Week 4

TOWN PLANNING AND GTREEN BUILDING ( 21CI5P2) WEEKLY ASSESMENTS
WEEK 4
CASE EXERCISE 1
CLASSIFICATION OF ORI IMAGES USIN GArcGIS SOFTWARE
1. Open google earth software, select the any city and save the satellite
image form the google earth.
2. Select map option remove the elements(title and description, legend, scale,
Compass, HTML area) and select the resolution click on maximum.
BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALKOT 5TH SEM CIVIL (2023-2024)

3.Cilck on the save image and save the file
4.Open the ARC GIS software and selec the file and click on the add data import the file
have saved form the google earth.
BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALKOT 5TH SEM CIVIL (2023-2024)

5.Click on the training sample manager and add the Column and select the draw polygon
6.By using the polygon select the build up area, agricultural, pond and empty land, forest
BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

7.After the classification merge the same file and gave the different color for the different
classification and select the classification and click on the interactive supervised classification.
8.Select the view click on layout view next select the insert and add the text table, legend,north
arrow
and scale bar

9. Save the file



CASE EXERCISE 2
Purpose of 3D animation & visualization system
System architecture

What is 3D Animation and Visualization?
The process of creating graphical content using 3D software is referred to as 3D visualization,

3D rendering, computer-generated imagery (CGI), 3D graphics, and other similar terms.
Transforming 2D drawings into reality, 3D animation and visualization provide a three-
dimensional view with real-world effects that the 2D effect did not provide. It can handle designs
in real-time, quickly transition from concept to concrete and explore various options, refinements
and multiple design versions.
3D visualization, modeling, and animations aid design the building or structure in the way it
seems to be in real-time. Customers can experience and visit the building virtually before
building it, while architects and engineers can gain a better understanding of each floor, critical
areas, landscape, textures, heights, etc. This visual model keeps all the stakeholders on the same
page and enables smooth flow of construction processes and operations.
Benefits of 3D Visualization and Animation in Construction
Construction processes may vary in complexity from basic to complex, and the performance of
any project depends on the successful planning and scheduling of construction processes and
operations. Complex decisions that achieve full value are an important part of process design and
planning in the construction industry.
Traditionally the construction industry only relied on 2D CAD drawings to analyze project
designs and plan, however with the technological advancement made in the field of construction,
3D visualization, 3D modeling, and animation provide abundant and detailed information and
enables enhanced communication and collaboration among the stakeholders.
Here are some of the benefits of 3D Visualization and Animation:

1. Visualize and analyze before you build
A 3D design is far more versatile than a traditional blueprint or sketch. Architects can use 3D
rendering to create designs and walkthrough experiences that can be viewed from multiple
angles, giving the client a clear perspective of the architect’s vision. These designs can provide
the client with a virtual experience that allows them to visualize and comprehend the building’s
features. By providing a virtual experience of how and what should be constructed, visualization
promotes greater awareness and understanding of the project among management and site
personnel. Thereby, Decision-makers can make sound decisions by visualizing future
construction operations rather than relying on their intuition, instincts, and opinions.
2. Accurate & Sustainable Designs
Precise dimension input makes designs vivid and accurate, saving time that was previously used
to draw accurate lines. With the new 3D interior visualization tools, you can see views from
various angles before laying a single brick of the foundation. When sustainability is the norm,
buildings that combine well with their surroundings contribute the most to a better future.
Computer-aided design (CAD) software includes features that allow architects to test how
environmental conditions in the construction area will affect the building. This enables architects
to design buildings that take advantage of natural conditions such as sunlight, wind, rain, and so
on, reducing their reliance on electricity or other artificial resources.
3. Reduced Clashes & Rework, Easy Re-modelling, and Amendments
3D visualization makes it simple to identify loopholes and design errors from the first stage of
the design that are immediately fixed or an appropriate alternative is provided. The building or
structural designs can be reviewed before they are materialized with 3D rendering and
architectural visualization. Such concepts can be used for cost estimation/optimization,
finalization of the to-be utilized materials, eliminating design faults, upgrading or downgrading a
design, avoiding clashes or conflicts in the design, assessing its sustainability, etc.
4. Saves on Cost with Enhanced Efficiency
During the initial design process, the 3D visualization technology identifies errors and design
failures. There is less money to fix errors and thus save costs. It also speeds up operational
efficiency, because developers, contractors, investors, etc. have better coordination since they
have seen a 3D image of the project on the same page. Construction activities can easily be
viewed on the computer screen using 3-D CAD models, thus eliminating the cumbersome and
costly physical models that might be needed to reconstruct certain scenarios. Also, the
Sequencing of interrelated activities in an operation can be better planned by organizing the
resources for maximum productivity.

5. Safety
Problems with equipment positioning and manpower congestion in certain areas can be
visualized before the actual operation, thus preventing accidents and safety problems such as the
collision between two machines and losses in productivity.
6. Simplifies acquiring bids and Easier Government Approvals
Your project model presentation determines whether or not your project is accepted. PowerPoint
presentations, detailed maquettes, etc were traditional methods of presentation but were less
efficient before the introduction of 3D visioning. Local governance can often reject structures
because the buildings and developments are ‘uncertain.’ 3D animation and visualization provide
a precise and realistic model that reduces uncertainty and increases opportunities for public
approval.
3D visualization, as it overcomes the distance restriction and time factor in achieving the
objective of bagging the contract, is the solution to both apparent challenges. Great visuals give
customers or investors a sense of professionalism and show you are up to date with new
technologies. It increases your chances of getting the contract at long last.
The Future of 3D Visualization and Animation
3D rendering and architectural visualization are moving into the realm of virtual reality (AR).
Just a set of VR glasses and a headset enable your senses in three-dimensional images and
visualizations to experience the design. This game changer will lead to a new level of 3D
visualization and enhance customer experience.
CASE EXERCISE 3
Types of drone used for civil engineering field.

Types of Drones
Here’s a rundown of the four main types of drones, their uses, their strengths and weaknesses:
1. Multi-Rotor Drones
2. Fixed-Wing Drones
3. Single-Rotor Drones
4. Fixed-Wing Hybrid VTOL
Drone Pros Cons Uses/Price

Type
 Accessibility
 Ease of use
 VTOL and hover

flight  Aerial
Photography and
 Good camera Video
control  Short flight times  Aerial Inspection
Multi-
Rotor  Can operate in a  Small payload  Price: $5k-$65k
confined area capacity for pro drones
 Launch and
recovery needs a
lot of space
 No VTOL/hover  Aerial Mapping

 Long endurance  Pipeline and
 Harder to power line
 Large area fly, more training inspection
Fixed- coverage needed
Wing  Price: $25-$120k
 Fast flight speed  Expensive for pro drones
 VTOL and hover

flight  More dangerous
 Long endurance  Harder to fly,  Aerial

(with gas power) more training LIDAR laser
Single- needed scanning
Rotor  Heavier payload  Price: $25-$300k
capability  Expensive for pro drones

 Not perfect at
either hovering or
Fixed-  VTOL forward flight  Drone Delivery
Wing
Hybrid  Long-endurance  Still in  Price: TBD, in
flight development development

CASE EXERCISE 4
Process of terrain creation & building model distribution.

Terrain Modeling, Contouring and Analysis in AutoCAD Civil 3D
Digital Terrain Modeling Concepts

Digital Terrain Modeling is a concept that underlies all calculations in Civil Engineering
involving elevation or slope ‐ profiles, cross sections, grading and volume calculations. The
process of Digital Terrain Modeling involves the creation of a data structure that the
software can instantly "touch" to retrieve elevations or slopes, representing either existing
or proposed conditions.
The basic concept behind Digital Terrain

Modeling is an old one in the Civil
Engineering and Survey industry ‐
interpolation.
Prior to Digital Terrain Modeling, the

processing of a network of plotted spot
elevations, such as those seen in Figure 1.01,
involved the interpolation of intermediate
elevations between known values as shown.
The interpolation lines drawn in Figure 1.01
were conveniently created with the Divide
command in AutoCAD®; prior to CAD, this
was often accomplished with agraduated
rubber band. With theinterpolation complete,
an intermediate elevation could be obtained,
or contours drawn. The process is effective,
but time consuming.
Digital Terrain Modeling mathematically

completes all interpolation possible between
the data supplied, and stores the result in a
digital file for easy retrieval.
Figure 1.02 shows the triangles that result
from Digital Terrain Modeling in
AutoCAD® Civil 3D®, and the Tooltip that
results when the cursor is stationary over the
digital surface; Civil 3D retrieves the
elevation value from the digital surface and
displays it in the Tooltip, instantly, and
anywhere on the surface.

The Digital Terrain

Models in Civil 3D have
the advantage of many
display options, through
their Surface Styles.
Displayed as contours,
Civil 3D obligingly places
a contour in the same
location as the interpolated
tick.
This chapter serves two purposes. The first is to introduce the reader to Digital Terrain
Modeling in Civil 3D, a fundamental concept for both existing and proposed as
mentioned above. The second objective is to serve as a detailed introduction into the
operational aspects of Civil 3D, processing data and building a Civil 3D Object. The
Civil 3D Surface Object is in many ways the easiest object in the program to grasp and to
master, as it is readily created and displayed, and is managed by only a single Style in
Civil 3D ‐ a Surface Style. As an introduction in this fashion, the examination of surfaces
in this chapter is limited to the processing of Aerial or Photogrammetric data. Surfaces
can certainly be produced from other data types, including point data; but a discussion of
Terrain Modeling from points necessitates familiarity with Civil 3D point management
and is, therefore, deferred to a later chapter.
Data Types for Digital Terrain Modeling
There are certain data types that are universally applicable to any Digital Terrain
Modeling effort in Civil Engineering and Surveying. These data types are constant in any
program: Civil 3D, Land Desktop, InRoads, ArcGIS, etc. The three data types which can
be used in constructing a DTM are Point Data, Breakline Data, and Contour Data.
 Point Data ‐ Point Data for Digital Terrain Modeling consist of individual discrete X, Y
and Z locations, without connecting features between them. Typically, these will be spot
elevations in a contour drawing, or the mass points themselves in a Mass Points and Breaklines
drawing. Critically, the Point Data must have an elevation or Z component that can be
processed in some fashion in building the elevation model. In drawing form, Point Data may
be Civil 3D points, AutoCAD points or nodes, or block insertions, text or Mtext inserted into
the drawing at true Z elevation. If Point Data are obtained from GIS, they can be used and
processed by AutoCAD® Map 3D if an elevation attribute is present in the GIS data. Similarly,
spot elevation text at elevation 0 in a drawing can be used and processed by Map into an ASCII
file, and ASCII files of XYZ format can be used as well.

 Breakline Data ‐ Breaklines are also referred to as Faults, or Features. Breaklines, as used in
this context, represent the linear edges of site features along which there is a noticeable change
in grade. Successfully applied, a breakline forces a deflection in a contour to show a grade
change. Examples are edges of pavement, shoulders, toes or tops of slope, toes or tops of wall,
water features, etc.
 Contour Data ‐ The definition of contour Data for Digital Terrain Modeling is very specific,
and not necessarily what one would expect. Contour Data are strings of point data connected by
segments in complex objects; the CAD representation is a polyline. Contour Data do not have
to be at constant elevation, as one typically thinks of contours. Contour Data are a fast means of
selecting and processing point data, utilizing the vertices of the objects. Most Digital Terrain
Modeling applications will also process the segments between the vertices as breakline data,
and can filter out vertices too close together or add interpolated vertices if required. Contour
Data must be at a correct Z elevation to be processed in a Terrain Model. Polylines must be at a
correct Z, either constant as a 2D polyline, or varying, as a 3D polyline. GIS data can again be
used, and AutoCAD Map can read elevation attributes from GIS Contour Data and apply them
to polylines through a Property Alteration Query.
Most Civil Engineering and Surveying applications will utilize some combination of data types
in a Terrain Model; having two types present is common and all three is not unusual at all.
Adding Contour Data
Contour data will be the next information added to the surface. Since some layer management
magic is coming once again, set one of the contour layers current.
Remember that the contours in this drawing are polylines, and that they have a significant
number of vertices. They will be subject to filtering when selected, a process known as contour
weeding.
Selection of contour data begins in the Prospector again, RigHt-clicKing on Contours under the
Definition level for the EXISTING AERIAL surface, and picking ADD from the menu.

Weeding Factors
The Weeding Factors, in the Add Contour Data dialog, supply the filtering of vertices on
contours selected for inclusion in the TIN. Remember that each contour vertex added to the TIN
becomes the endpoint of a TIN triangle; if there's too many vertices, you'll need to lease time on
a Cray to build the TIN. The Weeding Factors filter out vertices too close together through the
application of a Weeding Distance and Weeding Angle, which are applied together to filter
along each contour.
The first three vertices of a contour are shown in Figure 1.40.
Figure 1.40 - Vertices along Contour
The Weeding process begins by examining the Distance through the first three vertices of the
contour as highlighted in red in Figure 1.41. If this cumulative distance through the first three
vertices is greater than or equal to the Weeding Distance specified in the Add Contour Data
dialog, the vertex will be used in the TIN, and the program continues, evaluating the next three
vertices in the contour. If this cumulative distance is less than the Weeding Distance specified in
the Add Contour Data dialog, the program evaluates the Deflection Angle between the vertices.
Figure 1.41 - Cumulative Distance through Three Vertices

The Deflection Angle is evaluated as shown in Figure 1.42. If the Deflection Angle is greater
than or equal to the Weeding Angle specified in the Add Contour Data dialog, the vertex will be
used in the TIN, and the program continues, evaluating the next three vertices in the contour.
Figure 1.42 - Deflection Angle through Three Vertices
If, however, the Deflection Angle is also less than the value specified in the Add Contour Data
dialog, the contour segment is too short or too straight, the intermediate vertex will be ignored
in producing the TIN, much as shown in Figure 1.43. The program continues to evaluate the
next combination of three vertices along the contour, and cycles through all contours selected.
Figure 1.43 - Resulting Treatment of Short, Straight Segment
It should be noted that Contour Weeding in building a surface does not remove vertices from the
contours; it simply filters which vertices will or will not be used in the surface.
The challenge in working with Civil 3D is to come up with numbers for contour weeding to plug
into the dialog box. For sites ranging in size from 10 to 250 acres, a good rule of thumb is 25' of
weeding distance and 2° of angle. The numbers can be decreased for smaller sites and increased
for larger ones.

Supplementing Factors
Supplementing consists also of two values, but they are applied separately rather than together. The
Supplementing Distance is applied through straight segments of a contour, between vertices, and the
Mid‐Ordinate Distance is applied through a true arc.
A portion of a filleted contour is shown in Figure 1.44. The original segment is shown in green,
and it has four vertices: the endpoints and beginning and end of the arc. Without supplementing,
these would be the only vertices used in the TIN, and it would jump right across the arc.
The Supplementing Distance is applied to the contour first as shown in Figure 1.44. The
program measures down the contour by the Supplementing Distance; if a vertex is not found,
one is added. This process continues to, and resets at, the next actual vertex, and skips over the
arc as seen, continuing to add more vertices with the same spacing.
Figure 1.44 - Supplementing in Straight Segments

The treatment of the arc revolves around the application of a mid ‐ordinate distance, the
deflection of the arc from its chord measured at and perpendicular to the midpoint of the chord.
The definition of a polyline arc in AutoCAD uses this measurement, shown dashed in red in
Figure 1.45, and this is why no vertices are present around the arc. The Supplementing Mid‐
Ordinate Distance in Civil 3D specifies a new shorter chord as seen in the Figure; where this
chord hits the arc, a new vertex is added, and the same new chord length is repeated along each
arc found to supplement vertices to allow the TIN to include the arcs.
Figure 1.45 - Supplementing in Arcs
The challenge again in working with Civil 3D is to come up with numbers for contour
supplementing for the dialog box. For sites ranging in size from 10 to 250 acres, a good rule of
thumb is 100' of supplementing distance and 2' of mid‐ordinate distance. The numbers again can
be decreased for smaller sites and increased for larger ones.
Minimizing Flat Areas
The lower half of the Add Contour Data dialog supplies options to Minimize flat areas. These
options control the application of a new concept for Autodesk products found in Civil 3D,
Surface Trending. Surface Trending attempts to minimize flat areas formed by TIN triangles
jumping across contours, rather than by projecting from the bulge in a contour to the next higher
or lower elevation. Flat areas formed in TINs lead to "steps" in profiles and sections, and are the
reason why contours formed from TINs in Land Desktop often did not match the contours from
which the TIN was produced.

The best guidance for building an Existing surface from contours is to accept the defaults in the
Add Contour Data dialog, leaving Filling gaps in contour Data, ADDing points to flat
triangle eDges and ADDing points to flat eDges each On, but leaving Swapping EDges Off.
Turning on Swapping Edges slows the processing of the TIN significantly, and additional
flipped faces are often not worth the overhead. It is better to examine the TIN with the defaults
processed, and then rebuild with the fourth option enabled if desired.
It should also be noted that None of the Minimize flat areas options should be used in building a
Proposed TIN from contours. The use of Surface Trending with a proposed TIN would radically
alter the TIN shape from what is desired. An example of the result of Surface Trending is
coming later in the example.
 Never use the Minimize Flat

Areas options in building a proposed
TIN from contours.
Returning to the selection of data for this

surface, the Description is entered, the
WeeDing Distance and Angle values
supplied, the SuppleMenting Distance
and MiD-OrDinate Distance supplied,
and the MiniMize flat areas settings left
in their defaults. Press OK to select the
contours.
Figure 1.47 - Add Contour Dialog Settings in Example
At the Select contours: prompt, type 'LA and press Enter, displaying the Layer Properties
Manager again. In the Layer Properties Manager, turn off all layers except the contours ‐ R-
CONTOURS 2 and R-CONTOURS 10 in this case. Press OK to exit the Layer Properties
Manager, returning to the Select contours: prompt.
Select all of the contours with a WinDow or Crossing selection, but do not hit Enter to close
the selection.

Figure 1.48 - Selecting Spot Elevations with Crossing

AutoCAD is still at the Select objects: prompt; again type 'LA and press Enter to redisplay the
Layer Properties Manager. Turn the layers back on (or again restore a layer snapshot), and
again press OK to exit the Layer Properties Manager and return to the Select objects: prompt.
Press Enter to end the selection, and Civil 3D rebuilds the surface, adding the contour
data. The updated TIN will display in the drawing, and the Event Viewer should
appear.
Figure 1.49 - Event Viewer

The appearance of the Event Viewer announces the fact that TIN triangles already formed have
been crossed by the addition of the second set of data, the Crossing Breaklines setting discussed
earlier. Had this setting under Surface Feature Settings not been made, the Event Viewer would
be full of error messages, and the TIN would look significantly different ‐ missing most of the

contour data in fact.

This is also a good time to Save the drawing.
Adding Breakline Data to the Surface
Breaklines are essential in the preparation of an accurate surface, and are necessary to correctly
illustrate features that have their own grade characteristics, such as the edge of a road.
Creating Breaklines from Drawing Information
While there are edges of roads in the example aerial, they will actually be replaced by surveyed
field work for the two main roads involved, to be supplied as points and breaklines in a later
chapter. One location where breaklines would still potentially be useful would be in the streams,
shown in this drawing as 2D polyline features. The edges of stream could be important in the
surface if HEC‐RAS sections were to be prepared from it using tools in SmartDraft®, though an
additional breakline would be required for the thalweg of the stream to correctly shape it in the
surface. In any event, breaklines often need to be prepared from plan features, such as those
provided, and the trick is how to accomplish it.
Looking at an area where the

breaklines are needed, one can see
how the blue edge of stream in the
drawing meanders from contour to
contour. The elevation where the
edge crosses the contour can be
determined, and a 3D Polyline
could be drawn starting from
there. The problem is that there
are quite a few vertices required
before reaching a known elevation
at the next contour crossing, and
the elevation of each vertex would
have to be interpolated as the
polyline is drawn.
There is a tool in Civil 3D that can

actually handle this interpolation
in a somewhat automated fashion,
and can be used to ultimately
produce a
3D Polyline usable as a breakline in Figure 1.63 - Blue Edge of Water Crossing Contours
the existing surface. The command is
actually a Grading command that produces a Civil 3D Feature Line, but a Feature Line, when
exploded, becomes a 3D Polyline, exactly what we want at this point.
Some setup in preparation for drawing the breaklines is required.

 If working with the aerial drawing supplied in the dataset, careful inspection of the R-
FEATURES layer will reveal that most of the breaklines are actually there!
To begin, a command will be

selected from the Ribbon.
From the HoMe Tab, Create
Design Panel, open the
Feature Line Dropdown and
pick Create Feature Line.
Figure 1.64 - Create Figure Line Command in Ribbon
The Create Feature Lines dialog displays, with way more

options than are needed in this case.
Each Feature Line in Civil 3D needs to be contained in a

Site. Sites have no bearing on what we're doing here, and
we really don't want to spend time on their definition, so
leave the Site set to the default.
 Sites are geospatial envelopes serving as the
containers for interrelated alignments, parcels and
grading. Yeah, we'll leave that for another day.
The NaMe can be turned off, and the StYle turned off.
The LaYer option can be changed to Use current laYer.
Press OK from the dialog.
Figure 1.65 - Create Figure Lines Dialog

The command prompts Specify start point:, and

things now start getting tricky. The intent is to
start a piece of the breakline where the edge of
stream crosses a contour, indicated by the red
circle in Figure 1.66. The problem is that this
picked point must use the elevation of the
contour itself, and that is no small trick in
AutoCAD. The point cannot be picked with an
Intersection snap (INT), as there is no
intersection due to the objects being at different
elevations. The use of an Apparent Intersection
snap (APPINT) won't work as planned either, as
AutoCAD would insist on using the elevation of
the object with a Z of 0; not what we want.
Figure 1.66 - Location for Picked Vertex on

Breakline
The solution is to use another old trick in

AutoCAD, a .XY filter, which instructs
AutoCAD to use only the X and Y coordinate
of a picked point, and to get the Z from
somewhere else. At the Specify start point:
prompt, type .xY and press Enter.
AutoCAD prompts Specify start point:.xy of;
pick the place where the stream and contour
cross; an APPINT snap can be used, but it's
overkill. With the point picked, AutoCAD
prompts (need Z):; place the cursor anywhere
on the contour, allowing the running OSNAP to
lock it on the contour and pick; AutoCAD will
read the elevation from the contour and echo it
at the prompt, press
Enter. Figure 1.67 - Cursor after Picking with .XY
This gets the Feature Line started at the elevation of the contour. It's going to get tricky (trickier)
from here, so watch the command line options.
The command should be prompting Specify the next point or [Arc]: Move down the feature
slightly to the next vertex along it to be used, and pic K. The running Endpoint and Nearest
snaps should make this easy.
The command will prompt Specify elevation or [Grade/SLope/Difference/SUrface/Transition]

<178.00>: offering the last elevation used. The elevation at this picked point is not known; we
want the program to interpolate this elevation based on the next known elevation we give it. To
start this interpolation mode, type T for Transition at this prompt and press Enter.

Move along the feature, and pick the next

desired vertex. The command now prompts
Transition or
Grade/SLope/Elevation/Difference/ SUrface]
<Transition>:. Since we need to remain in the
Transition mode until the next known elevation,
press Enter, as Transition has now become the
default option on the command line.
Continue picking vertices along the feature, and

remembering to hit Enter for Transition at each
picked point, until just before the next location
where an elevation is to be specified (the next
contour crossing).
Figure 1.68 - Approaching Next Contour
 Don’t forget to hit Enter for Transition for each picked point, or this is going to get ugly.
In Figure 1.68 we've come up on another contour, so some more hocus‐pocus is due.
To deal with the known elevation at the contour crossing, again type .xY and Enter prior to
picking at the contour crossing. Once the crossing is picked, again pick right on the contour to
satisfy the Need Z: prompt.
The command will now prompt:
Specify the next point or [Arc/Length/Close/Undo]: .xy of _non (need Z): Distance
116.36', Grade 1.72, Slope 58.18:1, Elevation 180.00' Transition or
[Grade/SLope/Elevation/Difference/SUrface] <Transition>:
The elevation read is at the command line, but one line up from the current command. Type E
for Elevation to use the elevation value read for this picked vertex, and Enter to confirm the
Elevation. The command uses the original elevation for the first vertex, this picked elevation for
the last vertex, and interpolates all elevations in between!
 That elevation wouldn’t even show up if the command line was off and Dynamic Input
was the only command interface being used.
At this point, continue in the command, picking the next vertex and returning to the
Transition mode by typing T. Don't try to go too far, however; it’s better to build a bunch of
these rather than trying to do one long one.

When you've run along the feature as long as you need or as long as you dare, end the command
with an extra Enter at the command prompt.
Figure 1.69 - Segment of Feature Line Drawn in This Example

Before adding the Feature Line to the surface, it would be helpful to make sure it is correct. This
can be easily accomplished by using one of the Contextual Tabs in the Ribbon.
ClicK on the Feature Line to display its Grips. As the Feature Line Contextual Tab
appears, move to its EDit Elevations tab, and pick Elevation EDitor.
Figure 1.70 - Feature Line Contextual Tab in Ribbon

The Feature Line elevations display in the Grading Elevation Editor, which is a tab in the
Panorama. Scroll through the elevations, making sure there is nothing unexpected. Bad
elevations could be edited here; but, frankly, if the Feature Line is buggered up, it's usually
better to erase it and start again.
Figure 1.71 - Feature Line Elevations in Grading Elevation

Editor
Satisfied that the elevations are (hopefully) fine, close the Grading Elevation Editor with the
button in its corner.
The process used to create the breakline has produced a Civil 3D Feature Line. The Feature Line
itself is overkill at this point, and will just create complication in the Prospector later. Sacrifice
the Feature Line at this point by exploDing it in AutoCAD; the exploded Feature Line is a 3D
Polyline, the preferred vehicle for a breakline.
Repeat this process until all breaklines needed in the drawing have been produced.
Adding Breaklines to the Surface
Before adding the breaklines to the surface, change the Surface StYle back to Triangles Only in
Surface Properties. This will make the impact of the additional breaklines easier to see.
The impact of the added breaklines will be most evident in the northwestern most portion of
the site, where there is a major stream which is presently not visible in the TIN triangles. The
TIN crosses over the edges of the stream with no knowledge of its existence, as seen in Figure
1.72.

Figure 1.72 - TIN Crossing over Edges of Stream
 The color of the TIN has been changed by changing the color of its layer of insertion.
To add the breaklines to the surface, RigHt-clicK on

BreaKlines under the Definition level for the EXISTING
AERIAL surface, and pick ADD from the menu.
Figure 1.73 - Add Breaklines from

Prospector

The Add Breaklines dialog displays.

Enter a Description as appropriate. The
breakline type will be StanDarD, since
the objects to be selected are 3D
Polylines.
 The other breakline types

are explored in later chapters.
The WeeDing factors and

SuppleMenting factors can be left
off; these can be used to modify the
number of vertices along the
breaklines in the same manner as for
contour data.
Press OK from the dialog

Figure 1.74 - Add Breaklines Dialog Settings in
Example
At the Select Objects: prompt, use the same transparent layer magic with 'LA to turn off the
layers other than the breaklines, select the breaklines, then again use 'LA and turn the layers
back on. After pressing enter to end the selection, the surface is rebuilt.

Figure 1.75 - Selecting Breaklines with Crossing
Figure 1.76 - Event Viewer
The appearance of the Event Viewer again announces the fact that TIN triangles already formed
have been crossed by the addition of the third set of data, the Crossing Breaklines setting
discussed earlier.
Before dismissing the Event Viewer, clear it; use the Action pulldown within the Event Viewer
itself, and select Clear All Events. Then close the Event Viewer with the in its upper
corner.
Returning to a view of the surface again in the northwest corner of the site, notice how the TIN
Triangles, which previously crossed over the stream, now have been re ‐triangulated to include it.

The breaklines have clearly worked as expected.
Figure 1.77 - TIN Crossing Incorporating Edges of Stream

Surface Integrity and Data Security
With the breaklines added to the surface, some thought should be given to the management of
the drawing, and its anticipated uses. This is the Existing Base drawing, which will be Xref'd
into the overall drawing set to display existing conditions. Many of the existing features will
become start points for proposed features, perhaps being offset or otherwise manipulated in
AutoCAD. The breaklines produced are 3D duplicates of features already visible in the drawing
as 2D objects, and their duplicate presence would seem unnecessary. 3D polylines are often
troublesome in a drawing as they cannot be offset, and are hard to manipulate. In earlier Civil
applications, including Land Desktop, when breaklines were defined, they were added to a
breakline database, and the original 3D polylines could be erased to reduce the drawing size…..
Civil 3D is different. There is no database for the breaklines, in fact, there is no database for the
surface. Moreover, everything in the surface continues to be dynamically linked to the objects
from which it was produced. If the breakline 3D polylines are erased (or exploded), the
breaklines will be removed from the surface and the surface will be rebuilt. Care must be taken
in Civil 3D to insure that the objects from which the surface (or other Civil objects) are
produced remain in the drawing, intact. This situation extends as well to the aerial contours. In
spite of the fact that the surface can now be displayed as contours, the original contours must
remain in the drawing. This becomes part of the impetus for use of a Civil Project; using a
project, this drawing can be isolated from others in the set, but this surface can be shared with
other drawings with far less overhead. More on that in later chapters.
Several other related concepts come into play in dealing with the data integrity we're discussing.
Surfaces, like most Civil Objects, can be locked to prevent accidental edits and unintended
updates. Surfaces should be locked to protect them, and we'll deal with surface locking shortly,
after we do some TIN editing.
The updating of surfaces can be controlled, and updates are

managed through the RebuilD options available by RigHt-
clicKing on the surface name in the Prospector. The surface
will always Rebuild when new data are added. Whether or not it
Rebuilds at other times, including when underlying data
disappear, is controlled by the Rebuild Automatic setting in the
Prospector. For the time being, we've left RebuilD AutoMatic
Off; if Civil 3D sensed that the surface needed to be rebuilt, it
would communicate
it by placing a glyph before the surface name. That glyph can
be misleading, and we'll talk about it, and the Rebuild
Automatic setting, in a later chapter.
Civil 3D normally links the surface to the full set of underlying data Figure 1.78 - Surface Options
from which the surface is built, providing the dynamic linkage
described. An option is to create a Snapshot within the surface, which creates a duplicate copy
of the underlying surface data and binds it in the surface object. Doing this "protects" the
surface; even if Joe Autocad erases the original contours, the surface will stay intact.

Surface Editing
The surface, as produced thus far, has some TIN triangles around the outside edge that are
wrong, and will need to be cleaned up. These triangles can be affected several ways, by
conventional TIN Editing, or by the application of a Boundary. Though we'll eventually add a
boundary in this example, we want to talk for just a moment about TIN editing.
In order to edit the TIN, the surface must be displayed using a Surface Style that shows the
triangles. The triangles can be the only element shown, as is the case at the moment, or the
triangles can be shown along with other elements, such as the contours. The CivilTraining.Com
template drawing includes two Proposed Contours - Edit Surface styles that display contours
and triangles for this purpose.
The Edit Surface commands themselves can be accessed either of two ways: RigHt-clicKing on
the EDits level below Definition below the Surface NaMe reveals an EDit Surface Menu,
and clicKing on the surface to select it in the drawing displays the TIN Surface Contextual
Tab in the Ribbon, where EDit Surface is found on the MoDifY Panel. We've managed to show
both through the magic of mirrors in Figure 1.79, along with some of the bad triangles that
we're after.
Figure 1.79 - Edit Surface in Prospector and Ribbon
We'll spend more time with other surface edit operations in a later chapter, but the pertinent
tool here is Delete Line. Picking Delete Line from either interface takes one to a Select edges:
prompt; individual TIN edges can then be selected in the drawing to be deleted. Curiously,
Civil 3D suppresses AutoCAD's Selection Set Automatic here. Picking in blank space in the
drawing should start an automatic Window or Crossing, but doesn't. A Crossing selection can
be started within the command by typing C, or a Fence selection by typing F. The advanced
selection options work, but won't start automatically.

 Though we're supposed to love the Ribbon, this type of TIN editing is WAY faster if the
command is started from the Prospector. To bring up the Contextual Tab, the surface has to be
selected in the drawing. To be selected, AutoCAD highlights the surface - that takes time.
Then, as each set of TIN lines is deleted, AutoCAD has to update the highlight, taking even
more time. Some AutoCAD documentation suggests turning off highlights totally. That's such a
bad idea we won't even tell you how to do it.
Adding Boundaries to The Surface
Boundaries can be added to a surface, to suppress the display of some data, to show other data,
or to add a hard clip beyond which no data will be added.
The boundary concept has been present in Terrain Modeling for some time, and the basic
prerequisite remains the same as in previous versions ‐ boundaries need to be closed polylines,
the closed polylines cannot self‐intersect, cannot have duplicate vertices, and the closing
segment must be formed by the Close option in the pline or 3D polyline command, not by
snapping back to the original vertex. In fact, some Data Clip boundaries in Civil 3D can also be
defined from other Civil Objects, including Parcels, Feature Lines or Survey Figures.
The aerial drawing provided includes a good candidate for a surface boundary, the limit of
certification provided as a polyline by the aerial company.
To start the application of the boundary, RigHt-clicK on BounDaries below Definition below
the Surface NaMe and pick ADD from the menu. The Add Boundaries dialog displays.
Supply a NaMe to identify the boundary.
Figure 1.81 - Add Boundaries Dialog
still there, but are not shown. A Show boundary displays the data inside the boundary. An

Outer boundary is the outer‐most Hide boundary on the surface; data are still present in the
surface beyond the Outer boundary, and additional data can be added beyond it. A Data Clip
boundary suppresses the processing of any data beyond the boundary. No data can be added
beyond the data clip, and if an attempt is made to add data beyond the application, the data will
be "trimmed" at the clip boundary. As we do not want to necessarily limit the application of
data beyond the limit provided, an Outer boundary is selected.
 The use of a Data Clip here would prevent the addition of more TIN data from GIS
beyond the aerial provided, which might be useful in evaluating overall site drainage.
An important concept in the application of the boundary is the possible processing of the
boundary as a Non-Destructive breaKline. The Non‐destructive breakline setting determines
whether each triangle crossed by the breakline will be discarded in its entirety, or whether each
will be cut by the boundary and the portion inside the boundary retained. Examining Figure
1.82, notice how certain triangles begin inside the magenta boundary, then run substantially
outside it. If the Non‐destructive breakline setting is on, the small portion of these triangles
inside the boundary would be retained, and a small band of erroneous data added around the
periphery of the surface. This band of bogus data could have an impact on a slope analysis
performed. As is usually the case with a boundary around the edge of an existing surface, the
Non-Destructive breaKline setting here should be off to discard these triangles completely.
The MiD-orDinate distance in the Add Boundaries dialog is used to convert arcs in a boundary
to chords for processing; the setting can be ignored as the polyline used does not contain arcs.
Press OK to apply the boundary. Like many operations in Civil 3D, a Regen may be required to
see the result, shown in Figure 1.83.
Save the drawing.
Figure 1.82 - Before Boundary Application Figure 1.83 - After Boundary Application

CASE
EXERCISE 5
Integration of 3D modeling from UAV
survey in BIM
INTRODUCTION
The absence of blue prints makes restoration work particularly complex. The use of the
Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) allows the representation of the historical
building and the preparation of an updatable documentation including, in a single digital
environment, not only geometrical information but also historical data.
Since the architectural cultural heritage constructions are already existing, the first acquisition
phase is mandatory (through photogrammetric or laser scanner survey) in order to acquire
geometrical information but also 3d space to plan the restoration interventions.
However, the complex architecture of ancient buildings represents a problem that today's BIM
software’s have to face. Basic modelling tools and elements are essentially based on finite and
mathematical systems, and as for each tool
BIM & HBIM

types are multiple, in most cases they were not enough to create the necessary elements.
To overcome these critical issues the present method reports the methodology used by the
authors for the realization of HBIM of the church of Sant'Antonio Abate in Reggio Calabria.
The reconstruction of BIM models of the existing structures, especially the cultural heritage
sector, allows the conservation and promotion of any restoration or partial reconstruction,
especially in countries such as Italy, built on seismic territory and exposed to high earthquake
risks.
Even if the final restitution sufficiently reflects the objectives pursued, it should be emphasized
how the realization times are not satisfactory for the optimization of the process of returning
the as-built model and therefore of the subsequent design and management phases.
2.1 HBIM
Applying BIM methodologies to existing buildings, we can manage in a coherent and
coordinated way all the phases of the building life, according to a life-cycle approach.
In this context, it is essential to resort to the peculiarities of BIM also for the existing, for
which the documentation of places, technologies and materials is increasingly important for the
preservation of historical and cultural heritage.
Compared to the approaches and tools commonly used for the construction project from scratch,
the information models of buildings already built require the definition of levels of knowledge
that often cannot be quickly identified, since blueprints and reliable data are often missing.
To outline the scope of intervention of the BIM for existing building, the acronym HBIM has
begun to spread. The term derives from a scientific contribution of 2009 by Prof. Murphy, whose
methodology includes a technical process for geometric modelling and insert complex
information. Existing buildings, regardless of their function, are detected using accurate survey
instruments, so that the result of the measurements (as point cloud) is then compared to libraries
of software objects that are superimposed on the cloud until the similarity is satisfactory. This
process aims at abstracting the geometries to have lean models to which to associate data for
documentation or for numerical simulations. HBIM therefore does not mean to apply BIM to
already constructed buildings, but to apply different methodologies to obtain simplified models
starting from a survey. Another approach (defined Scan-to-BIM) according to which the
geometric components derived from the survey are obtained locally without resorting to libraries
of objects already precompiled.

2.1 HBIM advantage and common problems
The use of BIM for documentation and management of historical building presents different
advantages: archive of historical documents, single access point for all data, support for
technical analysis, support for scheduling maintenance interventions (the BIM model of a
building, containing information related to the maintenance of each construction element, allows
to have available a structured database to query with 'use of IT tools dedicated to facility
management to strategically plan maintenance operations), promotion of cultural heritage,
through the sharing of the model on the web or the realization of virtual or augmented reality
applications, monitoring of degradation, simulation of response to catastrophic events (such as
earthquakes) etc.
The use and application of BIM is actually limited in the field of cultural heritage and remains
the prerogative of research centers and universities. The reasons for this imbalance can be traced
back to the difficulties linked to the implementation of an existing BIM. Lack of shared regulation
and standardized workflows, coupled with the considerable difficulties in the modeling phases
and in the information’s retrieval: uncertainties on construction techniques, a complex sequence
of construction and reconstruction phases, presence of non- standardized elements nor referable to
libraries presets, complexity of architecture and presence and irregularities, etc.
UAV Survey
For the acquisition phase of photographic dataset for the photogrammetric 3D reconstruction, DJI
Mavic Pro (DJI; Shenzhen) UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) with CMOS 1/23’’ sensor was
used. To obtain a model with centimetre accuracy and reconstruct an high-quality model, the
image acquisition plan was divided into three steps: definition of image acquisition plan type,
definition of Ground Sampling Distance (GSD), and definition of image overlap. The Image
acquisition type was set to automatic waypoint flight mission so that the UAV perform an
automatic flight. The software calculates the image acquisition plan and mission settings
automatically, defined the following parameters: flight eight (and consequentially GSD), overlap
(%), and area to be mapped. To obtain centimetre precision (GSD < 1) at legal flight height,
considering DJI Mavic Pro camera specs (Sw = real sensor width = 12,8333 mm, FR = real focal
length = 8.6 mm, imW = image width pixels 5472, imH= image height pixels 3648) maximum
flight height was set to 30 meters for vertical flight. Different circular mission along the building
were automatically executed using Pix4d (Pix4d, Lausanne) flight planning software. Circular
flight plan at 20, 25, and 30 m, with camera tilt set to 70° were used to gather photographic
information. The acquired aerial images were integrated with additional images from the ground.

CASE EXERCISE 6
Application of remote sensing. Remote sensing platforms
Different Types of Platforms In Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is a powerful tool used to acquire information about the Earth’s surface,
atmosphere, and oceans without direct physical contact. This process relies on various carriers,
known as platforms, sensors to capture and record data from a distance.
We will explore the different types of platforms in remote sensing, including ground-based,
aerial, and satellite platforms, and their unique applications in monitoring and understanding
our planet.
1. Airborne Platforms
Airborne platforms are remote sensing vehicles that operate in the Earth’s atmosphere. These
include airplanes, helicopters, and drones. Airborne platforms are ideal for capturing high-
resolution images and data over small areas. They are commonly used for aerial photography,
surveying, and mapping. Airborne platforms can be further divided into two categories:
manned and unmanned.
Manned Aircraft
Manned platforms are piloted aircraft that require a human operator. They are used for capturing
high-quality imagery and data over large areas. Manned platforms are ideal for capturing aerial
photographs for mapping purposes. They are also used for surveillance and reconnaissance.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, are becoming increasingly popular for
remote sensing applications. UAVs can be used to capture high-resolution images and data at
low altitudes, making them useful for a wide range of applications. UAVs are particularly useful
for applications that require frequent monitoring or that involve hazardous or difficult-to-reach
areas.
2. Ground Borne Platforms
Ground platforms are remote sensing vehicles that operate on the Earth’s surface. These include
vehicles such as trucks, boats, and buoys. Ground platforms are used for capturing data from
close proximity to the Earth’s surface. They are commonly used for monitoring soil moisture,
ocean currents, and vegetation growth.
BVVS POLYTECHNIC (AUTONOMOUS) BAGALKOT 3RD SEM CIVIL (2023-2024)

There are two main types of ground-based platforms: ground-based laser scanning
(LiDAR) and terrestrial photogrammetry.
Ground-Based Laser Scanning (LiDAR)
Ground-based laser scanning, also known as LiDAR, is a remote sensing technique that uses
laser pulses to measure distances between the sensor and the Earth’s surface. LiDAR can be used
to create highly accurate 3D models of the Earth’s surface.
Terrestrial Photogrammetry
Terrestrial photogrammetry is a remote sensing technique that uses photographs taken from the
ground to create 3D models of the Earth’s surface. Terrestrial photogrammetry can be used to
create highly accurate models of the Earth’s surface, and can be used for a wide range of
applications, including land surveying, construction, and urban planning.
3. Space Borne Platforms
Space platforms are remote sensing vehicles that operate in space. These include satellites, which
are the most commonly used space platforms for remote sensing. Satellites are used for capturing
data from a global perspective, allowing us to monitor changes in the Earth’s atmosphere,
oceans, and land. They are also used for disaster management and national security.
Space platforms can be further divided into two categories: low-Earth orbit and
geostationary orbit.
Low-Earth Orbit Platforms
Low-Earth orbit platforms are satellites that orbit the Earth at an altitude of less than 2000 km.
They are used for capturing high-resolution imagery and data over small areas. Low-Earth orbit
platforms are commonly used for monitoring weather patterns, tracking wildfires, and studying
the Earth’s surface
Geostationary Orbit Platforms
Geostationary orbit platforms are satellites that orbit the Earth at an altitude of approximately
36,000 km. They are used for capturing data from a global perspective, allowing us to monitor
changes in the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land. Geostationary orbit platforms are
commonly used for weather forecasting and climate monitoring.

Conclusion
Remote sensing platforms are essential tools in modern-day Earth observation. Each platform
has its unique capabilities and characteristics, making it suitable for specific applications.
Airborne platforms are ideal for capturing high-resolution imagery and data over small areas,
ground platforms are used for capturing data from close proximity to the Earth’s surface, and
space platforms are used for capturing data from a global perspective

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TOWN PLANNING AND GTREEN BUILDING ( 21CI5P2) WEEKLY ASSESMENTS

CLASSIFICATION OF ORI IMAGES USIN GArcGIS SOFTWARE

Compass, HTML area) and select the resolution click on maximum.

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALKOT 5TH SEM CIVIL (2023-2024)

3.Cilck on the save image and save the file

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALKOT 5TH SEM CIVIL (2023-2024)

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

9. Save the file

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

Purpose of 3D animation & visualization system

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

What is 3D Animation and Visualization?

The process of creating graphical content using 3D software is referred to as 3D visualization,

Benefits of 3D Visualization and Animation in Construction

Here are some of the benefits of 3D Visualization and Animation:

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

1. Visualize and analyze before you build

2. Accurate & Sustainable Designs

3. Reduced Clashes & Rework, Easy Re-modelling, and Amendments

4. Saves on Cost with Enhanced Efficiency

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

6. Simplifies acquiring bids and Easier Government Approvals

The Future of 3D Visualization and Animation

Types of drone used for civil engineering field.

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

Drone Pros Cons Uses/Price

 VTOL and hover

 No VTOL/hover  Aerial Mapping

 VTOL and hover

 Long endurance  Harder to fly,  Aerial

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

Process of terrain creation & building model distribution.

Digital Terrain Modeling Concepts

The basic concept behind Digital Terrain

Prior to Digital Terrain Modeling, the

Digital Terrain Modeling mathematically

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

The Digital Terrain

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

The first three vertices of a contour are shown in Figure 1.40.

Figure 1.40 - Vertices along Contour

Figure 1.41 - Cumulative Distance through Three Vertices

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

Figure 1.42 - Deflection Angle through Three Vertices

Figure 1.43 - Resulting Treatment of Short, Straight Segment

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

Figure 1.44 - Supplementing in Straight Segments

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

Figure 1.45 - Supplementing in Arcs

Minimizing Flat Areas

BVVS POLYTECHNIC ( AUTONOMOUS) BAGALK0T 5TH SEM CIVIL ( 2023-2024)

 Never use the Minimize Flat

Returning to the selection of data for this