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 WEEK 1
GLOBALIZATION
The term "globalization" is derived from the Latin word "globus," meaning "globe." It was first
used in the English language in 1959, not as a passing trend but as a new concept to describe a
changing condition. It is attributed to Theodore Levitt, an American economist at Harvard
Business School, who began using the term in the 1980s to discuss the evolving global
interconnectedness.

INTERCONNECTEDNESS-Global interconnectedness is the connection and oneness of entities

and actors in a globalized world.

INTERDEPENDENC-Interdependence refers to two or more countries that impact and rely on

each other, while globalization is the economic, social, and political interaction and integration
of people in different areas of the world.

INTERGRATION-Integration means the process of organization of component elements.

FLOWS-Flow is the rate of movement of goods, resources, services, information, data,

transactions, finance, and people on a global scale.

LIBERALISM AND GLOBALIZATIO-Liberalism views globalization as a natural, market-

driven extension of modernization, stemming from human desires for economic well-being
and political freedom, ultimately connecting people worldwide.

REALISM AND GLOBALIZATION-Power is the key factor in how nation-states interact, with a
belief that states are inherently self-interested and competitive. Some scholars advocate for
balanced power, opposing any state's pursuit of global dominance with collective resistance
from others.

MARXISM AND GLOBALIZATION-Marxism focuses on modes of production, social

exploitation, and the possibility of social liberation beyond capitalism.

CONSTRUCTIVISM AND GLOBALIZATION-Globalization has also arisen because people have

mentally constructed the social world with particular symbols, language, images, and
interpretation. It is the result of specific forms and dynamics of consciousness.

POSTMODERNISM AND GLOBALIZATION -Postmodernism, such as Marxism, helps go

beyond the relatively superficial frameworks of liberalist and political realist theories and
exposes social conditions that have encouraged globalization.

FEMINISM AND GLOBALIZATION-This emphasizes the social construction of masculinity

and femininity. Other theories have highlighted the dynamics behind the increase in
transplanetary and supraterritorial connectivity in technology, state, capital, identity, etc.

TRANSFORMATIONALISM AND GLOBALIZATION-David Held and his colleagues

expounded this perspective. Accordingly, globalization reflects increased interconnectedness
in political, economic, and cultural matters across the world, thereby creating a shared social
space.

WORKING DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION-Globalization is a process, a phenomenon, and

a lens to view the world. An appropriate defiition should capture all these elements.
 WEEK 2
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of
cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of
technologies.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT-Foreign direct investment tends to increase at a much greater rate than the growth
in world trade, thereby boosting technology transfer, industrial restructuring, and the development of global
companies.

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION-Increased competition from globalization stimulates new technology development,

particularly with FDI growth, which improves the economic output by making processes efficient.

ECONOMIC OF SCALE-Globalization enables large companies to realize economies of scale that reduce costs and
prices, supporting further economic growth. However, this phenomenon can hurt many small business attempting to
compete domestically.

TELECOMMUNICATION-Economic globalization has been expanding since the emergence of trade due to
improvements in the efficiency of long-distance transportation, advances in telecommunication, the importance of
information instead of physical capital in the modern economy, and developments in science and technology.

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ORGANIZATION-International organizations play a crucial role in

facilitating development projects, addressing economic and political challenges, promoting sustainability, and aiding
private companies in accessing global financial markets through funding, advice, and technical assistance.

INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (IGO)-IGOs have international membership, scope, and

presence. Their primary members consist of sovereign states.

MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS-Multilateral development banks are financial institutions that are found in
every country.

NATION STATES-Nation-states refer to a form of state that derives its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign
entity for a nation within its territorial space.

NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs)-Refers to a legally constituted organization created with no

participation or representation of any government.

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNCs)-Transnational Corporations exert considerable power in the globalized

world economy. Many corporations are more prosperous and powerful than the states that seek to regulate them.

MODERN WORLD SYSTEM-The concept of the "world system" is a crucial component of our current understanding of
globalization.

WORLD SYSTEM THEORY-World systems theory (WST) was created by Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s, though
earlier Marxist theories first proposed similar ideas.

CORE STATES

PERIPHERAL STATES-In world systems theory, the periphery countries (sometimes referred to as just the periphery)
are those that are less developed than the semi-periphery and core countries.

SEMIPERIPHERAL STATES-In world-systems theory, the semi-periphery countries are the industrializing, mostly
capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery and core countries.

ADVANTAGES OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION-More specifically, economic integration typically leads to a

reduction in the cost of trade, improved availability of goods and services and a wider selection of them, and gains in
efficiency that lead to greater purchasing power.
 WEEK 3
GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION
Global market integration means that price differences between countries are eliminated. as all
markets become one. One way to the progress of globalization is to look at trends how. prices
converge or become similar across countries. Integration shows the relationship of the firm in a
market.

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (IFIs) AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY-In many parts
of the world, IFIs play a significant role in nations' social and economic development programs
with developing or transitional economies.

BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM-The Bretton Woods System is a set of unified rules and policies that
provided the framework necessary to create fixed international currency exchange rates.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)-The international monetary system refers to the

operating system of the financial environment, which consists of financial institutions,
multinational corporations, and investors.

WORLD BANK-The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and
grants to the governments of low and middle income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital
projects.

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION-The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global
rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that global trade flows smoothly,
predictably and freely as possible.

ROLE OF IFIs IN THE CREATION OF GLOBAL ECONOMY

1. Bretton Woods System -It plays a vital role in making globalization work smoothly. It was created
in 1944 to restore and sustain the benefits of global integration by promoting international
economic cooperation.

2. IMF -It focuses on the functioning of the international monetary system and promoting sound
macroeconomic policies as a precondition for sustained economic growth.

3. World Bank -It concentrates on long-term investment projects, institution-building, and social,
environmental, and poverty issues.

4. GATT-It has reduced the tariff and boosted the economy after WWII ended by encouraging
imports and exports among countries again.

5. WTO -WTO is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade. Its
primary function is to ensure that workflows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible.

GLOBAL CORPORATIONS-A global company is generally referred to as a multinational

corporation (MNC). An MNC is a company that operates in two or more countries, leveraging the
global environment to approach varying markets in attaining revenue generation.
 WEEK 4
GLOBALISM AND INTERNATIONALISM
Globalism and internationalism are two of the basic concepts in international relations. The processes and
agreements that define globalism and internationalism contribute to developing a system of relations among
nations called the global interstate system.

GLOBALISM-Based on the belief that people, information, and goods should be able to cross national. borders
unrestricted. It places the interests of the entire globe above the interests of individual.

GLOBALIZATION-Globalization is the unfettered movement of commodities or goods and services globally. To

move commodities less costly and time-consuming, national governments develop infrastructure within nations.

COMMUNICATIONS-Existing technologies have significantly changed how we communicate and exchange

information with one another within or across national borders.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY-The traffic of information is more rapid and advanced than ever. The Internet has
revolutionized the availability and access of data and other resources to humankind.

CULTURE-Societies are culturally homogenizing. Meaning, differences among civilizations are gradually
weakening, and there is an ongoing universalization of cultures among various groups of people.

ECONOMICS-Globalization is evident in the economic aspects of social existence. Indelible gains of globalization are
readily detectable in this aspect.

INTERNATIONALISM-Internationalism is most commonly expressed as an appreciation for the diverse cultures in

the world, and a desire for world peace.

HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS-Humanitarian organizations are also called aid organizations because they
provide aid or help to countries that need it.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION-Intergovernmental organizations are composed of member nation-

states.

THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)-an organization that fosters economic, political,
military, security, and sociocultural among its member states.

UNITED NATIONS (UN)-is the largest intergovernmental organization aiming to maintain international peace and
security and international cooperation.

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)-deals with the global rules of trade between nations and functions to
ensure that trade flows as smoothly and freely as possible.

NATO-aims to guarantee the freedom and security of its members through political and military means.

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS-Organizations that specialize in international communications are those

that maintain the free exchange of information across the globe.

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL-a global movement of more than 7 million people who deal with injustices. The
organization campaigns for a world where all enjoy human rights.

FREEDOM HOUSE-founded on the ideology that freedom flourishes in democratic nations where governments are
accountable to their people and that the rule of law prevails, the organization upholds freedoms of expression,
association, and belief, as well as respect for the rights of women, minorities, and historically marginalized groups,
are guaranteed.

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH-defends people's rights in 90 countries worldwide, highlighting abuses and bringing
perpetrators to justice.

REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS-an international organization that safeguards the right to freedom of
information.
 WEEK 5
UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Currently made up of 193 Member States, the
UN and its work are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter.

ROLE OF THE UN-The UN can act on issues confronting humanity in the twenty-first century, such as peace and
security, climate change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and
health emergencies, gender equality, governance, and food production

MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY-In 1945, the UN came into being, following the devastation of
World War II, with one central mission — that is, the maintenance of international peace and security.

PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS-It seems that the term "human rights" appears seven times in the UN's founding
Charter, making its promotion and protection an important goal and guiding concept.

DELIVER HUMANITARIAN AID-One of the purposes of the UN, as stated in its charter, is "to achieve international
cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character."

PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT-The UN’s major focus remains to be on improving people’s well-being.

UPHOLD INTERNATIONAL LAW-The UN Charter has already set an objective, that is, to provide conditions that
allow for the maintenance of justice and respect for responsibilities originating from treaties and other sources of
international law.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY-The General Assembly, the main deliberative assembly, is the UN's central policymaking and
representative organ.

THE SECURITY COUNCIL-The Security Council is specifically for deciding specific resolutions for peace and security.
It has 15 members; specifically, 5 permanent and ten nonpermanent members. Each member has an equavalent of
one vote.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL-The ECOSOC, which is mainly for promoting international economic and social
cooperation and development, is the primary sector in charge of coordination, policy review, policy discourse, and
recommendations on economic, social, and environmental issues and the implementation of globally accepted
development goals.

THE SECRETARIST-Meanwhile, the Secretariat provides studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN.

THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE-The primary judicial organ, called the International Court of Justice, is at
the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).

TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL-The Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994) was established in 1945 by the UN Charter
under Chapter XIII.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES-In the scientific community, the significant areas of urgent concern are climate
change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.

SOCIAL CHALLENGES-Unemployment is one of our most critical social challenges because it drives exclusion and
marginalization, with other negative consequences including increasing crime, drug trafficking and use, domestic
violence, family breakdown, juvenile delinquency, and migration in search of better opportunities.

ECONOMIC CHALLENGES-One economic challenge is the growing risk of a global financial collapse when the
present debt bubble bursts. No reliable, depoliticized mechanism can deal with a financial crisis at present.

SECURITY CHALLENGES-Productive capacity in the global economy was never high. In addition, average life
expectancy is at an all-time high; hence, the potential costs of global war are also at an all-time high.

RELEVANCE OF STATE AMID GLOBALIZATION-The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory
one as the chief factor in global interdependence.
 WEEK 8
REGIONALISM AND GLOBALIZATION
REGIONALISM AND GLOBALIZATION-Globalization and regionalization are complex concepts that
shape the global economic landscape over the past 25 years. Globalization is a general, complete, and
universal phenomenon that affects the interests of all people, countries, and cultures.

ASIAN REGIONALISM-Regionalism is seen as a venue where the state is weakened or strengthened. It

can serve as a barrier or a bridge to greater cooperation, coordination, and interdependence. Given
that most Asian countries, including those in the Southeast region, belong to the Global South, we
should study how culturally diverse but economically similar nation-states are affected by
regionalization.

TRADE-The world economy is intertwined and interdependent with each other. Global trade
facilitates and harmonizes the exchanges of goods and services between countries in the world.

SIMILAR CULTURE-The cultures of Asia are diverse, but they share many similarities. This
phenomenon makes integrations an easier fit during times of negotiations.

SHARED GOALS-The Asian region recognizes the mutual benefit of slow integration. The territories
involved have common interests and close to each other.

HOW THE DIFFERENT ASIAN STATES CONFRONT THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION AND
REGIONALIZATION-The challenge for regional cooperation is twofold, that is, to support the
integration of Asia's production networks and sustain an open, rules-based global system of trade and
investment.

PHILOSOPICHAL CHALLENGE. Regionalism faces ideological differences and contradictions, like the
classic dilemma of a diverse and democratic society: how to realize the common good while
safeguarding individual freedoms.

POLITICAL CHALLENGE. Regionalism is infused with political struggle. Sometimes regional interests
are contrary to the local or national interests, thereby creating winners and losers and conflict.

GOVERNANCE CHALLENGE. Even if a region can determine a common ground and align on political
approaches, most regions in the United States lack a polity.

EMPIRICAL CHALLENGES. Regardless of high hopes and bold claims, the impacts of regionalism are
still uncertain. Societies are understandably cautious about abandoning the status quo for the
unproven or insufficient benefits of a new regionalist order.

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)-The ASEAN is a 10-membered regional

organization that promotes cooperation and facilitates cultural, educational, security, political, and
economic integration amongst its Southeast Asian member states.

THE ASEAN WAY: ALL EMBRACING ASEAN-Initially, ASEAN sought to mend the tumultuous
relationship of its founding member states. ASEAN's initial plan to merge Southeast Asia's ideologically
compatible states, the original founding members, positively impacted the Southeast Asian region. It
resulted in the cessation of conflicts and hostilities.

ASEAN PLUS-ASEAN's efforts at establishing cooperation and linkages with states and groups outside
its grouping manifest in its attempts to engage neighboring Asian states.
 WEEK 9
GLOBAL MEDIA
Globalization is not only economical, wherein the flow of goods, capital, exchange of
commodities, trade, and others are conducted on a scale that involves a highly
interconnected, integrated, and interdependent world. However, aside from this, this
process also involves a cultural aspect involving the flow of ideas, people, practices,
knowledge, and culture.

MEDIA-Mass media refers to different forms of technology used in transmitting

messages, ideas, and opinions to a large and diverse group of people from various places.
At present, mass media is categorized into traditional and new media.

MEDIA CULTURE-However, media significance is no longer confined to the role of

relaying information, messages, or knowledge. It has been proven that much of modern
culture is transmitted by the media or mass communication.

ORAL COMMUNICATION-Human speech is the oldest of all media in humanity's history.

Lule explained that speech had been around for at least 200,000 years ago compared
with the script (7,000 years), print (600 years), and digital technology (less than 50 years).

SCRIPT-Lule considered this crucial for globalization and culture. He argues that oral
speech is imperfect. Orally transmitted messages and information lose accuracy when
transmitted across great distances over long periods because it relies on the retentive
capacity of the messenger's memory.

PRINTING PRESS-Script's invention of the printing press made previously expensively

produced and made reading materials affordable and easily circulated.

ELECTRONIC MEDIA-Electronic media, including telephone, telegraph, radio, television,

and film, utilize electromagnetic energy and have revolutionized information relay,
reducing physical transport time.

DIGITAL MEDIA

Digital media, primarily computer and smartphone, facilitates communication and

globalization through electronic means.

GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION-Media globalization is the expansion of

multinational corporate media investment, leading to a global oligarchy of first-tier
corporations operating various mass media technologies.

DYNAMIC BETWEEN LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURAL PRODUCTION-Globalization is

often seen as a conflict with local interests, leading to negative reactions such as the
destruction of local identities and cultural uniformity.
 WEEK 10
WHAT IS RELIGION?

WHAT IS RELIGION?

Religion and globalization are interconnected, with religion enabling

globalization and spreading it beyond geographical and ethnolinguistic
boundaries.

GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION-Globalization and religion face new

possibilities and challenges. Religion uses communication and
transportation technologies to resist globalization's dominance, while also
serving as a refuge for those opposing it.

GLOBALIZING EFFECT OF EARLY ISLAM-The Muslim world emerged

before the Holy Roman Empire and spread across the Arabian Peninsula,
reaching parts of Persia. The caliph held power in Muslim lands, and in the
14th century, Arab and Malay merchants traveled to the Philippines.

CHRISTIANITY, THE GLOBALIZER OF THE NEW WORLD-The

Islamization of the Southern Philippines led to Christianization in the
1500s, marginalizing traditional religious beliefs and transforming their
cultural practices.

RELIGION AND BELIEF AND PRACTICES-Culturally, Philippine society is a

manifestation of globalization. The role religion played in the
transformation of Philippine society is manifested at present.

RELIGION AND GLOBAL CONFLICT-Religion is not the sole cause of

conflict, but it is not the only factor in international affairs that should be
considered.

GLOBAL PEACE-Peace is a state of nonsuffering and celebration of life,

promoting gratitude and love. Spiritual teachers emphasize the
importance of living in peace within ourselves.
 WEEK 11
THE GLOBAL CITY
In realist theory, international affairs are conducted through the state, controlling the flow of
goods, capital, resources, and people. In liberalist theory, the state is no longer the central actor
in globalization, analyzing it as a national whole composed of subnational parts.

CHARACTERISTIC/ ATTRIBUTES OF GLOBAL CITY-Global cities are characterized by specific

attributes shared by wealthy and politically powerful cities all over the world.

Business Activity - various businesses and economic activities hosted by a global city

1. Several multinational company headquarters such as McDonald's and Starbucks

2. Global services firm or organizations whose primary business model is to offer intangible
value instead of tangible products such as IT firms, educational institutions, and consulting
firms

3. International Financial Institutions such as the World Bank

4. Stock exchange or facilities where traders or brokers can buy and sell securities as shares of
stocks and other financial instruments

5. International conferences

6. Sea and Airports to facilitate the transport of goods and people

Human capital - facilities that could help produce a highly literate and educated population
residing in the city

1. Size of the foreign-born population

2. Quality of universities

3. Number of international schools

4. International student population

5. Number of residents with college degree

Information Exchange -availability of information and communication technologies and

facilities hosted by a city

1. Major TV channels

2. Internet accessibility

3. Number of international news bureaus

4. Censorship

5. Broadband subscriber rate

 WEEK 11

Cultural Experience - events and facilities that enable visitors and

residents to experience the city's unique culture

1. Museums

2. Sporting events

3. Visual and performing arts venues (e.g., concerts, dance shows,

music festivals)

4. Culinary offerings and establishments

5. International travelers

6. Sister city relationships

Political Engagements - several establishments and organizations that

hold significant authority and influence in local and global affairs

1. Embassies and consulates

2. Think tanks

3. International organizations such as the United Nations, World Health

Organization, and the World Trade Organization

4. Political conferences and meetings

HOW DO CITIES SERVE AS ENGINES OF GLOBALIZATION?-Cities are

the engines of globalization. They are social magnets, growing faster
and faster. In the current generation, urban life has become the
dominant form of human life throughout the world.
 WEEK 13
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

Demography refers to the study of human populations and the process through which populations.

Population Size - the number of people in a country, a state, a city, a region, or the world at a given time.

Population Growth or Decline - changes in the number of people in a given geographic area over time.

Population Processes - fertility, mortality, and migration.

Factors Related to Population Processes - diseases and socioeconomic characteristics related to mortality, family
formation, labor force participation, government policies related to fertility, the difference in income and opportunities in
various areas, war and immigration policies, and economic conditions motivating migration.

Population Distribution - geographic distribution, such as among states or between rural and urban areas.

Population Structure - age and sex composition, the growing proportion of the population at advanced ages, the sex ratio
at birth, and the increasing proportion of the population that is female with increasing age.

Population Characteristics - education, income, labor force participation, marital status, and race or an ethnic group
membership - anything that has a value for each member of the population and does not have the same value for
everyone.

AGGREGATE APPROACH

This is where the importance of population processes comes in. The components of population change, such as the roles
of births, deaths, and migration in population size, are dealt with in this approach.

CASUAL OR MICRO BEHAVIORAL APPROACH

This approach explores the reasons people have children, including cultural and social factors.

THEORIES ON DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATION GROWTH

The early history of humanity developed views on population, with Confucius in 500 BC arguing that a large population is
beneficial for a productive society.

● Malthusian Approaches to Population Growth - Thomas Malthus, an 18th-century minister, argued that poverty arises
from population growth outstripping resources, particularly food.

● Non-Malthusianism - Malthus' belief system promotes population control programs for future generations, while Neo-
Malthusians focus on famine and environmental degradation.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY

Frank Notestein's Demographic Transition Theory explores global demographic change, based on consistent population
growth patterns across different economies, describing changes in mortality, fertility, and growth rates over historical
periods.

PRE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY- High death and birth rates due to poor diet, sanitation, hygiene, and lack of medical care are
exacerbated by low technology and medicine levels, limiting population growth.

EARLY TRANSITION- Modern medicine, improved food, education, and improved nutrition reduce disease and
malnutrition, while contraception maintains a high birth rate and long life expectancy.

LATE TRANSITION- Advances in medicine, contraception, and health education are leading to a decline in birth rates,
with women taking on economic and social roles beyond child-rearing and household maintenance.

POST TRANSITION- Wealthier societies with prosperous economies, family planning, better healthcare, education, and
women's enfranchisement maintain low birth and death rates, resulting in stable societies.
 WEEK 14
GLOBAL MIGRATION
GLOBAL MIGRATION

Refers to the international movements of people across boarder, either voluntary or involuntary.

MIGRATION

Castles, quoting Boyk elal, defines migration or crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit and residing in the foreign location place for a certain
minimum peroid.

STEPHEN CASTLER categorized migration into two types:

INTERNAL MIGRATION

refers to a move from one area to another within one country.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

is the crossing of frontial or state boundaries and staying in the host or foreign location for an amount of time.

GLOBAL MIGRATION

Global migration can be thought of a scale, and effect conection with cause as numerous as effect. People across internationa borders for a variety of reasons
including:

* Safety
* Natural Disaster
* Education
* Career
* Economic Betterment
* Family
* Political Conflict

GLOBAL MOVEMENT is a protected human right that allows people to move from one place to another.

Force Migration - In any form, is a Violation of human and a Toss of human dignity. Forced migration refers to the movement of people who are compelled to
leave their homes due to conflict, and human rights violations.

Global Migration - One of the most serious global trends now is migration. Hundred of millions of people around the world are moving for a variety of reasons,
including economy presecution and a yearning for a fresh opportunities.

PUSH FACTORS

Is the factors in the destination country that entice a person or a group to leave their home. People are induced to move into a new area.

PULL FACTORS

Refers to circumstances that compel people to leave their home. People are induced to move out of their current location.

PUSH FACTORS THAT CAUSE CITIZENS OF A COUNTRY TO MIGRATION

- Drought and famine

- War conflicts

- Excessive unemployment

* 82% for pay raise

* 74% to advance their proffesion

* 47% to learn a new languange

3 BASIC TYPES OF PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

Economic

Cultural

Environmental Variables

REASON FOR MIGRATION

Physical Reason- refers to factors related to environment, geography, and natural condition that can influence people to move from one place to another.

Cultural Reason- are tied factors related to an individual or groups cultural identity, practices, and beliefs that influence the decision to move to different
location.

Economic Reason- are among the most common motivations for people to move from one place to another. These reason are often Linked to seeking better
economic oppurtunities, improving ones standard of Living, and securing a more prospe rous future.

Political Reason- are related factors that involve in the political and social environment in a persoris home country and their desire to seek safety, freedom, or
be-Her living conditions elsewhere. These reasons often stem from political instability persecution and conflicts.
 WEEK 15
STABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY
STABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

Stability is the ability to maintain equilibrium and resilience, while sustainability is the ability to sustain something.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.

PILLARS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Economic Sustainability- Economic sustainability refers to practices that support long-term economic growth without negatively impacting
social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community.

Social Sustainability- Social sustainability is a proactive way of managing and identifying business impacts on employees, workers in the
value chain, customers, and local communities.

Environmental Sustainability- Environmental sustainability is the ability to maintain an ecological balance in our planet's natural
environment and conserve natural resources to support the wellbeing of current and future generations.

ACTIONS TAKEN TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY

1. every eradication

2 .got to no er son, quality education for all

6. clean water and sanitation

7. decent work and economic growth

8. affordable and clean energy

9. industry innovation and infrastructure

10. inequality reduction

11. sustainable cities and communities

12. responsible production and consumption

13. climate action

14. life below water

15. life on land

16. peace, justice and strong institutions

17. partnership for the goals

SIMPLE STEPS TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY

• Reduction of carbon footprint

• Buy and consume only what is needed

Organize and support tree-planting projects

• Reduce the use of plastic

• Patronize goods and services that are sustainably produced, promote environment-friendly practices and mitigate climate change

• Petition your local leaders to adopt environment friendly measures in your locality

• Share your ideas

• We share one world

• Change pf perspective

• Act
 WEEK 16
FOOD SECURITY
FOOD SECURITY

“Food security occurs when all people have physical and economic access to enough, safe, and nutritious food to suit their dietary needs and food preferences for an
active and healthy life at all times”. -World Food Summit, 1996

Food security refers to the ability of those who raise, catch, produce, process, transport, retail, and serve our food to earn a fair living income. Human security and food
security are inextricably linked.

1. Physical Availability of Food refers to the physical existence of food. A nation-state must ensure local or domestic food production, commercially import and export
food, food aid and domestic food stocks.

2. Economic and Physical Access to Food refers to a sufficient supply of food at the national or international level; nevertheless, this does not guarantee food securtity
at the home level.

3. The process by which the body utilizes various nutrients is known as Food Utilization. Individuals with sufficient energy and nutritional intake are the consequence
of adequate care and feeding practices, food preparation, dietary diversity, and food distribution throughout the home (Khazanah Research Institute, 2015).

4. Stability of Other Three Dimensions refers to having a regular or consistent access to food on a regular basis in order to maintain one’s nutritional status. Weather
extremes, political unrest, and economic variables such as unemployment and increased food prices can all have an impact on your food security.

IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SECURITY

The United States Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture claims that availability to high-quality, nutrient-dense food is essential to
human survival. It goes on to say that secure food availability has a wide range of good consequences, including enhanced economic growth, poverty reduction, trade
opportunities, global security and stability, and improved health and healthcare. Food security brings about economic growth because well-fed and properly
nourished populations have advanced levels of human capital development, which serve as a source of workforce for a thriving economy.

EFFECTS OF FOOD INSECURITY

Food insecurity has developmental severe, economic, social and medical impacts on individuals, families, communities and countries. The unavailability of nutritious
food to millions of people adversely affects individuals and groups of people in various ways, namely:

1. Malnutrition and Economic Instability = According to the World Health Organization, it refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person's energy and
nutrients intake.

2. Social Upheavals = When a country has a high prevalence of food insecurity, it also tends to experience social unrest and upheavals.

3. Mass Migration and Displacement = Food insecurity or starvation resulting from long-standing conflict can lead to massive and forced migratory movements of
people.

10 CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

Food security occurs when all people can access enough safe and nutritious food to meet their requirements for a healthy life in ways the planet can sustain itself into
the future.

1. Rising population = There will be 219,000 people at the dinner table tonight who were not there last night, many of them with empty plates.

2. Rising incomes, changing diets = Today, with incomes rising fast in emerging economies, at least 3 billion people are moving up the food chain toward Westernized
diets.

3. It is falling water tables = In India, some 190 million people are being fed with grain produced by overpumping groundwater. For China, the number is 130 million.

4. More foodless days = In Nigeria, 27% of families experience foodless days. In India, it is 24%; in Peru, 14%. The world is in transition from an era dominated by
surpluses to one defined by scarcity.

5. Slowing irrigation = Water supply is now the principal constraint on efforts to expand world food production. During the last half of the 20th century, the world’s
irrigated area expanded from 250 million acres in 1950 to roughly 700 million in 2000.

6. Increasing soil erosion = Nearly a third of the world’s cropland is losing topsoil faster than new soil is forming. This reduces the land’s inherent fertility.

7. Climate change = The generation of farmers now on the land is the first to face artificial climate change.

8. Melting water reserves = At no time since agriculture began has the world faced such a predictably massive threat to food production as that posed by the melting
mountain glaciers of Asia.

9. Flattening yields = After several decades of rising grain yields, farmers in the more agriculturally advanced countries have recently hit a glass ceiling.

10. Little time to prepare = To state the obvious, we are in a situation both difficult and dangerous. The world today desperately needs leadership on the food security
issue.

MODELS OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

● The key aspects of the Food Security Conceptual Model include an understanding of:

1. Assets for a living (human, financial, physical, natural, and social capital)

2. Livelihood strategies (food or income sources, expenditures, coping mechanisms)

3. Various scales of study are used, including macro, meso, and intra-household dynamics

4. Integrated sectoral analysis

5. Resistance

6. Proximate to underlying causes

7. Risk management

8. Resilience
 WEEK 17
GLOBAL CITIZEN
WHAT IS A GLOBAL CITIZEN?

A global citizen is someone who is aware of and comprehends the larger world, as well as their own role within it. They
participate actively in their communities and collaborate with others to make the world a more equal, fair, and
sustainable place (Who is the Global Citizen?, n.d.). Citizenship and citizen are terms that usually refer to a person’s
national or geographical identification.

1. Respects multiculturalism

2. Recognizes that global citizens’ primary characteristics are unity and collaboration

3. Is aware that his or her actions have an impact on the world

4. Acts empathetically and behaves appropriately

5. Has teamwork spirit

6. Helps other people and appreciates the cooperation

7. Takes responsibility for global concerns that affect his or her society

8. Knows what his or her responsibilities and rights are

9. Acts as a contributing member of society in order to make things better

10. Recognizes that the world as a whole is linked

11. Behaves ethically in all situations

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP

It is a style of life that acknowledges our world as a growing network of interconnections and interdependencies
(Carlin & Choi, n.d.). One in which our decisions and actions may have local, national, or international ramifications for
people and communities (What is Global Citizenship, n.d.). Global citizenship fosters individual respect as well as
respect for others, regardless of where they live. It encourages people to think deeply and critically about what is
equitable and just, as well as what would cause the least amount of harm to our environment. Exploring Global
Citizenship themes can help students gain confidence in standing up for their opinions and improve their ability to
evaluate the ethics and consequences of decisions (What is Global Citizen, n.d.). Global citizenship has gained popularity
in government, civil society, and educational discourses in Europe and the Americas as a concept.

1. Understanding one’s own and others’ viewpoints on global issues is a responsibility. Almost every global issue is
accompanied by a variety of ethnic, social, political, and economic perspectives.

2. Respect for the notion of cultural diversity is a responsibility: Most global issues have many perspectives, which
typically represent diverse cultural belief systems. Each of our major cultural belief systems adds value to our efforts to
find solutions to the world’s challenges.

3. Making contacts and developing relationships with people from different countries and cultures is your
responsibility. Global citizens must reach out to people from many countries and cultures and form ties with them.

4. Understanding how the world’s peoples and countries are interconnected and interdependent is a responsibility:
Citizens of the world have a responsibility to comprehend the numerous ways in which their lives are intertwined
with people and countries in other regions of the globe.

5. Responsibility to understand global issues: Global citizens are responsible for understanding the significant global
issues that affect their lives.

6. Responsibility to advocate for greater international cooperation with other nations: Global citizens need to play
activist roles urging greater international collaboration between their government and others.

7. Advocacy for the implementation of international agreements, conventio