraiths, of phantoms, of cloudy, elfin creatures
who might flash away into the mist or the firelight.
Nor did I lose this odd impression when at intervals the dance
relaxed and the dancers lay on the ground recovering from their
exertions, while one of them would stand in the blazing light chanting
some native song or ballad. If anything, it was during these
intermissions that I was most acutely aware of something uncanny. It
may, of course, have been only my imagination, for the recitations
were all of a weird nature; one poem would tell of men and maidens
that vanished in the mists about Yulada and were seen no more;
another would describe a country to which the south wind blew, and
where it was always April, while many would picture the wanderings
of migrant birds, or speak of bodiless spirits that floated along the air
like smoke, screaming from the winter gales but gently murmuring in
the breezes of spring and summer.
For some reason that I cannot explain, these legends and folk-tales
not only filled my mind with eerie fancies but made me think of one
who was quite human and real. I began to wonder about Yasma—
where was she now? What part was she taking in the celebration?
And as my thoughts turned to her, an irrational fear crept into my
mind—what if, like the maidens described in the poems, she had
taken wing? Smiling at my own imaginings, I arose quietly from my
couch of grass, and slowly and cautiously began to move about the
edge of the crowd, while scanning the nearer forms and faces. In the
pale light I could scarcely be distinguished from a native; and, being
careful to keep to the shadows, I was apparently not noticed. And I
had almost circled the clearing before I had any reason to pause.
All this time I had seen no sign of Yasma. I had almost given up
hope of finding her when my attention was attracted to a solitary little
figure hunched against a cabin wall in the dimness at the edge of the
clearing. Even in the near-dark I could not fail to recognize her; and,
heedless of the dancers surging and eddying through the open
spaces, I made toward her in a straight line.
I will admit that I had some idea of the unwisdom of speaking to her
tonight; but my impatience had gotten the better of my tongue.
"I am glad to see you here," I began, without the formality of a
greeting. "You are not taking part in the dance, Yasma."
Yasma gave a start, and looked at me like one just awakened from
deep sleep. At first her eyes showed no recognition; then it struck
me there was just a spark of anger and even of hostility in her gaze.
"No, I am not taking part in the dance," she responded, listlessly. And
then, after an interval, while I stood above her in embarrassed
silence, "But why come to me now?... Why disturb me tonight of all
nights?"
"I do not want to disturb you, Yasma," I apologized. "I just happened
to see you here, and thought—"
My sentence was never finished. Suddenly I became aware that
there was only vacancy where Yasma had been. And dimly I was
conscious of a shadow-form slipping from me into the multitude of
shadows.
In vain I attempted to follow her. She had vanished as completely as
though she had been one of the ghostly women of the poems. No
more that evening did I see her small graceful shape; but all the rest
of the night, until the bonfire had smoldered to red embers and the
crowd had dispersed, I wandered about disconsolately, myself like a
ghost as I furtively surveyed the dancing figures. A deep, sinking
uneasiness obsessed me; and my dejection darkened into despair
as it became plainer that my quest was unavailing, and that Yasma
had really turned against me.
Chapter IX
IN THE REDDENING WOODS
During the weeks before the firelight celebration, I had gradually
made friends with the various natives. This was not difficult, for the
people were as curious regarding me as I would have been
regarding a Martian. At the same time, they were kindly disposed,
and would never hesitate to do me any little favor, such as to help
me in laying up my winter's supplies, or to advise me how to make a
coat of goat's hide, or to tell me where the rarest herbs and berries
were to be found, or to bring me liberal portions of any choice viand
they chanced to be preparing.
I was particularly interested in Yasma's brothers and sisters, all of
whom I met in quick succession. They were all older than she, and
all had something of her naïvety and vivaciousness without her own
peculiar charm. Her three sisters had found husbands among the
men of the tribe, and two were already the mothers of vigorous
toddling little sons and daughters; while her brothers, Karem and
Barkodu, were tall, proud, and dignified of demeanor like their father.
With Karem, the elder, I struck up a friendship that was to prove my
closest masculine attachment in Sobul. I well remember our first
meeting; it was just after my convalescence from my long illness.
One morning, in defiance of Yasma's warning, I had slipped off by
myself into the woods, intending to go but a few hundred yards. But
the joyous green of the foliage, the chirruping birds and the warm
crystalline air had misled me; and, happy merely to be alive and free,
I wandered on and on, scarcely noticing how I was overtaxing my
strength. Then suddenly I became aware of an overwhelming
faintness; all things swam around me; and I sank down upon a
boulder, near to losing consciousness.... After a moment, I attempted
to rise; but the effort was too much; I have a recollection of
staggering like a drunken man, or reeling, of pitching toward the
rocks....
Happily, I did not complete my fall. Saving me from the shattering
stones, two strong arms clutched me about the shoulders, and
wrenched me back to a standing posture.
In a daze, I looked up ... aware of the red and blue costume of a
tribesman of Sobul ... aware of the two large black eyes that peered
down at me half in amusement, half in sympathy. Those eyes were
but the most striking features of a striking countenance; I
remembered having already seen that high, rounded forehead, that
long, slender, swarthy face with the aquiline nose, that untrimmed
luxuriant full black beard.
"Come, come, I do not like your way of walking," the man declared,
with a smile. And seeing that I was still too weak to reply, he
continued, cheerfully, with a gesture toward a thicket to our rear, "If I
had not been there gathering berries, this day might have ended
sadly for you. Shall I not take you home?"
Leaning heavily upon him while with the gentlest care he led me
along the trail, I found my way slowly back to the village.
And thus I made the acquaintance of Karem, brother of Yasma. At
the time I did not know of the relationship; but between Karem and
myself a friendship quickly developed. Even as he wound with me
along the woodland track to the village, I felt strangely drawn toward
this genial, self-possessed man; and possibly he felt a reciprocal
attraction, for he came often thereafter to inquire how I was doing;
and occasionally we had long talks, as intimate as my foreign birth
and my knowledge of Pushtu would permit. I found him not at all
unintelligent, and the possessor of knowledge that his sophisticated
brothers might have envied. He told me more than I had ever known
before about the habits of wood creatures, of wolves and squirrels,
jackals, snakes and bears; he could describe where each species of
birds had their nests, and the size and color of the eggs; he
instructed me in the lore of bees, ants and beetles, and in the ways
of the fishes in the swift-flowing streams. Later, when I had
recovered my strength, he would accompany me on day-long climbs
among the mountains, showing me the best trails and the easiest
ascents—and so supplying me with knowledge that was to prove
most valuable in time to come.
It was to Karem that I turned for an answer to the riddles of Sobul
after Yasma had failed me. But in this respect he was not very
helpful. He would smile indulgently whenever I hinted that I
suspected a mystery; and would make some jovial reply, as if
seeking to brush the matter aside with a gesture. This was especially
the case on the day after the firelight festivities, when we went on a
fishing expedition to a little lake on the further side of the valley.
Although in a rare good humor, he was cleverly evasive when I
asked anything of importance. What had been the purpose of the
celebration? It was simply an annual ceremony held by his people,
the ceremony of the autumn season. Why had Hamul-Kammesh
attached so much significance to the flight of the birds? That was
mere poetic symbolism; the birds had been taken as typical of the
time of year. Then what reason for the excitement of the people?—
and what had Yulada to do with the affair? Of course, Yulada had
nothing to do with it at all; but the people thought she had ordered
the ceremonies, and they had been swayed by a religious mania,
which Hamul-Kammesh, after the manner of soothsayers, had
encouraged for the sake of his own influence.
Such were Karem's common-sense explanations. On the surface
they were convincing; and yet, somehow, I was not convinced. For
the moment I would be persuaded; but thinking over the facts at my
leisure, I would feel sure that Karem had left much unstated.
My dissatisfaction with his replies was most acute when I touched
upon the matter closest to my heart. I described Yasma's conduct
during the celebration; confided how surprised I had been, and how
pained; and confessed my fear that I had committed the
unpardonable sin by intruding during an important rite.
To all that I said Karem listened with an attentive smile.
"Why, Prescott," he returned (I had taught him to call me by my last
name), "you surprise me! Come, come, do not be so serious! Who
can account for a woman's whims? Certainly, not I! When you are
married like me, and have little tots running about your house ready
to crawl up your knee whenever you come in, you'll know better than
to try to explain what the gods never intended to be explained by any
man!" And Karem burst into laughter, and slapped me on the back
good-naturedly, as though thus to dispose of the matter.
However, I was not to be sidetracked so easily. I did not join in
Karem's laughter; I even felt a little angry. "But this wasn't just an
ordinary whim," I argued. "There was something deeper in it. There
was some reason I don't understand, and can't get at no matter how
I try."
"Then why not save trouble, and quit trying?" suggested Karem, still
good-natured despite my sullenness. "Come, it's a splendid day; let's
enjoy it while we can!"
And he pointed ahead to a thin patch of blue, vaguely visible through
a break in the trees. "See, there's the lake already! I expect fishing
will be good today!"
When I returned to the village, not a person was stirring among the
cabins; an unearthly stillness brooded over the place, and I could
have imagined it to be a town of the dead. Had I not been utterly
fatigued by my night in the open, I might have been struck even
more strongly by the solitude, and have paused to investigate; as it
was, I made straight for my own hut, flung myself down upon my
straw couch, and sank into a sleep from which I did not awaken until
well past noon.
After a confused and hideous dream, in which I lay chained to a
glacier while an arctic wind blew through my garments, I opened my
eyes with the impression that the nightmare had been real. A
powerful wind was blowing! I could hear it blustering and wailing
among the treetops; through my open window it flickered and sallied
with a breath that seemed straight from the Pole. Leaping to my feet,
I hastily closed the great shutters I had constructed of pine wood;
and, at the same time, I caught glimpses of gray skies with a
scudding rack of clouds, and of little white flakes driving and reeling
down.
In my surprise at this change in the weather, I was struck by
premonitions as bleak as the bleak heavens. What of Yasma? How
would she behave in the storm?—she who was apparently
unprepared for the winter! Though I tried to convince myself that
there was no cause for concern, an unreasoning something within
me insisted that there was cause indeed. It was not a minute,
therefore, before I was slipping on my goatskin coat.
But I might have spared my pains. At this instant there came a
tapping from outside, and my heart began to beat fiercely as I
shouted, "Come in!"
The log door moved upon its hinges, and a short slim figure slipped
inside.
"Yasma!" I cried, surprised and delighted, as I forced the door shut in
the face of the blast. But my surprise was swiftly to grow, and my
delight to die; at sight of her wild, sad eyes, I started back in wonder
and dismay. In part they burned with a mute resignation, and in part
with the unutterable pain of one bereaved; yet at the same time her
face was brightened with an indefinable exultation, as though
beneath that vivid countenance some secret ecstasy glowed and
smoldered.
"I have come to say good-bye," she murmured, in dreary tones. "I
have come to say good-bye."
"Good-bye!"—It was as though I had heard that word long ago in a
bitter dream. Yet how could I accept the decree? Passion took fire
within me as I seized Yasma and pressed her to me.
"Do not leave me!" I pleaded. "Oh, why must you go away? Where
must you go? Tell me, Yasma, tell me! Why must I stay here alone
the whole winter long? Why can't I go with you? Or why can't you
stay with me? Stay here, Yasma! We could be so happy together, we
two!"
Tears came into her eyes at this appeal.
"You make me sad, very sad," she sighed, as she freed herself from
my embrace. "I do not want to leave you here alone—and yet, oh
what else can I do? The cold days have come, and my people call
me, and I must go where the flowers are. Oh, you don't know how
gladly I'd have you come with us; but you don't understand the way,
and can't find it, and I can't show it to you. So I must go now, I must
go, I must! for soon the last bird will have flown south."
Again she held out her hands as for a friendly greeting, and again I
took her into my arms, this time with all the desperation of impending
loss, for I was filled with a sense of certainties against which it was
useless to struggle, and felt as if by instinct that she would leave
despite all I could do or say.
But I did not realize quite how near the moment was. Slipping from
my clasp, she flitted to the door, forcing it slightly open, so that the
moaning and howling of the gale became suddenly accentuated.
"Until the spring!" she cried, in mournful tones that seemed in accord
with the tumult of the elements. "Until the spring!"—And a smile of
boundless yearning and compassion glimmered across her face.
Then the door rattled to a close, and I stood alone in that chilly room.
Blindly, like one bereft of his senses, I plunged out of the cabin,
regardless of the gale, regardless of the snow that came wheeling
down in dizzy flurries. But Yasma was not to be seen. For a moment
I stood staring into the storm; then time after time I called out her
name, to be answered only by the wind that sneered and snorted its
derision. And at length, warmed into furious action, I set out at a
sprint for her cabin, racing along unconscious of the buffeting blast
and the beaten snow that pricked and stung my face.
All in vain! Arriving at Yasma's home, I flung open the great pine
door without ceremony—to be greeted by the emptiness within. For
many minutes I waited; but Yasma did not come, and the tempest
shrieked and chuckled more fiendishly than ever.
At last, when the early twilight was dimming the world, I threaded a
path back along the whitening ground, and among cabins with roofs
like winter. Not a living being greeted me; and through the wide-open
windows of the huts I had glimpses of naked and untenanted logs.
II
Blossom and Seed
Chapter XI
THE PRISONER
When I staggered back to my cabin through the snow-storm in the
November dusk, I could not realize the ghastliness of my misfortune.
My mind seemed powerless before the bleak reality; it was not until I
had re-entered the cabin that I began to look the terror in the face.
Then, when I had slammed the door behind me and stood silently in
that frigid place, all my dread and loneliness and foreboding became
concentrated in one point of acute agony. The shadows deepening
within that dingy hovel seemed living, evil things; the wind that
hissed and screeched without, with brief lulls and swift crescendos of
fury, was like a chorus of demons; and such desolation of spirit was
upon me that I could have rushed out into the storm, and delivered
myself up to its numbing, fatal embrace.
It was long before, conscious of the increasing chill and the coaly
darkness, I went fumbling about the room to make a light.
Fortunately, I still had a half-used box of matches, vestiges of the
world I had lost; and with their aid, I contrived to light a little wax
candle.
But as I watched the taper fitfully burning, with sputtering yellow rays
that only half revealed the bare walls of the room and left eerie
shadows to brood in the corners, I almost wished that I had
remained in darkness. How well I remembered Yasma's teaching me
to make the candle; to melt the wax; to pour it into a little wooden
mould; to insert the wick in the still viscid mass! Could it be but a
month ago when she had stood with me in this very room, so
earnestly and yet so gaily giving me instructions? Say rather that it
was years ago, eons ago!—what relation could there be between
that happy self, which had laughed with Yasma, and this forlorn self,
which stood here abandoned in the darkness and the cold?