Chapter 3 Notes
Chapter 3 Notes
Chapter 3 Notes
Standard Form: ax 2 + bx + c
Factored Form: a( x − r )( x − s)
Vertex Form: f ( x) = a( x − h) 2 + k
▪ If a is positive then the parabola opens upwards. If a is negative then the parabola opens
downwards.
▪ The vertex is located at the point (h, k). If a is negative then the vertex is a maximum. If a is
positive then the vertex is a minimum.
▪ The axis of symmetry is the x value of the vertex (or x = h).
▪ The zeroes (x-intercepts) of the parabola can be found by writing the quadratic function in
factored form.
▪ To calculate the y-intercept, substitute x = 0 into the quadratic equation.
Example 2: Graph the function f ( x) = 3( x − 3) 2 − 3 . State the vertex, the axis of symmetry,
the y-intercept, the x-intercepts, the direction of the opening, the domain and the range.
MCR 3U1 Unit 3
Example 3: The height of a rocket above the ground is modeled by the quadratic function
h(t ) = −4t 2 + 32t , where h(t) is the height in metres t seconds after the rocket was launched.
a) Graph the quadratic function.
b) How long will the rocket be in the air? How do you know?
The vertex form of quadratic function can be used to solve word problems involving minimum and
maximum values.
Example 1: A golfer attempts to hit a golf ball over a gorge from a platform above the ground.
The function that models the height of the ball is h(t) = -5t2 + 40t + 100, where h(t) is the
height in meters at time t seconds after contact. There are power lines 185 m above the
ground. Will the golf ball hit the power lines?
Simplify.
Example 1: A golfer attempts to hit a golf ball over a gorge from a platform above the ground.
The function that models the height of the ball is h(t) = -5t2 + 40t + 100, where h(t) is the
height in meters at time t seconds after contact. There are power lines 185 m above the
ground. Will the golf ball hit the power lines?
1. ab = a b , a 0 , b 0
a a
2. = , a 0, b 0
b b
33 3
a) 75 b) 24 c) d)
3 16
Note: you can also work “backwards” and express a mixed radical as an entire radical.
Change the mixed radical: 2 3
Example 2: To multiply radical expressions, multiply the whole numbers and multiply the
radicals. Simplify the radical product where possible.
a) 2 10 b) 4 3 −2 7 c) 2 5 3 10
You can also express radicals in simplest radical form by adding or subtracting like radicals. For
example:
4 3+2 3− 3
= 6 3 −1 3
=5 3
To multiply any radical expression, use the distributive property and add or subtract like radicals.
Example 4: Simplify each radical expression.
a) 3 ( 6 − 1) b) (2 3 − 1)(3 3 + 2)
Remember that you should never leave a radical in the denominator because it is bad form! You
can easily simplify a radical expression with a radical in the denominator. Just multiply the
numerator and the denominator by this monomial radical.
3 6
Example 5: State the following expression in simplified form: .
4 10
MCR 3U1 Unit 3
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Solving Quadratics
There are many methods for solving quadratic equations. By solving the equation, we are
determining the roots (zeroes/x-intercepts/solutions) of the quadratic function.
2. Graphing – the roots of the equation are where the graph crosses the x-axis.
Example 2:
y
− − − −
−
−
−
−
Note: You should only use the quadratic formula when you cannot factor the equation. Also,
you may want to leave your final answer as an exact value, depending on the situation.
Example 6: Represent and solve a problem using a quadratic equation. You are given that a
rectangle has an area of 330 m2. One side is 7 m longer than the other. What are the dimensions
of the rectangle?
MCR 3U1 Unit 3
Lesson 6: The Zeros of a Quadratic Function
If you were asked to state the number of zeros (or x-intercepts) for an equation, what would
you do?
There is. We can use the nature of the roots of a quadratic. There are 3 possibilities for the
roots of a quadratic in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 .
− b b 2 − 4ac
Part of the quadratic formula, x = , can help determine the nature of the roots
2a
without solving for them. The expression that we can take from the quadratic formula is the
part underneath the square root sign: b 2 − 4ac . This part is called the discriminant.
We can make the following conclusions about the nature of the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 .
▪ If b 2 − 4ac 0 , there are two different real roots.
▪ If b 2 − 4ac = 0 , there are two equal real roots.
MCR 3U1 Unit 3
▪ If b 2 − 4ac 0 , there are no real roots.
Example 1: Determine the nature of the roots for the following expressions.
a) 4 x 2 + 2 x − 5 b) 3x 2 − x + 7
Example 3: Student council decides it wants to raise money for a local charity. They decide to
sell little sticky note graph pads to everyone in the school. The equation f ( x) = −0.5x 2 + 4 x − 11
will determine their profit on the graph pads. Will they raise money for the charity?
MCR 3U1 Unit 3
To solve GRAPHICALLY means to graph the two equations and find the point(s) of intersection.
System 1
This system has two solutions. The parabola
and the line intersect at the points (-4.3, -1.3)
and (-1.7, 2.2)
System 2
This system has one solution. The parabola
and the line intersect at the point (-3, -3).
The line is a tangent to the parabola.
System 3
This system has no solution. The parabola and
the line do not intersect at any points.
MCR 3U1 Unit 3
In addition to solving linear-quadratic systems, we can also predict the number of points of
intersection by using the discriminant.
Example 2: State the number, if any, of points of intersection for the following system:
f ( x) = 4 x 2 + x − 3 and g ( x) = 5 x − 4 .