Iso 27004 - 2016
Iso 27004 - 2016
Iso 27004 - 2016
se/std-921353
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 27004
Second edition
2016-12-15
Reference number
ISO/IEC 27004:2016(E)
© ISO/IEC 2016
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ISO/IEC 27004:2016(E)
ISO/IEC 27004:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Structure and overview.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
5 Rationale........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
5.1 The need for measurement........................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.2 Fulfilling the ISO/IEC 27001 requirements.................................................................................................................... 3
5.3 Validity of results................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.4 Benefits........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
6 Characteristics......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
6.2 What to monitor..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.3 What to measure.................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.4 When to monitor, measure, analyse and evaluate..................................................................................................... 6
6.5 Who will monitor, measure, analyse and evaluate.................................................................................................... 6
7 Types of measures............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
7.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
7.2 Performance measures..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
7.3 Effectiveness measures..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
8 Processes....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
8.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
8.2 Identify information needs......................................................................................................................................................... 10
8.3 Create and maintain measures................................................................................................................................................ 11
8.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
8.3.2 Identify current security practices that can support information needs...................... 11
8.3.3 Develop or update measures............................................................................................................................... 12
8.3.4 Document measures and prioritize for implementation............................................................ 13
8.3.5 Keep management informed and engaged.............................................................................................. 13
8.4 Establish procedures....................................................................................................................................................................... 14
8.5 Monitor and measure...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
8.6 Analyse results...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
8.7 Evaluate information security performance and ISMS effectiveness.................................................... 15
8.8 Review and improve monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation processes............. 15
8.9 Retain and communicate documented information............................................................................................. 15
Annex A (informative) An information security measurement model...........................................................................17
Annex B (informative) Measurement construct examples..........................................................................................................19
Annex C (informative) An example of free-text form measurement construction.............................................57
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
ISO/IEC 27004:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee
SC 27, IT Security techniques.
This second edition of ISO/IEC 27004 cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 27004:2009),
which has been technically revised.
This edition includes the following significant changes with respect to the previous edition:
A total restructuring of the document because it has a new purpose – to provide guidance on
ISO/IEC 27001:2013, 9.1 – which, at the time of the previous edition, did not exist.
The concepts and processes have been modified and expanded. However, the theoretical foundation
(ISO/IEC 15939) remains the same and several of the examples given in the previous edition are
preserved, albeit updated.
ISO/IEC 27004:2016(E)
Introduction
This document is intended to assist organizations to evaluate the information security performance
and the effectiveness of an information security management system in order to fulfil the requirements
of ISO/IEC 27001:2013, 9.1: monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation.
The results of monitoring and measurement of an information security management system (ISMS)
can be supportive of decisions relating to ISMS governance, management, operational effectiveness and
continual improvement.
As with other ISO/IEC 27000 documents, this document should be considered, interpreted and adapted
to suit each organization’s specific situation. The concepts and approaches are intended to be broadly
applicable but the particular measures that any particular organization requires depend on contextual
factors (such as its size, sector, maturity, information security risks, compliance obligations and
management style) that vary widely in practice.
This document is recommended for organizations implementing an ISMS that meets the requirements
of ISO/IEC 27001. However, it does not establish any new requirements for ISMS which conform to
ISO/IEC 27001 or impose any obligations upon organizations to observe the guidelines presented.
1 Scope
This document provides guidelines intended to assist organizations in evaluating the information
security performance and the effectiveness of an information security management system in order to
fulfil the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001:2013, 9.1. It establishes:
a) the monitoring and measurement of information security performance;
b) the monitoring and measurement of the effectiveness of an information security management
system (ISMS) including its processes and controls;
c) the analysis and evaluation of the results of monitoring and measurement.
This document is applicable to all types and sizes of organizations.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
There are no normative references in this document.
ISO/IEC 27004:2016(E)
of monitoring and measurement produces data which is then analysed. The results of analysis are
evaluated in fulfilment of the organization’s information needs.
In addition, Annex A describes a measurement model for information security, including the relationship
between the components of the measurement model and the requirements of ISO/IEC 27001:2013, 9.1.
Annex B provides a wide range of examples. These examples are intended to provide practical guidance
on how organizations can monitor, measure, analyse and evaluate their chosen ISMS processes and
areas of information security performance. These examples use the suggested template given in Table 1.
Annex C provides a further example using an alternative free-form text-based format.
5 Rationale
ISO/IEC 27004:2016(E)
5.4 Benefits
Fulfilling ISMS processes and controls and ensuring information security performance can provide a
number of organizational and financial benefits. Major benefits can include:
a) Increased accountability: Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation can increase
accountability for information security by helping to identify specific information security
processes or controls that are implemented incorrectly, are not implemented, or are ineffective.
b) Improved information security performance and ISMS processes: Monitoring, measurement,
analysis and evaluation can enable organizations to quantify improvements in securing information
ISO/IEC 27004:2016(E)
within the scope of their ISMS and demonstrate quantifiable progress in accomplishing the
organization’s information security objectives.
c) Evidence of meeting requirements: Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation can
provide documented evidence that helps demonstrate fulfilling of ISO/IEC 27001 (and other
standards) requirements, as well as applicable laws, rules, and regulations.
d) Support decision-making: Monitoring, measurement, analysis and evaluation can support risk-
informed decision-making by contributing quantifiable information to the risk management
process. It can allow organizations to measure successes and failures of past and current
information security investments, and should provide quantifiable data that can support resource
allocation for future investments.
6 Characteristics
6.1 General
Monitoring and measurement is the first step in a process to evaluate information security performance
and ISMS effectiveness.
Faced with a potentially overwhelming variety of attributes of information security-related entities
that can be measured, it is not entirely obvious which ones should be measured. This is an important
issue because it is impracticable, costly and counterproductive to measure too many or the wrong
attributes. Aside from the obvious costs of measuring, analysing and reporting numerous attributes,
there is a distinct possibility that key issues can be obscured within a large volume of information or
missed altogether if suitable measures are not in place.
In order to determine what to monitor and measure, the organization should first consider what it
wishes to achieve in evaluating information security performance and ISMS effectiveness. This can
allow it to determine its information needs.
Organizations should next decide what measures are needed to support each discrete information
need and what data are required to derive the requisite measures. Hence, measurement should always
correspond to the information needs of the organization.
ISO/IEC 27004:2016(E)