Modern Lighting

25-11-2023
Modern Lighting
Dr. Devender Kumar
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology
Development History
• The earliest headlamps were fueled by acetylene or oil,
and were introduced in the late 1880s.
• The first electric headlamps were introduced in 1898 on
the Columbia Electric Car.
• In 1908, headlamps, sidelamps and tail lights were
introduced and were powered by an 8V battery.
• In 1912, Cadillac integrated their vehicle's Delco electrical
ignition and lighting system, creating the modern vehicle
electrical system.
• "Dipping" (low beam) headlamps were introduced in 1915
by the Guide Lamp Company, but the 1917 Cadillac system
allowed the light to be dipped with a lever inside the car.
• The 1924 Bilux bulb was the first modern unit, having the
light for both low (dipped) and high (main) beams of a
headlamp emitting from a single bulb.
Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala
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Development History
• Directional lighting, using a switch and electromagnetically
shifted reflector to illuminate the curbside only, was
introduced in 1935 by Tatra 77a. Steering linked lighting
was popularized by the Citroen DS.
• Sealed beam headlamps were introduced in the United
States in 1939, and became mandatory for the following
year until the 1984 model year. Cars prior and subsequent
to that date could have a variety of shapes of headlamps,
using any of a wide variety of replaceable bulbs. Between
1940 and 1956, all U.S. cars had to have two 7-inch round
headlights. Each headlight had dual filaments, so that one
bulb provided both high and low beam. In 1957,
regulations changed to allowed four sealed beam
headlights (two on each side, each measuring 5 ¾ in.) Two
served as low beam and two were high beams.
5¾" sealed beam

headlamps on a 1966 AMC
European (top) and US (bottom) Marlin
headlamp configurations on a
Citroën DS. Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala
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Development History
• High-intensity discharge (HID) systems were introduced in the early
1990s, first in the BMW 7 Series.
• Automotive headlamp applications using light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
have been undergoing very active development since 2004.
• In 2004 the Audi A8 W12 became the first production car to use LED
headlight technology, for the integrated daytime running lamps.
• In 2010 the first all-LED headlamps with Adaptive highbeam and
Intelligent Light System were introduced on the 2011 Mercedes-Benz
CLS-Class.
• In 2013 the first digitally controlled, full-LED glare-free adaptive
highbeam is introduced by Audi on the facelifted Audi A8, with 25
individual LED segments (Matrix LED).
• In 2014 BMW i8 became the first production car to be sold with Laser
headlights (high beam function only). The limited-production Audi R8
LMX uses lasers for its spot lamp feature, providing illumination for high-
speed driving in low-light conditions. The Rolls-Royce Phantom VIII will
employ laser headlightsDr.with a high beam range of over 600 meters.
Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala
https://www.samsung.com/led/automotive/automotive-modules/pixcell-led/
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Laser Headlamp
Reflector lamps
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Sealed beam lamps
Single parabolic reflector
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Multi-reflector non-parabolic reflector
Projector (polyellipsoidal) lamps

The shade may be lowered by a solenoid actuated pivot to provide
low beam, and removed from the light path for high beam. Such
optics are known as Bi-Xenon or Bi-Halogen projectors.
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Normal Reflector Projector Headlamp
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Projector Headlamp
Projector Headlamp
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Low Beam
High Beam
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Light Source
• Tungsten bulb
– Single filament
– Dual filament
Light Source
• Tungsten-Halogen
– Single filament
– Dual filament
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Light Source
• Halogen infrared reflective (HIR)
– Single filament
– Dual filament
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High-intensity discharge (HID)
• There is no glowing filament in HID headlamps.

• High pressure gas is excited between high voltage electrodes to produce an
arc of nearly white light of app. 250 % more luminous flux.
• Generally XENON plasma generated between electrodes produces bright light
of high intensity.
• Arc glow is almost instantaneous.
• Starting the arc, requires very high voltage upto 25,000 V and current upto
20 A. When the lamp is lit, voltage drops to 80V and current upto 3.5A.
• To avoid dazzling other drivers, it is equipped with ECU to control the beam
level.
• Intensity of HID degrades very quickly over its useful life.
• Beam of HID lamp is more focused and save lot of space.
• Temperature of quartz tube containing plasma, can reach upto 1100 °C.
• The use of metal halide lamps appears to heighten fire risk and explosion.
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Temperature and colour of light
Arc temperature in the range of 5500-6500 K gives beam of

nearly day like light.
HID Xenon vs Halogen
Halogen

HID Xenon
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Left Hand
app. 65 m away
Drive Vehicle
The 15° rise in cut-off to the right- hand curb (right-hand

traffic) guarantees good illumination of the driver’s own side
of the road and early recognition of pedestrians, traffic signs
and cyclists.
Light distribution on road
Bending Light High Beam

(Adverse Weather Light)
Motorway Light
Town Light Country Light
(Front Fog Light)
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Recent development in lighting

2003: Audi A8 with adaptive light
2004: Audi A8 W12 with LED daytime running lights
2008: Audi R8 with all‐LED headlights
2010: Audi A8 in which the headlights are networked
with the navigation data
2012: Audi R8 with dynamic turn signal lights
2013: Audi A8 with Matrix LED headlights
2014: Audi R8 LMX with LaserSpot for the high‐beam
lamps
LED
Cluster LED Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala
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Advantages over Halogen

• Nearly maintenance free
• Very less energy consumption
• Can produce accurate light
colour
• Greater design flexibility
• Less heat generation during
operation
• Lesser load on electrical system
• More brightness per wattage
• Longer operation life.
Standard concept of LED headlamp
Disadvantages
• High initial cost
• Need special circuitry and design
• Cannot be replaced by any available LED/ lamp fitment.
Matrix LED
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Bright marking for pedestrians/animals
Detect human/animals located dangerously close to or on the road

using infrared camera. Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala
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25-11-2023
• It’s the first electronically controlled

glare free high-beam system in the world
• The system can mask out up to 8

different cars at one time, using 25
individually controlled segments per
headlight allowing for
966,105,422 different variations
in light distribution.
• An ultra light sensitive camera detects light sources from oncoming vehicles
and masks out the high beam light distribution around them in real time.
• The small light-emitting diodes, which work in conjunction with lenses and reflectors
connected in series, are activated and deactivated or dimmed individually according
to the situation. This enables the system to react precisely to other cars, which it
recognizes using a camera, and always illuminate the road brightly.
• Additional features of the new headlights are the intelligent cornering light, new-
look daytime running lights and dynamic turn signals. The Audi Matrix LED
headlights get the information they need from a camera, the navigation system and
other sensors. Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala
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LED & LASER
LED & LASER
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LED lights have about 20,000 hours of life.

LED & LASER
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• Laser sources combine the excellent light performance of xenon headlamps with the design possibilities offered by
25-11-2023
LED technology. Compared to typical LEDs, the luminance (measure of the luminous intensity of an illuminating surface) is ten
times stronger (x10), which increases the efficiency of the optical system and reduces energy consumption.
• The BMW i8 launched in the fall of 2014 was the first commercial vehicle featuring laser high beams with a range up to 600m.
• The low beam function is provided by LEDs.
r
of the
is
cient
pact
s
e than
300m 600m
ems.
LED high-beam combined with the laser-

LED low-beam LED high-beam
based spot (laser booster)
©2016 | www.yole.fr | Automotive Lighting 2016 - Sample 10
Headlamp Leveling System
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Headlamp leveling System

• Manual Vertical Aim Control
• This type of VAC is required for
Halogen headlamps.
• The driver uses a rotary or slide
switch to adjust the headlamps
according to the tilt of the vehicle.
• For manual leveling, electric
motors used as actuators.
• Hydro mechanical system, Vacuum
System or electric System
© M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies
Manual Leveling
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Automatic Leveling System
Automatic Leveling System

Headlamp leveling System
• Automatic Vertical Aim Control
• This type of VAC is required for Xenon headlamps.

• Designed for compensate for load variation by lowering or rising the
low beam position.
• Changes in the vehicle´s tilt by accelerating or decelerating can be
compensated with a dynamic vertical aim control

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Adaptive front lighting
Adaptive
FULLY ADAPTIVE HEADLAMP SYSTEM -front lighting
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
SENSING PROCESSING ACTUATION
(Stereo) Steering
Sensor Fusion
Caméra Wheel-Angle
In this kind of XX Yaw-Rate

architecture, it
is compulsory
to have a match
between the Actuation of
camera and the LIDAR XX XX
Light Module
software for
image
processing.
XX Light Sensor
Compute
Vehicule
XX Optimal light XX
Source: Yole/Nvidia Speed
distribution
25
NCED FRONT LIGHTING SYSTEMS - STATIC BEND LIGHTING 25-11-2023
• Static bend lighting consists in activating cornering complementary lights in intersections, narrow corners, entry
gateways etc...
• This additional beam can cover angles up to 90° from the axis of the vehicle, lighting crossing areas etc…
Advantage of Cornering Light
• The activation is accomplished by operating a winker or as a function of the speed or steering of the vehicle.

Illustration of Static Bend Lighting
Source: Hella
Lighting Range: Halogen vs Xenon vs Adaptive LED
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Typical
Adaptive LED
Headlight Setup
LED’s in signal lamps

• Better visibility
• Low power consumption
• No fading of colour due to sun or heat
• Greater design flexibility to give signature look
• Can be programmed to use as adaptive lights
• Instant glow give sufficient reaction time for
following vehicles
• Immediate response by two-tenths of a second
faster than a conventional incandescent lamp
reduces the stopping distance of following vehicle
by 6 m, at a speed of 100 km/h.
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Standards for Vehicle Signal Lamps
• Angle of visibility for direction indicators (ECE /FMVSS 108)
Standards for turn signal lamps

Adaptive tail lights
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Hella 3D adaptive tail lights
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Automatic Headlight Dimming

Modern automatic headlight dimming systems use solid-state circuitry and
electromagnetic relays to control the beam switching. Automatic headlight
dimming automatically switches the headlights from high beams to low beams
under two different conditions: when light from oncoming vehicles strikes the
photocell-amplifier or light from the taillights of a vehicle being passed strikes the
photocell-amplifier. Most systems consist of the following major components:
1. Light-sensitive photocell and amplifier unit.
2. High-low beam relay.
3. Sensitivity control.
4. Dimmer switch.
5. Flash-to-pass relay.
6. Wiring harness.
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Lamp Outage Indicator

A lamp outage indicator circuit for sensing and indicating
outage of remotely located lamps in a vehicle. The lamp
outage indicator employs a semiconductor sensing device
to sense the voltage excursion which occurs when a lamp
burns out.
For example: A flasher unit, which is
designed for automotive use. It has a
built-in function of lamp-outage
detection. In normal operation, it will
flash at about 1.4Hz and when a lamp
goes bad, the flash-rate is doubled. The
flashers faster clicking sound and the
dashboard indicators faster flashing
attracts the drivers attention that one
of the bulbs has gone out. It all
happens electronically. Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala
Many vehicles today use a computer-

driven information center to keep the
driver informed of the condition of
monitored circuits. The vehicle
information center usually receives its
signals from the BCM. In this system, the
lamp outage module is used to send
signals to the BCM. The BCM will either
illuminate a warning light, In this system,
the lamp outage module is used to send
signals to the BCM. The BCM will either
illuminate a warning light,
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Drive
Safely
with
Awareness of technology
32

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25-11-2023

5¾" sealed beam

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Sealed beam lamps

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Single parabolic reflector

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Multi-reflector non-parabolic reflector

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Projector (polyellipsoidal) lamps

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Normal Reflector Projector Headlamp

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

High-intensity discharge (HID)

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

• There is no glowing filament in HID headlamps.

Temperature and colour of light

Arc temperature in the range of 5500-6500 K gives beam of

HID Xenon vs Halogen

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

The 15° rise in cut-off to the right- hand curb (right-hand

Light distribution on road

Bending Light High Beam

(Front Fog Light)

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Recent development in lighting

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Cluster LED Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Advantages over Halogen

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Bright marking for pedestrians/animals

Detect human/animals located dangerously close to or on the road

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

• It’s the first electronically controlled

• The system can mask out up to 8

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

LED & LASER

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

LED & LASER

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

LED lights have about 20,000 hours of life.

LED & LASER

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

LED high-beam combined with the laser-

Dr. Devender Kumar, MED, TIET. Patiala

Headlamp Leveling System