Namma Kalvi 10th Science Important Study Material TM 221603

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xU kjpg;ngz; 1
xU kjpg;ngz;
1. ,af;f tpjpfs;
I. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njL
1. fPof
; ;fz;ltw;Ws; epiykk; vjidr; rhHe;jJ
m) nghUspd; vil M) Nfhspd; <Hg;G KLf;fk;
,) nghUspd; epiw <) m kw;Wk; M
2. fzj;jhf;F fPof ; ;fz;ltw;Ws; vjw;Fr; rkkhdJ.(my;yJ) fzj;jhf;F vd;gJ [PTA – 1]
m) ce;j khw;W tPjk; M) tpir kw;Wk; fhy khw;w tPjk;
,) ce;j khw;wk; <) epiw tPj khw;wk;
3. fPof
; z;ltw;wpy; epa+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjp vq;F gad;gLfpwJ.
m) Xa;T epiyapYs;s nghUspy; M) ,af;f epiyapYs;s nghUspy;
,) m kw;Wk; M <) rk epiwAs;s nghUl;fspy; kl;Lk;
4. ce;j kjpg;ig y mr;rpYk; fhyj;jpid x mr;rpYk; nfhz;L xU tiuglk;
tiuag;gLfpwJ. ,t;tiugl rha;tpd; kjpg;G
m) fzj;jhf;F tpir M) KLf;fk; ,) tpir <) tpir khw;wtPjk;
5. tpirapd; Row;rp tpisT fPof ; ;fhZk; ve;j tpisahl;by; gad;gLfpwJ.
m) ePr;ry; Nghl;b M) nld;dp]; ,) irf;fps; ge;jak; <) `hf;fp
6. Gtp<Hg;G KLf;fk; g ,d; myF ms MFk;. ,J fPo;f;fz;l myFfspy; vjw;F rkkhFk;.
-2
m) cm s-1 M) N kg-1 ,) N m2 kg-1 <) cm2 s-2

7. xU fpNyhfpuhk; vil vd;gJ __________w;F rkkhFk;.
m) 9.8 ild; M) 9.8 × 104 N ,) 98 × 104 ild; <) 980 ild;
8. Gtpapy; M epiw nfhz;l nghUs; xd;W Gtpapd; Muj;jpy; ghjp msT Muk; nfhz;l
Nfhs; xd;wpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ. mq;F mjd; epiw kjpg;G.
m) 4 M M) 2M ,) M/4 <) M
9. epiw kjpg;G khwhky; GtpahdJ jdJ Muj;jpy; 50 % RUq;fpdhy; Gtpapy;
nghUl;fspd; vilahdJ?
m) 50% FiwAk; M) 50% mjpfupf;Fk;
,) 25 % FiwAk; <) 300% mjpfupf;Fk;
10. uhf;nfl; VTjypy;____tpjpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. [AUG-2022, SEP – 2021, MDL – 19]
m) epa+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjp M) epa+l;ldpd; nghJ <Hg;gpay; tpjp
,) NeHf;Nfhl;L ce;j khwhf; Nfhl;ghL <) m kw;Wk; ,
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
11. ,U nghUs;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspapy; cs;sNghJ mtw;wpw;fpilNa cs;s tpir F
vd;f. mtw;wpd; njhiyT ,U klq;fhdhy; mtw;wpd; <Hg;Gtpir ________ Mf ,Uf;Fk;.
F 𝐅
m) 2F M) ,)
𝟒
<) 4F [PTA – 5]
2
12. xU fpuhk; epiwAs;s nghUis 1 nrkP tp-2 mstpw;F KLf;Ftpf;f Njitg;gLk; tpir
m) 1N M) 10N ,) 102 ild; <) 1 ild; [PTA – 6]
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2  ntw;wpf;F top - 10Mk; tFg;G mwptpay;
II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf
1. ,lg;ngaHr;rp epfo;tjw;F tpir Njit.
2. efHe;J nfhz;L cs;s CHjpapy; jpBH jil Vw;gl;lhy;> gazpaH Kd;Nehf;fp rha;fpd;wdH.
,e;epfo;T ,af;fj;jpy; epiykk; %yk; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. kuGuPjpahf tyQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd; vjpHFwpapYk;> ,lQ;Ropj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; NeHFwpapYk;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. kfpOe;jpd; rf;fuj;jpd; Row;rp Ntfj;jpid khw;w gw;rf;fuq;fs; gad;gLfpwJ.
5. 100 fpfp epiwAila kdpjdpd; vil Gtpg;gug;gpy; 980 N msthf ,Uf;Fk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. fjtpidj; jpwj;jy; : tpirapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd;> [PTA – 4]
jz;zPu; Fohiaj; jpwj;jy; : ,ul;ilapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd;
7. NgUe;jpid xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu; js;Sjy; : xj;j ,iz tpirfs;>
fapwpOf;Fk; Nghl;b : khWgl;l ,iz tpirfs; [PTA – 4]
III. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; $w;wpid jpUj;Jf)
1. Jfs; mikg;gpy; Vw;gLk; NeHf;Nfhl;L ce;jk; vg;NghJk; khwpypahFk;. [jtW]

*Jfs; mikg;gpy; Vw;gLk; NeHf;Nfhl;L ce;jk; Gwtpir nray;glhjNghJ khwpypahFk;.
2. nghUnshd;wpd; Njhw;w vil vg;NghJk; mjd; cz;ikahd vilf;F rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. [jtW]
*nghUnshd;W Xa;Tepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Njhw;w vil mjd; cz;ikahd vilf;F
rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
3. nghUl;fspd; vil epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpapy; ngUkkhfTk;> JUtg;gFjpapy;
[jtW]
FiwthfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
*nghUl;fspd; vil epy eLf;Nfhl;Lg;gFjpapy; FiwthfTk;> JUtg;gFjpapy;
ngUkkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
4. jpUFkiw (Screw) xd;wpid Fiwe;j ifg;gpb cs;s jpUFf;FwL (Spanner)
itj;J jpUFjy;> ePskhd ifg;gpb nfhz;l jpUFf;Fwbid itj;J jpUFjiy [jtW]
tpl vspjhdjhFk;.
*jpUFkiw xd;wpid ePskhd ifg;gpb cs;s jpUFf;FwL itj;J jpUFjy;> Fiwe;j
ifg;gpb nfhz;l jpUFf;Fwbid itj;J jpUFjiy tpl vspjhdjhFk;.
5. Gtpapid Rw;wptUk; tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpy; cs;s tpz;ntsp tPuH> Gtp<Hg;G tpir
,y;yhjjhy; vilapog;ig czHfpwhH. [jtW]
*Gtpapid Rw;wp tUk; tpz;ntsp ikaj;jpy; cs;s tpz;ntsp tPuH> Gtp<Hg;G tpir
tpz;fy KLf;fj;jpw;F rkkhd KLf;fj;ijg; ngWtjhy; vilapog;ig czu;fpwhH.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 3
IV. nghUj;Jf
[PTA – 1]
gFjp I gFjp II tpilfs;
uhf;nfl; VTjypy; 1. nghUl;fspd; rkepiy

1. epa+l;ldpd; Kjy; tpjp
gad;gLfpwJ. 2. tpirfspd; tpjp
2. epa+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp nghUl;fspd; rkepiy 3. gwit gwj;jypy; gad;gLfpwJ
4. uhf;nfl; VTjypy; gad;gLfpwJ
3. epa+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjp tpirapd; tpjp
4. NeHf;Nfhl;L ce;j gwit gwj;jypy;
moptpd;ik tpjp gad;gLfpwJ.
V. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; tif Nfs;tpfs;
m) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rupahf nghUe;JfpwJ. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;iw rupahf tpsf;FfpwJ.

M) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rup> Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;wpid rupahf tpsf;ftpy;iy.
,) $w;W rupahdJ Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW.
<) $w;W jtwhdJ. vdpDk; fhuzk; rup.
1. $w;W : tyQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd; nkhj;j kjpg;G> ,lQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd;

nkhj;j kjpg;gpw;F rkkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
fhuzk; : ce;j moptpd;ik tpjp vd;gJ Gwtpir kjpg;G Ropahf cs;sNghJ kl;LNk
rupahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
tpil : (M) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rup> Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;wpid rupahf tpsf;ftpy;iy.
2. $w;W : 'g' ,d; kjpg;G Gtpg;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J cau nry;yTk; Gtpg;gug;gpw;F fpNo
nry;yTk; FiwAk;.
fhuzk; : "g" kjpg;ghdJ Gtpg;gug;gpy; nghUspd; epiwapidr; rhHe;J mikfpwJ.
tpil : (,) $w;W rupahdJ Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW.
$Ljy; tpdh
3. $w;W : ePe;Jk; xUtu; ePupid ifahy; gpd;Ndhf;fp js;Sfpwhu;. ePuhdJ me;j egiu
Kd;Ndhf;fp js;SfpwJ. [PTA – 3]
fhuzk; : xt;nthU tpirf;Fk; rkkhd vjpu; tpid cz;L.
tpil : (m) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rupahf nghUe;JfpwJ. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;iw rupahf tpsf;FfpwJ.
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2. xspapay;
1. A, B,C, D vd;w ehd;F nghUs;fspd; xsp tpyfy; vz;fs; KiwNa 1.31> 1.43> 1.33> 2.4
vdpy;> ,tw;wpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; ngUkkhf cs;s nghUs; vJ?
m) A M) B ,) C <) D
2. nghUspd; mstpw;F rkkhd> jiyfPohd nka;g;gpk;gk; fpilf;f nghUs; itf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba njhiyT [MAY - 2022]
m) f M) <wpyhj; njhiyT ,) 2f <) f f;Fk; 2f f;Fk; ,ilapy;
3. kpd; tpsf;F xd;W Ftpnyd;R xd;wpd; Kjd;ikf; Ftpaj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd;
tpsf;F xspa+l;lg;gLk; NghJ> Ftp nyd;rhdJ [PTA – 3]
m) tpupf;Fk; fw;iwfis cUthf;Fk; M) Ftpf;Fk; fw;iwfis cUthf;Fk;
,) ,izf; fw;iwfis cUthf;Fk; <) epwf; fw;iwfis cUthf;Fk;
4. Ftp nyd;rpd; cUg;ngUf;fkhdJ vg;NghJk; ________ kjpg;GilaJ.
m) NeHf;Fwp M) vjpHf;Fwp ,) NeHf;Fwp (m) vjpHf;Fwp <) Rop
5. xU Ftp nyd;rhdJ> kpfr;rpwpa nka;gpk;gj;ij Kjd;ikf; Ftpaj;jpy; cUthf;fpdhy;>
nghUs; itf;fg;gl;l ,lk; _______
m) Kjd;ikf;Ftpak; M) <wpyhj; njhiyT ,) 2f <) f f;Fk; 2f f;Fk; ,ilapy;
6. xU nyd;rpd; jpwd; −4𝐷 vdpy; mjd; Ftpaj; njhiyT
m) 4 kP M) −40 kP ,) − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 kP <) − 25 kP
7. fpl;lg;ghHit Fiwg;ghL cila fz;zpy;> nghUspd; gpk;gkhdJ ______ Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) tpopj;jpiuf;Fg; gpd;Gwk; M) tpopj;jpiuapd; kPJ
,) tpopj; jpiuf;F Kd;ghf <) FUl;Lj; jhdj;jpy;
8. tpop Vw;gikTj; jpwd; Fiwg;ghl;ilr; rupnra;a cjTtJ [SEP – 2020, PTA – 2]
m) Ftp nyd;R M) Fop nyd;R ,) Ftp Mb <) ,UFtpa nyd;R
9. nrhy; mfuhjpapy; cs;s rpwpa vOj;Jfisg; gbg;gjw;F cfe;j nyd;R vJ?
m) 5 nrkP Ftpa J}uk; nfhz;l Ftpnyd;R
M) 5 nr.kP Ftpa J}uk; nfhz;l Fop nyd;R
,) 10 nr.kP Ftpa J}uk; nfhz;l Ftp nyd;R
<) 10 nr.kP. Ftpa J}uk; nfhz;l Fop nyd;R
10. xU Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; topNa nry;Yk; ePyk;> gr;ir kw;Wk; rptg;G epwq;fspd; miy ePsq;fs;
VB, VG, VR vdpy; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vr;rkd;ghL rupahdJ?
m) VB = VG = VR M) VB > VG >VR ,) VB < VG < VR <) VB < VG > VR
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
11. uhkd; xspr;rpjwypy; rpjwyile;j xspahdJ ______ tupfis cs;slf;fpaJ. [PTA – 5]
m) ];Nlhf;]; M) Mz;b];Nlhf;]; ,) uhNy <) ,it midj;Jk;
12. njspTW fhl;rpapd; kPr;rpWj; njhiyT (m) fz;zpd; mz;ikg;Gs;sp _______. [PTA – 6]
m) 25 kP M) 25 kp.kP ,) 25 nr.kP <) 250 kP
1. xsp nry;Yk; ghij xspf;fjpH vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. xU xspGFk; Clfj;jpd; xsp tpyfy; vz; vg;NghJk; xd;iw tpl mjpfk;.
3. gLfpd;w xspf;fw;iwapd; Mw;wYk; rpjwyile;j fw;iwapd; Mw;wYk; rkkhf ,Ue;jhy;
mJ kPl;rpr;rpjwy; vdg;gLk;.
4. uhNy rpjwy; tpjpg;gb> rpjwy; msthdJ> gLfpd;w xspf;fjpupd; miyePsj;jpd; ehd;kbf;F
vjpHjftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
5. Iup]; fz;zpw;Fs; EioAk; xspapd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 5
1. mlHTkpF Clfj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfkhdJ> mlHT Fiw Clfj;jpy;

[jtW]
,Ug;gij tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
*mlHTkpF Clfj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfkhdJ> mlHT Fiw Clfj;jpy; ,Ug;gij
tpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. nyd;rpd; jpwdhdJ nyd;rpd; Ftpaj; njhiyitr; rhHe;jJ. [rup]
3. tpop nyd;rpd; Ftpf;Fk; jpwd; mjpfupg;gjhy; J}ug;ghHit Vw;gLfpwJ. [jtW]
*tpopnyd;rpd; Ftpf;Fk; jpwd; mjpfupg;gjhy; fpl;lg;ghHit Vw;gLfpwJ.
4. Ftpnyd;rhdJ> vg;NghJk; rpwpa khagpk;gj;ijNa cUthf;Fk;. [jtW]
*Fopnyd;rhdJ> vg;NghJk; rpwpa khagpk;gj;ijNa cUthf;Fk;.
IV. nghUj;Jf

m) fz;zpy; xspf;fjpH 1- <) tpopjj
; i
p u
1. nul;bdh
nry;Yk; ghij
2-m) fz;zy
p ; xspff
; jpH nry;Yk; ghij
M) Nra;ikg; Gs;sp tpopia
2. fz; ghHit 3-c) tpop Vw;gikTj;jwp d;
Nehf;fp efHjy;
,) mz;ikg;Gs;sp tpopia 4-M) Nra;ikg; Gs;sp tpopia Nehf;fp efHjy;
3. rpypaupj; jirfs;
tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yjy; 5-,) mz;ikg;Gs;sp tpopia tpl;L tpyfpr;
4. fpl;lg;ghHit <) tpopj;jpiu nry;Yjy;
5. J}ug;ghHit c) tpop Vw;gikTj;jpwd;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fspy; $w;Wk; mjidaLj;J fhuzKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ rhpahd njhpNth mjidj; njhpT nra;f:
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;Fr; rupahd tpsf;fk;.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. Mdhy;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;Fr;
rupahd tpsf;fkd;W.
,) $w;W rupahdJ. Mdhy; fhuzk; rupad;W.
<) $w;W jtwhdJ. Mdhy;> fhuzk; rupahdJ.
1. $w;W : Clfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; (mlHT kpF Clfk;)>
me;j Clfj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
fhuzk; : Clfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz;> xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpw;F vjpHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
tpil : (m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;Fr; rupahd tpsf;fk;.
2. $w;W : tpop nyd;rpd; Ftpf;Fk; jpwd; mjpfupg;gjhy;> fpl;lg;ghHit vd;Dk;
ghHitf; FiwghL Njhd;WfpwJ.
fhuzk; : Fopnyd;irg; gad;gLj;jp fpl;lg;ghHitf; Fiwg;ghl;ilr; rupnra;ayhk;.
tpil : (m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;Fr; rupahd tpsf;fk;.
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3. ntg;g ,aw;gpay;
1. nghJ thA khwpypapd; kjpg;G

m) 3.81 J Nkhy;-1 K-1 M) 8.03 J Nkhy;-1 K-1 ,) 1.38 J Nkhy;-1 K-1 <) 8.31 J Nkhy;-1 K-1
2. xU nghUis ntg;gg;gLj;jpdhNyh my;yJ FspHtpj;jhNyh mg;nghUspd; epiwapy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wk; [PTA – 1]
m) NeHf;Fwp M) vjpHf;Fwp ,) Rop <) ,tw;wpy; vJTkpy;iy
3. xU nghUis ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ my;yJ FspHtpf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ePs;ntg;g tphpT
ve;j mr;R topahf eilngWk;?
m) X my;yJ –X M) Y my;yJ –Y ,) (m) kw;Wk; (M) <) (m) my;yJ (M)
4. %yf;$Wfspd; ruhrup ___________ ntg;gepiy MFk;.

m) ,af;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; epiy Mw;wYf;fpilNa cs;s NtWghL
M) ,af;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; epiy Mw;wypd; $Ljy;
,) nkhj;j Mw;wy; kw;Wk; epiy Mw;wYf;fpilNaahd NtWghL
<) ,af;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; nkhj;j Mw;wYf;fpilNaahd NtWghL
5. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; ntg;g Mw;wy; guTk; jpirfs;

m) A ← B, A ←C , B← C M) A→ B, A→ C, B→C
,) A→B, A ← C, B→C <) A←B, A → C, B←C
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. ePs; ntg;g tpupTf;Fzfk; ________ rhu;e;jjhFk;. [PTA – 4]
m) cz;ikahd ePsk; M) ntg;gepiy cau;T
,) nghUspd; jd;ik <) (m) kw;Wk; (M)
7. ntg;gepiy cau;thy; nghUspd; gupkhzj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;____ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) ntg;gtpupT M) ntg;gkhw;wk; ,) ntg;gr;rydk; <) Mtpahjy; [PTA – 5]
8. xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,iltpid Ghpahky; ,Uf;Fk; mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$Wfis

cs;slf;fpa thA ________ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. [PTA – 6]
m) ,ay;G thA M) ey;ypay;G thA
,) cahpa thA <) mhpjhd thA
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xU kjpg;ngz; 7

1. mtNfl;Nuh vz;zpd; kjpg;G 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 / Nkhy;. [SEP – 2020]
2. ntg;gk; kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy vd;gJ ];NfyhH msTfs;. [PTA – 2]
3. 1 fpuhk; epiwAs;s ePhpd; ntg;gepiyia 𝟏°𝐂 cau;j;j Njitahd ntg;g Mw;wypd; msT
xU fNyhup vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. ghapy; tpjpapd; gb> khwh ntg;gepiyapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiwAila thAtpd; mOj;jk;
mt;thAtpd; gUkDf;F vjpHj;jftpy; mikAk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
5. nghUnshd;wpd; %yf;$Wfspd; ruhrup ,af;f Mw;wy; ntg;gk; MFk;. [PTA – 2]
1. jputj;jpw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;g Mw;wy; mspf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; Njhw;w

[jtW]
tpupT vd;gJ ,ay;G tpupit tpl mjpfk;.
*jputj;jpw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;g Mw;wy; mspf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; Njhw;w tpupT

vd;gJ ,ay;G tpupit tpl FiwT.
2. xU nghUspy; ntg;g Mw;wyhdJ vg;nghOJk; caH ntg;gepiy

[rup]
gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy gFjpf;Fg; guTk;.
3. rhHy]; tpjpapd;gb> khwh mOj;jj;jpy; cs;s thAtpy; ntg;gepiy

[jtW]
gUkDf;F vjpH jftpy; mikAk;. [PTA – 2]
*rhHy]; tpjpapd;gb khwh mOj;jj;jpy; cs;s thAtpy; ntg;gepiy gUkDf;F

NeHjftpy; mikAk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
4. ntg;g Mw;wy; ghpkhw;wj;jpd; NghJ Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s nghUs;
[jtW]
Fsph;tpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpf ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s nghUs; ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
*ntg;g Mw;wy; gupkhw;wj;jpd; NghJ Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s nghUs;

ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjpf ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s nghUs; FspHtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.[PTA– 4]
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IV. nghUj;Jf
1. ePs; ntg;g tpupT m) gUkdpy; khw;wk;

1-<) ePsj;jpy; khw;wk;
M) #lhd nghUspypUe;J 2-c) gug;gpy; khw;wk;
2. gug;G ntg;g tpupT
Fspu;r;rpahd nghUs; 3-m) gUkdpy; khw;wk;
3. gUk ntg;g tpupT ,) 1.381× 10−23 JK−1 4-M) #lhd nghUspypUe;J
Fspu;r;rpahd nghUs;
4. ntg;g Mw;wy; guty; <) ePsj;jpy; khw;wk;
5-,) 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝐉𝐊 −𝟏
5. Nghy;l;];Nkd; khwpyp c) gug;gpy; khw;wk;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fspy; $w;Wk; mjidaLj;J fhuzKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ
rhpahd njhpNth mjidj; njhpT nra;f.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rhp. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fk;.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fky;y.
,) $w;W rupahdJ. Mdhy;> fhuzk; rupay;y.
1. $w;W : xU cNyhfj;jpd; xU Kidapy; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ kw;nwhU KidAk;
ntg;gk; milAk;.
fhuzk; : ntg;g Mw;wyhdJ ntg;gepiy Fiwthf cs;s gFjpapypUe;J ntg;gepiy
mjpfkhf cs;s gFjpf;F guTk;.
tpil :(,) $w;W rupahdJ. Mdhy;> fhuzk; rupay;y.
2. $w;W : jpl kw;Wk; jput nghUs;fistpl thA nghUl;fs; mjpf mOj;jj;jpw;F cl;gLk;.
fhuzk; : mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$WfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhiyT xg;gplj;
jFe;j tifapy; mjpfk;. [PTA – 2]
tpil :(m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rhp. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
3. $w;W : ntg;gk; vg;NghJk; ntg;gepiy mjpfkhf cs;s nghUspypUe;J ntg;gepiy
Fiwthf cs;s nghUSf;Fg; guTk;. [PTA – 5]
fhuzk; : xU nghUis ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghNjh my;yJ FspHtpf;Fk; NghNjh nghUspd;
epiwapy; ve;j khw;wKk; Vw;gLtJ ,y;iy.
tpil :(M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rhp. Mdhy;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fky;y.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 9
4. kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
I.rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njL
1. fPof
; z;ltw;Ws; vJ rhpahdJ?
m) kpd;D}l;lk; ghAk; tPjk; kpd;jpwd;
M) kpd;D}l;lk; ghAk; tPjk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
,) kpd;dhw;wy; khWk; tPjk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
<) kpd;Ndhl;lk; khWk; tPjk; kpd;D}l;lk;
2. kpd;jilapd;; SI myF [SEP – 2021]
m) Nkh M) [{y; ,) Xk; <) Xk; kPl;lH
3. xU vspa kpd;Rw;wpy; rhtpia %baTld; kpd;tpsf;F xspu;tJ Vd;?
m) rhtp kpd;rhuj;ij jahupf;fpwJ.
M) rhtp %bapUf;Fk; NghJ kpd;Rw;wpd; Rw;Wg;ghijia %b tpLfpwJ.
,) rhtp %bapUf;Fk; NghJ kpd;Rw;wpd; Rw;Wg;ghij jpwf;fpwJ.
<) kpd;tpsf;F kpd;Ndw;wkilAk;.
4. fpNyh thl; kzp vd;gJ vjDila myF? [AUG – 2022, MDL – 19]
m) kpd;jil vz; M) kpd; flj;J jpwd;
,) kpd; Mw;wy; <) kpd; jpwd;
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. 5 Ω, 3 Ω kw;Wk; 2 Ω kpd;jilkjpg;Gfs; nfhz;l %d;W kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlhpizg;gpy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghJ mtw;wpd; njhFgad; kpd;jil ________. [PTA – 2]
m) 1.03 Ω M) 10 Ω ,) 0.97 Ω <) 2.5 Ω
6. kpd; R+Nlw;wpfspy; epf;Nuhk; fk;gpr;RUshdJ ntg;gNkw;Wk; rhjdkhfg; gad;gLfpwJ Vnddpy;
m) mjpf kpd;jil vz; M) mjpf cUFepiy [PTA – 3]
,) vspjpy; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milahJ <) ,it midj;Jk;
7. jd; kpd;jil vz;zpd; gd;dhl;L (SI) myF ________. [PTA – 4]
m) Nkh M) Xk;/kPl;lH ,) Xk; <) Xk; kPl;lH
II.Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf
1. xU kpd;Rw;W jpwe;jpUf;Fk; NghJ mr;Rw;wpd; topahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;e;J nry;yhJ.

2. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;Fk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s tpfpjk; kpd;jil.
3. tPLfspy; gf;f ,izg;G kpd;Rw;W gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
4. kpd;Ndhl;lk; kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL Mfpaitfspd; ngUf;fy; gyd; kpd;jpwd; MFk;.
5. LED vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; Light Emitting Diode .
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III. rupah? jtwh? jtnwdpy; rupahdf; $w;iw vOJf.
1. jpwd; kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;jk; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNaahd njhlu;ig Xk; tpjp tpsf;FfpwJ. [jtW]
*kpd;Ndhl;lk; kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNaahd njhlu;ig Xk;
tpjp tpsf;FfpwJ.
2. tPl;L cgNahf kpd;rhjdq;fspy; FWf;Fjlr; Rw;W Vw;gLk;NghJ mjpfgbahf
[rhp]
tUk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpypUe;J ghJfhf;f gad;gLj;JtJ kpd;Rw;W cilg;gp.
3. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; SI myF $Yk; MFk;. [jtW]
*kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; SI myF Mk;gpaH MFk;.
4. xU A+dpl; kpd;dhw;wy; vd;gJ 1000 fpNyhthl; kzpf;F rkkhFk;. [jtW]
*xU A+dpl; kpd;dhw;wy; vd;gJ 1 fpNyhthl; kzpf;F rkkhFk;.
5. %d;W kpd;jilfs; njhlupizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ mitfspd;
njhFgad; kpd;jilahdJ jdpj;jdpahf cs;s kpd;jilfspd; Fiwe;j [jtW]
kjpg;igtpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
* %d;W kpd;jilfs; njhlupizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ mitfspd; njhFgad;
kpd;jilahdJ jdpj;jdpahf cs;s kpd;jilfspd; cau; kjpg;igtpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
IV. nghUj;Jf.
[PTA – 5]
fyk; - 1 fyk; - 2 tpilfs;
(i) kpd;Ndhl;lk; (m) Nthy;l; i - c) Mk;gpaH
(ii) kpd;dOj;j NtWghL (M) Xk; kPl;lH ii - m) Nthy;l;
(iii) kpd;jil vz; (,) thl; iii - M) Xk; kPl;lH
(iv) kpd;jpwd; (<) [Py; iv - ,) thl;
(v) kpd;dhw;wy; (c) Mk;gpaH v - <) [{y;
$Ljy; tpdh [PTA – 2]
fyk; - 1 fyk; - 2 tpilfs;
(m) mk;kPl;lH (i) m - (iii)
(M) ilNahL (ii) M - (i)
(,) fhy;tdhkPl;lH (iii) , - (iv)
(<) kpd; jilahf;fp (iv) < - (ii)
V. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fspy; $w;Wk; mjidaLj;J fhuzKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;d.
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rupahd njupNth mjidj; njupT nra;f.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fk;.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. Mdhy;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fky;y.
,) $w;W rupahdJ> Mdhy; fhuzk; rupay;y.
<) $w;W jtwhdJ> Mdhy; fhuzk; rupahdJ.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 11
1. $w;W : cNyhfg;gug;Gila kpd;fUtpfspy; %d;W fhg;Giw ngw;w fk;gpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
fhuzk; : ,e;j ,izg;gpdhy; mjNdhL ,izf;fg;gLk; fk;gpfs; R+lhtJ jLf;fg;gLk;.
tpil : (,) $w;W rupahdJ> Mdhy; fhuzk; rupay;y.
2. $w;W : kpd;fyj;NjhL ,Uf;Fk; xU rpwpa kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;fyj;jpd; Neu;kpd;tha;

ngUk kpd;dOj;jj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
fhuzk; : cau; kpd;dOj;jg; Gs;spia Nehf;fp kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;e;J nry;Yk;.
tpil : (,) $w;W rupahdJ> Mdhy; fhuzk; rupay;y.
3. $w;W : LED tpsf;Ffs; xspUk; kpd;dpio tpsf;Ffis tpl rpwe;jJ.

fhuzk; : LED tpsf;Ffs; xspUk; kpd;dpio tpsf;Ffis tpl Fiwthd kpd;jpwid EfUk;.
tpil : (m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fk;.
VI. FW tpdhf;fs;
1. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; myif tiuaW?
 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; SI myF Mk;gpau; (A).
 xU $Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhb Neuj;jpy; flj;jpapd; VjhtJ xU FWf;Fntl;Lg;
gFjp topahf fle;J nry;Yk; NghJ mf;flj;jpapy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU Mk;gpaH
vdg;gLk;. 𝟏 $Yk;
1 Mk;gpau; =
𝟏 tpehb
2. xU flj;jpapd; msit jbkdhf;fpdhy; mjd; kpd;jilapd; kjpg;G vd;dthFk;?

xU flj;jpapd; kpd;jilahdJ FWf;Fntl;L gug;gpw;F vjpu; jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. flj;jpia
jbkdhf;fpdhy;> FWf;Fntl;L gug;G mjpfupf;Fk;. vdNt kpd;jilapd; kjpg;G FiwAk;.
3. kpd;dpio tpsf;Ffspy; lq;];ld; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; kpd; cUfp ,ioahf
mjid gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. Vd;?
 lq;];ld; kpfmjpf cUFepiy nfhz;lJ> mjdhy; vspjhf cUfhJ. vdNt> kpd;cUfp
,ioahf gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
 mjpf ntg;gj;ij jhq;Ftjw;F kpd;dpio tpsf;Ffspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
4. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; ntg;gtpisit gad;gLj;jp nray;gLk; ,uz;L kpd;rhjdq;fs; ngaupid $W.
kpd;R+Nlw;wp> kpd; ryitg; ngl;b> kpd;rhu mLg;G> kpd; cUF ,io.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. kpd;fk;gq;fspd; fk;gpfs; Nfhilf;fhyq;fspy; jho;thfj; njhq;FtJ Vd;? [PTA – 4]
cNyhfq;fshy; Md kpd; fk;gpfs; Nfhilf;fhyq;fspy; ntg;gkhjypd; fhuzkhf
tpuptiltjhy; jho;thfj; njhq;Ffpd;wd.
6. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bid mstpLk; fUtp ahJ? kpd;Rw;wpy; ,f;fUtpapid vt;tpjk;
,izg;gha;? [PTA – 5]
Nthy;l; kPl;lH. kpd;Rw;wpy; ,jid gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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5. xypapay;
I. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf.
1. xyp miyfs; fhw;wpy; guTk; NghJ mjd; Jfs;fs; [SEP – 2021]

m) miyapd; jpirapy; mjpu;TWk;. M) mjpu;TWk;> Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;lj; jpir ,y;iy.
,) miyapd; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhf mjpu;TWk; <) mjpu;TWtjpy;iy
-1
2. thA Clfj;jpy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; 330 kPtp . ntg;gepiy khwpypahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ>
mjd; mOj;jk; 4 klq;F cau;j;jg;gl;lhy;> xypapd; jpirNtfk;
m) 330 kPtp-1 M) 660 kPtp-1 ,) 156 kPtp-1 <) 990 kPtp-1
3. kdpjdhy; czuf;$ba nrtpAzu; xypapd; mjpu;ntz; [PTA – 6]
m) 50 kHz M) 20 kHz ,) 15000 kHz <) 10000 kHz
-1
4. fhw;wpy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; 330 kPtp mjd; ntg;gepiy ,ul;bg;ghf;fg;gl;L> mOj;jk;
ghjpahff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lhy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; fhz;f.
m) 330 kPtp-1 M) 165 kPtp-1 ,) 330√𝟐 kPtp-1 <) 320√2 kPtp-1
5. 1.25104 Hz mjpu;ntz; cila xypahdJ 344 kPtp-1 Ntfj;jpy; guTfpwJ vdpy;> mjd;
miy ePsk;?
m) 27.52 kP M) 275.2 kP ,) 0.02752 kP <) 2.752 kP
6. xU xyp miyahdJ vjpnuhypf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; mNj Clfj;jpy; guTk;NghJ
fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ khw;wkilAk;.
m) Ntfk; M) mjpu;ntz; ,) miyePsk; <) vJTkpy;iy
7. xU Nfhspd; tspkz;lyj;jpy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; 500 kPtp-1 vdpy; vjpnuhyp Nfl;f xyp
%yj;jpw;Fk;> vjpnuhypf;Fk; gug;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;rj; njhiyT vd;d?
m) 17 kP M) 20 kP ,) 25 kP <) 50 kP
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
8. xyp miyfs; ____ jpir Ntfj;jpy; (NTP) guTk;. [SEP – 2021]
8 8 −8
m) 340 × 10 kP/ tp M) 𝟑𝟒𝟎 kP/ tp ,) 3 × 10 kP/ tp <) 3 × 10 kP/ tp
9. xyp Clfj;jpy; nry;Yk; jpirNtfk; rhHe;J fPof
; ;fhZk; Clfq;fis ,wq;F tupirapy;
tupirg;gLj;Jf. [PTA – 1]
m) fhw;W > fz;zhb > ePH M) ePH > fhw;W > fz;zhb
,) fz;zhb < ePH < fhw;W <) fz;zhb > ePH > fhw;W
II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf.

1. xU JfshdJ xU ikag;Gs;spapypUe;J Kd;Dk;> gpd;Dk; njhlu;r;rpahf ,aq;FtJ
mjpu;Tfs; MFk;.
2. xU nel;liyapd; Mw;wyhdJ njw;fpypUe;J tlf;fhfg; guTfpwJ vdpy;> Clfj;jpd;
Jfs;fs; njw;F ypUe;J tlf;F Nehf;fp mjpu;tilfpwJ.
3. 450 Hz mjpu;ntz; cila Cjy; xypahdJ 33 kPtp-1 Ntfj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapYs;s
Nfl;Feiu milfpwJ. Nfl;Feuhy; Nfl;fg;gLk; xypapd; mjpu;ntz; 500 Hz.
(xypapd; jpirNtfk; = 330 kPtp-1).
4. xU xyp %ykhdJ 40 fp.kP/kzp Ntfj;jpy; 2000 Hz mjpu;ntz;Zld; Nfl;Feiu Nehf;fp
efu;fpwJ. xypapd; jpirNtfk; 1220 fp.kP/kzp vdpy; Nfl;Feuhy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Njhw;w
mjpu;ntz; 2067.8 Hz.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 13
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. ntsthy;fs; : kPnahyp> Gtp mjpHT : Fw;nwhyp. [PTA – 3]
6. nkJthfg; NgRk; $lk; : vjpnuhypapd; gad;ghL> nraw;iff;Nfhs; ,Ug;gplk; mwpjy; :
lhg;sH tpistpd; gad;ghL. [PTA – 3]
III. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; fhuzk; jUf.)
1. xypahdJ jpl> jput> thA kw;Wk; ntw;wplj;jpy; guTk;. [jtW]
*xypahdJ jpl> jput> thA Clfj;jpy; guTk;. ntw;wplj;jpy; guthJ. xyp nghUs;
Clfj;jpy; kl;LNk guTk;.
2. epy mjpu;tpd; NghJ cUthFk; miyfs; Fw;nwhyp miyfs; MFk;. [rup]
3. xypapd; jpirNtfk; ntg;gepiyiar; rhu;e;jJ my;y. [jtW]
*xypahdJ ntg;gepiyapd; ,Ukb %yj;jpw;F Neu;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
4. xypapd; jpirNtfk; jputq;fistpl thAf;fspy; mjpfk;. [jtW]
*xypapd; jpirNtfk; jputq;fistpl thAf;fspy; FiwT.
IV. nghUj;Jf.
fyk; I fyk; II tpilfs;
1. Fw;nwhyp a) ,Wf;fq;fs; 1- c) 10 Hz
2. vjpnuhyp b) 22 kHz 2- d) my;l;uhNrhNdh fpuhgp
3. kPnahyp c) 10 Hz 3- b) 22 kHz
4. mOj;jk; kpFe;j gFjp d) my;l;uhNrhNdh fpuhgp 4- a) ,Wf;fq;fs;
V. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk;

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fspy; $w;Wk; mjidaLj;J fhuzKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rupahd njupNth mjidj; njupT nra;f.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup> NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fk;.
,) $w;W rupahdJ. Mdhy; fhuzk; rupay;y.
1. $w;W : fhw;wpd; mOj;j khWghL xypapd; jpirNtfj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk;.
fhuzk; : Vnddpy; xypapd; jpirNtfk;> mOj;jj;jpd; ,Ukbf;F Neu;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
tpil $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtwhdJ.
2. $w;W : xyp thAf;fis tpl jplg;nghUspy; Ntfkhfr; nry;Yk;.

fhuzk; : jplg;nghUspd; mlu;j;jp> thAf;fis tpl mjpfk;.
tpil : (M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. Mdhy;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd
tpsf;fky;y.
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VI. FW tpdhf;fs;
1. nel;liyfs; vd;why; vd;d?
xU Clfj;jpy; xypmiy guTk; jpirapNyNa Jfs;fs; mjpu;Tw;why; nel;liy MFk;.
2. nrtpAzu; xypapd; mjpu;ntz; vd;d? [SEP – 2021]
20 Hz Kjy; 20,000 Hz tiu cs;s mjpu;ntz;fs;.
3. vjpnuhypf;Fj; Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;rj; njhiyT vd;d? [SEP – 2021, MDL – 19]
vjpnuhypf;Fj; Njitahd Fiwe;jgl;rj; njhiyT 17.2 kP.
4. miyePsk; 0.20 kP cila xypahdJ 331 kPtp-1 Ntfj;jpy; guTfpwJ vdpy;> mjd;
mjpu;ntz; vd;d?
V 331 3310
n= = = = 1655 Hz
λ 0.20 2
5. kPnahypia czUk; VNjDk; %d;W tpyq;Ffisf; $Wf.
1) nfhR 2) eha; 3) ntsthy;
6. mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
1. kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fjpupaf;fk; _______ vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
m) J}z;lg;gl;l fjpupaf;fk; M) jd;dpr;irahd fjpupaf;fk;
,) nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fk; <) m kw;Wk; ,
2. fjpupaf;fj;jpd; myF _______. [SEP – 2021]
m) uhz;l;[d; M) fpA+up ,) ngf;nfhuy; <) ,it midj;Jk;
3. nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fj;jpidf; fz;lwpe;jtu;
m) ngf;nfhuy; M) Iupd; fpA+up ,) uhz;l;[d; <) ePy;]; Nghu;
4. fPof
; ;fz;l ve;j tpidapy; Nra; cl;fUtpd; epiw vz; khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;
i) 𝛼 – rpijT ii) 𝛽 – rpijT iii) 𝛾 – rpijT iv) epA+l;uhd; rpijT
m) (i) kl;Lk; rup M) (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) rup
,) (i) kw;Wk; (iv) rup <) (ii) kw;Wk; (iv) rup
5. Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;irapy; gad;gLk; fjpupaf;f INrhNlhg;G
m) NubNah mNahbd; M) NubNah fhu;gd;
,) NubNah Nfhghy;l; <) NubNah epf;fy;
6. fhkhf; fjpu;fs; mghafukhdJ fhuzk; mit
m) fz;fs; kw;Wk; vYk;Gfisg; ghjpf;Fk; M) jpRf;fisg; ghjpf;Fk;.
,) kugpay; FiwghLfis cz;lhf;Fk; <) mjpfkhd ntg;gj;ij cUthf;Fk;
7. fhkhf; fjpupaf;fj;jpypUe;J ek;ikg; ghJfhf;f _______ ciwfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
m) fhuPa Mf;irL M) ,Uk;G ,) fhuPak; <) mYkpdpak; [PTA – 3]
8. fPof
; z;l ve;jf; $w;W / $w;Wfs; rupahdit?
(i) 𝛼 Jfs;fs; vd;git /Nghl;lhd;fs;
(ii) fhkhf; fjpupaf;fj;jpd; CLUTj; jpwd; FiwT
(iii) 𝛼 Jfs;fspd; madpahf;Fk; jpwd; mjpfk;
(iv) fhkhf; fjpu;fspd; CLUTj;jpwd; mjpfk;
m) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) rup M) (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) rup
,) (iv) kl;Lk; rup <) (iii) kw;Wk; (iv) rup
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xU kjpg;ngz; 15
9. GNuhl;lhd; - GNuhl;lhd; njhlu;tpidf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L
m) mZf;fU gpsT M) My;ghr; rpijT ,) mZf;fU ,izT <) gPl;lhr; rpijT
10. mZf;fU rpijT tpidapy; 6X12 A
ZY , vdpy; A kw;Wk; Z-d; kjpg;G
m) 8> 6 M) 8> 4 ,) 4> 8 <) nfhLf;fg;gl;l juTfspypUe;J fhz ,ayhJ
11. fhkpdp mZf;fU ciy mike;Js;s ,lk;
m) fy;ghf;fk; M) $lq;Fsk; ,) Kk;ig <) ,uh[];jhd;
12. fPof; z;l ve;jf; $w;W / $w;Wfs; rupahdit?
(i) mZf;fU ciy kw;Wk; mZFz;L Mfpatw;wpy; njhlu; tpid epfOk;
(ii) mZf;fU ciyapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l njhlu;tpid epfOk;
(iii) mZf;fU ciyapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj njhlu;tpid epfOk;
(iv) mZFz;L ntbj;jypy; njhlu;tpid epfohJ
m) (i) kl;Lk; rup M) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) rup ,) (iv) kl;Lk; rup <) (iii) kw;Wk; (iv) rup
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
13. gPl;lh rpijtpd; NghJ [PTA – 2]
m) epiw vz;zpy; xd;W mjpfupf;Fk;.
M) mZ vz;zpy; xd;W FiwAk;.
,) GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; xd;W mjpfupf;Fk;.
<) epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; xd;W mjpfupf;Fk;.
14. mZ vz; ________ jdpkq;fs; jd;dpr;irahd fjpupaf;fj;ij ntspapLk;. [PTA – 4]
m) 83 I tpl mjpfkhd M) 83 I tplf; Fiwthd
,) 73 I tplf; Fiwthd <) 83 If; nfhz;l
15. jd;dpr;irahf fjpupaf;fq;fis ntspapLk; jpwd; ngw;w jdpkk; ________. [MDL – 19]
m) Ni M) Pd ,) Pt <) U

1. xU uhz;l;[d; vd;gJ xU tpdhbapy; epfOk; 2.58  10-4 $Yk;/fpfp rpijTf;Fr; rkkhFk;.
2. ghrpl;uhd; vd;gJ Xu; mbg;gilj; Jfs; (m) vyf;l;uhdpd; vjpu;Jfs;.
3. ,uj;jNrhifiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; INrhNlhg;G fjpupaf;f ,Uk;G (Fe59).
4. ICRP vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; International Commission on Radiological Protection.
5. kdpj clypd; Nky; gLfpd;w fjpupaf;fj;jpd; mstpidf; fz;lwpa cjTtJ NlhrpkPl;lu;.
6. fhkh fjpu; mjpf CLWT jpwd; nfhz;lit.
7. zY → z+1Y + X@ vdpy;> X vd;gJ gPl;lh fjpu; (-1e ).
A A 0
8. zX → zY ,e;j tpid fhkh rpijtpw;F tha;g;ghf mike;Js;sJ.

A A
9. xt;nthU mZf;fU ,izT tpidapYk; ntspahFk; ruhrup Mw;wy; 3.81410-12 [{y;.

10. mZf;fU ,izT tpid eilngWk; cau; ntg;gepiyahdJ 107 K Kjy; 109 K vd;w
mstpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
11. Ntshz;nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfupf;f cjTk; fjpupaf;f INrhNlhg;G
gh];gu]; (P-32).
12. fjpupaf;fg; ghjpg;gpd; msthdJ 100 R vd;w mstpy; cs;s NghJ> mJ ,uj;jg;
Gw;WNehia cz;lhf;Fk;.
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III. nghUj;Jf
nghUj;Jf : 1
m) BARC fy;ghf;fk; m) Kk;ig
M) ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mZkpd; epiyak; mg;ruh M) jhuhg;G+u;
,) fy;ghf;fk;
,) IGCAR Kk;ig
<) mg;ruh
<) ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mZf;fU ciy jhuhg;G+u;
nghUj;Jf : 2 [PTA – 6]
m) vupnghUs; fhuPak; m) ANudpak;
M) jzpg;ghd; fdePu; M) fdePu;
,) Fspu;tpg;ghd; fhl;kpak; fopfs; ,) fhl;kpak; fopfs;

<) fhuPak;
<) jLg;Giw ANudpak;
nghUj;Jf : 3
m) rhb/g[d; ,aw;iff; fjpupaf;fk; m) ,lg;ngar;rp tpjp
M) Iupd; fpA+up ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpjp M) nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;
,) n`d;wp ngf;nfhuy; epiw Mw;wy; rkd;ghL ,) ,aw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;
<) epiw Mw;wy; rkd;ghL
<) My;gu;l; Id;];Bd; nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;
nghUj;Jf : 4
m) fl;Lg;ghlw;w njhlu;tpid i`l;u[d; Fz;L m) mZFz;L
M) tsikg; nghUs;fs; mZf;fU ciy M) cw;gj;jp ciy
,) mZf;fU ciy
,) fl;Lg;ghlhd njhlu;tpid cw;gj;jp ciy
<) i`l;u[d; Fz;L
<) ,izT tpid mZFz;L
nghUj;Jf : 5
m) Co – 60 gbkq;fspd; taJ m) uj;j Nrhif
M) I – 131 ,jaj;jpd; nray;ghL M) ijuha;L Neha;

,) ,jaj;jpd; nray;ghL
,) Na – 24 uj;j Nrhif
<) gbkq;fspd; taJ
<) C – 14 ijuha;L Neha;
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xU kjpg;ngz; 17
IV. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; $w;wpid jpUj;Jf)

1. G@l;Nlhdpak; 239 gpsTf;F cl;gLk; nghUshFk;. [rup]
2. mZvz; 83-f;F Nky; ngw;Ws;s jdpkq;fs; mZf;fU ,iztpw;F cl;gLk;. [jtW]
*mZvz; 83-f;F Nky; ngw;Ws;s jdpkq;fs; ,aw;if fjpupaf;fj; jdpkq;fs; MFk;.
3. mZf;fU ,izT vd;gJ mZf;fU gpstpid tpl mghafukhdJ MFk;. [rup]
4. mZf;fU ciyapy; vupnghUshf ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; ANudpak; -238 [jtW]
vupnghUshfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
*mZf;fU ciyapy; ANudpak; U-235 vupnghUshfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
5. mZf;fU ciyapy; jzpg;ghd;fs; ,y;iy vdpy; mJ mZFz;lhfr; nray;gLk;. [jtW]
*mZf;fU ciyapy; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fopfs; ,y;iy vdpy; mJ mZFz;lhfr; nray;gLk;.
6. mZf;fU gpstpd;NghJ> xU gpstpy; ruhrupahf ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W [rup]
epA+l;uhd;fs; cw;gj;jpahFk;.
7. Id;];Bd; epiw Mw;wy; rkd;ghL mZf;fU gpsT kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,izT [rup]
Mfpatw;wpy; gad;gLfpwJ.
V. fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwr; rupahd tupirapy; vOJf.

1. CLUT jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; ,wq;F tupirapy; vOJf.
My;ghf; fjpu;fs;> gPl;lhf; fjpu;fs;> fhkhf; fjpu;fs;> fh];kpf; fjpu;fs;
fhkhf; fjpu;fs; > gPl;lhf; fjpu;fs; > My;ghf; fjpu;fs; > fh];kpf; fjpu;fs;
2. fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Mz;bd; mbg;gilapy; tupirg;gLj;Jf.

mZf;fU ciy> fjpupaf;fk;> nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;> Nubak; fz;Lgpbg;G
fjpupaf;fk; > Nubak; fz;Lgpbg;G > nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fk; > mZf;fU ciy
1896 > 1898 > 1934 > 1942
VI. njhlu;GgLj;jp tpilf;fhz;f
1. jd;dpr;irahd ckpo;T : ,aw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;> J}z;lg;gl;l ckpo;T : nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;.

2. mZf;fU ,izT : cau; ntg;gepiy> mZf;fU gpsT : miw ntg;gepiy.
3. Ntshz; tpisr;ry; mjpfupg;G : NubNah gh];gu];> ,jaj;jpd; rPuhd nray;ghL : fjpupaf;f Nrhbak;.
4. kpd;Gyj;jhy; tpyf;fk; : 𝛼-fjpu;> Roptpyf;fk; : 𝜸 fjpu; (fhkh).
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. mZf;fU gpsT : mZ Fz;L> mZf;fU ,izT : i`l;u[d; Fz;L. [PTA – 6]
6. fjpupaf;f mNahbd; : Kd;fOj;Jf;foiy> fjpupaf;f Nrhbak; : ,jaj;ij rPuhf nray;gl.
[PTA – 6]
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VIII. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; tif Nfs;tpfs;
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fspy; $w;Wk; mjidaLj;J fhuzKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ
rupahd njupNth mjidj; njupT nra;f.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fk;.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. Mdhy;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fkd;W.
,) $w;W rupahdJ. Mdhy;> fhuzk; rupad;W.
1. $w;W : xU epA+l;uhd; U235 kPJ Nkhjp Ngupak; kw;Wk; fpupg;lhd; vd ,uz;Lj; Jfs;fis
cUthf;FfpwJ.
fhuzk; : U235 gpsTf;Fl;gLk; nghUshFk;.
2. $w;W : 𝛽 – rpijtpd; NghJ epA+l;uhd; vz;zpf;ifapy; xd;W FiwfpwJ.
fhuzk; : 𝛽 – rpijtpd; NghJ> mZ vz; xd;W mjpfupf;fpwJ.
3. $w;W : mZf;fU ,iztpw;F cau; ntg;gepiy Njit.
fhuzk; : mZf;fU ,iztpy; mZf;fUf;fs; ,izAk; NghJ Mw;wiy ckpo;fpwJ.
4. $w;W : fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fopfs; vd;git epA+l;uhd;fis cl;ftUk; fopfs; MFk;.
fhuzk; : mZf;fU gpsT tpidapid epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fopfs;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
IX. RUf;fkhf tpilasp
1. ,aw;iff; fjpupaf;fj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jtu; ahu;? [MAY-2022] n`d;wp ngf;nfhuy;
2. gpl;r; gpsz;l; (pitch blende) jhJg; nghUspy; cs;s
ANudpak;> Nubak;
fjpupaf;fg; nghUs; ahJ?
3. fjpupaf;fj;ijj; J}z;lf;$ba ,uz;L jdpkq;fspd;
Nghuhd;> mYkpdpak;
ngau;fis vOJf.
4. ,aw;iff; fjpupaf;fj;jpd; NghJ ntspahFk; kpd;fhe;j
fhkh
fjpupd; ngaiu vOJf.
5. A – vd;gJ fjpupaf;fj; jdpkk; MFk;. ,J 𝛼 - Jfis
ntspapl;L 104Rf259 vd;w jdpkj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ vdpy; epiw vz;= 259 + 4 = 263
A – jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz; kw;Wk; epiw vz;izf; mZ vz;= 104 + 2 = 106
fz;lwpf. (jPu;T : α – rpijT : 104+2A259+4 → 104Rf259 + 2He4)
6. mZf;fU gpsT tpidapy; cUthFk; ruhrup Mw;wiy vOJf. 3.210-11 [{y; (m) 200 MeV
7. kugpay; Fiwghl;il cUthf;Fk; mghafukhd
fhkh fjpu;
fjpupaf;fg; nghUs; vJ?
8. xU kdpjdpy; ,wg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; mstpw;F mike;Js;s
fjpupaf;fg; ghjpg;gpd; msT vd;d? 600 R
9. vq;F> vg;NghJ Kjy; mZf;fU ciy fl;lg;gl;lJ? 1942 - rpfhNfh> mnkupf;fh
10. fjpupaf;fj;jpd; SI myfpid vOJf. ngf;nfhuy; (Bq)
11. ve;nje;jg; nghUs;fs; fjpupaf;fg; ghjpg;gpypUe;J ek;ikg; ghJfhf;Fk;? fhuPak;
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xU kjpg;ngz; 19
7. mZf;fSk; %yf;$WfSk;
1. fPof
; ;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ Fiwe;j epiwiaf; nfhz;lJ.
m) 6.023 × 1023 `Pypak; mZf;fs; M) 1 `Pypak; mZ
,) 2 fp `Pypak; <) 1 Nkhy; `Pypak; mZ
2. fPof
; z;ltw;Ws; vJ %tZ %yf;$W? [MDL – 19, PTA – 1]
m) FSf;Nfh]; M) `Pypak; ,) fhHgd; il Mf;i]L <) i`l;u[d;
3. jpl;l ntg;g mOj;j epiyapy; 4.4 fp CO2 d; gUkd;
m) 22.4 ypl;lH M) 2.24 ypl;lH ,) 0.24 ypl;lH <) 0.1 ypl;lH
4. 1 Nkhy; iel;u[d; mZtpd; epiw
m) 28 amu M) 14 amu ,) 28 fp <) 14 fp
5. 1 amu vd;gJ
m) C-12 d; mZepiw M) i`l;u[dpd; mZepiw
𝟏
,) xU C-12 d; mZepiwapy; gq;fpd; epiw <) O -16 d; mZ epiw
𝟏𝟐
6. fPof
; z;ltw;Ws; jtwhd $w;W vJ.
m) xU fpuhk; C-12 thdJ mtfhl;Nuh vz;zpf;ifapyhd mZf;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
M) xU Nkhy; Mf;rp[d; thAthdJ mtfhl;Nuh vz;zpf;ifapyhd %yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;lJ.
,) xU Nkhy; i`l;u[d; thAthdJ mtfhl;Nuh vz;zpf;ifapyhd mZf;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
<) xU Nkhy; vyf;l;uhd; vd;gJ 6.023×1023 vyf;l;uhd;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
7. jpl;l ntg;g mOj;j epiwapy; 1 Nkhy; <uZ %yf;$W thAtpd; gUkd;
m) 11.2 ypl;lH M) 5.6 ypl;lH ,) 22.4 ypl;lH <) 44.8 ypl;lH
8. Ca40 jdpkj;jpd; cl;fUtpy;
20
m) 20 GNuhl;lhd; 40 epA+l;uhd; M) 20 GNuhl;lhd; 20 epA+l;uhd;
,) 20 GNuhl;lhd; 40 vyf;l;uhd; <) 20 GNuhl;lhd; 20 vyf;l;uhd;
9. Mf;rp[dpd; fpuhk; %yf;$W epiw [AUG – 2022]
m) 16 fp M) 18 fp ,) 32 fp <) 17 fp
10. 1 Nkhy; ve;j xU nghUSk; _________ %yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
m) 6.023×1023 M) 6.023×10-23 ,) 3.0115×1023 <) 12.046×1023
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
; z;Ls;s $w;Wfis Muha;e;J rhpahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njLj;J vOJf. [PTA – 4]
11. fPof
i) vyf;l;uhd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epiwiaf; nfhz;lit.
ii) xU Ntw;wZ %yf;$W ntt;NtW tif mZf;fshy; cUthfpwJ.
iii) xU jdpkj;jpd; epiw vz;Zk; mZ epiwAk; rkk;.
m) i, ii, iii rhp M) i kw;Wk; iii rhp ,) ii kl;Lk; rhp <) iii kl;Lk; rhp
12. xU %yf;$W xNu tif mZf;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; mJ ____vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) XuZ %yf;$W M) Ntw;W mZ%yf;$W[PTA-6, MAY-2022]
,) xj;j mZ %yf;$W <) gy mZ%yf;$W
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1. ,U NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; xj;j epiw vz;izAk; NtWgl;l mZ vz;izAk;
nfhz;bUe;jhy; mit INrhghHfs; vdg;gLk;.
2. xNu epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia ngw;Ws;s ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs;
INrhNlhd;fs; vdg;gLk;. [PTA – 4]
3. xU jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fis kw;nwhU jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fshf nraw;if khw;W
jdpkkhf;fy; Kiwapy; khw;wyhk;.
4. GNuhl;lhd;fs; kw;Wk; epa+l;uhd;fspd; $Ljy; me;j mZtpd; epiw vz; vdg;gLk;.
5. xg;G mZepiw vd;gJ jpl;l mZvil vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
6. i`l;u[dpd; ruhrhp mZepiw = 1.008 amu.
7. xU %yf;$whdJ xNu jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lhy; mit xj;j mZ
%yf;$W vdg;gLk;.
8. xU %yf;$wpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa mk;%yf;$wpd; mZf;fl;L vz;
MFk;. [PTA – 4]
9. jpl;l ntg;g mOj;j epiyapy; 22400 kp.yp ,lj;ij milj;Jf;nfhs;sf; $ba thA
1 Nkhy; vdg;gLk;.
10. gh];gu]pd; mZf;fl;L vz; = 4
III. nghUj;Jf
epiw
gFjp - I gFjp - II tpilfs; FwpgG; : Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpfi
; f =mZ/%yf;$W epiw
1) 0.25 Nkhy; 𝟖
1) 8 fp O2 4 Nkhy;fs; 1) 8fp O2= 𝟑𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 Nkhy;fs;
2) 2 Nkhy;fs; 𝟒
2) 4 fp H2 0.25 Nkhy;fs; 2) 4 fp H2 = 𝟐 = 𝟐 Nkhy;fs;
3) 13 Nkhy;fs; 𝟓𝟐
3) 52 fp He 2 Nkhy;fs; 3) 52 fp He = 𝟒
= 𝟏𝟑 Nkhy;fs;
4) 4 Nkhy;fs;
𝟏𝟏𝟐
4) 112 fp N2 0.5 Nkhy;fs; 4) 112 fp N2= = 𝟒 Nkhy;fs;
5) 0.5 Nkhy;fs; 𝟐𝟖
𝟑𝟓.𝟓
5) 35.5 fp Cl2 13 Nkhy;fs; 5) = 𝟕𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟓 Nkhy;fs;
1. ,U jdpkq;fs; ,ize;J xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l NrHkq;fis cUthf;Fk;. [rhp]

2. ke;j thAf;fs; midj;Jk; <uZ %yf;$Wfs; MFk;. [jtW]
* ke;j thAf;fs; midj;Jk; XuZ %yf;$Wfs; MFk;.
3. jdpkq;fspd; fpuhk; mZepiwf;F myF ,y;iy. [jtW]
* jdpkq;fspd; xg;G mZepiwf;F myF ,y;iy.
4. 1 Nkhy; jq;fk; kw;Wk; 1 Nkhy; nts;sp Mfpait xNu vz;zpf;ifapyhd [rhp]
mZf;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
5. CO2-d; %yf;$W epiw 42 fp. [jtW]
* CO2-d; %yf;$W epiw = 12+(16 × 2) = 44 fp.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 21

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fspy; $w;Wk; mjidaLj;J fhuzKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vJ rupahd njupNth mjidj; njupT nra;f.
m) A kw;Wk; R rhp R, A I tpsf;FfpwJ.
M) A rhp R jtW
,) A jtW R rhp
<) A kw;Wk; R rhp R, A f;fhd rhpahd tpsf;fk; my;y
1. $w;W A : mYkpdpaj;jpd; xg;G mZepiw 27.
1
fhuzk; R : xU mYkpdpak; mZtpd; epiwahdJ gq;F fhHgd;-12-d; epiwiatpl
12
27 klq;F mjpfk;.
tpil : (<) A kw;Wk; R rhp R, A f;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
2. $w;W A : FNshhpdpd; xg;G %yf;$Wepiw 35.5 amu [PTA – 3]

fhuzk; R : FNshhpdpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs; ,aw;ifapy; rk mstpy; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
tpil : (,) A jtW R rup.
8. jdpkq;fspd; Mtu;j;jd tifg;ghL

1. Mth;j;jd ml;ltizapy; cs;s njhlh;fs; kw;Wk; njhFjpfs; vz;zpf;if _________.
m) 6>16 M) 7>17 ,) 8>18 <) 7> 18 [AUG – 2022]
2. etPd Mth;j;jd tpjpapd; mbg;gil _________.
m) mZ vz; M) mZ epiw
,) INrhNlhg;gpd; epiw <) epAl;uhdpd; vz;zpf;if
3. N`y[d; FLk;gk; ve;j njhFjpiar; Nrh;e;jJ [PTA – 1]
m) 17tJ M) 15tJ ,) 18tJ <) 16tJ
4. ________ vd;gJ xg;gpl;L Mth;j;jd gz;G.
m) mZ Muk; M) madp Muk;
,) vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; <) vyf;l;uhd; fth;jd;ik
5. JUtpd; tha;ghL _________.
m) FeO.xH2O M) FeO4.xH2O இ) Fe2O3.x H2O <) FeO
6. mYkpNdh ntg;g tpidapy;> mYkpdpaj;jpd; gq;F
m) Mf;]p[Ndw;wp M) Mf;]p[d; xLf;fp
,) i`l;u[Ndw;wp <) ry;gh; Vw;wp
7. nky;ypa glykhf Jj;jehf gbit> gpw cNyhfj;jpd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; epfo;T _________
vdg;gLk;.
m) th;zk; G+Rjy; M) ehfKyhkply; ,) kpd;Kyhk; G+Rjy; <) nky;ypajhf;fy;
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8. fPof
; ;fz;l ke;j thAf;fspy; vJ ntspg;Gw Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; ,uz;L vyf;l;uhd;fisf;
nfhz;lJ.
m) He M) Ne ,) Ar <) Kr
9. epahd; thAtpd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; g+[;[pak; Mf fhuzk; _________.
m) epAl;uhdpd; cWjpahd thpir mikg;G
M) vyf;l;uhdpd; cWjpahd fl;likg;G
,) Fiwe;j cUtsT
<) mjpf mlh;j;jp
10. ,urf;fyit cUthf;fypy; Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd cNyhfk; _________. [MDL – 19]
m) Ag M) Hg ,) Mg <) Al [AUG – 2022]
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
11. g;u\u; Ff;fu;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLk; cNyhff; fyit _______. [SEP – 2021]
m) gpj;jis M) ntz;fyk; ,) nkf;dypak; <) bAuhYkpd;
12. Nrhbak; mZ xU vyf;l;uhid ,oe;J Na+ madpia cUthf;FfpwJ. Na+ madpapd;
Muk; Na mZtpd; Muj;ij tpl Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> [PTA – 3]
m) Na+ madpapy; cl;fUtpd; ftu;r;rp tpir Na mZtpid tpl mjpfk;.
M) Na mZtpy; cl;gUtpd; ftu;r;rp tpir Na+ madpia tpl mjpfk;.
,) Na mZtpy; cs;s GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if Na+ madpia tplf; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
<) Na+ madpapy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if Na mZit tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
1. xU %yf;$wpy; ,U gpizg;Gw;w mZf;fl;L ,ilapy; cs;;s vyf;l;uhd; fth;Mw;wy;
tpj;jpahrk;; 1.7f;F Nky; vdpy;> gpizg;gpd; ,ay;G madpg;gpizg;G MFk;. [PTA – 5]
2. etPd Mth;j;jd ml;ltizapd; mbg;gil mZ vz; MFk;.
3. jdpkthpir ml;ltizapy; kpf ePs; njhlh; MW MFk;.
4. Cl2 %yf;$wpy; cs;s ‘Cl’ mZf;fSf;F ,ilapy; cs;s J}uk; 1.98 A° vdpy; ‘Cl’
mZtpd; Muk; 0.99Å
5. A-, A+ kw;Wk; A ,tw;wpy; kpfr;rpwpa cUt msT cs;sJ A+.
6. etPd Mth;j;jd ml;ltizia cUthf;fpa tpQ;Qhdpapd; ngah; n`d;wp Nkh];Ny.
7. madp Muk;> njhlhpy; Fiwfpd;wJ. (Fiwfpd;wJ> mjpfupf;fpd;wJ)
8. yhe;jidL kw;Wk; Mf;bidL MdJ cs; ,ilj; jdpkq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
9. mYkpdpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa jhJ ghf;i]l; MFk;.
10. JUtpd; Ntjpg;ngah; ePNuwpa /ngupf; Mf;i]L (Fe2O3.x H2O) MFk;.
III. nghUj;Jf
[PTA – 6]
gFjp - I gFjp - II tpilfs;
1) Kyhk; g+Rjy; ke;j thAf;fs; 1) Jj;jehfk; g+r;R
2) fhw;wpy;yh tWj;jy; Jj;jehfk; g+r;R 2) fhw;wpy;yh R+o;epiyapy;
3) Mf;rp[Ndw;w xLf;f tpid rpy;th; - bd; urf;fyit R+Nlw;Wk; epfo;T
3) mYkpNdh ntg;gxLf;f
4) gw;Fop milj;jy; mYkpNdh ntg;gxLf;f tpid tpid
fhw;wpy;yh R+o;epiyapy; 4) rpy;th; - bd; urf;fyit
5) 18 Mk; njhFjp jdpkq;fs;
R+Nlw;Wk; epfo;T 5) ke;j thAf;fs;
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xU kjpg;ngz; 23
1. Nkh];Nytpd; jdpk thpir ml;ltiz mZepiwiar; rhh;e;jJ. [jtW]

* Nkh];Nytpd; jdpk thpir ml;ltiz mZvz;izr; rhh;e;jJ.
2. ,lg;Gwj;jpypUe;J tyg;Gwk; nry;ifapy;> madp MukhdJ> njhlhpy; mjpfhpf;Fk;. [jtW]

* ,lg;Gwj;jpypUe;J tyg;Gwk; nry;ifapy;> madp MukhdJ njhlhpy; FiwAk;.
3. vy;yh jhJf;fSk; fdpkq;fNs> Mdhy; vy;yh fdpkq;fSk; jhJf;fs; Mfh. [rhp]
4. mYkpdpaf;fk;gpfs;> kpd;fk;gpfs; cUthf;f gad;gLtjd; fhuzk; mjd;> [jtW]
nts;spiag; Nghd;w epwNk.
* mYkpdpaf;fk;gpfs;> kpd;fk;gpfs; cUthf;f gad;gLtjd; fhuzk; mjd; kpd;flj;Jjpwd;.
5. cNyhff; fyit vd;gJ cNyhfq;fspd; gy gbj;jhd fyit MFk;. [jtW]

* cNyhff;fyit vd;gJ cNyhfq;fspd; xU gbj;jhd fyit MFk;.
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis> fPo;fz;l Fwpg;Gfs; %yk; tpilaspf;fTk;.

i. $w;Wk;> fhuzKk; rhpahdJ. fhuzk;> $w;iw ed;F tpsf;FfpwJ.
ii. $w;W rhp> fhuzk; jtW.
iii. $w;W jtW> fhuzk; rhp.
iv. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rhp> fhuzk; $w;iw tpthpf;ftpy;iy.
1. $w;W : HF %yf;$wpy; cs;s gpizg;G madpg;gpizg;G. [PTA – 2]
fhuzk; : ‘H’ f;Fk; ‘F’ f;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s vyf;l;uhd; fth; Mw;wy; tpj;jpahrk; 1.9
tpil : (i) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rupahdJ. fhuzk;> $w;iw ed;F tpsf;FfpwJ.
2. $w;W : nkf;dPrpaj;ij ,Uk;gp;d; kPJ G+Rtjhy;> JUg;gpbj;jypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fhuzk; : nkf;dr
P pak;> ,Uk;ig tpl tpidGhpAk; jd;ikkpf;fJ.
tpil : (i) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rupahdJ. fhuzk;> $w;iw ed;F tpsf;FfpwJ.
3. $w;W : Rj;jg;gLj;jg;glhj> jhkpu ghj;jpuj;jpy; gr;ir glyk; cUthfpwJ.

fhuzk; : jhkpuk;> fhuq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. [PTA – 5]
tpil : (iv) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rup. fhuzk; $w;iw tptupf;ftpy;iy.
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9. fiury;fs;
1. ePupy; fiuf;fg;gl;l cg;Gf; fiury; vd;gJ ________ fyit
m) xUgbj;jhd M) gygbj;jhd
,) xUgbj;jhd kw;Wk; gy;gbj;jhdit <) xUgbj;jhdit my;yhjit
2. ,Ukbf;fiurypy; cs;s $Wfspd; vz;zpf;if [MAY - 2022]
m) 2 M) 3 ,) 4 <) 5
3. fPof; z;ltw;Ws; vJ ru;tf;fiug;ghd; vdg;gLtJ ________.
m) mrpl;Nlhd; M) ngd;rPd; ,) ePu; <) My;f`hy;
4. Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l msT fiug;ghdpy; NkYk; fiunghUis fiuf;f
Kbahj fiury; _________ vdg;gLk;.
m) njtpl;ba fiury; M) njtpl;lhj fiury;
,) mjp njtpl;ba fiury; <) ePu;j;j fiury;
5. ePuw;w fiuriy milahsk; fhz;f. [SEP – 2020]
m) ePupy; fiuf;fg;gl;l cg;G M) ePupy; fiuf;fg;gl;l FSf;Nfh];
,) ePupy; fiuf;fg;gl;l fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; <) fhu;gd;-il-ry;igby; fiuf;fg;gl;l ry;gu;
6. Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy;> mOj;jj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ePu;kj;jpy; thAtpd; fiujpwd;___.
m) khw;wkpy;iy M) mjpfupf;fpwJ ,) FiwfpwJ <) tpid ,y;iy
7. 100 fp ePupy; Nrhbak; FNshiubd; fiujpwd; 36fp. 25fp Nrhbak; FNshiuL 100 kp.yp
ePupy; fiuj;j gpwF NkYk; vt;tsT cg;ig Nru;j;jhy; njtpl;ba fiury; cUthFk;____.
m) 12 fp M) 11 fp ,) 16 fp <) 20 fp
8. 25% My;f`hy; fiury; vd;gJ __________. [PTA – 4]
m) 100 kp.yp ePupy; 25 kp.yp My;f`hy; M) 25 kp.yp ePupy; 25 kp.yp My;f`hy;
,) 75 kp.yp ePupy; 25 kp.yp My;f`hy; <) 25 kp.yp ePupy; 75 kp.yp My;f`hy;
9. <uk; cwpQ;rpf; fiuAk; Nru;kq;fs;; cUthff; fhuzk; _________. [PTA – 5]
m) <uk; kPJ mjpf ehl;lk; M) <uk; kPJ Fiwe;j ehl;lk;
,) <uk; kPJ ehl;lk; ,d;ik <) <uk; kPJ ke;jj;jd;ik
10. fPof
; z;ltw;Ws; vJ ePu; cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikAilaJ __________.
m) /ngupf; FNshiuL M) fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; ngd;lhi`l;Nul;
,) rpypf;fh n[y; <) ,tw;Ws; vJkpy;iy
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
11. khztu; xUtu; mwptpay; nra;Kiw Nrhjidapd; NghJ jplNrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L
,Ue;j ghl;biy gad;gLj;jpa gpd; ghl;biy jpwe;Nj itj;J tpl;Lr; nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. rpy
ehl;fs; fopj;J mtu; me;jg;ghl;biy cw;W Nehf;fpaNghJ jpltbtpy; ,Ue;j Nrhbak;
i`l;uhf;i]L Nru;kk; jput tbtpy; ,Ug;gijg; ghu;j;jhu;. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; Nrhbak;
i`l;uhf;irbd; ________ gz;G MFk;. [PTA – 1]
m) <uk; cwpQ;Rjy; M) <uk; cwpQ;rpf;fiujy; ,) ePu;ePf;fk; miljy; <) gpupifailjy;
12. fiury;fspd; fdmsT rjtPjk; ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ Fiwtjw;fhd fhuzk;
m) jputq;fspd; ntg;gtpupT M) jputq;fspd; Fspu;TtpisT [PTA – 2]
,) fiurypd; nrwpT mjpfkhjy; <) fiurypd; nrwpT Fiwjy;
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xU kjpg;ngz; 25
II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;G

1. xU fiurypy; cs;s kpff; Fiwe;j msT nfhz;l $wpid fiunghUs; vd
miof;fpNwhk;. [MDL – 19]
2. jpz;kj;jpy; ePu;kk; tif fiurYf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L ghjurj;Jld; fye;j Nrhbak;
(,urf;fyit).
3. fiujpwd; vd;gJ 100 fp fiug;ghdpy; fiuf;fg;gLk; fiunghUspd; msT MFk;.
4. KidTWk; Nru;kq;fs; KidTWk; fiug;ghdpy; fiufpwJ.
5. ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ fdmsT rjtPjk; FiwfpwJ. Vnddpy; ntg;gj;jhy;
jputq;fs;; tpuptilAk;.
III. nghUj;Jf
1) ePy tpl;upahy; CaSO4 . 2H2O 1) CuSO4 .5H2O
2) [pg;rk; CaO 2) CaSO4 .2H2O
3) <uk; cwpQ;rpf; fiugit CuSO4 . 5H2O 3) NaOH
4) <uk; cwpQ;rp NaOH 4) CaO

1. ,Ukbf;fiury; vd;gJ %d;W $Wfisf; nfhz;lJ. [jtW]
* ,Ukbf; fiury; ,uz;L $Wfisf; nfhz;lJ. (m) Kk;kbf;fiury; vd;gJ %d;W
$Wfisf; nfhz;lJ.
2. xU fiurypy; Fiwe;j msT vil nfhz;l $Wf;F fiug;ghd; vd;W ngau;. [jtW]
*xU fiurypy; Fiwe;j msT vil nfhz;l $Wf;F fiunghUs; vd;W ngau;.
[PTA – 4]
3. Nrhbak; FNshiuL ePupy; fiue;J cUthFk; fiury; ePuw;w fiuryhFk;. [jtW]
*Nrhbak; FNshiuL ePupy; fiue;J cUthFk; fiury; ePu;f;fiuryhFk;. [PTA – 4]
4. gr;ir tpl;upahypd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL MgSO4 .7H2O [jtW]
* gr;ir tpl;upahypd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL FeSO4 .7H2O (m) vg;rk; cg;gpd; %yf;$W
tha;g;ghL MgSO4 .7H2O.
5. rpypfh n[y; fhw;wpypUe;J <ug;gjj;ij cwpQ;rpf; nfhs;fpwJ. Vnddpy; mJ [rup]
xU <uk; cwpQ;Rk; jd;ik nfhz;l Nru;kk; MFk;. [PTA – 4]
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. md;whl tho;tpy; ehk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba jput kUe;Jfs;, tha; - fOTk; [jtW]
jputq;fs;, Giuj; jLg;ghd;fs;, fpUkpehrpdpfs; Nghd;w fiury;fspy; cs;s
fiunghUspd; msTfs; W/W vd;w gjj;jhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. [SEP - 2020]
* md;whl tho;tpy; ehk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba jput kUe;Jfs;, tha; - fOTk; jputq;fs;,
Giuj;jLg;ghd;fs,; fpUkp ehrpdpfs; Nghd;w fiury;fspy; cs;s fiunghUspd;
msTfs; V/V vd;w gjj;jhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
7. fspk;Gfs;, mkpyePf;fpfs;, Nrhg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s fiury;fspd; [jtW]
nrwpTfs; V/V vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. [SEP - 2020]
*fspk;Gfs;, mkpyePf;fpfs,; Nrhg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s fiury;fspd; nrwpTfs;
W/W vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
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10. Ntjptpidfspd; tiffs;

1. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) vd;gJ
m) rpijTWjy; tpid M) Nru;f;if tpid
,) xw;iw ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpid <) ,ul;il ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpid
2. xspr;rpijT vd;gJ ,jdhy; eilngWk; rpijT tpidahFk;.
m) ntg;gk; M) kpd;dhw;wy; ,) xsp <) ve;jpu Mw;wy;
3. fhu;gd; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[d; ,ilNaahd xU tpid gpd;tUkhW Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
C(S) + O2(g)→ CO2(g) ,J vt;tif tpidahf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
(i) Nru;f;if tpid (ii) vupjy; tpid (iii) rpijTWjy; tpid (iv) kPsh tpid
m) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) M) (i) kw;Wk; (iv)
,) (i)> (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) <) (i)> (ii) kw;Wk; (iv)
4. Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)→ BaSO4(s)↓ + 2 NaCl(aq) vd;w Ntjpr;rkd;ghL gpd;tUtdtw;Ws;
vt;tif tpidiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
m) eLepiyahf;fy; tpid M) vupjy; tpid
,) tPo;gbthjy; tpid <) xw;iw ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpid
5. Ntjpr;rkepiy gw;wpa gpd;tUk; $w;Wfspy; vit rupahdit?
(i) ,af;fj;jd;ik cilaJ.
(ii) rkepiyapy; Kd;Ndhf;F kw;Wk; gpd;Ndhf;F tpidfspy; tpidNtfk; rkk;.
(iii) kPsh tpidfs; Ntjpr;rkepiyia miltjpy;iy.
(iv) tpidgL nghUs; kw;Wk; tpidtpis nghUs;fspy; nrwpT NtWglyhk;.
m) (i), (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) M) (i), (ii) kw;Wk; (iv)
,) (i)> (iii) kw;Wk; (iv) <) (i)> (iii) kw;Wk; (iv)
6. X(S) + 2 HCl(aq)→ XCl2(aq) + H2(g)vd;w xw;iw ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpidapy; X vd;gJ
gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
(i) Zn (ii) Ag (iii) Cu (iv) Mg
rupahd ,iziaj; Nju;e;njL.
m) (i) kw;Wk; (ii) M) (ii) kw;Wk; (iii) ,) (iii) kw;Wk; (iv) <) (i) kw;Wk; (iv)
7. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ “jdpkk; + jdpkk; → Nru;kk;” tif my;y. [PTA – 3]
m) C(s) + O2(g)→ CO2(g) M) 2K(s) + Br2(l)→ 2 KBr(s)
,) 2CO(g) + O2(g)→ 2CO2(g) <) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)→ 2Fe2 O3(s)
8. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ tPo;gbthjy; tpidia Fwpf;fpwJ.
m) A(S) + B(S) → C(S) + D(S) M) A(S) + B(aq)→ C(aq) + D(l)
,) A(aq) + B(aq) → C(S) + D(aq) <) A(aq) + B(S) → C(aq) + D(l)
9. xU fiurypd; pH kjpg;G 3 vdpy;> mjd; (OH− ) i`buhf;irL madp nrwpT vd;d?
m) 1 × 10−3 M M) 3 M ,) 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏M <) 11 M
10. J}shf;fg;gl;lCaCO3 ; fl;bahd CaCO3 tpl jPtpukhf tpidGupfpwJ. fhuzk;
m) mjpf Gwg;gug;gsT M) mjpf mOj;jk;
,) mjpf nrwptpdhy; <) mjpf ntg;gepiy
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xU kjpg;ngz; 27
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
11. Xu; vupjy; tpidapy; [PTA – 2]
m) Mf;rp[d; thA ntspaplg;gLfpwJ M) iel;u[d; thA ntsptplg;gLfpwJ
,) Mf;rp[d; thA gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ <) iel;u[d; thA gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
12. xU kPs;tpidapy; cUthFk; tpisnghUis Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspfspy; ePf;Fk;
nghOJ tpisnghUs; cUthFk; msT ________. [PTA – 4]

m) mjpfupf;fpwJ M) FiwfpwJ
,) Kjypy; Fiwe;J gpd; mjpfupf;fpwJ <) Kjypy; mjpfupj;J gpd; FiwfpwJ
13. xU Ntjpr;rkepiyapy; tpidgL> tpidtpis nghUl;fspd; nrwpTfs; ________.

m) NtWgl;L ,Uf;fpd;wd M) xNu khjpupahf ,Uf;fpd;wd
,) fzpf;f Kbahjit <) rkkhf ,uhJ [PTA – 5]
1. mkpyk; kw;Wk; fhuj;jpw;F ,ilNaahd tpid eLepiyahf;fy; tpid vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyj;Jld; ypj;jpak; cNyhfk; tpid GupAk;NghJ i`l;u[d; thA

ntspNaWfpwJ.
3. gdpf;fl;b cUFjy; nraypy; epfOk; rkepiy ,aw;gpay; rkepiy vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. xU gor;rhupd; pH kjpg;G 5.6 ,jDld; ePu;j;j Rz;zhk;G Nru;f;Fk; NghJ ,jd; pH kjpg;G
mjpfkhfpwJ (mjpfkhfpwJ / FiwfpwJ).
5. 25℃ ntg;gepiyapy; ePupd; madpg; ngUf;fj;jpd; kjpg;G 1.00 × 10-14 Nkhy;2 nlrpkP-6.
6. kdpj uj;jj;jpd; nghJthd pH kjpg;G 7.4
7. kpd;dhw;gFg;G vd;gJ rpijTW tif tpidahFk;.
8. njhFg;G tpidfspy; cUthFk; tpid tpis nghUs;fspd; vz;zpf;if xd;W.
9. Ntjp vupkiy vd;gJ rpijTWjy; tif tpidf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
10. i`bu[d; (H+) madp ePupy; fiutjhy; cUthFk; madp H3O+ (my;yJ)
i`l;Nuhdpak; madp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

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III. nghUj;Jf
1. tpidapd; tiffis milahsk; fhz;f. [PTA – 2]
tpid tif tpilfs;
1. NH4OH(aq)+ CH3COOH(aq) → CH3COONH4(aq)+H2O(l) m) xw;iw ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpid

1 - ,
2. Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) M) vupjy; tpid
2 - m
ntg;gk; 3 - <
3. ZnCO3(s) + → ZnO(s) + CO2(g) ,) eLepiyahf;fy; tpid
4 - M
4. C2H4(g) + 4O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + ntg;gk; <) ntg;gr;rpijT tpid
1. rpy;tu; cNyhfk; iel;upf; mkpyj;jpy; i`bu[d; thAit ,lg;ngau;r;rp [jtW]

nra;aty;yJ.
* rpy;tu; cNyhfk; iel;upf; mkpyj;jpy; tpidGupahJ. Mjyhy; i`l;u[d; thAit

,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;ahJ.
2. SO3, CO2, NO2 Nghd;w thAf;fs; fiue;Js;s kioePupd; pH kjpg;G 7-ia tpl [rup]
Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
3. xU kPs; tpidapd; rkepiyapy; tpidtpis kw;Wk; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; [rup]

nrwpT rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
4. xU kPs;tpidapd; VNjDk; xU tpidtpis nghUis mt;tg;nghOJ ePf;Fk; [rup]

nghOJ mt;tpidapd; tpisr;ry; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
5. pH jhis xU fiurypy; eidf;Fk; nghOJ kQ;rshf khWfpwJ. vdNt [jtW]

mf;fiury; fhuj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
* pH jhis xU fiurypy; eidf;Fk; nghOJ kQ;rshf khWfpwJ vdpy; mf;fiury;

mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ. (m) pH jhis xU fiurypy; eidf;Fk; nghOJ
Cjhthf khWfpwJ vdpy; mf;fiury; fhuj;jd;ik nfhz;lJ.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 29
11. fhu;gDk; mjd; Nru;kq;fSk;

1. xU jpwe;j rq;fpypj; njhlu; fupk Nru;kj;jpd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL C3H6 me;jj; Nru;kj;jpd;
tif
m) my;Nfd; M) my;fPd; ,) my;ifd; <) My;f`hy;
2. xU fupk Nru;kj;jpd; IUPAC ngau; 3-nkj;jpy;gpA+l;ld;-1-My; ,J ,e;j ve;j tifr; Nru;kk;
m) My;bi`L M) fhu;ghrpypf; mkpyk; ,) fPl;Nlhd; <) My;f`hy; [SEP – 2021]
3. IUPAC ngaupLjypd; gb My;bi`Lf;fhf Nru;f;fg;gLk; ,uz;lhk; epiy gpd;ndhl;L_____
m) My; M) Mapf; mkpyk; ,) Vy; <) my;
4. gpd;tUk; gb tupir Nru;kq;fspy;> njhlu;r;rpahf tUk; ,iz vJ?
m) C3H8 kw;Wk; C4H10 M) C2H2 kw;Wk; C2H4
,) CH4 kw;Wk; C3H6 <) C2H5OH kw;Wk; C4H8OH
5. C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O vd;gJ [SEP - 2020]
m) vj;jdhy; xLf;fk; M) vj;jdhy; vupjy;
,) vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; <) vj;jNdy; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk;
6. vup rhuhak; vd;gJ xU ePu;k fiury;. ,jpYs;s vj;jdhypd; rjtPjk; _____. [MAY - 2022]
m) 95.5% M) 75.5% ,) 55.5% <) 45.5%
7. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ kaf;f%l;bahf gad;gLfpwJ
m) fhu;ghf;rpypf; mkpyk; M) <ju; ,) v];lu; <) My;bi`L
8. TFM vd;gJ Nrhg;gpd; ve;j gFjpg; nghUisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
m) jhJ cg;G M) itl;lkpd; ,) nfhOg;G mkpyk; <) fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;
9. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; blu;n[z;l;il gw;wp jtwhd $w;W vJ?
m) ePz;l rq;fpyp mikg;ig ngw;w nfhOg;G mkpyj;jpd; Nrhba cg;G
M) ry;Nghdpf; mkpyj;jpd; Nrhbak; cg;G
– +
,) blu;n[z;l;bd; madp gFjp SO3 Na
<) fbd ePupYk; rpwg;ghf nray;gLk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
10. capupa rpijtilAk; blu;n[z;l;fspy; cs;sit ________. [PTA – 3]
m) fpisj;j rq;fpypj; njhlu; i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fs;
M) Neuhd rq;fpypj; njhlu; i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fs;
,) fpisj;j kw;Wk; Neuhd rq;fpypj; njhlu; i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fs;
<) tisa i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fs;
11. fPof
; z;Ls;stw;Ws; tpidj;jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; rupahd VWtupir vJ? [PTA – 6]
m) CH ≡ CH < CH4 < CH2 = CH2
M) CH ≡ CH < CH2 = CH2 < CH4
,) 𝐂𝐇𝟒 < 𝐂𝐇𝟐 = 𝐂𝐇𝟐 < 𝐂𝐇 ≡ 𝐂𝐇
<) CH4 < CH ≡ CH < CH2 = CH2
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1. xU Nru;kj;jpd; rpwg;G gz;GfSf;F fhuzkhd mZ my;yJ mZf;fs; mlq;fpa njhFjp
mr;Nru;kj;jpd; tpidr;nray; njhFjp MFk;.
2. my;ifdpd; nghJthd %yf;$W tha;g;ghL Cn H2n-2.
3. IUPAC ngaupLjypy; fupkr; Nru;kj;jpd; fl;likg;ig Fwpg;gpLtJ mbg;gilr;nrhy;.
(mbg;gilr; nrhy; / gpd;ndhl;L /Kd;ndhl;L)
4. (epiwTw;w / epiwTwh) epiwTwh Nru;kq;fs; GNuhkpd; ePiu epwkhw;wk; milar; nra;Ak;.
5. mlu; ry;gpA+upf; mkpyj;ijf; nfhz;L vj;jdhiy ePu; ePf;fk; nra;Ak; nghOJ <j;jPd;
(<j;jPd; /<j;Njd;) fpilf;fpwJ.
6. 100% J}a My;f`hy; jdp My;f`hy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;ghf Mf khw;WfpwJ.
8. nfhOg;G mkpyq;fis fhuj;ijf; nfhz;L ePuhw;gFj;jy; Nrhg;ghf;fy; tpid vdg;gLk;.
9. capupa rpijT blu;n[z;l;fs; Neuhd (fpis / Neuhd) rq;fpyp njhlupid cilait.
III. nghUj;Jf
[PTA – 2]
1) tpidr;nray; njhFjp - OH ngd;rPd; 1) My;f`hy;
2) gy;ypd tisar; Nru;kq;fs; nghl;lhrpak; ];bNul; 2) gpA+uhd;
3) epiwTwh Nru;kq;fs; My;f`hy; 3) <j;jPd;
4) Nrhg;G gpA+uhd; 4) nghl;lhrpak; ];bNul;
5) fhu;Ngh tisar; Nru;kq;fs; <j;jPd; 5) ngd;rPd;
IV. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; tif Nfs;tpfs;
fPo;f;fz;l tpdhf;fSf;F gpd;tUk; juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp tpilasp.

m) A kw;Wk; R rup R> A I tpsf;FfpwJ.
M) A rup R jtW
,) A jtW R rup
<) A kw;Wk; R rup R> A f;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
1. $w;W A : fbd ePupy; Nrhg;ig tpl blu;n[z;l;fs; rpwg;ghf nray;Gupfpd;wd.[PTA – 4]

fhuzk; R : blu;n[z;l;fs; fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; nkf;dPrpak; cg;Gf;fis tPo;gba nra;tjpy;iy.
tpil : (m) A kw;Wk; R rup R, A I tpsf;FfpwJ.
2. $w;W A : my;Nfd;fs; epiwTw;w i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fs;
fhuzk; R : i`l;Nuh fhu;gd;fs; rfgpizg;igg; ngw;Ws;sd.
tpil : (<) A kw;Wk; R rup R> Af;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 31
12. jhtu cs;sikg;gpay; kw;Wk; jhtu

nraypay;
1. fh];Ngupad; gl;ilfs; Ntupd; ____________ gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. [MDL – 19]

m) Gwzp M) gpj; ,) ngupirf;fps; <) mfj;Njhy;
2. cs;Nehf;fpa iryk; vd;gJ vjd; rpwg;Gg; gz;ghFk;? [AUG – 2022, MAY - 2022]
m) Ntu; M) jz;L ,) ,iyfs; <) kyu;fs;
3. iryKk;> GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; mUfUNf mike;J fhzg;gLtJ ______ vdg;gLk;.

m) Mug;Nghf;F mikg;G M) iryk; R+o; th];Fyhu; fw;iw
,) xd;wpize;jit <) ,tw;wpy; vJTkpy;iy
4. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpd; %yk; cUthtJ [SEP – 2020, MDL – 19]

m) fhu;Nghi`l;Nul; M) vj;jpy; My;f`hy; ,) mrpl;ily; Nfh.V <) igUNtl;
5. fpug; Row;rp ,q;F eilngWfpwJ. [PTA – 3]

m) gRq;fzpfk; M) ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upahtpd; cl;$o;k Nkl;upf;];
,) Gwj;Njhy; Jis <) ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upahtpd; cl;Gwr;rt;T
6. xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; NghJ ve;j epiyapy; Mf;]p[d; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ? [PTA – 4]
m) ATP ahdJ ADP ahf khWk; NghJ M) CO2 epiy epWj;jg;gLk; NghJ
,) ePu; %yf;$Wfs; gpsf;fg;gLk; NghJ <) ,it midj;jpYk;
1. Ntupy; Gwzpapd; cl;Gw mLf;F mfj;Njhy; MFk;.

2. iryKk; GNshaKk; ntt;NtW Muq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; th];Fyhu; fw;iw
Mug;Nghf;F mike;jit.
3. fpisf;fhyp]p]; eilngWk; ,lk; irl;Nlhgpshrk;.
4. xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; NghJ ntspg;gLk; Mf;]p[d; ePupy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpwJ.
5. nry;ypd; ATP cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiy ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upah.

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1. jhtuq;fspy; ePiu flj;Jtjpy; <LgLk; jpR GNshak;. [jtW]
*jhtuq;fspy; ePiu flj;Jtjpy; <LgLk; jpR iryk;.
2. jhtuj;jpd; ntspg;Gwj;jpapy; fhzg;gLk; nkOFg;glyk; fpA+l;bf;fps;. [rup]
3. xUtpijapiyj; jhtuj; jz;by; iryj;jpw;Fk;> GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; [jtW]
Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
*,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu jz;by; iryj;jpw;Fk;> GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
4. ,Utpijapiyj; jhtu Ntupy; Nkw;Gwj; NjhYf;F fPNo ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh cs;sJ. [jtW]
*,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapy; Nkw;Gwj; NjhYf;Ff; fPNo ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh cs;sJ.
5. ,iyapilj; jpR gRq;fzpfq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. [rup]
6. fhw;W Rthrj;ij tpl fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; mjpf ATP %yf;$Wfis cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. [jtW]
*fhw;W Rthrj;ijtpl fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk; Fiwe;j ATP %yf;$Wfis cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ.
IV. nghUj;Jf

1) GNshak; R+o; th];Fyhu; fw;iw burPdh 1) nguzpfs;
2) Nfk;gpak; czT flj;Jjy; 2) ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;r;rp
3) iryk; R+o; th];Fyhu; fw;iw nguzpfs; 3) burPdh
4) iryk; ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;r;rp 4) ePiuf; flj;Jjy;

5) czT flj;Jjy;
5) GNshak; ePiuf; flj;Jjy;
V. XupU thu;j;ijfspy; tpilasp

1. xd;wpize;j th];Fyhu; fw;iw vd;why; vd;d?
xd;wpize;j th];Fyhu; fw;iwapy;> iryKk; GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
2. xspr;Nru;f;iff;F Njitahd fhu;gd; vjpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ?
fhu;gd; tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s CO2-tpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.
3. fhw;W Rthrj;jpw;Fk;> fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpw;Fk; nghJthd epfo;r;rp vJ? ,e;epfo;r;rp
nry;ypd; vg;gFjpapy; eilngWfpwJ? [PTA – 5]
nghJthd epfo;r;rp - fpisf;fhyprp];;. ,J nry;ypd; irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ.
4. fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;lhdJ Mf;]pfuzkile;J My;f`hyhf ntspNaWk; epfo;tpd; ngau; vd;d?
nehjpj;jy; (fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;).
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xU kjpg;ngz; 33
13. capupdq;fspd; mikg;G epiyfs;

I. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLf;f
1. ml;ilapd; ,lg;ngau;r;rp cWg;Gfs;

m) Kd; xl;LWg;G M) gf;ff; fhy;fs;
,) rPl;lhf;fs; <) jirfspd; RUf;fk; kw;Wk; ePs;jy;
2. ml;ilapd; clw;fz;lq;fs; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
m) nkl;lhkpau;fs; (Nrhikl;Lfs;) M) GNuhfpshl;bLfs;
,) ];l;Nuhgpyh <) ,it midj;Jk;
3. ml;ilapd; njhz;ilg;Gw euk;Gj;jpus; ve;j cWg;G kz;lyj;jpd; xU gFjp
m) fopTePf;f kz;lyk; M) euk;G kz;lyk;
,) ,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyk; <) Rthr kz;lyk;
4. ml;ilapd; %is ,jw;F NkNy cs;sJ
m) tha; M) tha;f;Fop ,) njhz;il <) jPdpg;ig
5. ml;ilapd; clypy; cs;s fz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 23 M) 33 ,) 38 <) 30
6. ghY}l;bfs; __________ tpyq;Ffs;.
m) Fspu; ,uj;j M) ntg;g ,uj;j ,) gha;fpNyhnju;kpf; <) ,it midj;Jk;
7. ,sk; capupfisg; gpurtpf;Fk; tpyq;Ffs;
m) XtpNgu]; M) tptpNgu]; ,) XNthtptpNgu]; <) midj;Jk;
$Ljy; tpdh
8. gy; tha;g;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Kaypy; fhzg;glhj gy;tif ________. [PTA – 1]
m) filtha;g; gy; M) Kd;filtha;g; gy; ,) ntl;Lk; gy; <) Nfhiug; gy;
1. ,Wjp VO kz;lyj;jpd; khWghl;lhy; ml;ilapd; gpd; xl;LWg;G cUthfpAs;sJ.

2. xU tpyq;fpd; tho;ehspy; ,U njhFjp gw;fs; cUthdhy; mJ ,U Kiw Njhd;Wk;
gy;yikg;G vdg;gLk;.
3. ml;ilapd; Kd; KidapYs;s fJg;G Nghd;w mikg;G Kd; xl;LwpQ;rp vdg;gLk;.
4. ,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;Rk; ml;ilapd; gz;G rhq;fpNthu]; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. [PTA – 5]
5. rpWePufk; iel;u[d; rhu;e;j fopTg; nghUl;fis ,uj;jj;jpypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fpwJ.
6. Kaypd; jz;Ltl euk;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if 37 ,izfs;.
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III. rupah jtwh vdf; fz;lwpf. jtwhd $w;iw rupahdjhf khw;Wf.
1. ,uj;jk; ciwtijj; jLf;Fk; `pghupd; vd;w nghUs; ml;ilapd; ckpo;ePupy; [jtW]

fhzg;gLfpwJ.
*,uj;jk; ciwtijj; jLf;Fk;; `pUbd; vd;w nghUs; ml;ilapd; ckpo;ePupy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2. tpe;J ehsk; mz;lk; ntspr; nrYj;jg;gLtjpy; gq;Nfw;fpwJ. [PTA – 6] [jtW]
*tpe;J ehsk;> tpe;J nry;fs; ntspr; nrYj;jg;gLtjpy; gq;Nfw;fpwJ.
3. Kaypd; Kd;filtha;g; gw;fSf;Fk; gpd; filtha; gw;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd [jtW]
,ilntspg;gFjp lah];Bkh vdg;gLk;.
*Kaypd; ntl;Lk; gw;fSf;Fk;> Kd; filtha;g; gw;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
,ilntspg;gFjp lah];Bkh vdg;gLk;.
4. Kaypd; ngU%is miuf;Nfhsq;fs; fhu;Nghuh Fthl;up n[kpdh vd;w FWf;F
[jtW]
euk;G gl;ilahy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. [PTA – 6]
*Kaypd; ngU%is miuf;Nfhsq;fs; ,uz;Lk; fhu;g]; fNyhrk; vd;w FWf;F euk;G
gl;ilahy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
IV. nghUj;Jf
[PTA – 2]
fyk; I-I fyk; II kw;Wk; III cld; rupahfg; nghUj;jp tpiliaj; jdpNa vOJf.
tpilfs; :
cWg;Gfs; #o;e;Js;s rt;T miktplk;
1. %is %is ciwfs; kz;ilNahl;Lf; Fop
2. rpWePufk; Nfg;];A+y; tapw;wiw
3. ,jak; ngupfhu;bak; kPbah];bdk;
4. EiuaPuy; G@uh khu;giwapy;
V. XupU thHj;ijfspy; tpilasp

1. `pUbNdupah fpuhDNyhrhtpd; nghJg; ngaiu vOJf. ,e;jpaf; fhy;eil ml;il
2. ml;il vt;thW Rthrpf;fpwJ? [PTA – 1] Njhy; %yk; Rthrpf;fpwJ
2 0 3 3
3. Kaypd; gy; tha;g;ghl;bid vOJf. [MDL – 19] ( I , C , PM , M )
1 0 2 3
4. ml;ilapd; clypy; vj;jid ,iz tpe;jfq;fs; cs;sd? 11 ,iz tpe;jfq;fs;
5. Kaypy; ilah];Bkh vt;thW cUthfpd;wJ? [PTA – 6]
KaYf;F Nfhiug;gw;fs; fpilahJ. me;j ,ilntsp ilah];Bkh vdg;gLk;.
6. ,U Rthrf; fpisfSlDk; ,ize;Js;s cWg;Gfs; vit? ,uz;L EiuaPuy;fs;.
7. ml;ilapd; ve;j cWg;G cwpQ;R fUtpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ? njhz;il.
8. CNS- d; tpupthf;fk; vd;d?
ika euk;G kz;lyk; Central Nervous System
9. Kaypd; gy;yikT Vd; n`l;bNuhlhd;l; (NtWgl;l) gy;yikT vdg;gLfpwJ? [PTA – 4]
ehd;F tif gw;fs; cs;sjhy;
10. ml;il Xk;Gapupapd; clypypUe;J vt;thW ,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;RfpwJ? [PTA – 2]
ml;il Y tbt fhaj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. gpd;du;> jirahyhd njhz;il %yk;
,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;RfpwJ
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xU kjpg;ngz; 35
14. jhtuq;fspd; flj;Jjy; kw;Wk;

tpyq;Ffspd; Rw;Nwhl;lk;
1. Mw;wy; rhu;e;j flj;Jjypy; (nray;kpF flj;jy;) _________.
m) %yf;$Wfs; nrwpT Fiwthd gFjpapypUe;J nrwpT mjpfkhd gFjpf;F ,lk; ngau;fpwJ.
M) Mw;wy; nrytplg;gLfpwJ ,) mit Nky; Nehf;fp flj;Jjy; KiwahFk;.
<) ,it midj;Jk;
2. Ntupd; %yk; cwpQ;rg;gl;l ePuhdJ jhtuj;jpd; Nkw;gFjpf;F ,jd; %yk; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
m) Gwzp M) Gwj;Njhy; ,) GNshak; <) iryk;
3. ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; nghOJ ntspNaw;wg;gLtJ [AUG – 2022]
m) fhu;gd; il Mf;i]L M) Mf;]p[d; ,) ePu; <) ,it vJTkpy;iy
4. Ntu;j;J}tpfshdJ xU [PTA – 4]
m) Gwzp nry;yhFk; M) Gwj;Njhypd; ePl;rpahFk;
,) xU nry; mikg;ghFk; <) M kw;Wk; ,
5. fPof; ;fz;l ve;j epfo;r;rpf;F Mw;wy; Njit [PTA – 3]
m) nray; kpF flj;Jjy; (Mw;wy;rhu; flj;Jjy;) M) guty;
,) rt;T+L guty; <) ,it midj;Jk;
6. kdpj ,jaj;jpd; Rtu; vjdhy; MdJ
m) vz;Nlhfhu;bak; M) vgpfhu;bak; ,) ikNahfhu;bak; <) Nkw;$wpait midj;Jk;
7. ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpd; rupahd tupir vJ?
m) ntz;l;upf;fps;→Vl;upak;→rpiu→jkdp M) Vl;upak;→ntz;l;upf;fps;→rpiu→jkdp
,) Vl;upak;→ntz;l;upf;fps;→jkdp→rpiu <) ntz;l;upf;fps;→rpiu→Vl;upak;→jkdp
8. tpgj;J fhuzkhf ‘O’ ,uj;j tifiar; rhu;e;j xUtUf;F mjpf ,uj;j ,og;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
,e;epiyapy; mtUf;F ve;j ,uj;j tifia kUj;Jtu; nrYj;Jthu;? [MDL – 19]
m) ‘O’ tif M) ‘AB’ tif ,) A my;yJ B tif <) midj;J tif
9. ,jaj;jpd; ,jak; vd miof;fg;gLtJ __________.
m) SA fZ M) AV fZ ,) Gu;fpd;[p ,io <) `p]; fw;iwfs;
10. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ,uj;jj;jpd; ,iaG njhlu;ghf rupahdJ vJ?
m) gpsh];kh = ,uj;jk; + ypk;/Nghirl; M) rPuk; = ,uj;jk; + /igg;upNdh[d;
,) epzePu;= gpsh];kh+RBC+WBC <) ,uj;jk; = gpsh];kh+RBC+WBC+,uj;j jl;Lfs;
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
11. kPd;fspd; ,jak; ________ miwfs; nfhz;lJ. [AUG – 2022, MAY - 2022]
m) 3 M) 4 ,) 2 <) 5
12. ,uj;j tiffis fz;lwpe;jtu; _______. [SEP – 2021]
m) tpad;dh; M) fhuy; Nyz;l;];Bdh; ,) tpy;ypak; `hh;tp <) `p];
13. glj;jpy; cs;s mk;Gf;Fwpfisf; nfhz;L flj;Jj; jpRf;fisf; fz;lwpf. [PTA – 2]
m) A - GNshak;> B - iryk;
M) A - iryk;> B - GNshak;
,) A kw;Wk; B ,uz;Lk; iryk;
<) A kw;Wk; B ,uz;Lk; GNshak;
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II. Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf
1. jhtuj;jpd; Gwg;gFjpapypUe;J ePu; MtpahFk; epfo;r;rp ePuhtpg;Nghf;F vdg;gLk;.
2. ePuhdJ Ntu; J}tp nry;ypd; gpsh];kh (m) miu flj;J rt;tpd; topahf nry;fpwJ.
3. kz;zpypUe;J ePiu cwpQ;Rk; Ntupd; gFjp (m) mikg;G Ntu;j;J}tp. [PTA –
6]
4. ,ay;ghd ,uj;j mOj;jk; 120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg.
5. rhjhuz kdpjdpd; ,jaj; Jbg;gpd; msT epkplj;jpw;F 72 - 75 Kiwfs; MFk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
6. tpy;ypak; `hu;tp etPd clw;nraypaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;. [SEP - 2020]
III. nghUj;Jf
gpupT - I gFjp I gFjp II tpilfs;

1. rpk;gpsh];l; top m) ,iy 1. M) gpsh];Nkhnl];Nkl;lh
2. ePuhtpg;Nghf;F M) gpsh];Nkhnl];Nkl;lh 2. M) ,iy
3. M];kh]p]; ,) iryj;jpYs;s mOj;jk; 3. <) rupT mOj;j thl;lk;
4. Ntu; mOj;jk; <) rupT mOj;j thl;lk; 4. ,) iryj;jY
p s;s mOj;jk;
gpupT - II gFjp I gFjp II tpilfs;

1. ypA+f;Nfkpah m) jpuhk;Nghirl; 1. <) ,uj;jg;Gw;W Neha;
2. ,uj;j jl;Lfs; M) /NgNfhirl; 2. m) jpuhk;Nghirl;
3. NkhNdhirl;Lfs; ,) ypA+f;Nfhirl; Fiwjy; 3. M) /NgNfhirl;
4. YA+f;Nfhgpdpah <) ,uj;jg;Gw;W Neha; 4. ,) ypA+f;Nfhirl; Fiwjy;
5. AB ,uj;j tif c) xt;thik epiy 5. V)Md;bghbaw;w ,uj;j tif
6. O ,uj;j tif C) tPf;fk; 6. v) Md;b[dw;w ,uj;j tif
7. <rpNdh/gpy;fs; v) Md;b[dw;w ,uj;j tif 7. c) xt;thik epiy
8. epA+l;Nuh/gpy;fs; V)Md;bghbaw;w ,uj;j tif 8. C) tPff; k;
IV. rupah> jtwh vdf; $Wf. jtnwdpy; thf;fpaj;ij rupg;gLj;Jf.

1. czitf; flj;JjYf;F fhuzkhd jpR GNshakhFk;. [rup]
2. jhtuq;fs; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; fhuzkhf ePiu ,of;fpd;wd. [rup]
3. GNshaj;jpd; topahf flj;jg;gLk; ru;f;fiu - FSf;Nfh];. [jtW]
*GNshaj;jpd; topahff; flj;jg;gLk; ru;f;fiu - Rf;Nuh];
4. mNghgpsh];l; top flj;Jjypy; ePuhdJ nry; rt;tpd; topahf nry;ypDs; EiofpwJ. [jtW]
*rpk;gpsh];l; top flj;Jjypy; ePuhdJ nry; rt;tpd; topahfr; nry;ypDs; EiofpwJ.
5. fhg;G nry;fs; ePiu ,of;Fk;NghJ ,iyj;Jis jpwe;J nfhs;Sk;. [jtW]
*fhg;G nry;fs; ePiu ,of;Fk;NghJ ,iyj;Jis %bf; nfhs;Sk;.
6. ,jaj;Jbg;gpd; Jtf;fk; kw;Wk; J}z;lyhdJ euk;Gfspd; %ykhf eilngWk;. [jtW]
*,jaj;Jbg;gpd; Jtf;fk; kw;Wk; J}z;lyhdJ ,ja jirfs; (m) irNdh Vl;upay;
fZ (SA fZ) %ykhf eilngWk;.
7. midj;J rpiufSk; Mf;]p[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jj;ij flj;JgitahFk;. [jtW]
*EiuaPuy; rpiu jtpu midj;J rpiufSk; Mf;]p[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jj;ij flj;JgitahFk;.
8. WBC ghf;Bupah kw;Wk; itu]; njhw;wpypUe;J cliyg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. [rup]
9. ntz;l;upf;fps;fs; RUq;Fk; NghJ %tpjo; kw;Wk; <upjo; thy;Tfs; %bf; [rup]
nfhs;tjhy; yg; vDk; xyp Njhd;WfpwJ.
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V. xU thu;j;ijapy; tpilasp
1. kdpj ,jaj;ij %bapUf;Fk; ,ul;il mLf;fhyhd ghJfhg;G ciwapd; ngaiuf; $Wf.
ngupf;fhu;bak;;.
2. kdpj ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s RBC-apd; tbtk; vd;d?
RBC- ,UGwKk; Fope;j jl;L tbtk; cilait.
3. ,uj;jk; rptg;G epwkhf ,Ug;gNjd;? [AUG – 2022]
`PNkhFNshgpid nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,uj;jk; rptg;G epwj;Jld; cs;sJ.
4. vt;tifahd nry;fs; epzePupy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd?
WBC - ypk;/Nghirl; nry;fs;.
5. ntz;l;upf;fpspypUe;J ntspr;nry;Yk; Kf;fpaj; jkdpfspy; fhzg;gLk; thy;T vJ?
miur; re;jpu thy;Tfs; MFk;.
6. ,jaj; jirfSf;F ,uj;jj;ij mspf;Fk; ,uj;jf; Foha; vJ?
fNuhdup jkdpfs;;.
IX. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; $Wjy;

topKiwfs; : fPof
; z;l Nfs;tpapy; $w;W (A) kw;wk; mjw;Fupa fhuzk; (R) fPNo
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s thf;fpaq;fspy; rupahd gjpiy Fwpg;gpLf.
m) $w;Wk; (A) kw;Wk; fhuzk; (R) Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rupahf ,Ue;J> mjpy; me;j
fhuzk; $w;Wf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;.
M) $w;W (A) kw;Wk; fhuzk; (R) Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rupahf ,Ue;J> mjpy; fhuzk;
me;j $w;Wf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
,) (A) rupahf ,Ue;J fhuzk; (R) kl;Lk; jtW.
<) $w;W (A) kw;Wk; fhuzk; (R) ,uz;Lk; jtW.
1. $w;W (A) : Rthr thAf;fis flj;Jtjpy; RBC Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.
fhuzk; (R) : RBC-y; nry; Ez;ZWg;GfSk; cl;fUTk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
tpil : (m) $w;Wk; (A) kw;Wk; fhuzk; (R) Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rupahf ,Ue;J> mjpy; me;j fhuzk;
$w;Wf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;.
2. $w;W (A) : ‘AB’ ,uj;j tif cilNahu; “midtuplkpUe;Jk; ,uj;j j;i j
ngWNthuhf” fUjg;gLfpwhu;fs;. Vnddpy;> mtu;fs; midj;J tif
,uj;jg; gpuptpduplkpUe;Jk; ,uj;jj;jpidg; ngwyhk;.
fhuzk; (R) : AB ,uj;j tifapy; Md;bghbfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
$w;Wk; (A) kw;Wk; fhuzk; (R) Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rupahf ,Ue;J> mjpy; me;j fhuzk;
tpil : (m)
$w;Wf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; MFk;.
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15. euk;G kz;lyk;

I. rupahd tpiliaj; NjHe;njL
1. ,UKid epa+uhd;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk;
m) fz; tpopj;jpiu M) ngU%isg; Gwzp
,) tsH fU <) Rthr vgpjPypak;
2. ghHj;jy;> Nfl;ly;> epidTj;jpwd;> NgRjy;> mwpTf;$Hik kw;Wk; rpe;jpj;jy; Mfpa
nray;fSf;fhd ,lj;ijf; nfhz;lJ
m) rpWePufk; M) fhJ ,) %is <) EiuaPuy;
3. mdpr;irr; nraypd; NghJ mdpr;ir tpy;iy cUthf;Fgit
m) %is> jz;L tlk;> jirfs; M) czHNtw;gp> jirfs;> jz;Ltlk;
,) jirfs;> czHNtw;gp> %is <) czHNtw;gp> jz;Ltlk;> jirfs;
4. nld;l;uhd;fs; nry; clyj;ij ________________ J}z;liyAk;> Mf;rhd;fs; nry;
clyj;jpypUe;J __________ J}z;liyAk; flj;Jfpd;wd.
m) ntspNa / ntspNa M) Nehf;fp / ntspNa
,) Nehf;fp / Nehf;fp <) ntspNa / Nehf;fp
5. %is ciwfSs; ntspg;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; ciwapd; ngaH
m) muf;dha;L rt;T M) igah Nkl;lH
,) ba+uh Nkl;lH <) ikaypd; ciw
6. ______,iz %is euk;GfSk; _______ ,iz jz;Ltl euk;GfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
m) 12> 31 M) 31> 12 ,) 12> 13 <) 12> 21
7. ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpypUe;J> jir ehHfSf;Fj; J}z;ly;fis flj;Jk; epa+uhd;fs;
m) cl;nry; epa+uhd;fs; M) flj;J euk;G nry;fs;
,) ntspr;nry; euk;G nry;fs; <) xU Kid epa+uhd;fs;
8. %isapd; ,U Gw gf;fthl;L fJg;GfisAk; ,izf;Fk; euk;Gg;gFjp vJ? [PTA – 5]
m) jyhk]; M) i`Nghjyhk];
,) ghd;]; <) fhHg]; fNyhrk;
9. Nud;tPH fZf;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; [SEP - 2020]
m) jirfs; M) Mf;rhd;fs; ,) nlz;l;iul;Lfs; <) irl;lhd;
10. the;jpnaLj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ikak;
m) KFsk; M) tapW ,) %is <) i`g;Nghjyhk];
11. fPOs;stw;Ws; euk;Gr; nry;fspy; fhzg;glhjJ
m) epa+upnyk;kh M) rhh;Nfhnyk;kh
,) Mf;]hd; <) nlz;buhd;fs;
12. xUtH tpgj;jpd; fhuzkhf cly; ntg;gepiy> ePHr;rkepiy kw;Wk; grp vLj;jy;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd fl;Lg;ghl;bid ,oe;jpUf;fpwhH. mtUf;F fPOs;stw;Ws; %isapd;
vg;gFjp ghjpg;gile;jjhy; ,e;epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ?
m) KFsk; M) ngU%is ,) ghd;]; <) i`Nghjyhk];
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II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf.

1. ekJ clypy; cs;stw;Ws; epA+uhd;fs; vd;gJ kpf ePskhd nry;yhFk;.
2. ikaypd; ciwAld; $ba gyKid epa+uhd;fspy; J}z;ly;fs; kpf Jupjkhf flj;jg;gLk;.
3. Gwr; #o;epiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jhy; xU tpyq;fpdk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpisT Jyq;fy; MFk;.
4. nry; clyj;ij Nehf;fp J}z;ly;fisf; nfhz;L nry;git nlz;l;iul;Lfs;.
5. jhdpaq;F euk;G kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s gupT euk;G kw;Wk; vjpu;g;gupT euk;Gfs;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W vjpuhf nray;gLfpd;wd.
6. epa+uhdpy; nrd;bupNahy;fs; vd;Dk; Ez;ZWg;G kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
7. %isg; ngl;lfj;jpDs; epiyahd mOj;jj;ij %is jz;Ltlj; jputk; NgZfpwJ.
8. ngU%isapd; Gwg;gug;G ifup kw;Wk; ry;rp Mfpatw;why; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
9. kdpj %isapy; flj;J ikakhf nray;gLk; gFjp jyhk];. [PTA – 1]
III. rupah / jtwh vdf; fz;lwpe;J jtw;wpid jpUj;jp vOjTk;.

1. nlz;l;uhd;fs; vd;git nry; clyj;jpypUe;J J}z;ly;fis ntspg;Gwkhf [jtW]
flj;Jk; ePskhd euk;G ehupiofs;.
*Mf;rhd;fs; vd;git nry; clyj;jpypUe;J J}z;ly;fis ntspg;Gwkhf flj;Jk;
ePskhd euk;G ehupiofs;.
2. gupT euk;G kz;lyk; ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; xU gFjpahf nray;gLfpd;wJ. [jtW]
*gupT euk;G kz;lyk; jhdpaq;F euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; xU gFjpahf nray;gLfpd;wJ.
[PTA – 3]
3. kdpj clypy; cly; ntg;gepiyia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ikakhf i`Nghjyhk]; cs;sJ. [rup]
4. ngU%is clypd; jd;dpr;irahd nray;gLk; nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. [jtW]
*rpW%is clypd; jd;dpr;irahd nray;gLk; nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
5. ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpd; ntz;ik epw gFjpfs; ikaypd; ciwAld; $ba [rup]
euk;G ehupiofshy; cUthfpd;wJ.
6. clypd; midj;J euk;GfSk; nkdpQ;r]; vd;Dk; ciwahy; NghHj;jg;gl;L [jtW]
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. [PTA – 3]
*%is kw;Wk; jz;Ltlk; nkdpQ;r]; vd;Dk; ciwahy; NghHj;jg;gl;L ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
7. %isf;Fj; Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fis %isj; jz;Ltlj; jputk; mspf;fpwJ. [rup]
8. clypy; xU J}z;lg;glf; $ba kpf Jupjkhd gjpy; tpisit cz;lhf;FtJ [rup]
mdpr;ir tpy; MFk;.
*Fwpg;G : clypy; xU J}z;lg;glf; $ba kpf Jupjkhd gjpy; tpisit cz;lhf;FtJ
mdpr;ir nray; MFk;.
9. Rthrj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jtjpy; KFsk; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ. [rup]
IV. nghUj;Jf.
m) eprpy; Jfs;fs; Kd; %is m) irl;lhd;
M) i`g;Nghjyhk]; Gw mikT euk;G kz;lyk; M) Kd; %is
,) rpW %is irl;lhd; ,) gpd; %is
<) ];thd; nry;fs; gpd; %is <) Gw mikT euk;G kz;lyk;
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gpd;tUk; xt;nthU tpdhf;fspYk; xU $w;Wk; mjd; fPNo mjw;fhd fhuzKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F thf;fpaq;fspy; xd;iw rupahd gjpyhf Fwpf;fTk;.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkhFk;.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;LNk rup. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
,) $w;W rup Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW <) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; jtW
1. $w;W (A) : ika euk;G kz;lyk; KOikAk;> %isj; jz;Ltlj; jputj;jhy; epuk;gpAs;sJ.
fhuzk; (R) : %isj; jz;L tlj; jputj;jpw;F ,j;jifa gzpfs; fpilahJ.
tpil : (,) $w;W rup Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW.
2. $w;W (A) : ba+uh Nkl;lH kw;Wk; igah Nkl;lHfSf;fpilg;gl;l ,ilntspapy;
fhHg]; fNyhrk; mike;Js;sJ.
fhuzk; (R) : ,J %isg; ngl;lfj;jpDs; epiyahd cs; mOj;jj;ij guhkupf;f cjTfpwJ.
$w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; jtW.
tpil : (<)
16. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F `hu;Nkhd;fs;

1. [pg;uy;ypd;fspd; Kf;fpa tpisT ___________
m) kugpay; uPjpahd nel;ilj; jhtuq;fisf; Fl;ilahf;FtJ.
M) Fl;ilj; jhtuq;fis ePl;rp milar; nra;tJ
,) NtH cUthjiy Cf;Ftpg;gJ <) ,sk; ,iyfs; kQ;rshtJ
2. Edp Mjpf;fj;jpd; kPJ NeH tpisit cUthf;Fk; `hHNkhd;
m) irl;Nlhifdpd; M) Mf;rpd; ,) [pg;uy;ypd; <) vj;jpypd;
3. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; ve;j `hHNkhd; ,aw;ifahf jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gltpy;iy?
m) 2,4 D M) GA 3 ,) [pg;uy;ypd; <) IAA [AUG – 2022]
4. mtpdh Kisf;FUj;J ciw Ma;T ___________ vd;gtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
m) lhHtpd; M) N ];kpj; ,) ghy; <) F.W.ntz;l;
5. fUk;gpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; rHf;fiuapd; msit mjpfupf;f mtw;wpd; kPJ____njspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) Mf;rpd; M) irl;Nlhifdpd; ,) [pg;uy;ypd;fs; <) vj;jpypd;
Fwpg;G : [pg;uypd;fs; jz;bid ePl;rp milar; nra;J mjpfupf;fpwJ. vj;jpypd; goq;fis Kjpu;r;rp
mila nra;J> fUk;gpy; ru;f;fiu msit mjpfupf;fpwJ. NkYk; vj;jpypd; thA epiy `hu;Nkhd;
vd;gjhy; fUk;gpd; kPJ njspf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt vj;jpypNd kpfg; nghUj;jkhd tpil.
6. LH I Rug;gJ ______. m) ml;updy; Rug;gp M) ijuha;L Rug;gp
,) gpl;a+l;lupapd; Kd; fJg;G <) i`Ngh jyhk];
7. fPOs;stw;Ws; ehsKs;sr; Rug;gpia milahsk; fhzTk;. [AUG – 2022]
m) gpl;a+l;lup Rug;gp M) ml;updy; Rug;gp ,) ckpo; ePH Rug;gp <) ijuha;L Rug;gp
8. fPOs;stw;Ws; vJ ehsKs;sr; Rug;gpahfTk;> ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpahfTk; nray;gLfpwJ?
m) fizak; M) rpWePufk; ,) fy;ypuy; <) EiuaPuy;
9. fPof
; z;ltw;Ws; jiyikr; Rug;gp vd fUjg;gLtJ vJ? [PTA – 2, MAY - 2022]
m) gpdpay; Rug;gp M) gpl;a+l;lup Rug;gp ,) ijuha;L Rug;gp <) ml;updy; Rug;gp
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
10. fizak; ________ Rug;gpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ. [PTA – 3]
m) ehsKs;s M) ehskpy;yh ,) m kw;Wk; M <) gwf;Fk;
11. _______ Njq;fhapd; ,sePhpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. [SEP – 2020]
m) Mf;rpd; M) irl;Nlhifdpd; ,) [pg;uy;ypd;fs; <) vj;jpypd;
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xU kjpg;ngz; 41

1. nry; ePl;rpailjy;> Edp Mjpf;fk; Mfpatw;iw cUthf;FtJk;> cjpHjiy jil
nra;tJk; Mf;rpd; `hHNkhd; MFk;.
2. jhtu cWg;Gfspd; cjpHjy; kw;Wk; fdp gOg;gij Jupjg;gLj;Jk; thA epiy `hHNkhd;
vj;jpypd; MFk;.
3. ,iyj;Jisia %lr; nra;Ak; `hHNkhd; mg;rprpf; mkpyk;.
4. [pg;uy;ypd;fs; neUq;fpa ,iyaLf;fj; jhtuq;fspy; jz;L ePl;rpailtijj; J}z;Lfpd;wd.
5. Edp Mjpf;fj;jpd; kPJ vjpHkiw tpisT nfhz;l `hHNkhd; irl;Nlhifdpd; MFk;.
6. clypy; fhy;rpaj;jpd; tsHrpij khw;wj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ ghuhjhh;Nkhd;.
7. yhq;fH`hd; jpl;Lfspy; cs;s gPl;lh nry;fs; ,d;Rypd;-Ir; Ruf;fpwJ. [PTA – 6]
8. ijuha;L Rug;gpapd; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; gzpfis ijuha;ilj; J}z;Lk; `hu;Nkhd; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
9. Foe;ijfspy; ijuha;L `hHNkhd;fspd; Fiwthd Rug;gpd; fhuzkhf fphpl;bdprk; cz;lhfpwJ.
III. nghUj;Jf
tpilfs; :
gFjp I gFjp II gFjp III
1) Mf;rpd; Kisf;FUj;J ciw Edp Mjpf;fk;;
2) vj;jpypd; fdpfs; gOj;jy;
3) mg;rprpf; mkpyk; gRq;fzpfk; cjpu;jy;
4) irl;Nlhifdpd; Njq;fhapd; ,sePu; nry; gFg;G
5) [pg;uy;ypd;fs; [pg;upy;yh gpA+[pFuha; fZtpilg;gFjp ePl;rp
nghUj;Jf - II
`hu;Nkhd;fs; FiwghLfs; tpilfs;
1) ijuhf;rpd; mf;NuhNkfyp 1) vspa fha;lu;
2) ,d;Rypd; nll;ldp 2) lahgb]; nky;ypl];
3) ghuhjhu;Nkhd; vspa fha;lu; 3) nll;ldp
4) tsu;r;rp `hu;Nkhd; lahgb]; ,d;rpgpl]; 4) mf;NuhNkfyp
5) lahgb]; ,d;rpgpl];
5) ADH lahgb]; nky;ypl];
IV. rupah my;yJ jtwh vd vOjTk;. jtwhapd; rupahd $w;wpid vOjTk;.

1. nry;gFg;igj; J}z;b fdpk Cl;l ,lg;ngaHr;rpia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; jhtu [rup]
`hHNkhd; irl;Nlhifdpd; MFk;.
2. [pg;uy;ypd;fs; jf;fhspapy; fUTwhf; fdpfis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. [rup]
3. vj;jpypd; ,iyfs;> kyHfs; kw;Wk; fdpfs; %g;giltijj; jil nra;fpd;wJ. [jtW]
*vj;jpypd; ,iyfs;> kyHfs; kw;Wk; fdpfs; %g;giltij tpiuTgLj;JfpwJ.
4. vf;rhg;jy;kpf; fha;lH> ijuhf;rpd; kpifr; Rug;gpd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpwJ. [rup]
5. gpl;a+l;lup Rug;gp ehd;F fJg;Gfshf gpupe;Js;sJ. [jtW]
*gpl;a+l;lup Rug;gp> ,uz;L fJg;Gfshf gpupe;Js;sJ.
6. fhHg]; Y}l;bak; <];l;Nuh[d; `hHNkhidr; Ruf;fpwJ. [jtW]
*fpuh/gpad; nry;fs; <];l;Nuh[d; `hHNkhidr; Ruf;fpwJ.
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m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkhFk;.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;LNk rup. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
,) $w;W rup Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW.
<) $w;W jtW Mdhy; fhuzk; rup.
3. $w;W (A) : re;ijg;gLj;jg;gLk; fha;fwpfspy; irl;Nlhifdpidj; njspg;gJ mit
gy ehl;fs; nflhky; ,Uf;fr; nra;Ak;.
fhuzk; (R) : irl;Nlhifdpd;fs; fdpk Cl;l ,lg;ngaHr;rpapdhy; ,iyfs; kw;Wk; Vida
tpil : (m) cWg;Gfs; KJikailtijj; jhkjg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
$w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkhFk;.
4. $w;W (A) : gpl;a+l;lup Rug;gp “jiyikRug;gp” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

fhuzk; (R) : ,J gpw ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfisf; fl;LgLj;JfpwJ.
tpil : (m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkhFk;.
5. $w;W (A) : lahgb]; nky;ypl]; ,uj;j rHf;fiu msit mjpfupf;fpwJ.

fhuzk; (R) : ,d;Rypd; ,uj;j rHf;fiu msitf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
tpil : (M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;LNk rup. Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;wpw;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; my;y.
VI. XupU thu;j;ijfspy; tpilasp
1. nts;supapy; Mz;kyHfs; cw;gj;jpahtijj; J}z;Lk; `hHNkhd; vJ? [pg;uy;ypd;

2> 4D (2> 4 ilFNshNuh
2. nraw;if `hHNkhd; xd;wpd; ngaupid vOJf.
gPdhf;rp mrpl;bf; mkpyk;).
3. jf;fhspapy; fUTwhf; fdpiaj; J}z;Lk; `hHNkhd; vJ? [pg;uy;ypd;
4. Foe;ijg; Ngw;wpw;Fg;gpd; ghy; Ruf;f fhuzkhd `hHNkhd; vJ? GNuhyhf;bd;
5. kdpjupy; ePH kw;Wk; jhJ cg;Gf;fspd; tsHrpij khw;wj;ij thNrhgpu];]pd;, My;Nlh];buhd;
xOq;FgLj;Jk; `hHNkhdpd; ngaiuf; $W. [PTA–5] & ghuhijuha;L
6. kdpjHfspy; mtru fhy epiyfis vjpHnfhs;s
ml;updypd; & ehHml;updypd;
Ruf;Fk; `hHNkhd; vJ?
7. nrupj;jYf;Fupa nehjpfisAk;> `hHNkhd;fisAk; ve;j Rug;gp Ruf;fpwJ? fizak;
8. rpWePufj;NjhL
njhlHGila gzpfisr; nra;Ak; `hHNkhd;fspd;
ml;hpdy; Rug;gp
ngaHfisf; $W.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 43
17. jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy;

,dg;ngUf;fk;
1. ,iyfs; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; jhtuk; _________.
m) ntq;fhak; M) Ntk;G ,) ,Q;rp <) gpiuNah/gpy;yk;
2. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwahd nkhl;L tpLjy; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; capupdk; ____.
m) mkPgh M) <];l; ,) gpsh];Nkhbak; <) ghf;Bupah
3. rpd;Nfkpapd; tpisthy; cUthtJ __________. [SEP – 2021]
m) R+];NghHfs; M) nfhdpbah ,) irNfhl;(fUKl;il) <) fpshkpNlh];NghHfs;
4. kyupd; ,d;wpaikahj ghfq;fs;
m) Gy;yptl;lk;> my;yptl;lk; M) Gy;yptl;lk;> kfue;jj;jhs; tl;lk;
,) my;yptl;lk;> R+yftl;lk; <) kfue;jj;jhs; tl;lk;> R+yftl;lk;
5. fhw;wpd; %yk; kfue;jr;NrHf;if eilngWk; kyHfspy; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfs;
m) fhk;gw;w R+y;Kb M) rpwpa nkd;ikahd R+y;Kb
,) tz;z kyHfs; <) ngupa ,wF Nghd;w R+y;Kb
6. %ba tpijAila jhtuq;fspy; (MQ;rpNah];ngu;k;fs;) Mz; NfkPl; vt;tif
nry;ypypUe;J cUthfpwJ? [MAY - 2022]
m) cw;gj;jp nry; M) cly nry; ,) kfue;jj;J}s; jha; nry; <) ikf;Nuh];Nghu;
7. ,dr;nry; (NfkPl;Lfs;) gw;wpa rupahd $w;W vJ?
m) ,Ukak; nfhz;lit
M) ghYWg;Gfis cUthf;Fgit
,) `hHNkhd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd
<) ,it ghy; cWg;GfspypUe;J cUthfpd;wd.
8. tpe;Jit cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba mlHj;jpahd> KjpHe;j> kpfTk; RUz;l jdpj;j ehsk;
,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
m) vgpbilkp]; M) tpe;J Ez;ehsq;fs;
,) tpe;J Foy;fs; <) tpe;Jg;ig ehsq;fs;
9. tpe;J cUthf;fj;jpw;F Cl;lkspf;Fk; ngupa ePl;rpaile;j nry;fs; [SEP – 2021]
m) Kjy;epiy tpe;J tsH capuZ M) nrh;Nlhyp nry;fs;
,) yPbf;nry;fs; <) ];ngHkl;NlhNfhdpah
10. <];l;Nuh[id cw;gj;jp nra;tJ
m) gpl;a+l;lupapd; Kd;fJg;G M) Kjd;ik ghypf;fps;fs;
,) fpuh/gpad; ghypf;fps;fs; <) fhHg]; Y}l;bak;
11. fPof
; ;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ IUCD?
m) fhg;gH - b M) khj;jpiufs; (Oral Pills)
,) fUj;jil jpiur;rt;T <) mz;lehsj; Jz;bg;G
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
12. Kjpu;e;j kfue;jj; J}spd; cw;gj;jp nry;ypy; eilngWk; nry;gpupjy; tif [PTA – 1]
m) ikl;lhrp]; M) kpahrp]; ,) Vikl;lhrp]; <) M kw;Wk; ,
13. kdpjupy;> Mz; NfkPl;Lk; xU ngz; NfkPl;Lk; ,ize;J fUKl;il cUthfpwJ.
fUKl;ilapd; epiy [PTA – 4]
m) xUkak; M) ,Ukak; ,) Kk;kak; <) ehd;kak;
1. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj;jpy; fUTWjy; eilngWk;NghJ R+y;igapy; cs;s nry;fspd; vz;zpf;if 7.

2. fUTWjYf;Fg; gpd; R+w;ig fdp Mf khWfpwJ.
3. gpsNdupahtpy; eilngWk; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,og;G kPl;ly; MFk;.
4. kdpjupy; fUTWjy; mff;fUTWjy; MFk;.
5. fUTWjYf;Fg; gpd; 6 Kjy; 7 ehl;fspy; fU gjpj;jy; eilngWfpwJ.
6. Foe;ij gpwg;gpw;Fg; gpd; ghy; Rug;gpfshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; Kjy; Rug;G nfhy];luk; vdg;gLk;.
7. GNuhyhf;bd; Kd; gpl;A+l;lhp Rug;gp My; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
III.(1) fPo;f;fz;l thu;j;ijfis mjw;Fupa nghUNshL nghUj;Jf
1) gpsj;jy; ];igNuhifuh 1) mkPgh
2) nkhl;L tpLjy; mkPgh 2) <];l;
3) Jz;lhjy; <];l; 3) ];igNuhifuh
III. (2) fPo;f;fz;l thu;j;ijfis mjw;Fupa nghUNshL nghUj;Jf
m) Foe;ij gpwg;G 1) fUTWjYf;Fk; Foe;ij gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhy msT M - 3
M) fu;g;g fhyk; 2) fUTw;wKl;il vz;Nlhnkl;upaj;jpy; gjptJ M - 1
,) mz;l mZ ntspNaw;wk; 3) fUg;igapypUe;J Foe;ij ntspNaw;wk; , - 4
<) fU gjpj;jy; 4) fpuh/gpad; ghypf;fps;fspypUe;J Kl;il ntspNaWjy; < - 2
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xU kjpg;ngz; 45
IV. fPo;f;fz;l $w;W rupah> jtwh vdf; $Wf. jtw;iw jpUj;jp vOJf
1. R+ypd; fhk;Gg; gFjp g+f;fhk;G vdg;gLk;. [jtW]
*R+ypd; fhk;Gg; gFjp R+y;fhk;G vdg;gLk;.
2. tpijfs; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; cUthfpd;wJ. [jtW]
3. <];l; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwahd nry;gpupjy; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ. [jtW]
*<];l; cly ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwahd nkhl;LtpLjy; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpwJ.
4. kfue;jj;J}s;fis Vw;ff;$ba R+yfj;jpd; gFjp R+y;jz;lhFk;. [jtW]
*kfue;jj;J}s;fis Vw;ff;$ba R+yfj;jpd; gFjp R+y;KbahFk;.
5. g+r;rpfs; %yk; kfue;jr;NrHf;if eilngWk; kyupYs;s kfue;jj;J}s;fs; [jtW]
cyHe;J> nkd;ikahf> vilaw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
*fhw;W %yk; kfue;jr;NrHf;if eilngWk; kyupYs;s kfue;jj;J}s;fs; cyHe;J>
nkd;ikahf> vilaw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
6. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba ,dr;nry;fs; ,ul;ilkaj; [jtW]
jd;ikAilait.
*,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba ,dr;nry;fs; xw;iwkaj; jd;ikAilait.
7. gpl;a+l;lupapd; gpd;fJg;G LH-Ir; Ruf;fpwJ. [jtW]
*gpl;a+l;lupapd; Kd;fJg;G LH-Ir; Ruf;fpwJ.
8. fUTw;wpUf;Fk; NghJ khjtplha; Row;rp eilngWtjpy;iy. [rup]
9. ,dr;nry; cUthjiy mWit rpfpr;ir Kiwapyhd fUj;jil Kiw jilnra;fpwJ. [jtW]
*,dr;nry; ntsptUtij mWit rpfpr;ir Kiwapyhd fUj;jil Kiw jil nra;fpwJ.
10. <];l;Nuh[d; kw;Wk; GNuhn[];buhdpd; kpifRug;G khjtplha;f;F fhuzkhfpwJ. [jtW]
*<];l;Nuh[d; kw;Wk; GNuhn[];buhdpd; FiwRug;G khjtplha;f;F fhuzkhfpwJ.
V. xU thu;j;ijapy; tpilasp
1. xU kfue;jj;J}spypUe;J ,uz;L Mz; NfkPl;Lfs; kl;Lk; cUthfpwJ
10 kfue;jj;J}s;fs;
vdpy;> gj;J R+y;fis fUTwr; nra;a vj;jid kfue;jj;J}s;fs; Njitg;gLk;?
2. R+yfj;jpd; vg;gFjpapy; kfue;jj;J}s; Kisj;jy; eilngWfpwJ? R+yfKb
3. nkhl;LtpLjy; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; ,uz;L capupfisf; Fwpg;gplTk;. <];l;> i`l;uh
4. xU tpijapy; cs;s fUt+zpd; Ntiy vd;d? fUtpw;F Cl;lkspf;fpwJ.
5. fUg;igapd; mjpjPtpu jirr; RUf;FjYf;F fhuzkhd `hHNkhdpd;>
Mf;rpNlhrpd;
ngaiuf; $Wf.
6. tpe;J nry;ypd; mf;NuhNrhkpy; fhzg;glf;$ba nehjpapd; nganud;d? `aYuhdpNl];
7. cyf khjtplha; Rfhjhu jpdk; vg;NghJ nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ? Nk 28 Mk; Njjp
8. fUj;jilapd; Njit vd;d? ,J kf;fs; njhif ntbg;igf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
9. fPo;f;fz;l epfo;Tfs; ngz;zpd; ,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyj;jpy; ve;j ghfj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ?
m) fUTWjy; - Mk;Gy;yh M) gjpj;jy; - fUg;igapd; Rth;
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18. kugpay;
1. nkz;lypd; fUj;Jg;gb my;yPy;fs; fPof ; ;fz;l gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
m) xU N[hb [Pdf ; s; M) gz;Gfis epu;zapg;gJ
,) kugZf;fis ([Pd); cUthf;FtJ <) xLq;F fhuzpfs;
2. ve;epfo;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf 9:3:3:1 cUthfpwJ?
m) gpupjy; M) FWf;Nf fyj;jy; ,) rhu;gpd;wp xJq;Fjy; <) xLq;F jd;ik
3. nry; gFg;gilAk; NghJ> ];gpd;by; ehu;fs; FNuhNkhNrhKld; ,izAk; gFjp
m) FNuhNkhkpak; M) nrd;l;NuhNrhk; ,) nrd;l;Nuhkpau; <) FNuhNkhdPkh
4. nrd;l;Nuhkpau; ikaj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ __________ tif FNuhNkhNrhk;
m) Bnyh nrd;l;upf; M) nkl;lh nrd;l;upf;
,) rg; - nkl;lh nrd;l;upf; <) mf;Nuh nrd;l;upf;
5. b.vd;.Vtpd; KJnfYk;ghf _________ cs;sJ.
m) B Mf;]p iuNgh]; ru;f;fiu M) gh];Ngl; ,) iel;u[d; fhuq;fs; <) ru;f;fiu gh];Ngl;
6. xfrhfp Jz;Lfis xd;whf ,izg;gJ
m) n`ypNf]; M) b.vd;.V ghypkNu]; ,) Mu;.vd;.V gpiuku; <) b.vd;.V ypNf];
7. kdpjdpy; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) 22 N[hb Ml;NlhNrhk;fs; kw;Wk; xU N[hb my;NyhNrhk;fs;
M) 22 Ml;NlhNrhk;fs; kw;Wk; 1 my;NyhNrhk; ,) 46 Ml;NlhNrhk;fs;
<) 46 N[hb Ml;NlhNrhk;fs; kw;Wk; 1 N[hb my;NyhNrhk;fs;
8. gd;ka epiyapy; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l FNuhNkhNrhk;fis ,oj;jy; _______
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) ehd;ka epiy M) md;A+gpsha;b ,) A+gpsha;b <) gy gd;ka epiy
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
9. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fpg; gad;gLj;jpatu;[MAY-2022]
m) nkz;ly; M) thy;Nlau; ,) nu[pdhy;L Gd;dl; <) T.H. Nkhu;fd;
10. cl;fUtpYs;s cl;fUkzp ,jdhy; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ [PTA – 2]
m) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; RUf;fk; M) Kjd;ikr; RUf;fk; ,) BNyhkpau; <) Nyhf];
11. fPof
; ;fz;ltw;Ws; ,Ugz;Gf; fyg;gpd tpfpjj;ijf; fz;lwpf. [PTA – 3]
m) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 M) 9 : 1 : 3 : 1 ,) 9 : 1 : 3 : 3 <) 1 : 2 : 1
12. nkl;lh nrd;l;upf; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; nrd;l;Nuhkpaupd; miktplk; [PTA – 5]
m) Kd;Kid M) gpd;Kid ,) ikaj;jpy; <) Kidf;F mUfpy;
13. rhpahd ,iziaf; fhz;f: [SEP - 2020]
m) mf;Nuhnrd;l;hpf; - nrd;l;Nuhkpah; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ikaj;jpw;F mUfpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,uz;L rkkw;w fuq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
M) rg;-nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf; - nrd;l;Nuhkpah; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; xU Kidapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,) nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf; - nrd;l;Nuhkpah; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; ikaj;jpy; mike;J ,uz;L
rkePsKs;s fuq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ
<) BNyhnrd;l;hpf; - nrd;l;Nuhkpah; FNuhNkhNrhkpd; xU Kidf;F mUfpy; fhzg;gLtjhy;>
xU Fl;ilahd fuKk; xU ePz;l fuKk; ngw;Ws;sd.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 47

1. nkz;lypd; xU N[hb NtWgl;l gz;Gfs; my;yPy;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. xU Fwpg;gpl;l gz;gpd; ([Pdpd;) ntspj;Njhw;wk; gPNdhilg; vdg;gLk;.
3. xt;nthU nry;ypd; cl;fUtpy; fhzg;gLk; nky;ypa E}y; Nghd;w mikg;Gfs;
FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
4. xU b.vd;.V ,uz;L ghyp epA+f;spNahilL ,iofshy; MdJ.
5. xU [Pd; (m) FNuhNkhNrhk; Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;G my;yJ msTfspy; Vw;glf;$ba
guk;giuahfj; njhluf;$ba khw;wq;fs; rLjpkhw;wk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. b.vd;.V. ,ul;bg;ghjy; epfo;tpy; b.vd;.V.tpd; ,uz;L ,iofisAk; gpupf;Fk; nehjp
n`ypNf];. [PTA – 1]
7. ,ul;bg;ghjy; fyitapd; NkNy cs;s ,ul;ilr; RUisg; gpupj;J> KWf;fy;fis ePf;Fk;
nehjp NlhNghINrhnkNu]; [PTA – 1]
8. epA+f;spNahilLfis Nru;f;Fk; nehjp b.vd;.V ghypnkNu];. [PTA – 1]
9. b.vd;.V Jz;Lfis xd;wpizf;fg; gad;gLk; nehjp b.vd;.V ypNf];. [PTA – 1]
10. ,ul;bg;ghjy; fyitapd; ,U gf;fq;fSk; nlu;kpd]; vd;w ,lj;jpy; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ
,ul;bg;ghjy; KbtilfpwJ. [PTA – 1]
III. fPo;f;fz;l $w;W rupah> jtwh vdf; $Wf. jtiw jpUj;jp vOJf
1. nkz;lypd; ,U gz;G fyg;G tpfpjk; F2 jiyKiwapy; 3 : 1 MFk;. [jtW]

*nkz;lypd; ,Ugz;G fyg;G tpfpjk; F2 jiyKiwapy; 9:3:3:1 MFk;.
2. xLq;F gz;ghdJ Xq;F gz;gpdhy; khw;wg;gLfpwJ. [jtW]
*xLq;F gz;ghdJ Xq;F gz;gpdhy; kiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. xt;nthU NfkPl;Lk; [Pdpd; xNu xU my;yPiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. [rup]
4. [Pd; mikg;gpy; NtWgl;l ,uz;L jhtuq;fisf; fyg;gpdk; nra;J ngwg;gl;l [rup]
re;jjp fyg;Gapup MFk;.
5. rpy FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; BNyhkpau; vdg;gLk; ePz;l Fkpo; Nghd;w ,izAWg;G [jtW]
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
*rpy FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; rhl;biyl; vdg;gLk; ePz;l Fkpo; Nghd;w ,izAWg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.
6. b.vd;.V ghypnkNu]; nehjpapd; cjtpAld; Gjpa epA+f;spNahilLfs; [rup]

Nru;f;fg;gl;L Gjpa epug;G b.vd;.V. ,io cUthfpwJ.
7. lTd; Neha;f; $l;L mwpFwp vd;gJ 45 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; cs;s kugpay; epiy. [jtW]
*lTd; Neha;f; $l;L mwpFwp vd;gJ 47 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; (23 N[hbfs; + 1 $Ljy;
FNuhNkhNrhk;) cs;s kugpay; epiy.
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IV. nghUj;Jf
m) Ml;NlhNrhk;fs; biuNrhkp 21 1) 22 N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
2) 2n
M) ,Uka epiy 9:3:3:1
3) 23tJ N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
,) my;NyhNrhk;fs; 22 N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
4) biuNrhkp 21
<) lTd; Neha;f; $l;L mwpFwp 2n
5) 9:3:3:1
c) ,Ugz;Gf;; fyg;G 23tJ N[hb FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
V. xU thf;fpaj;jpy; tpilasp
1. <upiz NtWgl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l capupfspy; fyg;gpdk;

,U gz;Gf; fyg;G
nra;tJ vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
2. ve;jr; R+o;epiyapy; ,uz;L my;yPy;fSk; xj;j epiyapy;

N`hNkhirf]; epiy.
,Uf;Fk;?
3. xU Njhl;lg; gl;lhzpr; nrb ,iyf;Nfhzj;jpy; kyu;fisj;

xLq;F gz;G nrbapd;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. kw;nwhU nrb Edpapy; kyu;fisj;
kyu;
Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ. ,tw;Ws; vJ Xq;F gz;igg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;?
4. kuG topahf xU Fwpg;gpl;l gz;gpidf; flj;Jk; b.vd;.V-tpd;

[Pd;
gFjpf;F vd;d ngau;? my;yJ [Pd; tiuaW.
5. b.vd;.V-tpy; epA+f;spNahilLfis ,izf;Fk; gpizg;gpd; gh];Ngh il v];lu;
ngaiu vOJf. gpizg;Gfs;
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xU kjpg;ngz; 49
19. capupd; Njhw;wKk; gupzhkKk;

1. capu;topj; Njhw;w tpjpapd; $w;Wg;gb [QR]
m) jdp capup tuyhWk;> njhFjp tuyhWk; xd;whfj; jpfOk;.
M) jdp capup tuyhW njhFjp tuyhw;iw kPz;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,) njhFjp tuyhW> jdp capup tuyhw;iw kPz;Lk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
<) njhFjp tuyhW kw;Wk; jdp capup tuyhW Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNa njhlu;gpy;iy.
2. “gad;ghL kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jhik” Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;nkhope;jtu;
m) rhu;y]; lhu;tpd; M) vu;d];l; n`f;fy;
,) [Pd; ghg;b];l; yhkhu;;f; <) fpupfu; nkz;ly;
3. gpd;tUk; Mjhuq;fSs; vJ njhy;nghUs; ty;Yeu;fspd; Ma;tpw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ?
m) fUtpay; rhd;Wfs; M) njhy; capupay; rhd;Wfs;
,) vr;r cWg;G rhd;Wfs; <) Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l midj;Jk;
4. njhy; capu;g; gbtq;fspd; fhyj;ij mwpa cjTk; rpwe;j Kiw [PTA – 1]
m) NubNah fhu;gd; Kiw M) ANudpak; fhuPa Kiw
,) nghl;lhrpak; Mu;fhd; Kiw <) m kw;Wk; ,
5. tl;lhu ,d jhtutpay; vd;Dk; nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;. [MAY-2022]
m) nfhuhdh M) J.W. fhu;]; ngu;fu;
,) nuhdhy;L uh]; <) `pANfh b tpup];
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. Kd;gpUe;j capupapy; ,Ue;Jjhd; caph; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gij ep&gpj;jtu;. [SEP – 2021]
m) Yhap]; gh];lu; M) Xghhpd; ,) `hy;Nld; <) yhkhh;f;
7. Gijg;gbtg; gwit vd;W fUjg;gLk; capupdk; _________. [PTA – 4]
m) [pq;Nfh igNyhgh M) Mu;f;fpahg;nlupf;];
,) NgypNahN]hapf; ngUe;jhtuq;fs; <) ,e;jpa Nfhz;l;thdh

1. R+o;epiyapd; khw;wq;fSf;F vjpu; tpidg;GupAk; tpjkhf jq;fs; tho;ehspy; tpyq;Ffs;
ngWfpd;w gz;Gfs; ngwg;gl;l gz;Gfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. xU capupdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpijtile;j kw;Wk; ,aq;fhj epiyapYs;s cWg;Gfs;
vr;r cWg;Gfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
3. ntsthy;fs; kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; Kd;dq;fhy;fs; mikg;G xj;j cWg;GfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L.[QR]
4. gupzhkj;jpd; ,aw;ifj; Nju;T Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;nkhope;jtu; rhu;y]; lhu;tpd;. [PTA – 6]
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1. cWg;Gfspd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jhik Nfhl;ghl;ilf; $wpatu; rhu;y]; lhu;tpd;. [jtW]
*cWg;Gfspd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jhik Nfhl;ghl;ilf; $wpatu; [Pd; ghg;b];l;
yhkhu;f;. [PTA –5]
2. nray; xj;j cWg;Gfs; ghu;f;f xNu khjpupahfTk;> xNu khjpupahd gzpfisAk; [rup]
nra;fpd;wd. Mdhy; mit ntt;NtW tpjkhd Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; fUtsu;r;rp
Kiwfisf; nfhz;ljhf cs;sd.
3. gwitfs; Cu;tdtw;wpypUe;J Njhd;wpait. [PTA – 5] [rup]
IV. nghUj;Jf
[PTA – 5]
fyk; A fyk; B tpilfs;
m) Kd;Ndhu; gz;G kPl;rp Ks;nsYk;G kw;Wk; Fly;thy; m) tsu;r;rpailahj thy; kw;Wk; cly;
G+id kw;Wk; ntsthypd; KOtJk; mlu;e;j Kb
M) vr;r cWg;Gfs;
Kd;dq;fhy; M) Ks;nsYk;G kw;Wk; Fly;thy;
tsu;r;rpailahj thy; kw;Wk; ,) ntsthypd; ,wf;if kw;Wk; G+r;rpapd;
,) nray; xj;j cWg;Gfs;
cly; KOtJk; mlu;e;j Kb ,wf;if
ntsthypd; ,wf;if kw;Wk; <) G+id kw;Wk; ntsthypd; Kd;dq;fhy;
<) mikg;G xj;j cWg;Gfs;
G+r;rpapd; ,wf;if
c) jpUtf;fiu
c) kug;G+q;fh fjpupaf;ff; fhu;gd; (C14)
C) fjpupaf;ff; fhu;gd; (C14)
C) W.F.ypgp jpUtf;fiu
V. XupU nrhw;fspy; tpilasp
1. kdpjdpd; if> G+idapd; Kd;dq;fhy;> jpkpq;fyj;jpd; Kd; JLg;G

kw;Wk; ntsthypd; ,wf;if Mfpait ghu;f;f ntt;NtW mikg;G xj;j
khjpupahfTk;> ntt;NtW gzpfSf;F Vw;g jftikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cWg;Gfs;
,e;j cWg;GfSf;F vd;d ngau;?
2. Gijg;gbtg; gwit vd;W fUjg;gLk; capupdk; vJ? Mu;f;fpahg;nlupf;];
3. Gij capu;g; gbtk; gw;wpa mwptpay; gpupT vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? njhy;Yapupay;
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xU kjpg;ngz; 51
20. ,df;fyg;G kw;Wk;

capupj;njhopy;El;gtpay;
1. Xu; mDgtkw;w tptrhap gapu; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf ve;j Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wthu;?
m) Nghj;Jj; Nju;T Kiw M) $l;Lj; Nju;T Kiw
,) J}a tupirj; Nju;T Kiw <) fyg;gpdkhf;fk;
2. G+rh Nfhky; vd;gJ _________ ,d; Neha; vjpu;g;Gj;jpwd; ngw;w ufk; MFk;. [SEP– 2021]
m) fUk;G M) ney; ,) jl;ilg;gapW <) kf;fhr;Nrhsk;
3. fyg;gpdkhf;fk; kw;Wk; Nju;T nra;jy; %ykhf cUthf;fg;gl;l> JU Neha;f;F vjpu;g;Gj;
jd;ik ngw;w `pk;fpup vd;gJ _______ ,d; ufkhFk;. [MAY - 2022]
m) kpsfha; M) kf;fhr;Nrhsk; ,) fUk;G <) NfhJik
4. jd;Dila 50 tJ gpwe;j ehisf; nfhz;lhba> kpy;ypad; kf;fspd; capiuf; fhg;ghw;wpa
mjpra muprp ________ MFk;.
m) IR 8 M) IR 24 ,) ml;lhkpl;lh 2 <) nghd;dp
5. capu;j;njhopy;El;gj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gpd;tUk; vg;nghUs; kdpjDf;Fg; gad;gLk;
nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ?
m) capupdq;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l nehjp M) thOk; capupdq;fs;
,) itl;lkpd;fs; <) (m) kw;Wk; (M)
6. DNAit ntl;lg; gad;gLk; nehjp [SEP – 2020, PTA – 2]
m) fj;jpupf;Nfhy; M) nu];l;upf;]d; vz;NlhepA+f;spNa];
,) fj;jp <) RNA nehjpfs;
7. rDNA vd;gJ _________.
m) Cu;jp DNA M) tl;l tbt DNA
,) Cu;jp DNA kw;Wk; tpUk;gj; jf;f DNAtpd; Nru;f;if <) rhl;bidl; DNA
8. DNA tpuy;Nuif njhopy;El;gk; _________ DNA tupiria milahsk; fhZk;
nfhs;ifapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. [PTA – 5]
m) Xupio M) jpBu; khw;wKw;w
,) gy;YUj;Njhw;w <) kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; tUk; njhlu;
9. khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l cs;shu;e;j my;yJ may; [Pidg; ngw;w capupdq;fs; _______ vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
m) may; [Pidg; ngw;w capupdq;fs; M) kuGg; gz;G khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lit
,) jpBu; khw;wk; mile;jit <) m kw;Wk; M
10. n`f;rhgpsha;b NfhJikapy; (2n = 6x = 42) xw;iwkak; (n) kw;wk; mbg;gilj; njhFjp
(x) FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if KiwNa _________ MFk;.
m) n = 7 kw;Wk; x = 21 M) n = 21 kw;Wk; x = 21
,) n = 7 kw;Wk; x = 7 <) n = 21 kw;Wk; x = 7
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1. jhtu gapu;g; ngUf;fk; vd;gJ nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j cau;e;j juKila
jhtuq;fis cw;gj;jpr; nra;Ak; fiy MFk;.
2. Gujk; nrwpe;j NfhJik ufk; ml;y]; 66 MFk;.
3. fhy;r;rprpd; vd;gJ FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifia ,ul;bg;ghf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Ntjpg;nghUs; MFk;.
4. tpUk;gj;jf;f Cl;lrj;J epiwe;j gapu;j; jhtuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; mwptpay; Kiw
cap&l;lr; rj;Njw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
5. ney; nghJthf tz;ly; kz;zpy; nropj;J tsu;fpwJ. Mdhy; rLjp khw;wj;jpd; %yk;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ml;lhkpl;lh 2 vd;w ney; ufk; ctu; jd;ik tha;e;j kz;zpYk;
nropj;J tsUk;. [SEP – 2021]
6. kuGg;nghwpapay; (my;yJ) kWNru;f;if b.vd;.V njhopy;El;gk; kugpay; uPjpahf
capupdq;fis cw;gj;jpr; nra;a toptif nra;Js;sJ.
7. nu];l;upf;]d; vz;NlhepA+f;spNa]; nehjpahdJ DNA %yf;$iw Ngypd;l;Nuhk; fhu
tupir (gh];Nghilv];lu; gpizg;G) vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy;
Jz;lhf;FfpwJ.
8. xj;j DNA tpuy;Nuif mikg;G xw;iwf;fU ,ul;ilau;fs; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk;.
9. NtWghL milahj nry;fspd; njhFg;G FUj;jZf;fs; MFk;.
10. [Pd; FNshdpq; Kiwapy; tpUk;gpa DNA, jFe;j flj;jp (gpsh];kpl;) cld;
xUq;fpizf;fg;gLfpwJ.
III. rupah my;yJ jtwh vd $Wf. jtwhapd;> rupahd $w;iw vOJf.
1. fhy;r;rprpd; rpfpr;irahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ug;gNdh gpuhrpf;fh vd;gJ kdpjd; [rup]
cUthf;fpa xU my;Nyhnll;uhgpsha;L MFk;.
2. ,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fisf; nfhz;l capupdq;fis [jtW]
cUthf;Fk; Kiw rLjpkhw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
*,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l njhFjp FNuhNkhNrhk;fisf; nfhz;l capupdq;fis
cUthf;Fk; Kiw gd;ka gapu;g;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
3. cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; my;yJ ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; xU jdpj; [jtW]
jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J cUthf;fg;gl;l jhtuq;fspd; $l;lNk J}a tupir vdg;gLk;.
*cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; my;yJ ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; xU jdpj; jhtuj;jpy;
,Ue;J cUthf;fg;gl;l jhtuq;fspd; $l;lNk FNshd;fs; vdg;gLk;.
4. ,Uk;G rj;J nrwpT+l;lg;gl;l muprp ufk;> gapu; nra;ag;gl;l jhtuj;jpd; Gujj; [jtW]
juj;ij jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
*,Uk;G rj;J nrwpT+l;lg;gl;l muprp ufk;> gapu; nra;ag;gl;l jhtuj;jpd; ,Uk;Gj;
juj;ij jPu;khdpf;fpwJ.
5. ‘Nfhy;ld; iu];’ xU fyg;Gapup. [jtW]
*Nfhy;ld; iu]; xU kugZ khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l muprp.
6. ghf;Bupahtpd; Bt [Pd>; G+r;rpfisf; nfhy;yf; $baJ. [rup]
7. nraw;iff; fUTWjy; vd;gJ clYf;Fs; eilngWk; fUTWjyhFk;. [jtW]
*nraw;iff; fUTWjy; vd;gJ clYf;F ntspNa eilngWk; fUTWjyhFk;.
8. DNA tpuy; Nuif njhopy; El;gk; mnyf; n[/g;Nu vd;gtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. [rup]
9. %yf;$W fj;jupf;Nfhy; vd;gJ DNA iyNfi]f; Fwpf;Fk;. [jtW]
*%yf;$W fj;jpupf;Nfhy; vd;gJ nu];l;upf;]d; nehjpfis Fwpf;Fk;.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 53
IV. nghUj;Jf.
fyk; - I fyk; - II tpilfs;
1) Nrhdhypfh NgrpNahy]; Kq;Nfh 1) miuf;Fs;s NfhJik
2) IR 8 fUk;G 2) miuf;Fs;s muprp
3) fUk;G
3) rf;fhuk; miuf;Fs;s NfhJik
4) NgrpNahy]; Kq;Nfh
4) Kq; ek;gu; 1 Ntu;f;fliy 5) Ntu;f;fliy
5) TMV – 2 miuf;Fs;s muprp 6) rDNA njhopy;El;gj;jy p ; cUthd
6) ,d;Rypd; Ngrpy;y]; JupQ;rpad;rp]; Kjy; `hu;Nkhd;
7) Bt er;R gPl;lh fNuhl;bd; 7) Ngrpy;y]; JupQ;rpad;rp];
8) gPl;lh fNuhl;bd;
8) Nfhy;ld; iu]; rDNA njhopy; El;gj;jpy;
cUthd Kjy; `hu;Nkhd;
m) $w;W rup Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW. M) $w;W jtW Mdhy; fhuzk; rup.
,) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup. <) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.
1. $w;W : fyg;Gapup ,U ngw;NwhiuAk; tpl Nkk;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
fhuzk; : fyg;gpd tPupak; jw;fyg;gpy; ,of;fg;gLfpwJ.
$w;W rup Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW.
tpil : (m)
2. $w;W : fhy;r;rprpd; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwf;fpwJ. [PTA – 3]
fhuzk; : rNfhjup FNuhNkhl;bLfs; vjpnujpu;j; JUtq;fis Nehf;fp efu;tij mJ
Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
tpil : (<) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.
3. $w;W : rDNA njhopy;El;gk; fyg;gpdkhf;fiy tpl Nkd;ikahdJ. [PTA – 4]
fhuzk; : ,yf;F capupdj;jpy; tpUk;gj;jfhj [Pdf
; is Eiof;fhky; tpUk;gj;jf;f
[Pdf
; s; kl;Lk; Eiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
tpil : (,) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup.
VI. xNu thf;fpaj;jpy; tpilasp

1. mjpf ehu;r;rj;Jk;> GujKk; epiwe;j NfhJik ufj;jpd; ngaiu vOJf.
bupl;bf;Nfy;.
2. ney;ypy; miuf;Fs;s tiffs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,J ney;ypy; fhzg;gLk; Fs;s
kugZthy; ([Pdhy;) rhj;jpakhdJ. ,e;j Fs;s kugZtpd; ([Pd;) ngaiu vOJf.
B-[pNah-T+-n[d; (DGWG).
3. kuGg; nghwpapay; - tiuaW.
[Pd;fis ehk; tpUk;gpa gb ifahs;tJk;> Gjpa capu;fis cUthf;f> [Pd;fis xU
capupapypUe;J kw;nwhU capupf;F ,lk; khw;WjYk; kuGg; nghwpapay; vdg;gLk;.
4. FUj;jZf;fspd; tiffis vOJf. [PTA – 2]
i) fUepiyf; FUj;jZf;fs; ii) Kjpu; / clyf; FUj;jZf;fs;
5. may; [Pidg; ngw;w capupdq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? [PTA – 6]
kuGg; gz;G khw;wg;gl;l [Pidg; ngw;w jhtuk;/tpyq;Ffs; kuGg; gz;G khw;wg;gl;l
capupfs; my;yJ may; [Pidg; ngw;w capupdq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
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21. cly; eyk; kw;Wk; Neha;fs;

1. Gifapiyg; gof;fk;> ml;updypd; Rug;igj; J}z;LfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhd fhuzp
m) epf;Nfhl;bd; M) lhdpf; mkpyk; ,) Fu;Fkpd; <) nyg;bd;
2. cyf Gifapiy vjpu;g;G jpdk; [AUG – 2022, PTA – 1, QR]
m) Nk 31 M) [{d; 6 ,) Vg;uy; 22 <) mf;Nlhgu; 2
3. rhjhuz nry;fis tpl Gw;WNeha; nry;fs; fjpu; tPr;rpdhy; Rygkhf mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Vnddpy; mit
m) NtWgl;l cUt mikg;G nfhz;lit M) gpsTf;F cl;gLtjpy;iy
,) jpBu;khw;wk; mile;j nry;fs; <) Jupj nry;gpupjy; jd;ik nfhz;lit
4. epzePu; Kbr;Rfs; kw;Wk; kz;zPuiyj; jhf;Fk; Gw;WNeha; tif
m) fhu;rpNdhkh M) rhu;f;Nfhkh ,) YA+f;Nfkpah <) ypk;Nghkh
5. msTf;F kpQ;rpa kJg;gof;fj;jpdhy; cUthtJ [MDL – 19]
m) Qhgf kwjp M) fy;yPuy; rpijT ,) khaj; Njhw;wk; <) %isr; nray;ghL Fiwjy;
6. ,jaf;Foy; ,jaNeha; Vw;glf; fhuzk;
m) ];l;nug;Nlhfhf;if ghf;Bupah njhw;W M) ngupfhu;baj;jpd; tPf;fk;
,) ,ja thy;Tfs; tYtpog;G <) ,jaj; jirfSf;Fg; Nghjpa ,uj;jk; nry;yhik
7. vgpjPypay; nry;ypy; Gw;WNeha; cUthtjw;F ________ vd;W ngau; [PTA - 6]
m) YA+f;Nfkpah M) rhu;f;Nfhkh ,) fhu;rpNdhkh <) ypk;Nghkh
8. nkl;lh];lhrp]; ,jDld; njhlu;GilaJ.
m) tPupakpf;f fl;b (khypf;dd;l;) M) jPq;fw;w fl;b
,) m kw;Wk; M <) kFlf; foiy Neha;
9. ghypNg[pah vd;w epiy __________y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
m) clw;gUkd; M) lahgB]; nky;ypl]; ,) lahgB]; ,d;rpgpl]; <) va;l;];
10. kJ mUe;jpaTld;> clypy; Kjypy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; gFjp
m) fz;fs; M) nrtp czu;Tg; gFjp ,) fy;yPuy; <) ika euk;G kz;lyk;
$Ljy; tpdh
11. fPof
; ;fz;ltw;Ws; lahgb]; nky;ypl]; njhlHghd NtWgl;l xd;iwj; NjHe;njLf;fTk;?
m) Nehapd; jhf;fk; 10% - 20% M) ,sk;gUtj;jpy; njhlq;Fjy; [PTA – 3]
,) cly; vil Fiwjy; <) clw;gUkd;
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xU kjpg;ngz; 55
II. fPo;f;fz;ltw;iw rupah> jtwh vdf; $Wf. jtWfs; VJkpUg;gpd; jpUj;jp vOJf.
1. va;l;]; vd;gJ xU nfhs;is Neha; (vgplkpf;). [jtW]
*va;l;]; vd;gJ xU nfhs;is NehahFk;(ghd;lkpf;).
2. Gw;WNeha; cUthf;Fk; [Pdf ; Sf;F Md;Nfh[Pd;fs; vd;W ngau;. [rup]
3. cly; gUkdpd; gz;G fl;bfs; cUthf;fk; MFk;. [jtW]
*Gw;WNehapd; gz;G fl;bfs; cUthf;fk; MFk;.
4. nts;isaZf;fs; kw;Wk; ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfupg;gJ [jtW]
YA+f;Nfkpah vdg;gLfpwJ.
*nts;isaZf;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfupg;gJ YA+f;Nfkpah vdg;gLfpwJ.
5. Nehapd; fhuzq;fs; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; mwptpay; gpupT Neha;f;fhuz Ma;T [rup]
(Vl;bahy[p) vdg;gLfpwJ.
6. Nehahspfspd; Milfis gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; va;l;]; Neha; guthJ. [rup]
7. ,d;Rypd; gw;whf;Fiwapdhy; lahgB]; nky;ypl]; tif-2 cUthfpwJ. [jtW]
*,d;Rypd; gw;whf; Fiwapdhy; lahgB]; nky;ypl]; tif-1 cUthfpwJ.
8. fhu;rpNdh[d; vd;git Gw;WNehia cUthf;Fk; fhuzpfshFk;. [rup]
9. epf;Nfhl;bd; vd;gJ kaf;f %l;b tif kUe;J. [jtW]
*epf;Nfhl;bd; vd;gJ fpsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; (my;yJ) mbikg;gLj;Jk; kUe;jhFk;.
10. rpu;Nuhrp]; (fy;yPuy; tPf;fk;) vd;gJ %isf; NfhshW NehAld; njhlu;GilaJ. [jtW]
*rpu;Nuhrp]; (fy;yPuy; tPf;fk;) vd;gJ fy;yPuy; NfhshW NehAld; ghjpg;Gld; njhlHGilaJ.
III. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpd; tpupthf;fj;ij; jUf.
1. IDDM → Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (,d;Rypd; rhu;e;j ePupopT Neha;)

2. HIV → Human Immuno deficiency Virus (kdpj jilfhg;G FiwT itu];)
3. BMI → Body Mass Index (clw;gUkf; FwpaPL)
4. AIDS → Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (ngwg;gl;l Neha;j; jLg;ghw;wy; FiwT Neha;)
5. CHD → Coronary Heart Disease (,jaf;Foha; Neha;)
6. NIDDM → Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (,d;Rypd; rhuhj ePupopT Neha;)
IV. nghUj;Jf.

1) rhu;f;Nfhkh tapw;W Gw;WNeha; 1) ,izg;Gj;jpR Gw;WNeha;
2) fhu;rpNdhkh mjpfg;gbahd jhfk; 2) tapw;W Gw;W Neha;
3) ghypbg;rpah mjpfg;gbahd grp 3) mjpfg;gbahd jhfk;
4) mjpfg;gbahd grp
,jaj;jirfSf;F ,uj;j
4) ghypNg[pah 5) ,jaj;jirfSf;F
Xl;lkpd;ik
,uj;j Xl;lkpd;ik
5) ,jaj;jir erpTwy; Neha; ,izg;Gj;jpR Gw;WNeha;
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V. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf.
1. My;f`hiy mjpfg;gbahf gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy; fy;yPuy; rpu;Nuh]p]; Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ.
2. GifapiyapypUe;J gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk; mjpf er;R cs;s Ntjpg; nghUs; epf;Nfhl;bd;.
3. ,uj;jg; Gw;WNeha;f;F ypA+f;Nfkpah vd;W ngau;. [PTA – 4]
4. rpy tifahd kUe;Jfis njhlu;e;J gad;gLj;Jtjpdhy; cz;lhFk; mjd; Fiwthd
gjpy; tpisT kUe;J rfpg;Gj;jd;ik vdg;gLk;.
5. ,d;Rypd; Vw;Wf; nfhs;shik vd;gJ ,d;Rypd; rhuhj (m) tif-2 ePupopT Nehapd; epiy.
VI. xg;Gik tif tpdhf;fs;
Kjy; nrhy;iy milahsk; fz;L> mjNdhL njhlu;Gila nrhy;iy ehd;fhtJ Nfhbl;l ,lj;jpy; epug;Gf.
m) njhw;W Neha; : va;l;]; ∷ njhw;wh Neha; : Gw;W Neha;fs;
M) fPnkhnjugp : Ntjpg;nghUs;fs; ∷ fjpupaf;f rpfpr;ir : fjpu;tPr;R
,) cau; ,uj;j mOj;jk; : i`gu; nfhy];BNuhNyhkpah ∷ fpisNfhR+upah : i`gu;fpisrPkpah
XII. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk;
fPo;f;fhZk; xt;nthU tpdhf;fspYk; xU $w;Wk; mjd; fPNo mjw;fhd fhuzKk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F thf;fpaq;fspy; xd;iw rupahd gjpyhff; Fwpf;fTk;.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;Wf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkhFk;.
M) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup. Mdhy;; fhuzk; $w;Wf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; ,y;iy.
,) $w;W rup. Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW.
<) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.
1. $w;W : midj;J kUe;JfSk; %isapd; kPJ nray;gLfpd;wd.

fhuzk; : kUe;Jfs; cly; kw;Wk; kdjpd; nray;ghLfisf; Fiyf;fpd;wd.
tpil : (m)
$w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;Wf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkhFk;.
2. $w;W : lahgB]; nky;ypl]; Nehahspfspd; rpWePupy; mjpfsT FSf;Nfh];

ntspNaWtijf; fhzyhk;.
fhuzk; : fizak; NghJkhd msT ,d;Rypid Rug;gjpy;iy.
tpil : (m)
$w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;Wf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkhFk;.
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22. Rw;Wr;R+oy; Nkyhz;ik

I. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;G
1. fhLfs; mopg;gpdhy; kio nghopT FiwfpwJ.
2. kz;zpd; Nky; mLf;F kz; Jfs;fs; mfw;wg;gLtJ kz;zupg;G.
3. rpg;Nfh ,af;fk; kuk; ntl;LjYf;F (fhLfs; mopg;G) vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. ePyfpup vd;gJ jkpo;ehl;bYs;s capHf;Nfhs ghJfhg;G ikakhFk;.
5. Xj Mw;wy; kuGrhuh (GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f) tif Mw;wyhFk;.
6. fup> ngl;Nuhypak; kw;Wk; ,aw;if vupthA Mfpait Gijgbt vupnghUl;fs; MFk;.
7. kpd;rhu cw;gj;jpf;F kpfTk; mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vupnghUs; epyf;fup MFk;.
II. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; $w;wpid jpUj;Jf)
1. capup thA xU Gijgbt vupnghUshFk;. [jtW]
*capup thA xU Gijgbt vupnghUs; my;y> Vnddpy; ,J Gtpapy; ,Ue;J
fpilj;j vupnghUs; fpilahJ.
2. kuk; eLtjhy; epyj;jb ePHkl;lk; mjpfupf;Fk;. [rup]
3. thoplq;fis mopg;gJ td capupfspd; ,og;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;. [rup]
4. mZ Mw;wy; xU GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wyhFk;. [jtW]
*mZ Mw;wy; xU GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj Mw;wyhFk;.
5. mjpfgbahd fhy;eil Nka;r;ry;> kz;zupg;igj; jLf;Fk;. [jtW]
*mjpfgbahd fhy;eil Nka;r;ry;> kz;zupg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
6. td capHfis Ntl;ilahLjy;> rl;lg+Htkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l xd;whFk;. [jtW]
*td capHfis Ntl;ilahLjy;> rl;ltpNuhjkhd nrayhFk;.
7. Njrpag; g+q;fh xU ghJfhf;fg;gl;lg; gFjpahFk;. [rup]
8. td capup ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 1972Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. [rup]
III. nghUj;Jf

1) kz;zupg;G Mw;wy; Nrkpg;G 1) jhtug; gug;G ePf;fk;
2) capup thA mkpy kio 2) CO2
3) ,aw;if thA jhtug; gug;G ePf;fk; 3) GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj Mw;wy;
4) mkpy kio
4) gRik ,y;y thA GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wy;
5) Mw;wy; NrkpgG;
5) CFL gy;Gfs; CO2 6) GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wy;
6) fhw;W GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj Mw;wy; 7) fhuPak; kw;Wk; fd cNyhfq;fs;
7) jplf;fopT fhuPak; kw;Wk; fd cNyhfq;fs;
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IV. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njL
1. fPOs;stw;Ws; vJ/vit Gij gbt vupnghUl;fs;? [AUG – 2022, PTA – 5]
i) jhH ii) epyf;fup iii) ngl;Nuhypak;
m) i kl;Lk; M) i kw;Wk; ii ,) ii kw;Wk; iii <) i> ii kw;Wk; iii
2. fopTfis Nkyhz;ik nra;tjw;fhf fPOs;stw;Ws; vtw;wpid ePtpH gad;gLj;JtPH?
m) fopTfs; cUthFk; msitf; Fiwj;jy;
M) fopTfis kWgad;ghl;L Kiwapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;
,) fopTfis kWRow;rp nra;jy;
<) NkNy cs;sit midj;Jk;
3. thfdq;fs; ntspNaw;Wk; Gifapy; cs;s thAf;fs;
i) fhHgd; Nkhdhf;irL ii) ry;gH il Mf;irL iii) iel;u[d; Mf;irLfs;
m) i kw;Wk; ii M) i kw;Wk; iii ,) ii kw;Wk; iii <) i> ii kw;Wk; iii
4. kz;zupg;igj; jLf;fg; gad;gLtJ
m) fhLfs; mopg;G M) fhLfs;/kuk; tsHg;G
,) mjpfkhf tsHj;jy; <) jhtug; gug;G ePf;fk;
5. GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wy; %yk;
m) ngl;Nuhypak; M) fup ,) mZf;fU Mw;wy; <) kuq;fs;
6. fPOs;stw;Ws; kz;zupg;G mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; ,lk;
m) kiog;nghopT ,y;yhj ,lk; M) Fiwthd kio nghopT cs;s ,lk;
,) mjpfkhd kiog;nghopT cs;s ,lk; <) ,tw;wpy; vJTkpy;iy
7. fPOs;stw;Ws; jPHe;J Nghfhj tsk;/tsq;fs;
m) fhw;whw;wy; M) kz;tsk; ,) td capup <) NkNy cs;s midj;Jk;
8. fpuhkq;fspy; fpilf;Fk; nghJthd Mw;wy; %yk;/%yq;fs;
m) kpd;rhuk; M) epyf;fup
,) capup thA <) kuf;fl;ilfs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; fopT
9. gRik ,y;y tpisT vd Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ
m) g+kp FspHjy; M) Gw Cjhf; fjpHfs; ntsp nry;yhky; ,Uj;jy;
,) jhtuq;fs; gapH nra;jy; <) g+kp ntg;gkhjy;
10. kpf kypthd tof;fkhd tHj;jf uPjpahd jPHe;J Nghfhj Mw;wy; %yk; [PTA – 2]
m) ePH Mw;wy; M) #upa Mw;wy; ,) fhw;whw;wy; <) ntg;g Mw;wy;
11. Gtp ntg;gkhjypd; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba tpisT
m) fly; kl;lk; caHjy; M) gdpg;ghiwfs; cUFjy;
,) jPTf;$l;lq;fs; %o;Fjy; <) NkNy $wpa midj;Jk;
12. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;Wfspy; fhw;whw;wy; Fwpj;j jtwhd $w;W vJ?
m) fhw;whw;wy; xU GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wy;
M) fhw;whiyapd; ,wf;iffs; kpd;Nkhl;lhH %yk; ,af;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,) fhw;whw;wy; khR Vw;gLj;jhky; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
<) fhw;whw;wiyg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Gijgbt vupnghUl;fs; gad;ghl;bid
Fiwf;fyhk;.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 59
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
13. nghUj;Jf. [MAY - 2022]
(1) #hpa Mw;wy; - (i) XLk; ePh;
(2) ngl;Nuhypak;; - (ii) miyNgrp
(3) Gdy; kd;dhw;wy; - (iii) jPpHe;J Nghfhj Mw;wy;
(4) kpd;dD rhjdk; - (iv) jPpHe;J Nghff; $ba Mw;wy; %yk;
m) 1 - iv, 2 – iii, 3 – ii, 4 – i M) 1 - iii, 2 – iv, 3 – i, 4 – ii
,) 1 - iii, 2 – i, 3 – iv, 4 – ii <) 1 - i, 2 – iv, 3 – ii, 4 – iii, 5 – iii
14. ________ vdg;gLtJ G+kpapd; mbg;Gwj;jpy; mike;Js;s NrW kw;Wk; jhJf;fs; mlq;fpa
nkd;ikahd ghiw mLf;Ffisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. [MDL – 19]
m) N~y; M) ngl;Nuhypak; ,) kPj;Njd; <) epyf;fup
15. flNyhuq;fspy; cz;lhFk; fly; ePupd; Ntfkhd ,lg;ngau;r;rpapdhy; Vw;gLk; Mw;wy;
________ MFk;. [PTA – 6]
m) Xj Mw;wy; M) fhw;whw;wy; ,) R+upa Mw;wy; <) ePuhw;wy;
16. nghUj;Jf. [SEP - 2020]
(1) ghyptpidy; FNshiuL (PVC) - (i) Foe;ijfspd; %is tsh;r;rpia ghjpf;fpwJ
(2) Nfl;kpak; - (ii) ,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiag; ghjpf;fpwJ
(3) <ak; - (iii) %is kw;wk; Rthr kz;ly ghjpg;G
(4) FNuhkpak; - (iv) rpWePufk;> fy;yPuy;> euk;Gfis ghjpf;fpd;wJ
(5) ghjurk; - (v) %r;Rj;jpzwy; M];Jkh
m) 1 - v, 2 – iii, 3 – iv, 4 – ii, 5 – i M) 1 - ii, 2 – i, 3 – v, 4 – iv, 5 - iii
,) 1 - iii, 2 – ii, 3 – iv, 4 – i, 5 – v <) 1 - ii, 2 – iv, 3 – i, 4 – v, 5 – iii

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V. xU thf;fpaj;jpy; tpilasp
1. kuq;fs; ntl;lg;gLtjhy; cz;lhFk; tpisTfs; ahit?
kuq;fs; ntl;lg;gLtjhy; twl;rp> kz;zupg;G> Fiwe;j kiog;nghopT> gUt epiyfspy;
khw;wk;> Gtp ntg;gkhjy; Nghd;w Rw;Wr;R+oy; gpur;ridfs; cz;lhfpd;wd.
2. td capupdq;fspd; thoplk; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?
 td capupdq;fspd; tho;tplq;fs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy;> czT kw;Wk; jq;Fk;
,lq;fisj; Njb NtW ,lq;fSf;F nry;Yk; epiyf;F fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 mt;tplg;ngau;r;rpapd; NghJ rpy tpyq;fpdq;fs; kw;w tpyq;Ffshy; nfhy;yg;gl;L
mope;J Nghff;$Lk;. NkYk; mJ kdpju;fisAk; jhf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.
3. kz;zupg;gpw;fhd fhuzpfs; ahit? [PTA – 2]
 mjpNtfkhf tPRk; fhw;W  ngUnts;sk;
 epyr;rupT  kuq;fis ntl;Ljy; Nghd;w kdpj nra;iffs;
 fhy;eilfspd; mjpf Nka;r;ry;.
4. Gijgbt vupnghUs;fis ehk; Vd; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;? [AUG – 2022, PTA – 4]
Gijgbt vupnghUl;fis cUthf;Fjy; kpfTk; nkJthd nray;KiwahFk;. ,jid
GJg;gpf;f ePz;l fhyk; MFk;. mjid mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; tpiuthfj; jPu;e;JtpLk;.
5. R+upa Mw;wy; %yk; vt;thW xU GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wy; %yk; vdg;gLfpwJ?
R+upa Mw;wy; ,aw;ifapy; mjpf mstpy; fpilg;gjhy; ,J xU GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f
Mw;wy; MFk;.
6. kpd;dZf; fopTfs; vt;thW cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd? [SEP – 2021, PTA – 6]
gad;gLj;j Kbahj> gioa> kPz;Lk; rupg;gLj;jp cgNahfpf;f Kbahj> kpd;rhu kw;Wk;
kpd;dZ rhjdq;fspypUe;J kpd;dZf; fopTfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
v.fh: gioa fzpdp> Fspu;r;rhjd ngl;b> gpupd;bq; fhl;upl;[];> rhu;[u;fs; Nghd;wit.
VIII. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; tif Nfs;tpfs;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzq;fspy; rupahfg; nghUe;jpAs;sij fPo;fhz; tupirfspd;
cjtpAld; Nju;T nra;J vOJf.
m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ.
,) $w;W rup. Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW.
<) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;Lk; jtW.
1. $w;W : kioePH Nrkpg;G vd;gJ kio ePiu Nrkpj;J ghJfhg;gjhFk;.
fhuzk; : kio ePiu epyj;jbapy; frpatpl;L epyj;jb ePHkl;lj;ij caHj;jyhk;.
tpil: (m) $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; rup. NkYk;> fhuzk; $w;Wf;F rupahd tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ.
2. $w;W : CFL gy;Gfs; kl;LNk gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; kpd;dhw;wiy Nrkpf;fKbAk;.
fhuzk; : CFL gy;Gfs; rhjhuz gy;Gfis tpl tpiy mjpfkhdit. vdNt rhjhuz
gy;Gfis gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ekJ gzj;ijAk; Nrkpf;fyhk;.
tpil: (,) $w;W rup. Mdhy; fhuzk; jtW.
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xU kjpg;ngz; 61
23. fhl;rpj;njhlu;G
I. rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njL.
1. mirt+l;Lk; fhnzhspfis cUthf;f gad;gLk; nkd;nghUs; vJ? [PTA – 3]
m) Paint M) PDF ,) MS Word <) Scratch
2. gy Nfhg;Gfs; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; ,lk; [MDL – 19]
m) Nfhg;Gj; njhFg;G M) ngl;b ,) paint <) ];NfdH
3. epuy; (Script) cUthf;fg; gad;gLtJ vJ? [PTA – 1]
m) Script area M) Block palette ,) Stage <) Sprite
4. epuyhf;fj;ijj; njhFf;fg; gad;gLtJ vJ? (my;yJ) fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; vJ epuyhf;fj;ijj;
jpUj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ? [PTA – 2]
m) Inkscape M) Script editor ,) Stage <) Sprite
5. gpshf;Ffis (Block) cUthf;f gad;gLtJ vJ?
m) Block palette M) Block menu ,) Script area <) Sprite
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. fzpg;nghwpapy; Fwpg;Gfisr; Nrfupj;J itf;f ________ gad;gLfpwJ. [PTA – 4]
m) notepad M) paint ,) scanner <) scratch
7. ngUk;ghyhdtHfshy; jq;fsJ fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,af;f nkd;nghUs;fs;
_____ kw;Wk; ________. [PTA – 5]
m) Mac, Amiga M) Solaris, iOS ,) Windows, LINUX <) Android, Minix 3
8. fzpdpapy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; nrayp %yk; cUthf;fg;gLk; ve;j xU ntspaPLk; _______
vd;w Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. [PTA – 6]
m) fl;lis M) Nfhg;Gj; njhFg;G ,) Nfhg;G <) ngapz;L
II. nghUj;Jf.
gpupT - I gpupT - II tpilfs;

1) epuyhf;fg; gFjp Fwpg;Gfisj; jl;lr;R nra;jy; 1) epuy; cUthf;fk;
Script Area Type notes Build Scripts
2) Nfhg;Gj; njhFg;G mirT+l;l nkd;nghUs; 2) Nfhg;G Nrkpg;G
Folder Animation software Store files
3) ];fpuhr;R epuy; jpUj;jp 3) mirT+l;l nkd;nghUs;
Scratch Edit programs Animation software
4) Mil jpUj;jp Nfhg;G Nrkpg;G 4) epuy; jpUj;jp
Edit programs
Costume editor Store files
5) Fwpg;Gfisj; jl;lr;R nra;jy;
5) Nehl;NgL epuy; cUthf;fk;
Type notes
Notepad Build Scripts
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,uz;L kjpg;ngz;fs; 1
,uz;L kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. ,af;f tpjpfs;
1. epiykk; vd;gJ ahJ? mjd; tiffs; ahit? [AUG – 2022]
xt;nthU nghUSk; jd; kPJ rkd;nra;ag;glhj Gwtpir VJk; nray;glhj tiuapy;>
jkJ Xa;T epiyia> my;yJ Neu;f;Nfhl;L ,af;f epiyia khw;Wtij vjpu;f;Fk;
jd;ik ‘epiykk;’ vdg;gLk;.
epiykj;jpd; tiffs; :
 Xa;tpy; epiykk;  ,af;fj;jpy; epiykk;  jpirapy; epiykk;
2. nray;gLk; jpir rhHe;J tpirapid vt;thW gpupf;fyhk;? [AUG – 2022]
nray;gLk; jpir rhHe;J tpirapd; tiffs; :
(i) xj;j ,iztpirfs; (ii) khWgl;l ,iztpirfs;
3. 5 N kw;Wk; 15 N tpir kjpg;Gila ,U tpirfs; vjpnujpu; jpirapy; xNu Neuj;jpy;
nghUs; kPJ nray;gLfpd;wd. ,itfspd; njhFgad; tpir kjpg;G ahJ? vj;jpirapy;
mJ nray;gLk;?
nfhLf;fg;gl;lit> F1 = 5N F2 = 15 N
FnjhF = F2 − F1 = 15 − 5 = 10 N.
njhFgad; tpir kjpg;G 10 N kw;Wk;; 15 N kjpg;Gila jpirapy; nray;gLk;.
4. epiw - vil> ,tw;iw NtWgLj;Jf. [MAY - 2022]
epiw vil
1. ,J xU nghUspy; mlq;fpAs;s 1. ,J xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; <u;g;G
gUg;nghUspd; msthFk;. tpirapd; kjpg;G MFk;.
2. ,jd; SI myF fpNyhfpuhk; (Kg). 2. ,jd; SI myF epa+l;ld; (N).
3. ];Nfyhu; msT. 3 ntf;lhu; msT.
4. ,J mbg;gil msthFk;. 4. ,J ngwg;gl;l msthFk;.
5. epiwahdJ ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g khWglhJ. 5. vilahdJ GtpaPu;g;G KLf;fj;jpw;Nfw;g khWgLk;.
5. ,ul;ilapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; tiuaW.
tpirapd; vz;kjpg;G kw;Wk; ,iztpirfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s nrq;Fj;Jj; njhiyT
Mfpatw;wpd; ngUf;fw;gyd; ,ul;ilapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; MFk;. ,jd; SI myF epA+l;ld; kPl;lu;(Nm).
𝐌 = 𝐅 × 𝐒.
6. jpUg;Gj;jpwd; jj;Jtk; tiuaW.
rkepiyapy; cs;s NghJ xU Gs;spapd; kPJ nray;gLk; midj;J tpirfspd;
jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd; $Ljy; Ropf;F rkkhFk;.
tyQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd; = ,lQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd;
7. epa+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpapid $W. [MDL – 19, MAY - 2022]
nghUs; xd;wpd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirahdJ mg;nghUspd; ce;j khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;F
NeHjftpy; mikAk;. NkYk; ,e;j ce;j khWghL tpirapd; jpirapNyNa mikAk;.
𝐅 = 𝒎𝒂
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8. ngupa thfdq;fspy; jpUFkiwfis (nuts) Row;wp ,Wf;fk; nra;a ePskhd ifg;gpbfs;
nfhz;l jpUFf;FwL (spanner) gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ Vd;?
 ,iztpirfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s nrq;Fj;J njhiyTf;Fk; kw;Wk; Roy;
mr;Rf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s J}uk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> ,ul;ilapd;
jpUg;Gj;jpwd; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 vdNt> ngupa thfdq;fspy; jpUFkiwfis Row;wp ,Wf;fk; nra;a ePskhd
ifg;gpbfs; nfhz;l jpUFf;FwL gad;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
9. fpupf;nfl; tpisahl;by; NkypUe;J tpOk; ge;jpid gpbf;Fk;NghJ> tpisahl;L tPuH jk;

ifapid gpd;Ndhf;fp ,Og;gJ Vd;?
 Nkhjy; fhyj;ij mjpfupf;f.
 typia Fiwf;f.
10. tpz;fyj;jpy; cs;s tpz;ntsp tPuH vt;thW kpjf;fpwhH?

 tpz;fyk; kpf mjpf Rw;wpaf;f jpirNtfj;jpy; efu;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
 tpz;fy tPuUk; mf;fyj;Jld; ,ize;J rkNtfj;jpy; rkKLf;fj;jpy; efu;tjhy;>
mtu; ‘jilapd;wp tpOk; epiy’apy; cs;shu;. mtuJ Njhw;w vil kjpg;G RopahFk;.
 vdNt mtu; vilaw;w epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwhu;> cz;ikapy; kpjg;gjpy;iy.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
11. nrhFRg; NgUe;Jfspy; mjpu;TWQ;rpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Vd;? [PTA – 2]
mjpu;TwpQ;rpfs; nrhFR NgUe;Jfspy; trjpahd gazj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Vnddpy;> Nrjkile;j rhiyfshy; NgUe;jpy; Vw;gLk; Njitaw;w mjpu;Tfis
cwpQ;rpf;nfhz;L ek;ik ghJf;fhf;fpwJ.
12. epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpia tpl JUtg; gFjpapy; Mg;gps;fspd; vil mjpfk;. Vd;? [PTA – 3]
 vil Gtpapd; Gtp<u;g;G KLf;fj;ij rhu;e;jpUf;Fk;. Gtp<u;g;G KLf;fk; epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg;
gFjpia tpl JUtg;gFjpapy; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
 vdNt> epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpia tpl JUtg;gFjpapy; Mg;gpspd; vil mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
13. epA+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjpf;F rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf. [PTA – 2]

i) tpir : gwitfs; jkJ rpwFfspd; tpir %yk; fhw;wpid fPNo js;Sfpd;wd.
vjpu;tpir : fhw;whdJ gwitia NkNy gwf;f itf;fpwJ.
ii) tpir : ePr;ry; tPuu; xUtu; ePupid ifahy; gpd;Nehf;fp js;Sfpwhu;.
vjpu;tpir : ePuhdJ me;egiu Kd;Nd js;SfpwJ.
iii) tpir : Jg;ghf;fp RLjypy; Fz;L> tpirAld; Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;fpwJ.
vjpu;tpir: mjw;F rkkhd vjpu;tpirapdhy; Fz;L ntbj;jgpd; Jg;ghf;fp gpd;Ndhf;fp efu;fpwJ.
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2. xspapay;
1. xsptpyfy; vz; vd;why; vd;d?
ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; (c) kw;NwhH Clfj;jpy; xspapd;
jpirNtfj;jpw;Fk; (v) ,ilNa cs;s jfT xsptpyfy; vz;(μ) vdg;gLk;.
𝐜
𝛍=
𝐯
2. ];ney; tpjpiaf; $Wf (my;yJ) xsptpyfypd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpiaf; $Wf. [AUG– 2022]
gLNfhzj;jpd; ird; kjpg;gpw;Fk;> tpyF Nfhzj;jpd; ird; kjpg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s
jfthdJ mt;tpU Clfq;fspd; xsptpyfy; vz;fspd; jftpw;F rkk;.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊 𝝁𝟐
=
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓 𝝁𝟏
3. Ftpnyd;]; xd;wpy; F kw;Wk; 2F 4. epwg;gpupif tiuaW.

Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa nghUs; itf;fg;gLk; nts;nshspf; fw;iwahdJ> fz;zhb> ePH
NghJ cUthf;fg;gLk; gpk;gj;jpw;fhd fjpH Nghd;w xspGFk; Clfj;jpy; xsptpyfy;
tiuglk; tiuf. [MDL – 19] milAk; NghJ mjpy; cs;s epwq;fs;
jdpj;jdpahfg; gpupif milfpd;wd.
,e;epfo;T ~epwg;gpupif| vdg;gLk;.
5. uhNy rpjwy; tpjpia tiuaW. [PTA-3]
XH xspf;fjpH rpjwyilAk; msthdJ
mjd; miyePsj;jpd; ehd;kbf;F
vjpHjftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
𝟏
S∝ 𝝀𝟒
6. Ftpnyd;R kw;Wk; Fopnyd;R - NtWgLj;Jf. [PTA – 3]

Ftp nyd;R Fop nyd;R
1. ikaj;jpy; jbj;J fhzg;gLk;. ikaj;jpy; nkype;J fhzg;gLk;.
2. Ftpf;Fk; nyd;R. tpupf;Fk; nyd;R.
3. ngUk;ghYk; nka;gpk;gq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. kha gpk;gq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
4. J}ug;ghHit Fiwg;ghl;ilr; rup nra;ag; fpl;lg;ghHit Fiwghl;ilr; rup
gad;gLfpwJ. nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.
7. tpop Vw;gikTj; jpwd; vd;why; vd;d?
mUfpy; cs;s kw;Wk; njhiytpy; cs;s nghUs;fisj; njspthff; fhz;gjw;F Vw;g
tpopnyd;R jd;id khw;wp mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik ‘tpop Vw;gikTj; jpwd;’ vdg;gLk;.
8. fpl;lg;ghHit Fiwg;ghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit? [MDL – 19]
 tpopf;Nfhsk; rpwpJ ePz;L tpLtjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 tpopnyd;rpd; Ftpa J}uk; FiwtjhYk;> tpopnyd;rpw;Fk; tpopj;jpiuf;Fk; ,ilNa
cs;s njhiyT mjpfupg;gjhy; ,f;FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.
 njhiytpy; cs;s nghUs;fspd; gpk;gq;fs; tpopj;jpiuf;F Kd;ghf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
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9. thdk; Vd; ePy epwkhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ? [PTA – 1]
uhNy rpjwy; tpjpapd; gb> #upa xspahdJ tspkz;lyj;jpd; topahfr; nry;Yk; NghJ>
ePy epwkhdJ mjpfkhf rpjwy; miltjhy;> thdk; ePy epwkhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
10. Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; irif tpsf;Ffs; rptg;G epwj;jpy; mikf;fg;gLtjd; fhuzk; vd;d?
rptg;G xsp mjpf miy ePsk; nfhz;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; Fiwthf rpjwyiltjhy;> mjpf
njhiytpw;F gazpf;fpwJ. vdNt> ,J thfdj;ij epWj;j Nghf;Ftuj;J irif
tpsf;Ffs; rptg;G epwj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. [PTA – 4]
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
11. Ftpnyd;rpd; gad;ghLfs; ,uz;bid vOJf. [SEP – 2021]
 Ftpnyd;R xspg;glf; fUtpapy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 ,it J}ug;ghu;it vd;w ghu;itf; Fiwghl;ilr; rupnra;ag; gad;gLfpd;wd.
12. fPof
; ;fhZk; fjpH tiuglj;ij epiwT nra;f. [PTA – 6]
tpdh tpil
IX. cah; rpe;jidf;fhd tpdhf;fs;

1. uh[h vd;w khzth;> Ftpnyd;R xd;wpd; Ftpaj;njhiyitf; fz;lwptjw;fhd Nrhjidia
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ> Ftpnyd;rhdJ jtWjyhf fPNo tpOe;J> ,U rk Jz;Lfshf
cile;JtpLfpwJ. mth; mNj nyd;irg; gad;gLj;jp njhlHe;J Nrhjidiar; nra;jhy;>
1) mtUf;F gpk;gq;fs; fpilf;Fkh?
2) fz;lwpag;gLk; Ftpaj; njhiytpy; VNjDk; khw;wq;fs; ,Uf;Fkh?
1) Mk;> mtUf;F gpk;gq;fs; fpilf;Fk;. Mdhy;> gpk;gj;jpd; nrwpT Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
2) ,y;iy> Ftpaj; njhiytpy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,Uf;fhJ. Vnddpy;> ,J nyd;rpd;
mr;rpy; ntl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2. Me;ij Nghd;w ,uT Neug; gwitfspd; fz;fspy; cs;s fhHdpah kw;Wk; fz; ghit
Mfpait mstpy; nghpajhf cs;sd. ,t;tikg;G mtw;Wf;F vt;thW cjTfpd;wd?
 ,uT Neug; gwitfshd Me;ij Nghd;witfSf;F ngupa fhu;dpah kw;Wk; ngupa
fz; ghit ,Uf;fpwJ.
 ,it> mjd; fz;fSf;Fs; EioAk; xspapd; msit mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 mjpf xspia mDkjpf;Fk; ,e;j jpwd; mjd; ,uT ghHitia Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.
vdNt> mit kq;fyhd xspapy; njspthff; fhz KbAk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
3. tFg;giwapy; cs;s khztH xUtuhy; Gj;jfj;ij thrpf;f KbfpwJ. Mdhy; mtuhy;
fUk;gyifapy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fis njspthfg; ghu;f;f ,aytpy;iy. mtUf;F
Vw;gl;Ls;s ,f;Fiwghl;bd; ngau;> fhuzk; kw;Wk; rupnra;Ak; Kiwapidj; jUf.[PTA-1]
 khztDf;F Vw;gl;l fz; Fiwghl;bd; ngau; - ikNahgpah my;yJ fpl;lg;ghu;it.
 ,J tpopf;Nfhsk; rpwpJ ePStjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ,f;Fiwghl;il Fopnyd;irg; gad;gLj;jp rupnra;ayhk;.
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3. ntg;g ,aw;gpay;
1. xU fNyhup tiuaW. [AUG – 2022, MDL – 19]
xU fpuhk; epiwAs;s ePhpd; ntg;gepiyia 1°C cau;j;jj; Njitg;gLk; ntg;g Mw;wypd;
msT xU fNyhhp vdg;gLk;.
2. ePs; ntg;g tpupT kw;Wk; gug;G ntg;g tpupT – NtWgLj;Jf.
ePs; ntg;g tpupT gug;G ntg;g tpupT
1. xU jplg;nghUis ntg;gg;gLj;Jjypd; 1. xU jplg;nghUis ntg;gg;gLj;Jjypd;
tpisthf> mg;nghUspd; ePsk; tpisthf> mg;nghUspd; gug;G
mjpfupg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tpupT ePs; ntg;g mjpfupg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tpupT gug;G
tpupT vdg;gLk;. ntg;g tpupT vdg;gLk;.
∆L ∆A
2. ePs; ntg;g tpupT Fzfk;> 𝛼𝐿 = 2. gug;;G ntg;g tpupT Fzfk;> 𝛼𝐴 =
L0 ∆𝑇 A0 ∆𝑇
3. gUk ntg;g tphpT Fzfk; vd;why; vd;d? [PTA – 6]

XuyF ntg;gepiy cau;thy; nghUspd; gUkdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk; XuyF gUkDf;Fk;
cs;s jfT gUk ntg;g tpupT Fzfk; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; SI myF nfy;t pd;-1.
∆V
αv =
Vₒ ∆T
4. ghapy; tpjpiaf; $Wf. [MDL – 19, MAY - 2022]

khwh ntg;gepiyapy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiwAila thAtpd; mOj;jk; mt;thAtpd;
gUkDf;F vjpu;j;jftpy; mikAk;.
𝟏
P∝𝐕 (i.e.) PV = khwpyp
5. gUk tpjpiaf; $Wf (my;yJ) rhu;y]; tpjpiaf; $Wf.

khwh mOj;jj;jpy; thAtpd; gUkd; mt;thAtpd; ntg;gepiyf;F NeHj;jftpy; mikAk;.
𝐕
𝐕∝𝐓 (i.e.) = khwpyp
𝐓
6. ,ay;G thA kw;Wk; ey;ypay;G thA – NtWgLj;Jf.

,ay;G thA ey;ypay;G thA
1. mZf;fs;/%yf;$Wfs; xd;NwhNlhd;W 1. mZf;fs;/%yf;$Wfs; xd;NwhNlhd;W
,iltpid Gupfpd;wd. ,iltpid Guptjpy;iy.
2. mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$WfSf;F ,ilNa 2. mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$WfSf;F
ftu;r;rp tpir mjpfk;. ,ilNa ftu;r;rp tpirapd; typik FiwT.
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7. cz;ik ntg;gtpupT Fzfk; vd;why; vd;d? [SEP – 2020]
XuyF ntg;gepiy caHthy; jputj;jpy; mjpfupf;Fk; cz;ik gUkDf;Fk; mj;jputj;jpd; XuyF
gUkDf;Fk; cs;s jfT cz;ik ntg;gtpupT Fzfk; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; SI myF nfy;tpd;-1.
8. Njhw;w ntg;gtpupT Fzfk; vd;why; vd;d?
XuyF ntg;gepiy caHthy; jputj;jpy; mjpfupf;Fk; Njhw;w gUkDf;Fk; mj;jputj;jpd; XuyF
gUkDf;Fk; cs;s jfT Njhw;w ntg;gtpupT Fzfk; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; SI myF nfy;tpd;-1.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
9. mtNfl;Nuh tpjpiaf; $Wf. [SEP – 2021]
khwh ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; mOj;jj;jpy;> thAtpd; gUkd;; mt;thAtpy; cs;s mZf;fs;
my;yJ %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;iff;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
𝐕
V∝ 𝐧 (my;yJ) = khwpyp
𝐧
10. ePs;tphpTf; Fzfk; tiuaW. [PTA – 1]
XuyF ntg;gepiy caHthy; nghUspd; ePsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpw;Fk; XuyF
ePsj;jpw;Fk; cs;s jfT ePs;tpupTf; Fzfk; vdg;gLk;. ,jd; SI myF nfy;tpd;-1.
1. cq;fSila xU ifapy; 0°C ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s gdpf;fl;bAk;> kw;nwhU ifapy; 0°C
cs;s FspHe;j ePUk; cs;sJ vdpy; ve;j if mjpf msT FspHr;rpapid czUk;. Vd;?
0°C ntg;gepiyapy; gdpf;fl;b cs;s if mjpf msT FspHr;rpapid czUk;.
fhuzk; :
gdpf;fl;bAk; ePUk; 0°C ntg;gepiyapy; ifapy; itf;fg;gLk;NghJ> clypd;
ntg;gepiyia miltjw;F gdpf;fl;b mjpf Neuk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. gdpf;fl;bapd;
cs;Siw ntg;gkhdJ> ePhpd; cs;Siw ntg;gj;ij tpl mjpfk;.
∴ ePUld; xg;gpLk;NghJ gdpf;fl;b mjpf ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;rptpLk;.

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4. kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
1. kpd;dOj;jk; kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL tiuaW?
kpd;dOj;jk; : xU Gs;spapy; kpd;dOj;jk; vd;gJ XuyF Neu;kpd;D}l;lj;ij Kbtpy;yh
njhiytpy; ,Ue;J kpd;tpirf;F vjpuhf mg;Gs;spf;F nfhz;Ltu nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy MFk;.
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL : ,U Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghL vd;gJ
xU Gs;spapypUe;J kw;nwhU Gs;spf;F XuyF Neu; kpd;D}l;lj;ij kpd;tpyf;F tpirf;F
vjpuhf efu;j;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy MFk;.
nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy (𝐖)
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL (V) =
kpd;D}l;lk; (𝐐)
2. tPl;bYs;s kpd;Rw;wpy; Gtpj;njhLg;Gf; fk;gpapd; gq;F vd;d?

Gtpj;njhLg;Gf; fk;gp Fiwe;j kpd;jil cilaJ. kpd;frptpdhy; cUthFk; Mgj;jhd
kpd;Ndhl;lk;; ,jd; topahf Gtpf;F nrd;W kpd;rhu mjpHr;rpfspypUe;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.
3. Xk; tpjp tiuaW.
khwh ntg;gepiyapy;> flj;jp xd;wpd; topNa ghAk; rPuhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; ‘I’ flj;jpapd;
KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bw;F‘V’ Neu;jftpy; mikAk;.
I∝V ⇒ V = IR R → kpd;jil
4. kpd;jil vz; kw;Wk; kpd;flj;J vz; Mfpatw;iw NtWgLj;J.
kpd;jil vz; (𝛒) kpd;flj;J vz; (𝛔)
 XuyF ePsKk; XuyF FWf;Fntl;L gug;Gk;  kpd;jil vz;zpd; jiyfPop kpd;
nfhz;l flj;jp> kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gLj;Jk; flj;J vz; vdg;gLk;.
kpd;jil mjd; kpd;jil vz; vdg;gLk;.  ,jd; myF Nkh kPl;lH-1.
 ,jd; myF Xk; kPl;lH.  ,J xU flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk;
 ,J flj;jpapd; topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;;jpid kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpid mDkjpf;Fk;
vjpu;f;Fk; jpwid Fwpf;Fk; msT MFk;. jpwid Fwpf;Fk; msT MFk;.
5. tPLfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;Rw;wpy; ve;j tif kpd;Rw;Wfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
tPLfspYs;s midj;J Rw;WfSk; gf;f ,izg;G Kiwapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhuzk; :
 xU Rw;wpy; jil Vw;gl;lhYk; mJ kw;w Rw;Wf;fis ghjpf;fhJ.
 rkkhd kpd;dOj;jj;ij ngWk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. kpd;dhw;wy; EfHtpd; myfpid tiuaW? [PTA – 5]
 kpd;dhw;wy; EfHT = kpd;jpwdpd; msT × gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fhy msT.
 kpd;dhw;wy; EfHtpd; SI myF thl; tpehb. ,jd; ngupa myF fpNyh thl; kzp (kWh).
 xU fpNyh thl; kzp vd;gij xU A+dpl; kpd;dhw;wy; vdTk; $wyhk;.
7. VjhtJ XH Mq;fpy vOj;J kw;Wk; XH vz;iz> (Seven segment display) VO Jz;L fhl;rpg;
gjptpy; ntspg;gLj;Jf. [PTA – 3]
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5. xypapay;
1. xypahdJ Nfhil fhyq;fis tpl kiof; fhyq;fspy; Ntfkhfg; guTtJ Vd;? [PTA – 6]
 <ug;gjj;jpdhy; fhw;wpd; mlu;j;jp Fiwe;J> xypapd; jpirNtfk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 vdNt> xypahdJ Nfhil fhyq;fis tpl kiof; fhyq;fspy; Ntfkhfg; guTfpwJ.
2. ,uh[];jhd; ghiytdq;fspy; fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy 𝟒𝟔°𝐂-I mila ,aYk;. me;j

ntg;gepiyapy; fhw;wpy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; vd;d? (V0 = 𝟑𝟑𝟏 kPtp-1)
V0 = 331 m s-1 T = 46℃
VT = V0 + 0.61 T = 331 + 0.61 × 46 = 359.06 kPtp-1
3. ,irauq;fj;jpd; Nkw;$iu tisthf ,Ug;gJ Vd;? [MAY-2022, PTA – 6]
 ,irauq;fj;jpd; tisthd Nkw;$iuapy; gLk;NghJ gy;Kid vjpnuhypg;gpdhy; xypapd;
nrwpT mjpfupj;J> mq;F mku;e;jpUf;Fk; midj;J egu;fSf;Fk; njspthf Nfl;fpwJ.
4. lhg;su; tpisT eilngw Kbahj ,uz;L #oy;fisf; $Wf. [SEP – 2020, MDL – 19]
 xyp %yk; (S) kw;Wk; Nfl;Feu; (L) ,uz;Lk; Xa;T epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ.
 xyp %yk; (S) kw;Wk; Nfl;Feu; (L) rk ,ilntspapy; efUk; NghJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. vjpnuhypapd; VNjDk; ,uz;L gad;ghLfis vOJf? [MAY-2022]
 tpyq;Ffs; jq;fSf;Fs; njhlu;G nfhs;sTk;> vjpupYs;s nghUl;fisf; fz;lwpaTk;
vjpnuhyp gad;gLfpwJ.
 Clfq;fspy; xypapd; jpirNtfj;ijf; fz;lwpaTk; vjpnuhyp gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,J jj;Jtk; kfg;Ngwpay; Jiwapy; my;l;uh NrhNdh fpuhgp fUtpapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
,J jhapd; fUg;igapy; cs;s fUtpd; tsh;rpapid Muha;e;jwpa ,aYk;.
6. epuk;g pa ghj;j puj;i jtpl fhypahf cs;s ghj;j puj;j py; xypahdJ mjpf msT
cUthfpwJ Vd;? [PTA – 2]
 fhw;wpd; mjpu;T tPr;R jput %yf;$Wfis tpl mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
 fhypahd ghj;jpuj;jpy; gy gpujpgypg;Gfshy; xypapd; nrwpT mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 fhypahd ghj;jpuj;jpy; fpilf;Fk; ntw;wplj;jpd; fhuzkhf tPr;R mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
7. xyp kw;Wk; xsp miyfSf;F cs;s NtWghLfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf. [PTA – 3]

xyp miy xsp miy
1. guTtjw;F Clfk; Njit. 1. guTtjw;F Clfk; Njitapy;iy.
2. nel;liyfs; MFk;. 2. FWf;fiyfs; MFk;.
3. miy ePsk; 1.65nr.kP Kjy; 1.65kP tiu 3. miy ePsk; 410-7kP Kjy; 710-1kP tiu
,Uf;Fk;. ,Uf;Fk;.
4. jpirNtfk; = 340 kPtp-1; (NTP). 4. jpirNtfk; = 3108 kPtp-1.
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cau; rpe;jid tpdhf;fs;

1. xyp kw;Wk; xsp miyfs; ,uz;Lk; xNu mjpHntz;izf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd vd;why;;>
vJ ePz;l miyePsj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?
m) xypmiy M) xspmiy ,) m kw;Wk; M <) NghJkhd jfty; ,y;iy
𝛌 ∝ 𝐕 ∴ xspmiy ePskhd miyePsj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. njhiyJ}u nghUspypUe;J xyp gpujpgypf;Fk;NghJ> vjpnuhyp cUthfpwJ. gpujpgypf;Fk;
Nkw;gug;Gf;Fk; xypapd; %yj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd J}uk; rkkhf cs;sJ. ntg;gkhd
ehspy; vjpnuhyp Nfl;Fkh? cq;fs; gjpiy epahag;gLj;Jq;fs;.
 ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ> xypapd; Ntfk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
∴ ntg;gkhd ehspy; xypapd; Ntfk; mjpfk;.
 J}uk; rkkhFk;. vdNt> xyp gazpf;f vLf;Fk; Neuk; ntg;gkhd ehspy; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk;.
 Neu NtWghL Fiwe;jgl;rk; 0.1 tp Mf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ vjpnuhyp Vw;gLfpwJ.
 vdNt> Gjpa Neuk; 0.1 tpdhbf;F Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;> vjpnuhyp Nfl;fhJ. ,J
0.1 tpdhbiatpl mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; ntg;gkhd ehspy; vjpnuhyp Nfl;Fk;.
6. mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
1. ,aw;if kw;Wk; nraw;if fjpupaf;fj;jpd; VNjDk; %d;W gz;Gfis vOJf.
,aw;iff; fjpupaf;fk; nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;
1. jd;dpr;irahd epfo;T. J}z;lg;gl;l epfo;T.
2. fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ. fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.
3. My;gh> gPl;lh kw;Wk; fhkhf; fjpu;fs; mbg;gil Jfs;fshd epA+l;uhd;> ghrpl;uhd;
ckpog;gLfpd;wd. Nghd;w Jfs;fs; ckpog;gLfpd;wd.
2. tiuaW : khWepiy epiw.
 njhlu;tpidiaj; njhlu;e;J epiy epWj;Jtjw;F Njitahd gpsTg; nghUs;fspd;
Fiwe;j msT epiwia ‘khWepiy epiw’ (mc) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 Fiw khWepiy epiw : khWepiy epiwia tplg; gpsTg; nghUs;fspd; epiw FiwT.
 kpif khWepiy epiw : khWepiy epiwia tplg; gpsTg; nghUs;fspd; epiw mjpfk;.
3. tiuaW : uhz;l;[d;
xU uhz;l;[d; vd;gJ epiyahd mOj;jk;> ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; <ug;gj epiyapy;
1 fpNyhfpuhk; fhw;wpy; fjpupaf;fg; nghUshdJ 2.5810-4 $Yk; kpd;D}l;lq;fis
cUthf;Fk; msthFk;.
4. rhb kw;Wk; /g[d;]pd; ,lk;ngau;T tpjpiaf; $Wf.
i) fjpupaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;W xU 𝛼-Jfis ckpOk; NghJ mjd; epiw vz;zpy; ehd;F
kw;Wk; mZ vz;zpy; ,uz;L vd;w mstpy; Fiwe;J Gjpa Nra; cl;fU cUthFk;.
ii) fjpupaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;W 𝛽-Jfis ckpOk;NghJ mjd; epiw vz; khwhkYk; mZ
vz;zpy; xd;W mjpfupj;Jk; Gjpa Nra; cl;fU cUthFk;.
5. mZf;fU ciyapy; cs;s fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fopfspy; nray;ghLfisj; jUf. (my;yJ)
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fopfs; vd;why; vd;d? [PTA – 3]
njhlu;tpidia epiyepWj;jp epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLtJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fopfshFk;. v.fh : Nghuhd; kw;Wk; fhl;kpak; fopfs;.
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6. [g;ghdpy; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpwF Gjpjhfg; gpwf;Fk; rpy Foe;ijfSf;Fg;
gpwtpf; FiwghLfs; fhzg;gLtJ Vd;?
 [g;ghdpy; ntbj;j mZFz;Lfs;> midj;J capupdq;fSf;Fk; jPq;fpiof;ff; $ba
fhkh Nghd;w Mgj;jhd fjpu;tPr;Rfis ntspapl;L kugZ Neha;fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 fjpu;tPr;Rf;F MshFk; jha;khu;fSf;F gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; gpwtp FiwghLfSld; cs;sdu;.
7. xU kUj;Jtkidapy; jpU.uhK vd;gtu; X-fjpu; njhopy;El;gtpayhsuhf cs;shu;. mtu;

fhuPaj;jhyhd Nkyhilia mzpahky; gzp nra;fpwhu;. mtUf;F ePq;fs; jUk;
MNyhridfs; vd;d?
 Muk;gj;jpy; ve;j jhf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jhJ vd;whYk;> gpd;du; gy Neha;fis
cUthf;FfpwJ.
 ,jdhy;> jd;idg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s uhK fhuPak; G+rg;gl;l ftrq;fisAk;>
ifAiwfisAk; mzpAkhW gupe;Jiuf;fpNwd;.
8. tpz;kPd; Mw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?
R+upad; kw;Wk; tpz;kPdf ; spd; cs;mLf;fpy; mZf;fU ,izT eilngWtjhy;
cUthFk; mjpf msT Mw;wy; tpz;kPd; Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.
9. Ntshz;i kj; Jiwapy; fjpupaf;f NubNah INrhNlhg;Gfspd; gad;fs; VNjDk;
,uz;b id vOJf.
fjpupaf;f gh];gu]; INrhNlhg; (P-32) :
 gapu; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; xl;Lz;zpfis mopf;f gad;gLk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
10. (𝐔 𝟐𝟑𝟓 ) jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fUgpsT fPo;f;fz;lthW epfo;fpwJ. 92U235 + 0n1→ X + Y + 3 0n1+ Q (Mw;wy;)
tpidapy; ntspahFk; Nra; cl;fU jdpkq;fs; X kw;Wk; Y apidf; fhz;f. [PTA – 4]
mZf;fU gpsT tpidapy;
∴ X – 56Ba141, Y – 36Kr92
XII. cau; rpe;jidf;fhd tpdhf;fs;

1. X - fjpu; glq;fis mbf;fb vLf;ff;$lhJ - fhuzq;fis vOJf. [PTA – 5]
 fjpu;tPr;R ntspghL nry; gpwo;Tfis Vw;gLj;jp Gw;WNeha;f;F toptFf;Fk;.
 X – fjpu;fs; ntspg;gLtJ the;jp> ,uj;jg;Nghf;F> kaf;fk;> Kb cjpu;jy; kw;Wk;
Njhy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
2. miyg;Ngrp NfhGuq;fs; kdpj thoplj;jpypUe;J njhiytpy; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; - Vd;?
 miyNgrp NfhGuq;fs; kdpju;fSf;F Mgj;jhd cau; mjpu;ntz; nfhz;l NubNah
miyfis ntspapLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Gw;WNeha;> gpwg;G FiwghLfs;> epidthw;wy;
,og;G Nghd;w gy cly;ey ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 vdNt> miyNgrp NfhGuq;fs; kdpj thoplj;jpypUe;J ntF njhiytpy; mikg;gJ ey;yJ.
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1. xg;G mZepiw - tiuaW. (my;yJ) jpl;l mZ vil tiuaW. [AUG – 2022, PTA – 3]
xU jdpkj;jpd; xg;G mZepiw vd;gJ mj;jdpkj;jpd; INrhNlhg;Gfspd; ruhrhp
mZepiwf;Fk; C-12 mZtpd; epiwapy; 1/12 gq;fpd; epiwf;Fk; cs;s tpfpjkhFk;.
xU jdpkj;jpd; INrhNlhg;Gfspd; ruhrup mZepiw
xg;G mZepiw 𝐀 𝐫 =
xU C-12d; mZ epiwapy; 1/12 gq;fpd; epiw
2. Mf;rp[dpd; gy;NtW INrhNlhg;GfisAk; mjd; rjtPj gutiyAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

INrhNlhg;Gfs; mZ epiw (amu) rjtPj guty;
8 O16 15.9949 99.757
8 O17 16.9991 0.038
8 O18 17.9992 0.205
3. mZf;fl;L vz; - tiuaW. [AUG – 2022, MAY-2022, SEP – 2021]
 %yf;$wpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa mk;%yf;$wpd; mZf;fl;L vz; MFk;.
 v.fh : gh];gu]pd; (P4) mZf;fl;L vz; - 4.
4. NtWgl;l <uZ %yf;$WfSf;F 2 vLj;Jf;fhl;L nfhL. [AUG – 2022]
i`l;u[d; FNshiuL (HCl), i`l;u[d; /G@iuL (HF)
5. thAtpd; NkhyhH gUkd; vd;why; vd;d?
jpl;l ntg;g mOj;j epiyapy; (STP) xU Nkhy; thAthdJ 22.4 ypl;lH my;yJ 22400 kpyp
gUkid Mf;fpukpf;Fk;.
6. mk;Nkhdpahtpy; cs;s iel;u[dpd; rjtPj ,iaigf; fz;lwpf. [PTA – 1]
mk;Nkhdpahtpd; (NH3) %yf;$W epiw = 14 + 3(1) = 17 fp
iel;u[dpd; epiw 14
NH3 y; cs;s iel;u[dpd; rjtPj ,iaG = = × 100 = 82.35%
NH3 -d; %yf;$W epiw 17
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
7. 36 fp ePupy; cs;s %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifia fhz;f. [MDL – 19]
epiw
%yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if = × mtfhl;Nuh vz;
%yf;$W epiw
36
= × 6.023 × 1023 = 12.046 × 1023
18
8. xU Nru;kj;jpy; fhHgdpd; epiw rjtPjk; 27.28% Mf;rp[dpd; epiw rjtPjk; 72.73%
mr;NrHkj;jpd; %yf;$W epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf. [PTA – 4]
fhHgdpd; epiw rjtPjk; 27.28
fhHgd; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = = = 2.27 ≅ 2
fhHgd; mZtpd; epiw 12
Mf;rp[dpd; epiw 72.73
Mf;rp[d; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = = = 4.54 ≅ 4
Mf;rp[d; mZtpd; epiw 16
%yf;$W tha;g;ghL : C2 O4 (my;yJ) 2 CO2

%yf;$W epiw = (2 × 12) + (4 × 16) = 88 fp
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1. A vd;gJ nrk;gOg;G cNyhfk;. ,J ‘O2’ cld; tpidAw;W < 1370 K ntg;gepiyapy;> B
vd;w fUikahd Nrh;kj;ij cUthf;Fk;. > 1370 K ntg;gepiyapy; A ahdJ rptg;G epw
C I cUthf;Fk; vdpy; A, B, C vd;dntd;W tpidfSld; tpsf;Ff. [PTA – 4]
< 1370 K
2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO
(B) Fg;upf; Mf;irL (fUg;G)
> 1370 𝐾
4 Cu + O2 → 2 Cu2O
(C) Fg;u]; Mf;irL (rptg;G)
A → fhg;gu; (Cu); B → Fg;upf; Mf;irL (CuO); C → Fg;u]; Mf;irL (Cu2O)
2. A vd;gJ nts;spapd; ntz;ik nfhz;l cNyhfk;. A MdJ 'O2' cld; 800°C apy;
tpidGhpe;J Bia cUthf;Fk;. Aapd; cNyhff; fyit tpkhdj;jpd; ghfq;fs;
nra;ag;gad;gLk;. A kw;Wk; B vd;d? [PTA – 1]
4 Al + 3O2 2 Al2O3
(A) (B) mYkpdpak; Mf;irL
A →mYkpdpak; (Al); B →mYkpdpak; Mf;irL (Al2O3)
3. JU vd;gJ vd;d? JU cUthFtjd; (Ntjpr;) rkd;ghl;il jUf? [SEP – 2021, PTA – 4]

,Uk;ghdJ <uf;fhw;Wld; tpidGhpe;J gOg;G epw ePNuwpa ngh;hpf; Mf;i]il
cUthf;FfpwJ. ,r;Nrh;kk; JU vdg;gLk;.
4Fe + 3O2 + xH2O → 2 Fe2 O3 . 𝑥H2 O (JU)
,Uk;G ePNuwpa ngu;upf; Mf;irL
4. ,Uk;G JUgpbj;jYf;fhd ,U fhuzq;fis jUf.

fhw;W kw;Wk; <ug;gjk; Mfpad ,Uk;G JUg;gpbj;jYf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. gpd;tUk; $w;WfspypUe;J jdpktupir ml;ltizapy; mit ve;jj; njhFjpiar; Nru;e;jit
vdTk; mj;njhFjpiar; Nru;e;j VNjDk; ,uz;L jdpkq;fspd; ngau;fisj; jUf.
m) ,e;jj; njhFjpj; jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; kpfTk; epiyahd vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igf;
nfhz;lit. [PTA – 1]
M) ,e;jj; njhFjpj; jdpkq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Ntjp tpidfspy; <LgLtJ ,y;iy.
 18 tJ njhFjpj;; jdpkq;fs; my;yJ ke;j thAf;fs;.
 v.fh : He, Ne, Ar, Kr.
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6. A vd;w cNyhfk; mYkpdpaj;jpw;F mLj;jjhf G+kpapy; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nrQ;R+Lepiyapy; cs;s cNyhfk; A apd; kPJ ePuhtpiar; nrYj;Jk;NghJ mJ fhe;jj;
jd;ikAila Mf;irL B iaj; jUfpwJ. A MdJ fhu;gd; kw;Wk; epf;fYld; C vd;w
cNyhff;fyitia cUthf;FfpwJ. C tpkhdj;jpd; ghfq;fs; kw;Wk; ce;jpfs;
jahupg;gpy; gad;gLfpwJ. B kw;Wk; C If; fz;lwpe;J vOJf. fhe;jj; jd;ikAila
Mf;irL cUthjYf;fhd rkd; nra;ag;gl;l Ntjpr; rkd;ghl;il vOJf. [PTA – 2]
3 Fe + 4 H2O (ePuhtp) → Fe3O4 + 4H2 ↑

,Uk;G ,Uk;G Mf;irL
A → ,Uk;G (Fe) B → ,Uk;G Mf;irL (Fe3O4) C → epf;fy; ,Uk;G (Fe, C, Ni)
7. fhg;gu;igiul;Lfs; fhg;gupd; Kjd;ikahd jhJ MFk;. ,J Eiukpjg;G Kiwapy;

mlu;g;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhuzq;fs; jUf. [PTA – 4]
fhuzk; : ,e;j Kiwapy; jhJf;fs; igd; Mapypd; <ug;gjk; Vw;wg;gLfpwJ. jhJthdJ
mjpy; fye;Js;s khRf;fistpl ,Nyrhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ,g;gpupj;njLj;jy;
gad;gLfpwJ. fhg;gu; igiul;]; (CuFeS2) vd;gJ ry;igL jhJ. vdNt> ,J Eiukpjg;G
Kiwapy; mlu;g;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
8. A vd;w Xu; cNyhfk; etPd jdpktupir ml;ltizapy; Nghuhd; FLk;gj;ij Nru;e;jJ
kw;Wk; rpwe;j xLf;fpahf nray;glf;$baJ. ,J ,Uk;G Mf;iril ,Uk;ghf xLf;FfpwJ.
NkYk; ,J rikay; ghj;jpuq;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ. A vd;w cNyhfk; ,Uk;G
Mf;iril xLf;Ftjw;fhd rkd; nra;ag;gl;l Ntjpr;rkd;ghl;il vOJf. [PTA – 6]
A → mYkpdpak;. mYkpdpa ntg;g xLf;f tpid MFk;.
Fe2 O3 + 2A𝑙 → 2 Fe + A𝑙2 O3 + ntg;g Mw;wy;

,Uk;G Mf;irL ,Uk;G
9. ‘X’ vd;w jdpkk; etPd jdpktupir ml;ltizapy; 1-tJ njhFjpia Nru;e;jJ. X vd;gJ
xU thA NkYk; mjDila rfg;gpizg;G Mu kjpg;G 0.37 A°. X If; fz;lwpe;J mjd;
Ntjpf; FwpaPl;il vOJf. [PTA – 6]
 i`l;u[d; (X), %yf;$wpd; FwpaPL H / H2.
VIII. cau; rpe;jidf;fhd tpdhf;fs;
1. ve;j mkpyk;> mYkpdpa cNyhfj;ij nray;glh epiyf;F cl;gLj;Jk;. Vd;? [PTA – 3]

 ePh;j;j kw;Wk; mlH iel;hpf; mkpyk; mYkpdpaj;jpd; kPJ Mf;i]L glyj;ij
cUthf;FfpwJ.
 mjd; tpidgLk; jpwd; jLf;fg;gl;L cNyhfj;ij nray;glh epiyf;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ.
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9. fiury;fs;
1. fiury; - tiuaW.
 ,J ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nghUl;fisf; nfhz;l xUgbj;jhd fyitahFk;.
 v.fh : fly; ePu;. fiunghUs; - Fiwe;j msT vil; fiug;ghd; - mjpf msT vil
2. ,Ukbf;fiury; vd;why; vd;d?
xU fiunghUisAk;> xU fiug;ghidAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fiury; ,Ukbf;fiury; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh : ePupy; fiuf;fg;gl;l fhg;gu; ry;Ngl;.
3. fPof; ;fz;ltw;Wf;F jyh xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. [PTA – 1]
i) jputj;jpy; thA : Nrhlh ePu;
ii) jputj;jpy; jpz;kk; : ePupy; fiuf;fg;gl;l Nrhbak; FNshiuL.
iii) jpz;kj;jpy; jpz;kk; : jq;fj;jpy; fiuf;fg;gl;l fhg;gu;
iv) thAtpy; thA : Mf;]p[d; - `Pypak; thAf;fyit.
4. ePu;f;fiury; kw;Wk; ePuw;w fiury; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
ePu;f;fiury; : ,J ePiu fiug;ghdhff; nfhz;l fiury;;.v.fh : ePupy; fiuf;fg;gl;l ru;f;fiu.
ePuw;w fiury; : ,J ePiu jtpu gpw jputq;fis fiug;ghdhff; nfhz;l fiury;;. v.fh : fhu;gd;
il ry;igby; fiuf;fg;gl;l ry;gu;.
5. fdmsT rjtPjk; - tiuaW.
xU fiurypy; cs;s fiunghUspd; fdmsit rjtPjj;jpy; Fwpj;jhy;> fdmsT rjtPjk; vdg;gLk;.
fiunghUspd; fdmsT
fdmsT rjtPjk; = × 100
(fiunghUspd; fdmsT + fiug;ghdpd; fdmsT)
6. Fspu; gpuNjrq;fspy; ePu;tho; capupdq;fs; mjpfk; tho;fpd;wd. Vd;? [PTA – 5]

 Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; jputj;jpy; thAtpd; fiujpwd; mjpfk;.
 vdNt> ePu;epiyfspy; mjpf msT Mf;]p[d;; fiue;Js;sJ. vdNt> FspH
gpuNjrq;fspy; ePHtho; tpyq;Ffs;; mjpfk; tho;fpd;wd.
7. ePNuwpa cg;G – tiuaW.
madpr;Nru;kq;fs; mtw;wpd; njtpl;ba fiurypy; ,Ue;J Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd
ePu; %yf;$WfSld; Nru;e;J gbfkhfpwJ. mj;jifa gbkk; ePNuwpa cg;G vdg;gLk;.
v.fh : ePy tpl;upahy; – CuSO4 . 5H2O
8. R+lhd njtpl;ba fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; fiuriyf; Fspu;tpf;Fk; NghJ gbfq;fshf khWfpwJ. Vd;?
ntg;gepiy FiwAk;NghJ fiunghUspd; fiujpwd; FiwfpwJ. vdNt> #lhd njtpl;ba
fiuriy FspHtpf;Fk;NghJ mjpYs;s njtpl;ba fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; gbfkhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
9. <uk; cwpQ;rpfs; kw;Wk; <uk; cwpQ;rpf; fiugitfis milahsk; fhz;f. [AUG – 2022]
m) mlu; ry;gpa+upf; mkpyk; M) fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; ngd;lhi`l;Nul; ,) rpypf;fh n[y;
<) fhy;rpak; FNshiuL c) vg;rk; cg;G.
 <uk; cwpQ;rpf; fiugitfs; : fhy;rpak; FNshiuL.
 <uk; cwpQ;rpfs; : mlu; ry;gpA+upf; mkpyk;> rpypf;fh n[y;> vg;rk; cg;G>
fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; ngd;lhi`l;Nul;
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
10. fiury;fs; cUthjy; njhlu;ghd fPof ; ;fhZk; $w;iw Muha;e;J xU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld;
tpsf;Ff. “xj;jfiug;ghd;fs; xj;jfiu nghUisf; fiuf;fpd;wd”. [PTA – 1]
fiunghUSf;Fk; fiug;ghDf;Fk; ,ilNa xw;Wik fhzg;gLk; NghJ jhd; fiujy; epfo;fpwJ.
 KidTWk; Nru;kq;fs; KidTWk; fiug;ghdpy; vspjpy; fiufpwJ.
v.fh : rikay; cg;G ePupy; fiufpwJ.
11. fhu;gd; il Mf;irL thAit ePupy; fiuj;jy; epfo;tpd; kPjhd ntg;gepiy kw;Wk;
mOj;jj;jpd; jhf;fq;fs; ahit? [PTA – 5]
 ntg;gepiyapd; jhf;fk;: ePupd; ntg;gepiyia mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ CO2 tpd; fiujpwd; FiwfpwJ.
 mOj;jj;jpd; jhf;fk; : ePupd; mOj;jj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ CO2 tpd; fiujpwd; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
VII. cau; rpe;jidf;fhd tpdhf;fs;

1. tpZ 50 fp ru;f;fiuia 250 kp.yp RLePupy; fiuf;fpwhu;. ruj; 50 fp mNj tif ru;f;fiuia
250 kp.yp Fspu;e;j ePupy; fiuf;fpwhu;. ahu; vspjpy; ru;f;fiuia fiug;ghu;fs;? Vd;? [PTA – 6]
tpZ ruj;ijtpl vspjpy; ru;f;fiuia fiug;ghu;. Vnddpy;> ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ
fiujpwd; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
2. ‘Fspu;ghdq;fs; kiy cr;rpapy; mjpfkhf Eiuj;Jg; nghq;Fkh? my;yJ mbthuj;jpy;
mjpfkhf Eiuj;Jg; nghq;Fkh? tpsf;Ff.
 kiyapd; mbg;gFjpapypUe;J NkNy nry;Yk;NghJ thA %yf;$Wfs; Fiwtjhy;
mOj;jk; FiwfpwJ.
 mOj;jk; FiwAk;NghJ jputj;jpy; thAf;fspd; fiujpwd; FiwfpwJ.
 vdNt Fspu;ghdq;fs;> kiycr;rpiatpl kiy mbthuj;jpy; mjpfkhf Eiuj;Jg;
nghq;FfpwJ.

1. nghl;lhrpak; FNshiuL ePu;f;fiuriy rpy;tu; iel;Nul; ePu;f;fiurYld; Nru;f;Fk; nghOJ
ntz;ik epw tPog ; bT cz;lhfpwJ. ,t;tpidapd; Ntjpr; rkd;ghl;ilj; jUf. [PTA – 6]
KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → KNO3(aq) + AgCl(s) ↓
nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul; ntz;ik epw tPog; bT
2. ntg;gepiy cau;j;Jk;nghOJ xU tpidapd; Ntfk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. Vd;? (my;yJ)

miwntg;gepiyapy; itf;fg;gLk; czT Vd; Fspu;rhjd ngl;biatpl Ntfkhf
nfLfpwJ? [PTA – 6, MDL – 19]
 ntg;gk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ tpidgLnghUs;fspd; gpizg;Gfs; vspjpy; cile;J
tpidapd; Ntfk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 miwapd; ntg;gepiy FspHrhjd ngl;bapd; ntg;gepiyia tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
vdNt FspHrhjd ngl;biatpl miw ntg;gepiyapy; itf;fg;gLk; czT
Ntfkhf nfl;Lg;Nghtjw;fhd fhuzk; MFk;.
3. Nru;f;if my;yJ $Lif tpid tiuaW> ntg;g ckpo; Nru;f;if tpidf;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. [MAY - 2022]
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tpidgLnghUs;fs; ,ize;J xU Nru;kk; cUthFk;
tpid> Nru;f;if tpid my;yJ $Lif tpid vdg;gLk;. ,jid ‘njhFg;G tpid’
my;yJ ‘,iaG tpid’ vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;.
nghJthd tbtk; : 𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝑨𝑩
ntg;g ckpo; Nru;f;if tpidapd; v.fh : SiO2(s) + CaO(s) → CaSiO3(s)
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4. kPs; kw;Wk; kPsh tpidfis NtWgLj;Jf. [AUG-2022, MAY-2022, SEP- 2021, PTA - 1]
kPs; tpid kPsh tpid
1. ,t;tpidapy; jFe;j R+o;epiyapy; 1. ,t;tpidapy; Kd;Ndhf;F tpid kl;Lk;
Kd;Ndhf;F kw;Wk; gpd;Ndhf;F eilngWk; (gpd;Ndhf;F tpid
tpidfs; eilngWk;. eilngwhJ)
2. Kd;Ndhf;F kw;Wk; gpd;Ndhf;F 2. xNu jpirapy; kl;LNk eilngWk;
tpidfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; eilngWk;. tpid Kd;Ndhf;F tpidahFk;.
3. ,t;tpidahdJ rkepiyia milAk;. 3. ,t;tpidahdJ rkepiyia milahJ.
4. ,t;tpid nkJthf eilngWk;. 4. ,t;tpid Ntfkhf eilngWk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. xw;iw ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpidia jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. [SEP – 2020]
Nru;kj;jpYs;s xU jdpkk; kw;nwhU jdpkj;jhy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp mile;J Gjpa
Nru;kj;ijAk;> jdpkj;ijAk; jUtJ xw;iw ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpid MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : Jj;jehf cNyhfj;ij i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyj;jpy; itf;Fk; nghOJ>
i`l;u[d; Jj;jehfj;jhy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;ag;gl;L i`l;u[d; thA
ntsptUfpwJ kw;Wk; Jj;jehf FNshiuL cUthfpwJ.
𝐙𝐧(𝐬) + 𝟐𝐇𝐂𝒍(𝒍) → 𝒁𝒏𝑪𝒍𝟐(𝒍) + 𝐇𝟐 (𝐠)
6. xU fiurypd; pH kjpg;G Ropahf ,Ue;jhy; mf;fiurypd; jd;ik ahJ? fhuzk; jUf.

 pH kjpg;G Rop vd;why;> −log [H+ ] = 0 ; [H+ ] = 1 [PTA – 3]
 i`l;u[d; madpapd; nrwpT 1. vdNt mjpf mkpyj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhFk;.
7. gpd;tUk; Ntjptpidfspy; vt;tpid elg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fs; cs;sJ? ckJ tpilia
Mjhuj;Jld; jUf. m) 𝟐𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥 + 𝐅𝟐 → 𝟐𝐍𝐚𝐅 + 𝐂𝐥𝟐 M) 𝐍𝐚𝐅 + 𝐂𝐥𝟐 → 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥 + 𝐅𝟐
 Kjy; tpid elf;Fk;> ,uz;lhk; tpid elf;f ,ayhJ. [PTA – 3]
 FNshupidtpl G@upd; tpidjpwd; kpf;fJ. vdNt> G@upd; Nacl fiurypy; ,Ue;J
FNshupid ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;fpwJ.
8. 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑(𝐬) + 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 → 𝐂𝐚𝐎(𝐬) + 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑 (𝐬) + 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 ⇄ 𝐂𝐚𝐎(𝐬) + 𝐂𝐎𝟐(𝐠) [𝐏𝐓𝐀 – 𝟒]
Nkw;fz;l Ntjptpidfis Muha;e;J ve;j R+o;epiyapy; mit eilngWtjw;fhd
rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; cs;sd vd;gij vOJf.
 Kjy; tpid ntg;gr;rpijT tpidahFk;. ,t;tpidapy; gpizg;Gfis cilg;gjw;F
ntg;gk; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
 xU %ba fydpy; Kjy; tpid eilg;ngw;why; mJ Ntjpr;rkepiyia milAk;.
,JNt ,uz;lhk; tpidahFk;.
 vdNt> ntg;gk; kw;Wk; %ba fyd; Mfpad Nkw;fz;l Ntjptpidfs;
eilngWtjw;fhd #o;epiyfshFk;.
9. ek; md;whl tho;tpy; rpy Neuq;fspy; Ntfkhf eilngWk; NtjptpidfSk; rpy
Neuq;fspy; nkJthf eilngWk; NtjptpidfSk; Njit. ,it xt;nthd;Wf;Fk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf. [PTA – 3]
 Ntfkhf eilngWk; tpid - czT nrupj;jy;
 nkJthf eilngWk; tpid - ,Uk;G JUg;gpbj;jy;
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10. fPof
; ;fhZk; Ntjptpidfspy; vJ eLepiyahf;fy; tpid? fhuzk; jUf.
𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇(𝐚𝐪) + 𝐇𝐂𝐈(𝐚𝐪) → 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥(𝐚𝐪) + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐈) [PTA – 4]
𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 (𝐠) + 𝟓𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) → 𝟑𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠) + 𝟒𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐠) + 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭
 Kjy; tpid eLepiyahf;fy; tpidahFk;.
 fhuzk;: HCl-mkpyk; kw;Wk; NaOH-fhuk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,ul;il ,lg;ngau;r;rp
tpidapy; <Lgl;L NaCl vd;w eLepiyahd cg;G kw;Wk; ePiu cUthf;FfpwJ.
11. J}a ePu; kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jkh? cdJ gjpiy epahag;gLj;J. [PTA – 5]

J}a ePu; kpd;rhuk; flj;Jtjpy;iy. ,jpy; madpfs; ,y;yhjNj ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;.
12. nghl;lhrpak; FNshNul;il ntg;gg;gLj;jp Mf;rp[d; thAit cUthf;Fk; tpidapy;

khq;fdPR il Mf;irbd; gq;F vd;d? [PTA – 6]
khq;fdPR il Mf;irL tpidA+f;fpahf nray;gl;L tpidapd; Ntfj;ij mjpfupf;fpwJ.
13. gpd;tUk; Ntjptpidfis mZf;fs; ,lk; khwp miktjpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jp

ckJ tpilia epahag;gLj;Jf. [PTA – 1]
tpdhf;fs; tifg;ghL fhuzk;

m) 2K𝐶𝑙O3 → 2K𝐶𝑙 + 3O2 nghl;lhrpak; FNshNul; Nru;kkhdJ
rpijT nghl;lhrpak; FNshiuL kw;Wk;
tpid Mf;]p[d; %yf;$Wfshf
rpijtilfpwJ.
M) Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu [pq;f; jdpkk; fhg;gu; ry;/Ngl;bypUe;J
xw;iw fhg;giu ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;J [pq;f;
,lg;ngau;;r;rp ry;Ngl; kw;Wk; fhg;gu; jdpkj;ij
cUthf;FfpwJ.
,) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO Nru;f;if nkf;dr
P pak;> Mf;]p[Dld; ,ize;J
tpid nkf;dr
P pak; Mf;i]ilj; jUfpwJ.
<) Na2 SO4 + Ba𝐶𝑙2 → BaSO4 + Nrhbak; kw;Wk; Ngupak; madpfs;
,ul;il
2Na𝐶𝑙 ,lg;ngau;r;rpahtjhy; Ngupak; ry;Ngl;
,lg;ngau;r;rp
kw;Wk; Nrhbak; FNshiuL cUthfpwJ.

1. fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; fiuriy fyf;Ftjw;F epf;fy; fuz;bia gad;gLj;jyhkh? cdJ
$w;iw epahag;gLj;Jf. [PTA – 6]
 fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; fiuriy fyf;Ftjw;F epf;fy; fuz;bia gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.
 Vnddpy; epf;fy; fhg;giutpl mjpf tpidjpwd; nfhz;lJ. epf;fy; fhg;gu; ry;Ngl;
fiurypy; cs;s fhg;giu ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;fpwJ.
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1. vspa fPl;Nlhdpd; (IUPAC) ngaiuAk; %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilAk; vOJf. [PTA – 2]
vspa fPl;Nlhd; : mrpl;Nlhd;
%yf;$W tha;g;ghL : CH3−CO−CH3
IUPAC ngau; : Gug;gNdhd;
2. fPof; ;fz;l Nru;kq;fspd; fhu;gd; rq;fpyp njhliug; nghWj;J tifg;gLj;Jf kw;Wk;
%yf;$W tha;g;ghl;il vOJf. [MAY - 2022, PTA – 1]
1. Gug;Ngd; 2. ngd;rPd; 3. tisa gpA+l;Nld; 4. gpA+uhd;
Nru;kq;fspd; ngau; tifg;ghL %yf;$W tha;g;ghL mikg;G tha;g;ghL
tisakw;w my;yJ jpwe;j
i) Gug;Ngd; C3H8
mikg;G cila Nru;kk;
ii) ngd;rPd; mNuhNkl;bf; Nru;kk; C6H6
iii) tisa
mypirf;fpspf; Nru;kk; C4H8
gpA+l;Nld;
iv) gpA+uhd; gy;ypd tisa Nru;kk; C4H4O
3. vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; vj;jdhypy; ,Ue;J vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mt;tpidf;fhd
rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
vj;jdhiy fhuk; fye;j nghl;lhrpak; ngu;khq;fNdl; my;yJ mkpyk; fye;j
nghl;lhrpak;-il-FNuhNkl; fiuriy nfhz;L Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; milar; nra;J
vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
𝐊𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟒 /𝐎𝐇−
CH3CH2OH → 2[O]
CH3COOH + H2O
vj;jdhy; vj;jdhapf; mkpyk;
4. blu;n[z;l;fs; vt;thW ePiu khRgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,k;khRghl;bid jtpu;f;Fk; topKiw ahJ?

blu;n[z;l;fs; fpisfisAila i`l;Nuh fhu;gd; rq;fpyp njhliug; ngw;Ws;sd.
jz;zPupy; ,Uf;Fk; Ez;Zapupfshy; kf;f nra;a ,ayhJ. ,jdhy; ePu; khrile;JtpLk;.
jtpu;f;Fk; topKiw: Neuhd i`l;Nuh fhu;gd; rq;fpypj; njhliug; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
blu;n[z;l;fs; Ez;Zapupfshy; vspjpy; rpijtilfpwJ.[PTA – 3]
5. Nrhg;G kw;Wk; blu;n[z;l;il NtWgLj;Jf. [PTA – 3, MDL – 19, SEP - 2020]
Nrhg;G blu;n[z;l;
1. ,J ePz;l rq;fpypj; njhlu; ngw;w 1. ,J ry;Nghdpf; mkpyj;jpd; Nrhba
fhu;ghf;rpypf; mkpyq;fspd; Nrhba cg;Gf;fs;. cg;Gf;fs;.
2. ,jd; madp gFjp – COO−Na+ 2. ,jd; madpg; gFjp – SO3 −Na+
3. ,jid fbd ePupy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. 3. ,jid fbd ePupYk; rpwg;ghf ryit
4. ,J fbd ePUld; NrUk;NghJ (];fk;) nra;ayhk;.
gbTfis cUthf;Fk;. 4. ,J fbd ePUld; NrUk; NghJ (];fk;)
5. ,J Fiwthd mstpy; Eiufis cUthf;Fk;. gbTfis cUthf;fhJ.
5. ,J mjpf mstpy; Eiufis cUthf;Fk;.
6. capupay; rpijT milAk;.
6. capupay; rpijTf;F cl;glhJ.
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. vj;jdhypd; gad;fs; ,uz;bid vOJf. [SEP – 2021]
 vj;jdhy; kUj;Jtkidfspy; fhaq;fisj; Jilj;J vLf;Fk; Giuj; jLg;ghdhf
gad;gLfpwJ.
 kUe;Jf;fs;> vz;nza;fs;> nfhOg;Gg; nghUs;fs;> thridg; nghUs;fs;> rhaq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iwf; fiuf;Fk; fiug;ghdhf gad;gLfpwJ.
7. <j;Njid tpl <j;jPd; tpidjpwd; kpf;fJ. Vd;? [PTA – 1]
 <j;Njd; typik kpFe;j xw;iwg;gpizg;G nfhz;l epiwTw;w i`l;Nuhfhu;gd; MFk;.
 <j;jPd; typik Fiwe;j ,ul;ilg;gpizg;G nfhz;l epiwTwh i`l;Nuhfhu;gd; MFk;.
 vdNt> <j;Njid tpl <j;jPdpd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ik FiwT kw;Wk; tpid jpwd; kpf;fJ.
8. IUPAC tpjpfspd; gb fPof

; ;fhZk; Nru;kq;fSf;fhd mikg;G tha;g;ghLfisf; nfhzu;f.
m) ngd;ldhapf; mkpyk; M) 2-nkj;jpy;-gpAl;ld;-2-My; [PTA – 2]
9. fPof
; ;fhZk; $w;Wf;fis Muha;e;J mtw;Ws; vj;jdhy; kw;wk; vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpw;fhd
nghUj;jkhd $w;Wf;fis tifg;gLj;Jf. [PTA – 4]
m) ,jd; 95.5% Kk; ePUk; Nru;e;j fiury; vuprhuhak; vdg;gLk;. – vj;jdhy;
M) ,r;Nru;kj;jpd; J}a tif ciwAk; nghOJ gdpf;fl;b Nghd;w gbfq;fshfpd;wd.
– vj;jdhapf; mkpyk;
,) ,r;Nru;kj;jpid Nrhlhr; Rz;zhk;G nfhz;L ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ fhu;ghf;rpy;
ePf;fk; eilngWfpwJ. – vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;jpd; Nrhbak; cg;G
10. A vd;w Nru;kk; xU epwkw;w jputk; kw;Wk; vhpRit nfhz;lJ. Nru;kk; A apd; Mtpia
573 K ntg;gepiyapy;> R+Nlw;wg;gl;l jhkpuj;jpd; kPJ nrYj;Jk; NghJ i`l;u[d; ePf;fk;
eilngw;W mrpl;lhy;bi`L cUthfpwJ. Nru;kk; A If; fz;lwpf. ,t;Ntjptpidapy;
jhkpuj;jpd; gq;F vd;d? ,t;Ntjptpidf;fhd rkd;nra;ag;gl;l Ntjpr; rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
 Nru;kk; A vd;gJ vj;jdhy;> CH3CH2-OH. [PTA – 6]
 jhkpuk; tpidA+f;fpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
𝐂𝐮
CH3CH2OH →573 K CH3CHO + H2↑
vj;jdhy; mrpl;lhy;bi`L
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nraypay;
1. ,Utpijapiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; th];Fyhu; fw;iwapd; mikg;ig gw;wp vOJf.
 ,Utpijapiy jhtuj; jz;bd; th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; xd;wpize;jit>
xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit kw;Wk; cs;Nehf;F iryk; nfhz;lit.
 ,it tisa tbtpy; gpj;ij Rw;wp mike;jpUf;Fk;.
2. ,iyapilj;jpR (kPNrhgpy;) gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf. 3. xU Mf;]pN]hkpd;
,iyapy; Nky;Gw kw;Wk; fPo;Gwj; NjhYf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; glk; tiue;J
jsj;jpR> ,iyapilj;jpR my;yJ kPNrhgpy; vdg;gLk;. ghfq;fis Fwp.
 ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh: ePs nry;fs;. mjpf gRq;fzpfq;fSld;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xspr;Nru;f;if gzpia Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
 ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh: Nfhs nry;fs;. neUf;fkpd;wp nry;
,ilntspfSld; cs;sd. ,J thA gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.
4. kyUk; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; %d;W tifahd jpRj; njhFg;Gfis Fwpg;gpLf.
 Njhy;/Gwj;Njhy; jpRj;njhFg;G  mbg;gil/jsj;jpRj; njhFg;G  th];Fyhu; jpRj;njhFg;G
5. xspr;Nru;f;if vd;why; vd;d? ,J nry;ypy; vq;F eilngWfpwJ? [SEP – 2021, PTA – 3]
 jw;rhu;G Cl;l capupdq;fs; R+upa Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jp jkf;F Ntz;ba czit
jhNk jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; epfo;r;rp xspr;Nru;f;if vdg;gLk;.
R+upa xsp
𝟔𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎 → 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 + 𝟔𝐇𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟔𝐎𝟐 ↑
gr;irak;
 ,J nry;ypd; gRq;fzpfj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ.

6. Rthr <T vd;why; vd;d? [AUG – 2022, MAY - 2022, SEP – 2021, PTA – 1]
Rthrpj;jypd; NghJ ntspNaw;wg;gl;l fhu;gd; il Mf;i]bd; mstpw;Fk;> vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l Mf;]p[d; mstpw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s tpfpjNk Rthr <T vdg;gLk;.
ntspaplg;gLk; 𝐂𝐎𝟐 msT
Rthr <T =
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; 𝐎𝟐 msT
7. xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; NghJ ,Us; tpidf;F Kd;G Vd; xsp tpid eilngw Ntz;Lk;?
 ,Us; tpidapd; NghJ> xsptpidapy; cUthfpd;w ATP kw;Wk; NADPH2 Mfpatw;wpd;
cjtpahy; CO2-it> fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;lhf xLf;fkilfpwJ.
 vdNt> ,Us; tpidf;F Kd;G xsp tpid eilngw Ntz;Lk;.
8. xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; xl;L nkhj;j rkd;ghl;il vOJf. [MAY - 2022]

R+upa xsp
𝟔𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝐇𝟐 𝐎 → 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 + 𝟔𝐇𝟐 𝑶 + 𝟔𝐎𝟐 ↑
gr;irak;
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
9. xspr;Nru;f;ifia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis vOJf. 11. ,Utpijapiyj; jhtu Ntu; (m)
[AUG – 2022] mtiu Ntupd; cs;sikg;igg;
 ntspf;fhuzpfs; → R+upa xsp> ntg;gepiy> glk; tiue;J ghfq;fis Fwp.
fhu;gd; il Mf;i]L> ePu; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs;.
 cl;Gwf; fhuzpfs; → epwkpfs;> ,iyapd; [PTA – 6]
taJ> fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;bd; nrwpT &
`hu;Nkhd;fs;.
10. th];Fyhu; fw;iw vd;why; vd;d? [PTA – 1]

 iryk; kw;Wk; GNshak; jpRf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s
fw;iwfs; th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; vdg;gLk;.
 iryk; ePu; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fis flj;JfpwJ.
GNshak; czTg; nghUs;fis flj;JfpwJ.
12. xUq;fpize;j th];Fyhu; fw;iwapd; gy;NtW tiffisg; glk; tiue;J ghfq;fisf;

Fwpf;fTk;. [PTA – 4]
(xd;wpize;j th];Fyhu; fw;iw)
1. gRq;fzpfj;jpd; ve;j gFjpapy; xspr;rhu;e;j nray; kw;Wk; fhy;tpd; Row;rp eilngWfpd;wd?

 gRq;fzpfj;jpd; ijyfha;L rt;tpy; (fpuhdh) xsp rhu;e;j tpid eilngWfpwJ.
 gRq;fzpfj;jpd; ];l;Nuhkh gFjpapy; fhy;tpd; Row;rp my;yJ xsprhuh tpid
eilngWfpwJ.
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1. Kaypd; Rthrf; Fohapy; FUj;njYk;G tisaq;fs; fhzg;gLtJ Vd;? [PTA – 4, SEP - 2020]
Kaypd; %r;Rf;Fohapd; topNa fhw;W vspjhfr; nrd;W tUk; tifapy;> FUj;njYk;G
tisaq;fshy; jhq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. ml;ilapy; fhzg;gLk; xl;Lz;zp jftikg;Gfis vOJf. [MDL – 19]
 njhz;il ,uj;jj;ij cwpQ;rg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Kd; kw;Wk; gpd; xl;LwpQ;rpfs; ml;ilia tpUe;Njhk;gpAld; ,izf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 %d;W jhilfs; tpUe;Njhk;gpapd; clypy; typapy;yhj Y-tbt fhaj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
 `pUbd;; ,uj;jk; ciwtijj; jLf;fpwJ. vdNt> njhlu;r;rpahf ,uj;jk; fpilf;fpwJ.
 gf;ff; fhy;fSk; kapu;f; fhy;fSk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
 jPdpg;igapy; ,uj;jk; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J gy khjq;fSf;F Cl;lkspf;fpwJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
3. Kaypd; cly; ntg;gepiyia guhkhpf;f mjd; Njhypy; mike;Js;s Rug;gpfs; ahit?
tpau;it kw;Wk; vz;nza; Rug;gpfs;. [PTA – 3]
VIII. caH rpe;jid tpdhf;fs;
1. mu;[{d; gj;jhk; tFg;G gbf;fpwhd;. mtDf;F fha;r;ry; te;jjhy; kUj;Jtiu re;jpf;fr;
nry;fpwhd;. mtd; kUj;Jtkidf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ> ml;ilahy; jPtpukhf fbf;fg;gl;l xU
Nehahsp rpfpr;ir ngWtijf; fhz;fpwhd;. kpfTk; nfh^ukhf ,Ug;gijf; fz;l mu;[_d;>
kUj;Jtuplk; ml;il kdpjdpd; Njhypy; xl;Lk;NghNj> mJ fbg;gij Vd; czu
Kbtjpy;iy vd tpdTfpwhd;. mjw;F kUj;Jtu; mspj;j tpil vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;?
ml;ilfs; kdpjdpd; clypy; fbf;Fk;NghJ xU kaf;fg; nghUis cl;nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
,jdhy; mJ fbg;gij ek;khy; czu Kbtjpy;iy.
2. irNy\; jd; tPl;by; nry;yg; gpuhzpfis tsu;j;J tUfpwhd;. mtw;wpy; rpy Kay;fSk;
cs;sd. xU ehs; Kay;fSf;F cztspf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpd; gw;fs; tpj;jpahrkhf
,Ug;gij ftdpf;fpwhd;. ,J Fwpj;J mtDila jhj;jhtplk; Nfl;fpwhd;. me;j
tpj;jpahrj;jpw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd;W Cfpf;f Kbfpwjh? tptup.
Kaypy; ,UKiw Njhd;Wk; gy;yikg;G kw;Wk; khWgl;l gy;yikg;G cs;sJ.
IX. kjpg;G rhH tpdhf;fs;

1. ml;ilapy; gy tifahd rPuz Rug;G kw;Wk; nehjpfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. Vd;?
ml;ilapd; jPdpg;igapy; ,uj;jk; Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J gy khjq;fSf;F Cl;lkspf;fpwJ.
,jd; fhuzkhf rPuz ePu; kw;Wk; nehjpfs; mjpf mstpy; Ruf;f Njitapy;iy.
2. Kaypd; czT kz;lyk; jhtu cz;zp tifahd Cl;lj;jpw;F Vw;whw; Nghy; vt;thW
mike;Js;sJ? [PTA – 3]
 Kaypd; gw;fs; czTg; nghUl;fis ntl;Ltjw;Fk;> nky;Ytjw;Fk;> miug;gjw;Fk;
Vw;wthW ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 lah];Bkh nky;Ytjw;Fk;> miug;gjw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.
 rPuzr; Rug;gpfspy; Ruf;Fk; nehjpfs; cztpd; nrupkhdj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.
 rpWFly; kw;Wk; ngUq;Flypy; cs;s ghf;Bupahfs;> nry;YNyhrpd; nrupkhdj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.
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1. ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; NghJ ,iyj;Jis jpwg;gjw;Fk; 3. NtupDs; ePu; Eioe;J> ,iyapd;
%bf;nfhs;tjw;Fkhd fhuzj;ij $W. %yk; ePuhtpahf tspkz;lyj;jpy;
fhg;G nry;fspd; nfhe;jspg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wNk ,of;fg;gLk; ghijiaf; fhl;Lf.
];Nlhkhl;lhit jpwe;J %l fhuzkhfpwJ. Ntu;j;J}tp → Ntu; → iryk; → jz;L
2. $l;bizT vd;why; vd;d? [PTA – 1] →,iy→,iyj;Jis→ ePu; Mtpahjy;
ePu; %yf;$WfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s <u;g;Gtpir
$l;bizT vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
4. xU jhtuj;jpy; Ntupd; %yk; cwpQ;rg;gl;l ePupd;
msittpl ,iyapd; %yk; ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd;
fhuzkhf ntspNaWk; ePupd; msT
mjpfkhdhy; vd;d epfOk;?
 ,J jhtu clypypUe;J Njitahd
<ug;gjj;ij ,of;fr; nra;tjhy;> ,iyfs;
thb my;yJ fha;e;JtpLk;.
 ,J jhtuj;jpd; tsu;r;rp> xspr;Nru;f;if kw;Wk;
ePuhtpg;Nghf;F Mfpatw;iw ghjpf;fpwJ.
5. kdpj ,jaj;jpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;gLk; tpjj;jpid tptup.
,jak;: ,uj;j ehsq;fs; topahf ,uj;jj;ij ce;jpj;js;Sk; jirahy; Md tpirapaf;f cWg;G.
kdpj ,jaj;jpd; mikg;G :
 ,jak; ngupfhu;bay; ciwahy; R+og;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,J EiuaPuYf;F ,ilapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J ehd;F miwfisf; nfhz;lJ.
Mupf;fps;fs; - Nky; miwfs;;. ntz;l;upf;fps;fs; - fPo; miwfs;.
 ,t;tiwfisg; gpupf;fpd;w ,ilr;Rtu; nrg;lk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
kdpj ,jaj;jpd; nray;ghL :
 tyJ Mupf;fps;> cly; ghfq;fspypUe;J Mf;rp[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jj;jpid rpiufs; %yk; ngWfpwJ.
 ,lJ Mupf;fps;> EiuaPuypypUe;J Mf;rp[d; kpFe;j ,uj;jj;jpid EiuaPuy; rpiufs; %yk; ngWfpwJ.
 tyJ kw;Wk; ,lJ Mupf;fps;fs;> mjd; ntz;l;upf;fps;fSf;F ,uj;jj;jpid nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
 tyJ ntz;l;upf;fpspypUe;J Mf;rp[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jk;> EiuaPuYf;F jkdp topahf nry;fpwJ.
 ,lJ ntz;l;upf;fpspypUe;J cly; ghfq;fSf;F Mf;rp[d; kpFe;j ,uj;jj;jpid ngUe;jkdp mspf;fpwJ.
 fNuhdup jkdp ,jaj;jirfSf;F ,uj;jj;ij mspf;fpwJ.
6. kdpju;fspd; Rw;Nwhl;lkhdJ ,ul;ilr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ Vd;?[PTA – 1]
kdpjdpy;> xU KO Row;rpapd; NghJ ,uj;jkhdJ ,jaj;jpd; topahf ,UKiw Rw;wp
tUfpwJ. vdNt> ,J ,ul;il Rw;Nwhl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
7. ,ja xypfs; vd;why; vd;d? mit vt;thW cUthfpd;wd?
 ,ja xypahdJ ,ja thy;Tfs; rPuhd Kiwapy; jpwe;J %Ltjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ‘yg;’ xypahdJ %tpjo; kw;Wk; <upjo; thy;Tfs; %Ltjhy; ,e;j xyp Vw;gLfpwJ.
 ‘lg;’ xypahdJ miur; re;jpu thy;Tfs; %Ltjhy; Vw;gLk;.
8. ,ja thy;Tfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d? [MAY - 2022, PTA – 2]
 thy;Tfs; ,uj;j Xl;lj;ij xNu jpirapy; xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wd.
 ,J ntz;l;upf;fps;fspy; ,uj;j Xl;lk; gpd;Ndhf;fp tUtijj; jLf;fpwJ.
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9. Rh fhuzpiaf; fz;lwpe;jtu; ahu;?mJ Vd; Rh fhuzp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? [PTA – 6]
 Rh fhuzp Nyz;l;];nla;du; kw;Wk; tpad;du; MfpNahuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
 ,J uPr]; ,df;Fuq;fpd;(Rhesus monkey) ,uj;jj;jpypUe;J fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. vdNt>
,J Rh fhuzp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
10. jkdpfSk;> rpiufSk; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wd? [PTA – 5]
t.vz; jkdp rpiu
Rtu;fs; typikahd jbj;j kPSk; Rtu;fs; typik Fiwe;j kpUJthd

1.
jd;ik cilait. kPs;jd;ik mw;wit.
2. cs;sPL thy;Tfs; fpilahJ. cs;sPL thy;Tfs; cz;L.
3. clypd; Mo;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ. clypd; Nkw;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.
11. irNdh Mupf;Fyhu; fZ ‘,jaj;jpd; Ng]; Nkf;fu;’ vd;W Vd; miof;fg;gLfpwJ?

SA fZ ,jaj;Jbg;GfSf;fhd kpd; J}z;liyj; Njhw;Wtpj;J ,jaj; jirfspd;
RUf;fj;ijj; J}z;LfpwJ. vdNt irNdh Mupf;Fyhu; fZthdJ ,jaj;jpd;
Ng];Nkf;fuhf nray;gLfpwJ. [MDL – 19, PTA – 5]
12. cly; ,uj;j Xl;lk; kw;Wk; EiuaPuy; ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpid NtWgLj;Jf. [PTA – 2]
cly; ,uj;j Xl;lk; EiuaPuy; ,uj;j Xl;lk;
1) Mf;]p[d; kpFe;j ,uj;jj;ij 1) Mf;]p[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jj;ij

,jaj;jpypUe;J cWg;GfSf;F ,jaj;jpypUe;J EiuaPuYf;F
nrYj;JfpwJ. nrYj;JfpwJ.
2) Mf;]p[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jj;ij kPz;Lk; 2) Mf;]p[d; kpFe;j ,uj;jj;ij kPz;Lk;
,jaj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUfpwJ. ,jaj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
3) ,jak; kw;Wk; KOclYf;Fk; ,ilNa 3) ,jak; kw;Wk; EiuaPuYf;F ,ilNa
jkdpfs; kw;Wk; rpiufs; topahf EiuaPuy; jkdpfs; kw;Wk; EiuaPuy;
Vw;gLfpwJ. rpiufs; topahf Vw;gLfpwJ.
13. ,ja Row;rpapd; epfo;thdJ 0.8 tpdhbfspy; epiwtilfpwJ vdpy;> xt;nthU epfo;tpd;
fhy msitAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
 Vl;upay; rp];Nlhy; ⟶ 0.1 tpdhb  ntz;l;upf;Fyhu; rp];Nlhy; ⟶ 0.3 tpdhb
 ntz;l;upf;Fyhu; la];Nlhy; ⟶ 0.4 tpdhb
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
14. ePuhtpg; Nghf;F eilngWk; epfo;r;rpapd; 15. Jfs;fSila nry;fspd; glq;fis
glk; tiue;J ghfq;fis Fwpf;fTk;. tiuf. [AUG – 2022, MAY-2022]
[MAY-2022]
16. kdpj ,jaj;jpd; ntspg;Gw mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfq;fs; Fwpf;fTk;. [SEP - 2020]
VII. fPo;f;fz;l $w;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; jUf

1. jhtu Ntu;fs; fdpkq;fis Mw;wy; rhuh epfo;r;rpapd; %yk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.
 fdpkq;fs; kz;zpy; madpfshf cs;sjhy; mit rt;tpd; topahf vspjpy; Gf KbahJ.
 kz;zpy; cs;s fdpkq;fspd; nrwpT Ntu;fspd; nry;fspy; cs;s nrwptpid
tplf;Fiwthf cs;sJ.
 Mifahy; Ntu;fs; fdpkq;fis Mw;wy; rhuh epfo;r;rpapd; %yk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy
2. ,iyj;Jisfs; jpwg;gjw;Fk; %Ltjw;Fk; fhuzkhd mikg;G fhg;G nry;fs; MFk;.
 ,iyj;Jis jpwg;gjw;Fk; %bf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; fhuzkhf miktJ> fhg;G nry;fspy;
eilngWk; tpiwg;gOj;j khw;wq;fNs MFk;. [SEP – 2021]
 ePu; fhg;G nry;fSf;Fs; GFk;NghJ> tpiwg;Gj; jd;ik miltjhy; ,iyj;Jis jpwf;fpwJ.
 fhg;G nry;fis tpl;L ePu; ntspNaWk;NghJ tpiwg;gOj;jk; Fiwe;J ,iyj;Jis
%bf; nfhs;fpwJ.
3. GNshaj;jpd; topahf czTg;nghUshdJ midj;J gFjpfSf;Fk; gy jpirfspy;
flj;jg;gLfpwJ. [PTA – 4]
 GNshak; cztpid Njhw;WthapypUe;J Njf;fplj;jpw;F flj;JfpwJ.
 GNshaj;jpd; topahf czthdJ fPo; Nehf;fp ,lk; ngau;fpwJ. mjhtJ
,iyfspypUe;J Ntufs; kw;Wk; jz;Lfs; tiu.
 jhtuj;jpd; Njitia nghWj;J GNshaj;jpd; topahf czthdJ Nky; Nehf;fp
nry;fpwJ NtufspypUe;J kw;w gFjpfSf;F.
 vdNt> GNshaj;jpd; topahf czTg;nghUshdJ midj;Jg; gFjpfSf;Fk; gy
jpirfspy; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
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4. ,iyfs; cjpUk;NghJ jhtuq;fspy; fdpkq;fs; ,of;fg;gLtjpy;iy. [PTA – 2]
fhuzq;fs; :
%g;gile;j ,iyfspy; cs;s jdpkq;fs; ,sk; ,iyfSf;F ,lk;ngau;fpd;wd.
 ,jdhy;> jhtuq;fspy; ,iyfs; cjpUk;NghJ fdpkq;fs; ,of;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
5. tyJ Mupf;fps; Rtiu tpl tyJ ntz;l;upf;fps; RtH jbkdhf cs;sJ.
fhuzq;fs; : tyJ Mupf;fps; Rtiu tpl tyJ ntz;l;upf;fps; Rtu; jbkdhf cs;sJ.
Vnddpy;> tyJ ntz;l;upf;fps;fs; ,jaj;jpypUe;J EiuaPuypd; ngUe;jkdp
topahf mjpf tpirAld; ,uj;jj;ij ce;jp nrYj;JfpwJ.
6. ghY}l;bfspd; Kjpu;e;j RBCapy; nry; Ez;ZWg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. [PTA – 4]
fhuzq;fs; :
 cl;fU ,y;yhjpUg;gjhy; mr;nry;yhdJ ,UGwKk; Fope;j mikg;igg; ngw;W> mjpf
msT Mf;rp[d; ,iztjw;fhd Nkw;gug;gpidg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upah ,y;yhjpUg;gjhy; mjpf msT Mf;rp[id jpRf;fSf;F
flj;Jtij mDkjpf;fpwJ.
 vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy; ,y;yhjpUg;gjhy; nky;ypa ,uj;jj; je;JfpfSf;Fs;
mjpf kPSk; jd;ik ngw;W RBC vspjhf CLUTfpwJ.
X. caH rpe;jid tpdhf;fs;
1. cyu;e;j jhtug;nghUis ePupy; itf;Fk; NghJ cg;gptpLk;. ,jw;fhd epfo;r;rp vd;d?
tiuaiw nra;f. (my;yJ) kz;zpypUe;J ehw;Wfs; Njhd;Wtjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s
guty; tifia tpsf;Ff.
 epfo;r;rpapd; ngau; : cs;sPu;j;jy;.
 tiuaiw : jhtug; nghUl;fs; ePupy; itf;fg;gLk; NghJ ePupid cwpQ;rp cg;Gfpd;w.
 v.fh : cyu; tpijfs; kw;Wk; cyu; jpuhl;ir ePiu cwpQ;Rjy;.
2. ,lJ ntz;l;upf;fps; RtuhdJ kw;w miwfspd; Rtu;fistpl jbkdhf ,Ug;gJ Vd;?
,lJ ntd;l;upf;fps; KO clYf;Fk; ,uj;jj;ij toq;Fk; kpfg;ngupa jkdpahd
ngUe;jkdpf;F mjpf mOj;jj;Jld; ,uj;jj;ij nrYj;JfpwJ. ,jDld;
xg;gpLk;NghJ kw;w miwfs; Fiwe;j mOj;jj;Jld; ,uj;jj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
vdNt ,J jbkdhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
3. ,ja xypiaf; fz;lwpa kUj;Jtu;fs; ];nljh];Nfhg;ig gad;gLj;JtJ Vd;?
,J clypd; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; cs;s gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; Neha;fis fz;lwpa
cjTk; rhjdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
4. EiuaPuy; jkdp kw;Wk; EiuaPuy; rpiu Mfpait rhjhuz jkdp kw;Wk; rpiu
Mfpatw;wpd; gzpfNshL xg;gpLk; NghJ vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wd?
 EiuaPuy; jkdpia jtpu kw;w midj;J jkdpfSk; Mf;]p[d; kpFe;j ,uj;jj;jpid
vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ> ,J Mf;]p[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jj;ij vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
 EiuaPuy; rpiuapidj; jtpu kw;w midj;J rpiufSk; Mf;]p[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jj;jpid
vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ> ,J Mf;]p[d; kpFe;j ,uj;jj;jpid nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
5. ePuhtpg;Nghf;F xU Njitahd jPq;F nray; tpsf;Ff. [PTA – 3]
 ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; NghJ 95 % ePH Mtpahtjdhy;> ,J jtpHf;f Kbahj nray;.
 vdNt> ePuhtpg;Nghf;F jhtuq;fspy; xU Njitahd jPik nray; MFk;.
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15. euk;G kz;lyk;

1. J}z;ly; vd;gij tiuaW.
J}z;ly; vd;gJ Gwr;#o;epiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis czu;e;J nfhs;tjw;fhf clypy;
czu;T cWg;Gfs; nray;gLtJ.
2. gpd; %isapd; ghfq;fs; ahit? [PTA – 2]

 rpW%is  ghd;];  KFsk;
3. %isiag; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;f cjTk; cWg;Gfs; ahit? [PTA – 4]

 %isahdJ bA+uh Nkl;lH> muf;dha;L ciw kw;Wk; igah Nkl;lH ciwfshy;
#og;gl;bUf;fpwJ> ,J mbglhky; ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUf;f cjTfpwJ.

 %isj; jz;Ltl jputk; jpBH mjpHTfspd; NghJ %is ghjpg;gilahky; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
4. fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mdpr;irr; nraYf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.

`hHNkhdpak; thrpj;jypd;NghJ ,ir Fwpg;GfSf;Nfw;g rupahd fl;ilia mOj;Jjy;.
5. euk;G kz;lyj;jpw;Fk;> ehskpy;yh Rug;gp kz;lyj;jpw;f;FkpilNa ,izg;ghfr; nray;gLk;

cWg;G vJ? i`g;Nghjyhk];.
6. mdpr;ir tpy; vd;gij tiuaW. [PTA – 4]
euk;G nry;fSf;fpilNa eilngWk; J}z;ly; Jyq;fy; mdpr;irr; nray; ghijfs;
midj;Jk; xUq;fpize;J mdpr;ir tpy; vdg;gLk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
7. nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; epA+uhd;fis tifg;gLj;Jf. [PTA – 3]
i) czu;r;rp/ cl;nry; euk;Gr;nry;:
czu; cWg;GfspypUe;J J}z;ly;fis ika euk;G kz;lyj;Jf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;;.

ii) ,af;f/ ntspr;nry; euk;Gr;nry;fs;:
ika euk;G kz;lyj;jpy; ,Ue;J jir ehupiofs; vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;;.

iii) rq;fk euk;Gr; nry;fs;:
czu;r;rp kw;Wk; ,af;f euk;G nry;fSf;fpilNa J}z;ly;fis flj;Jk; euk;G nry;fs;.
8. rpW%isapd; gzpfs; ahit? [PTA – 6]

rpW%is ,af;F jirfspd; ,af;fq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; cly;
rkepiyiag; NgZjy; Mfpatw;iw xUq;fpizf;fpwJ.
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VII. NtWgLj;Jf.
1. ,r;irr; nray; kw;Wk; mdpr;irr; nray; [PTA – 5]
t.vz; ,r;irr; nray; mdpr;irr; nray;
1. ,J %isapd; fl;Lghl;by; ,J jz;Ltlj;jpd; fl;Lghl;by;
eilngWfpwJ. v.fh. rhg;gpLjy; eilngWfpwJ. v.fh. Jk;Kjy;
2. ,J ekJ nrhe;j czu;Tld; ,J ekJ nrhe;j czu;T ,y;yhky;
njhlq;Fk; nray;. njhlq;Fk; nray;.
3. ekJ tpUg;gj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sJ. ekJ tpUg;gj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,y;iy.
4. ,J jirfspd; nray;ghl;bdhy; ,J jirfs; my;yJ Rug;gpfspd;
Vw;gLfpwJ. nray;ghl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
2. ikaypd; ciw cs;s kw;Wk; ikaypd; ciwaw;w euk;G ehupiofs;. [PTA – 3]
t.vz; ikaypd; ciwAs;s euk;G ehupiofs; ikaypd; ciwaw;w euk;G ehupiofs;
1. ,jpy; ikaypd; ciwfs; cs;;sd. ,jpy; ikaypd; ciwfs; fpilahJ.
2. %isapd; ntz;ik gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;. %isapd; rhk;gy; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;.
3. ,jpy; Nud;tPupd; fZf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. Nud;tPupd; fZf;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
4. J}z;Ljy;fis Ntfkhf flj;Jfpd;wd. J}z;Ljy;fis nkJthf flj;Jfpd;wd.
IX. caH rpe;jid jpwd; tpdhf;fs;.

1. KFsj;jpd; fPog
; ;Gwj;jpy; njhlq;Fk; cUisahd mikg;G "A", fPog
; ;Gwkhf ePz;Ls;sJ.
,J "B" vd;Dk; vYk;G rl;lfj;Jf;Fs;> "C" vd;w ciwfshy; NghHj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
"A"apypUe;J> "D" vz;zpf;ifapyhd ,iz euk;Gfs; fpisj;J tUfpd;wd. [PTA – 6]
(i) "A" vd;gJ ve;j cWg;igf; Fwpf;fpwJ?
(ii) m) "B" vdg;gLk; vYk;G rl;lfk; kw;Wk;
M) "C" vdg;gLk; ciwfs; Mfpatw;wpd; ngaHfisf; $Wf.
(iii) "D" vd;gJ vj;jid ,iz euk;Gfs;?
A→ jz;Ltlk; ; 𝐁 → Ks;nsYk;Gj; njhlu;
𝐂 → bA+uh Nkl;lu;> muf;dha;L ciw> igah Nkl;lu; ; 𝐃 → 31 ,iz euk;Gfs;
2. ek; clypy; mjpfkhd msT fhzg;gLk; ePskhd "L" nry;fs; MFk;. "L" nry;fspy; ePz;l
fpisj;j gFjp "M" vd;Wk;> FWfpa fpisj;j gFjpfs; "N" vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,uz;L
"L" nry;fSf;fpilNaahd ,ilntsp gFjp "O" vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. ,e;j ,ilntspg;
gFjpapy; ntspaplg;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUshd "P" euk;Gj; J}z;liy flj;j cjTfpwJ.
(i) "L" nry;fspd; ngaiu $Wf. (iii) "O" vd;Dk; ,ilntsp gFjpapd; ngau; vd;d?
(ii) "M" kw;Wk; "N" vd;git ahit? (iv) "P" vdg;gLk; Ntjpg; nghUspd; ngaiu $Wf.
L → epA+uhd;fs; (m) euk;G nry;fs; ; 𝐌 → Mf;rhd; ; 𝐍 → nlz;buhd;
𝐎 → rpdhg;bf; ,izTg; gFjp (m) rpdhg;];
𝐏 → ePA+Nuhbuhd;];kpl;lu;fs; (m) euk;Gzu;T flj;jpfs;
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1. nraw;if Mf;rpd;fs; vd;git ahit? v.fh jUf. [MAY - 2022, PTA – 4]
,it Mf;rpd;fis xj;j gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l nraw;ifahfj; jahupf;fg;gLk;
Mf;rpd;fs;. v.fh : 2,4 D (2> 4 ilFNshNuh gPdhf;rp mrpl;bf; mkpyk;)>
,z;Nlhy; 3 gpA+l;upf; mkpyk; (IBA).
2. “Nghy;bq;" vd;why; vd;d? mij vg;gb nraw;ifahf Cf;Ftpf;fyhk;? [MDL – 19]
 Nghy;bq; vd;why; jpBnud jz;L ePl;rpailtJk; mjd; njhlHr;rpahf kyHjYk;
epfo;fpd;wd.
 [pg;uy;ypd;fisj; njspg;gjd; %yk; Nghy;bq; nraw;ifahf Cf;Ftpf;fyhk;.
3. mg;rprpf; mkpyj;jpd; VNjDk; ,uz;L tho;tpay; tpisTfisj; jUf.
 ,J cjpu;jy; epfo;it Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
 ,iyfs; %g;giltij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
4. jhtuq;fspy; ,iy kw;Wk; fdp cjpHjiyj; jil nra;a eP vd;d nra;tha;? jFe;j
fhuzq;fSld; $Wf.
 Mf;rpd;fisj; njspg;gjd; %yk; jhtuq;fspy; ,iy kw;Wk; fdp cjpu;jiyj;
jilnra;a KbAk;.
 Vnddpy; Mf;rpd;fs;> cjpHjy; mLf;F cUthjiyj; jil nra;fpd;wd.
5. Ntjpapay; J}JtHfs; vd;git ahit?
ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; `hu;Nkhd;fs; Ntjpapay; J}Jtu;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. v.fh: tsu;r;rp `hu;Nkhd;
6. ehsKs;sr; Rug;gpf;Fk;> ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpf;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfis vOJf.
t.vz; ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp ehsKs;s Rug;gp
1. ,tw;wpy; ehsq;fs; ,y;iy. Ruf;Fk; Ruf;Fk; nghUspid vLj;Jr; nry;y
nghUs; ,uj;jjpy; guTk;. ehsq;fs; cz;L.
2. `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;Fk;. nehjpfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;.
3. v.fh. ijuha;L Rug;gp v.fh. ckpo;ePh; Rug;gp.
7. ghuhjhHNkhdpd; gzpfs; ahit?
 fhy;rpak; kw;Wk; gh];gu]; tsHrpij khw;wj;ij xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.
 ,uj;jj;jpy; fhy;rpak; msit guhkupf;fpwJ.
8. gpl;a+l;lup Rug;gpapd; gpd; fJg;gpy; Ruf;Fk; `hHNkhd;fs; ahit? mit ve;j jpRf;fspd;
Nky; nray;gLfpd;wd? [PTA – 2]
`hHNkhd; mit ve;j jpRf;fspd; Nky; nray;gLfpd;wd;
thNrhgpu];]pd; my;yJ
rpWePuf Foy;fs;
Md;bila+upl;bf;`hHNkhd; (ADH)
Mf;]pNlhrpd; fUg;ig kw;Wk; ghy; Rug;gpfs;.
9. ijuha;L `hHNkhd;fs; Vd; “MSik `hHNkhd;fs;" vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd?
ijuha;L `hu;Nkhd; cly;> kdk; kw;Wk; MSik tsHr;rpapy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
vdNt> ,J “MSik `hHNkhd;" vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. [AUG – 2022, MDL – 19]
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10. ve;j `hHNkhd; cw;gj;jpf;F mNahbd; mtrpakhfpwJ? ehk; cl;nfhs;Sk; cztpy;
mNahbd; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; ahit?
 ijuha;L `hHNkhd; cw;gj;jpf;F mNahbd; mtrpakhfpwJ.
 cl;nfhs;Sk; cztpy; mNahbd; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; fha;l;lu; Neha; Vw;gLfpwJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
11. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; A, B, C, D Mfpa 12. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; A, B, C, D

ghfq;fis milahsk; fhz;f. [MAY-2022] Mfpa ghfq;fis milahsk;
fhzTk;. [SEP - 2020]
A- Nfg;#y; B- fhh;nlf;]; A - ijuha;L FUj;njYk;G

C- nkLy;yh D- ,uj;jf; Foy;fs;
B - ijuha;L Rug;gp
C - %r;Rf;Foy; D – jpuis
13. glj;jpy; cs;s egiug; ghjpj;Js;s Fiwghl;bid milahsk; fhz;f? ,J Vd; Vw;gLfpwJ?
 glj;jpy; cs;s egiug; ghjpj;Js;s FiwghL vspa fha;l;lu;.[PTA – 1]
 cztpy; Njitahd msT mNahbd; ,y;yhjjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
14. fhHg;g]; Y}l;bak; vt;thW cUthfpwJ? mJ Ruf;Fk; `hu;Nkhd;fspd; ngau;fis vOJf.

mz;lk; tpLgLk;NghJ gpupAk; fpuh/gpad; /ghypf;fps;fspypUe;J fhu;g;g]; Y}l;bak;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. fhu;g;g]; Y}l;baj;jhy; Ruf;Fk; `hu;Nkhd; <];l;Nuhn[d; kw;Wk;
Gnuhn[];buhd; MFk;. [PTA –2]
15. fUTwhf;fdp vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. [PTA – 6]
,it Mf;rpd;fisj; njspg;gjhy; fUTWjy; eilngwhkNyNa tpijapy;yhf; fdpfs;
cUthjy; J}z;lg;gLfpwJ. v.fh : ju;G+rzp> jf;fhsp.
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IX. cau; rpe;jid jpwd; tpdhf;fs;
1. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vd;d eilngWk; vd vjpHghHf;fpwha;?

m) [pg;uy;ypid ney; ehw;Wfspy; njspj;jhy;
ePl;rpaile;J mjd; cauk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.
M) mOfpa gok; gOf;fhj goj;Jld; NrHj;J itf;fg;gl;lhy;
mOfpa goj;jpypUe;J ntsptUk; vj;jpypd; thA gOf;fhj goj;ij gOf;f itf;Fk;.
,) tsHg;G Clfj;jpy; irl;Nlhifdpd; NrHf;fg;glhjNghJ
tsu;g;G jpR ve;j tpj tsu;r;rpiaAk; fhl;lhJ.
2. [g;ghdpy; new;gapuhdJ [pg;uy;yh gpa+[pFuha; vd;Dk; g+Q;irahy; Vw;gl;l gf;fhNd

Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,g;g+Q;ir cw;gj;jp nra;j `hHNkhd; vd
Kjd;Kjypy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j jftypd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfSf;F
tpilaspf;fTk;.
m) ,e;j nray;Kiwapy; rk;ke;jg;gl;l `hHNkhid milahsk; fhz;f. [pg;uy;ypd;.
M) ,e;j `hHNkhdpd; vg;gz;G ,e;j Nehia tpistpj;jJ ePl;rpiaj; J}z;Ljy;
,) ,e;j `hHNkhdpd; ,uz;L gzpfisf; $Wf.
 [pg;uy;ypd; fZtpilg;gFjpapd; mrhjhuz ePl;rpiaj; J}z;LfpwJ.
 [pg;uy;ypd;fisf; nfhz;L Nghy;bq;ia (Bolting) rhjpf;fyhk;.
3. nre;jpYf;F> mjpf ,uj;j mOj;jk;> gpJq;fpa fz;fs; kw;Wk; mjpfkhd cly; ntg;gepiy
cs;sJ. ,e;epiyf;Ff; fhuzkhd ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpia milahsk; fz;L mjpy;
Ruf;Fk; ve;j `hHNkhd;> ,e;epiyf;Ff; fhuzk; vdf; fz;lwpe;J vOJf.
 ,e;epiyf;Ff; fhuzk; ijuha;L Rug;gp kw;Wk; ijuha;L `hh;Nkhd;fs; MFk;.
4. rQ;ra; NjHtiwapy; mkHe;jpUe;jhd;. NjHT Jtq;Fk; Kd;> mtDf;F mjpfg;gbahd
tpaHitAk;> ,jaj;Jbg;Gk; fhzg;gl;ld. ,e;epiy mtDf;F Vd; Vw;gLfpwJ?
 mtru fhy `hh;Nkhd;fs; Rug;gjdhy; rQ;ra;f;F ,e;epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
5. R+rdpd; jfg;gdhH> kpfTk; NrhHtile;J mbf;fb rpWePH fopf;fpwhH. kUj;Jt

gupNrhjidf;Fg; gpd;dH> mtuJ ,uj;j rHf;fiu msitg; guhkhupf;f jpdKk; Crp %yk;
kUe;J nrYj;jpf; nfhs;s mwpTWj;jg;gl;lhH. mtUf;F ,e;epiy Vw;glf; fhuznkd;d?
,jid jLf;Fk; top Kiwfisf; $Wf.
,d;Rypd; Fiwthfr; Rug;gjhy; ,e;epiy(lahgB]; nkypl];) mtUf;F Vw;gLfpwJ.
jLf;Fk; top Kiwfs; :
 MNuhf;fpakhd czit cl;nfhs;Sjy;
 njhlh;r;rpahf clw;gapw;rp nra;jy;
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,dg;ngUf;fk;
1. gpsNdupahit Jz;L Jz;lhf ntl;bdhy; vd;d epfOk;?
ntl;lg;gl;l gpsNdupahtpd; xt;nthU Jz;Lk; xU Gjpa capupdj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
2. cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; Vd; Fwpg;gpl;l jhtuq;fspy; kl;Lk; eilngWfpwJ? [PTA – 1]
Vnddpy;>  rpy jhtuq;fs; tpijfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; jpwid ,oe;Js;sd.
 rpy cau; jhtuq;fs; mtw;wpd; gz;Gfisj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
3. ,uz;lhfg; gpsj;jy; gy;$l;Lg; gpsj;jypypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?
t.vz; ,uz;lhfg; gpsj;jy; gy;$l;Lg; gpsj;jy;
1. ,uz;L capupdq;fs; Njhd;WfpwJ. gy capupdq;fs; Njhd;WfpwJ.
,J rhjfkhd Rw;Wr;R+oy; ,J rhjfkw;w Rw;Wr;R+oy;
2.
epiyikfspd; NghJ eilngWfpwJ. epiyikfspd; NghJ eilngWfpwJ.
3. v.fh : mkPgh v.fh : ghrp
4. %tpizT - tiuaW. [MAY - 2022, MDL – 19]
 Xu; Mz; ,dr;nry; mz;lj;Jld; ,ize;J ,ul;ilka irf;Nfhl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
 kw;nwhU> Mzpd nry; ,ul;ilka cl;fUTld; ,ize;J Kk;ka cl;fU Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
5. g+r;rpfs; %yk; kfue;jr;NrHf;if eilngWk; kyupd; gz;Gfs; ahit? [PTA – 6]
 g+r;rpfisf; ftHtjw;F Vw;whw;Nghy gy epwk;> kzk;> Njd; Ruf;Fk; jd;ik Mfpatw;Wld;
,t;tif kyu;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
 ,t;tif kyu;fspy; kfue;jj;J}s; ngupajhfTk;> ntspAiwahdJ JisfSlDk;
ntspg;gf;fj;jpy; Kl;fSlDk; fhzg;gLk;.
6. Mz;fspd; ,uz;lhk; epiy ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfisf; $Wf. [MAY - 2022]
tpe;Jf;Foy;> tpe;jZ Kjpu;r;rpg;ig (vgpbilkp];)> tpe;Jg;ig (nrkpdy; ntrpf;fps;)>
Guh];Nll; Rug;gp (Kd;dpiyr;Rug;gp)> Mz;Fwp (gPdp];).
7. nfhy];l;uk; (rPk;ghy;) vd;why; vd;d? ghy; cw;gj;jpahdJ `hHNkhd;fshy; vt;thW
xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpwJ? [PTA – 2]
nfhy];l;uk;: Foe;ij gpwg;gpw;Fg; gpwF ghy; Rug;gpapypUe;J Kjd; Kjypy; ntsptUk; ghy;.
 GNuhyhf;bd; ghy; cw;gj;jpahjiyAk;> Mf;rpNlhrpd; ghy; ntspNaWjiyAk; J}z;LfpwJ.
8. khjtplhapd; (ehl;fspy;) NghJ khjtplha; Rfhjhuk; vt;thW (guhkupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;)
guhkupf;fg;gLfpwJ? [PTA – 4]
 ehg;fpd;fis Kiwahf> Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspfspy; khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 gpwg;GWg;Gfis nte;ePiuf; nfhz;L J}a;ikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 jsHthd Milfis mzpa Ntz;Lk;.
9. jhapd; fUg;igapy; tsHfpd;w fUthdJ vt;thW Cl;lk; ngWfpwJ? [PTA – 6]
jhapd; fUg;igapy; tsHfpd;w fUthdJ jha; Nra; ,izg;Gj;jpR (njhg;Gs; nfhb) %yk;
Cl;lk; ngWfpwJ> fopTfis mfw;WfpwJ.
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10. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; A, B, C kw;Wk; D Mfpa ghfq;fis milahsk; fhzTk;.
kfue;jj;J}s; [AUG – 2022, MDL – 19]
A – vf;i]d;
B – ,d;ild;
C – cw;gj;jp nry;
D – cly; cl;fU
11. g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; eilngWk; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; epfo;Tfis vOJf.

g+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; eilngWk; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; epfo;Tfs; :
1) kfue;jr;Nru;f;if 2) fUTWjy;
m) Kjy; epfo;tpd; tiffisf; $Wf. (m) kfue;jr;Nru;f;if vd;why; vd;d? [SEP-2021]
kfue;jr;Nru;f;if: kfue;jg; igapypUe;J kfue;jj;J}s;> R+yf Kbiar; nrd;wiltJ.
mjd; tiffs;>  jd; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if  may; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if
M) me;epfo;tpd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; jPikfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
jd; kfue;jr;NrHf;if may; kfue;jr;NrHf;if
ed;ikfs; : ed;ikfs; :
 Gwf;fhuzpfisr; rhHe;jpUf;fj;  Gjpa tifj; jhtuq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
Njitapy;iy.  ed;F Kisf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;l tpijfs;
 kfue;jj;J}s; tPzbf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. cUthfpd;wd.
jPikfs; : jPikfs; :
 tpijfs; Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapy;  Gwf;fhuzpfisr; rhHe;J ,Ug;gjhy;
cUthfpd;wd. kfue;jr;NrHf;if jilgLfpwJ.
 tpijfs; kpf eyptile;j  mjpf mstpy; kfue;jj;J}s; tPzhfpwJ.
jhtuq;fis cUthf;Fk;.
 rpy Njitapy;yhj gz;Gfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
 Gjpa tifj; jhtuk; cUthfhJ.
12. tpe;jfk; kdpjdpy; tapw;Wf;Fopf;F ntspg;Gwj;jpy; mike;jpUg;gjd; fhuzk; vd;d?

mtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; igapd; nganud;d?
Vnddpy;> tpe;Jnry; cUthf;fj;jpw;F ekJ cly; ntg;gepiyiatpl Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy
Njitg;gLfpwJ. mtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ig tpijg;ig MFk;.
13. khjtplha; Row;rpapd; Y}l;bay; epiy> Rug;G epiy vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLtjd; fhuzk; vd;d?
Y}l;bay; epiyapy; Gnuhn[];buhd; kw;Wk; <];l;Nuh[id cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. vdNt>
,e;epiy Rug;G epiy vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
14. ek; ehl;by; FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jpl;lk; midj;J kf;fshYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glhjjd;
fhuzk; vd;d?
 tWik  gbg;gwptpd;ik
 kj vjph;g;G  kypthd> gaDs;s rpfpr;ir Kiw ,y;yhjJ.
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
15. kfue;j Nrh;f;ifapd; gad;fis $Wf. 16. kdpj tpe;J nry;ypd; glk; tiuf.
 kfue;jr;Nru;f;ifiaj; njhlu;e;J fUTWjy; [SEP – 2021]
eilngw;W fdpAk; tpijAk; cUthfpd;wd.
 may; kfue;jr;Nru;f;ifapd; fhuzkhf Gjpa
tifj; jhtuk; cUthfpwJ. [SEP – 2021]
17. jhtuq;fspy; fUTWjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

vOJf. [PTA – 2]
 R+y;igiaj; J}z;b> fdpia cUthf;FfpwJ.
 ,J Gjpa gz;Gfis cUthf;f cjTfpwJ.
VIII. cau; rpe;jid tpdhf;fs;

1. g+f;Fk; jhtuj;jpy; cs;s kfue;jj;J}s; Kisj;J kfue;jf; Fohia cUthf;FfpwJ. ,J
,uz;L Mz; NfkPl;Lfis vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. mz;l nry;Yld; fUTWjy;
eilngWtjw;F xNu xU Mz; NfkPl; kl;Lk; NghJkhdnjdpy;> ,uz;L Mz; NfkPl; Vd;
vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ?
,uz;L Mz; NfkPl;Lfis vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :
i) ,ul;ilf; fUTWjypy; fUT+z;> cUthFk; fUtpw;F Cl;lkspf;fpwJ.
ii) ,J tpijfspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikia mjpfupf;fpwJ.
iii) jhtuq;fs; capu;tho;tjw;fhd rpwe;j tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.
2. gUtkiljYf;F Kd;dUk;> fHg;gj;jpd; NghJk; khjtplha; Row;rp epfo;tjpy;iy Vd;?
 gUtkiljYf;F Kd;dh; GNuhn[];buhd; kw;Wk; <];l;Nuh[d; Rug;G fpilahJ.
vdNt khjtplha; Row;rp epfo;tjpy;iy.
 fu;g;g fhyj;jpy; fhh;g]; Y}l;baj;jhy; GNuhn[];buhd; vd;Dk; `hu;Nkhd; fUit
jf;f itf;f Ruf;fpwJ. vdNt khjtplha; Row;rp epfo;tjpy;iy.
18. kugpay;
1. nkz;ly; jd; Ma;tpw;F Vd; Njhl;lg; gl;lhzpr; nrbiaj; Nju;e;njLj;jhu;? [MAY - 2022]
 ,jpy; ,aw;ifahf jd; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if eilngWtjhy;> J}a jhtuq;fisg; ngWtJ vspJ.
 ,jd; tho;f;iff; fhyk; kpff; FWfpaJ. vdNt> FWfpa fhyj;jpy; gy jiyKiwfis
mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
 ,jpy; may; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if nra;tJ kpfTk; vspJ.
 Mokhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gy NtWgl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 kyu;fs; midj;Jk; ,Ughy; jd;ik nfhz;lit.
2. gPNdhilg;> [PNdhilg; gw;wp ePtPu; mwptJ vd;d? [AUG – 2022]
 gPNdhilg; - ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l gz;gpd; ntspj;Njhw;wk; MFk;.
 [PNdhilg; - ,J jhtuq;fspd; [Pdhf;fk; MFk;.
3. my;NyhNrhk;fs; vd;why; vd;d? my;yJ ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk; tiuaW. [PTA – 2]
my;NyhNrhk;/n`l;bNuhNrhk;fs;/ghy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;: ,J xU capupapd; ghiy epu;zapf;Fk;
FNuhNkhNrhk;;. v.fh: kdpj Mz;fs; XY, ngz;fs; XX FNuhNkhNrhk;fis ngw;Ws;sd.
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4. xfrhfp Jz;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? [PTA – 4]
gpd;jq;fpa ,ioapy; cUthFk; b.vd;.V-tpd; rpwpa gFjpfs; xfrhfp Jz;Lfs; MFk;.
5. jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspy; A+gpsha;b epiy rhjfkhdjhf Vd; fUjg;gLfpwJ?[PTA – 1]
 jhtuq;fspy; A+gpsha;b epiyapdhy; ngupa goq;fs; kw;Wk; G+f;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd.
 tpyq;Ffspy; A+gpsha;b rhjfkhf ,y;iy. ,e;epiyapdhy; kyl;Lj;jd;ik kw;Wk;
Neha;fs;; cUthfpd;wJ.
6. xU J}a nel;ilj; jhtukhdJ (TT) J}a Fl;ilj; jhtuj;Jld; (tt) fyg;G
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; Njhd;Wk; F1 kw;Wk; F2 jiyKiw jhtuq;fs; vt;tif
jd;ikAilad vd;gij tpsf;Ff. [PTA – 5]
F1 jiyKiw F2 jiyKiw
T T T t
t Tt Tt T TT Tt
t Tt Tt t Tt tt
gPNdhilg;: midj;J nel;ilj; jhtuq;fs; gPNdhilg;: 3nel;il kw;Wk; 1 Fl;ilj; jhtuk; = 3 : 1
[PNdhilg;gpf; tpfpjk;: midj;Jk; Tt [PNdhilg;gpf; tpfpjk;: TT : Tt : tt = 1 : 2 : 1
7. FNuhNkhNrhkpd; mikg;ig tptupf;fTk;. [SEP – 2021, PTA – 6]

 ,J nky;ypa> ePz;l kw;Wk; E}y; Nghd;w mikg;Gs;sJ.
 ,J rNfhjup FNuhNkl;bLfs; vd;w ,uz;L xj;j ,iofis cs;slf;fpaJ.
 ,uz;L FNuhNkbl;Lfis nrd;l;Nuhkpau; xd;whf ,izf;fpwJ.
 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; b.vd;.V> Mu;.vd;.V> FNuhNkhNrhk; Gujq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lJ.
 Gujq;fs; FNuhNkhNrhk; fl;likg;gpw;F Mjhukhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
 xU FNuhNkhNrhk; fPo;f;fz;l gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ :
i) Kjd;ikr;RUf;fk;/nrd;l;Nuhkpau;: ,uz;L fuq;fSk; ,izAk; Gs;sp.
ii) ,uz;lhk; epiyr; RUf;fk;: cl;fUkzp cUthf;Fk; gFjp. rpy
FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; rpy gFjpfspy; ,J fhzg;gLk;.
iii) BNyhkpau;: ,Wjpg; gFjp> epiyg;Gj;jd;ikia mspf;fpwJ.
iv) rhl;biyl;: ePz;l Fkpo; Nghd;w ,izAWg;G. rhl;-FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;.
8. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; b.vd;.Vtpd; ghfq;fis Fwpf;fTk;. mjd; mikg;igr;
RUf;fkhf tptupf;fTk;.
glj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ b.vd;.V epA+f;spNahilL.
 xt;nthU epA+f;spNahilLfSk; cs;sit.
m) xU (B Mf;rpiuNgh];) ru;f;fiu %yf;$W
M) xU iel;u[d; fhuk;
 gpA+upd;fs; (mbidd; & Fthidd;)
 gpupkpbd;fs; (irl;Nlhrpd; & ijkpd;) A = mbidd; @ T = ijkpd;
,) xU gh];Ngl; njhFjp C = irl;Nlhrpd; @ G = Fthidd;
 mbidd; ijkpDld; ,uz;L i`l;u[d; gpizg;Gfshy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ(A= T).
 irl;Nlhrpd; FthidDld; %d;W i`l;u[d; gpizg;Gfshy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ(C≡G).
 epA+f;spNahilLfs; gh];Ngh ilv];lu; gpizg;Gfshy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 b.vd;.V ,uz;L ghypepA+f;spNahilL ,iofshy; MdJ.
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
9. Tt × tt vd;w fhuzpfisf; nfhz;l ,U ngw;Nwhu;fspilNa fyg;G nra;Ak;NghJ mjd;
F1 jiyKiwapy; cUthFk; [Pdhf;f tpfpjk; vd;d? [PTA – 3]
F1 jiyKiw T t
t Tt tt [Pdhf;f tpfpjk; = Tt : tt = 2 : 2 = 1: 1
t Tt tt
10. gPNdhilg; kw;Wk; [PNdhilg;ig NtWgLj;Jf. [PTA – 4]
[PNdhilg; gPNdhilg;
1. Fwpg;gpl;l gz;gpd; ntspj;Njhw;wk;
1. jhtuq;fspd; [Pdhf;fk; [PNdhilg; MFk;.
gPNdhilg; MFk;.
2. jhtuq;fis cw;W Nehf;Ftjd; %yk;
2. mwptpay; Kiwg;gb fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ. fz;lwpg;gLfpwJ.
3. v.fh: [Pdhf;f tpfpjk;: TT:Tt:tt = 1:2:1 3. v.fh: gPNdhilg; tpfpjk;: 3:1
1. Njhl;lg; gl;lhzpr; nrbapYs;s kyu;fs; midj;Jk; jd; kfue;j Nru;f;if eilngWk; ,U
ghy; kyu;fs;. MfNt mtw;wpy; FWf;Nf fyj;jy; %yk; fyg;gpdk; nra;tJ fbdk;. ,t;tifg;
gl;lhzpr; nrbapy; vt;thW xU gz;G kw;Wk; ,U gz;G fyg;ig nkz;ly; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;?
nkz;ly; gpd;tUk;; El;gq;fshy; ,jid rhj;jpakilar; nra;jhu;.
 <kh];FNy\d;: kfue;jq;fs; mfw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
 Ngf;fpq;: ngz; g+ xU ghypjPd; igahy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
tpUk;gpa jhtuj;jpd kfue;j Jfs;fis> vLj;Jf;nfhz;l g+tpd; R+yfKb Nky;; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
2. J}a nel;ilg; gl;lhzpr; nrbahdJ J}a Fl;ilg; gl;lhzpr; nrbAld; fyg;gpdk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; fpilj;j F1 (Kjy; re;jjp) jhtuk; fyg;gpdk; nra;ag;gl;L F2
(,uz;lhk; re;jjp) jhtuq;fis cUthf;fpaJ. [MDL – 19]
m) F1 jhtuq;fs; vtw;iw xj;J ,Ue;jd? nel;ilj; jhtuk;
M) F2 re;jjpapy; Njhd;wpa nel;il kw;Wk; Fl;ilj; jhtuq;fspd;
3:1
tpfpjk; vd;d?
,) vt;tifj; jhtuk; F1 kiwf;fg;gl;L F2 re;jjpapy; kPz;Lk; cUthdJ? Fl;ilj; jhtuk;
3. ftpjh xU ngz; Foe;ijiag; ngw;nwLj;jhu;. ‘mtupd; FLk;g kugpdhy; mtu; ngz;
Foe;ijfis kl;LNk ngw;nwLf;f KbAk;’ vd mtu; FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; $wpdHmtupd;
FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fspd; $w;W cz;ikah? cq;fs; tpilia epahag;gLj;Jf.
 ,y;iy> ftpjh jdJ Foe;ijapd; ghypdj;jpw;F nghWg;gy;y. je;ij kl;LNk Foe;ijapd;
ghypdj;ij jPu;khdpf;fpwhu;.je;ijapd; tpe;jZNt> ghypdj;ij epu;zapf;fpwJ.
 mz;lk;> X cila tpe;jZTld;(22+X) fUTw;why; ngz; Foe;ij(44+XX) cUthfpwJ.
 mz;lk;> Y cila tpe;jZTld;(22+Y) fUTw;why; Mz; Foe;ij(44+XY) cUthfpwJ.
 je;ijapd; tpe;jZNt> Foe;ijapd; ghypdj;ij epu;zapf;fpwJ. vdNt> ftpjh kw;Wk;
mtspd; FLk;gk; ,jw;F fhuzky;y.
IX. tpOkpa mbg;gilapyhd tpdhf;fs;
1. vr;R+oypy; rhu;gpd;wp xJq;Fjy; tpjpahdJ ey;y Kbitj; jUk;? Vd;?
ntt;NtW kugZ ntt;NtW FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk rhu;gpd;wp xJq;Fjy;
tpjpahdJ ey;y Kbitj; jUk;. Vnddpy;> FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; KOikahf flj;jg;gLNk
md;wp kugZfs; jdpahf flj;jg;glhJ.
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1. fptp gwitapd; rpijtile;j ,wf;iffs; xU ngwg;gl;l gz;G. Vd; mJ ngwg;gl;l gz;G
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? (my;yJ) gwf;Fk; jpwd; ,oe;j fptp gwitapd; ,wf;iffis
ngwg;gl;l gz;ghff; fUjyhk;. fhuzk; $Wf. [PTA – 3]
 fptp gwit jdJ Njitfs; midj;jpw;Fk; epyj;jpy; elf;f fw;Wf; nfhz;lJ> gy
jiyKiwfshf ,wf;iffisg; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. vdNt> yhkhu;f;fpd; gad;ghL

kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jhik Nfhl;ghl;bd; gb> ,jd; ,wf;iffs; rpijtile;Js;sd.
 ,J mitfspd; tho;tplj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpd; gpujpgypg;G. vdNt> ,J xU
ngwg;gl;l gz;G MFk;.
2. Mu;ff
; pahg;nlupf;]; ,izg;G capupahf Vd; fUjg;gLfpwJ?
 ,J gwitfis Nghy ,wFfSld; $ba ,wf;iffis ngw;wpUe;jJ.
 ,J Cu;td Nghy; ePz;l thy;> efKila tpuy;fs;> $k;G tbtg; gw;fisAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
3. tl;lhu ,d jhtutpay; vd;gjid tiuaWj;J mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

tl;lhu ,dj; jhtutpay; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy; cs;s jhtuq;fs; mg;gFjpapy;
cs;s kf;fSf;F top topahf vt;thW gad;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wp mwptjhFk;.
tl;lhu ,dj; jhtutpaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; : [AUG – 2022, SEP- 2020, PTA - 2]
 guk;giu guk;giuahfj; jhtuq;fspd; gad;fis mwpa KbfpwJ.
 njupe;j kw;Wk; njupahj jhtuq;fspd; gad;fisg; gw;wpa jftiy mspf;fpwJ.
 %ypif kUj;Jtg; gapw;rpahsu; Nghd;NwhUf;Fg; gad;gLk; jfty;fis mspf;fpwJ.
4. Gij capu;g; gbtq;fspd; fhyj;ij vt;thW mwpe;J nfhs;s ,aYk;? [SEP–20, MDL–19]
 gbtq;fspd; tajpid mtw;wpy; cs;s fjpupaf;fj; jdpkq;fshd fhu;gd;> fhuPak;
kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L fz;Lgpbf;fyhk;.

 fjpupaf;ff; fhu;gd; C14 fhy msT Kiw mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 capupoe;j gpwF fhu;gid cl;nfhs;tjpy;iy. mjd; gpwF fhu;gd; mopaj; njhlq;FfpwJ.
 capupoe;j jhtuj;jpy;/tpyq;fpy; cs;s fhu;gd; msit nfhz;L mJ capupoe;j fhyj;ij mwpayhk;.
$Ljy; tpdh
5. gupzhkk; vd;why; vd;d? gupzhkf; Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;nkhope;jthfs;; ahh;?
gupzhkk; vd;gJ fhy khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g capupdq;fspy; gbg;gbahfj; Njhd;wpa khw;wq;fs;.
gupzhkf; Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;nkhope;jtu;fs; yhkhu;f; kw;Wk; lhu;tpd;. [MAY-2022, SEP-2021]
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1. mUz; Njhl;lj;jpy; tpisahbf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. jpBnud xU nrbapd; kPJ Jk;gp
mku;e;jpUg;gijg; ghu;j;jhd;. mjd; ,wf;iffis cw;W Nehf;fpdhd; fhf;ifapd;
,wf;ifAk;> Jk;gpapd; ,wf;ifAk; xNu khjpup cs;sjhf epidj;jhd;. mtd; epidj;jJ
rupah? cq;fs; tpilf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $Wf. [PTA – 2]
 ,y;iy> ,wf;iffs; NtW. Jk;gpapd; ,wf;if nky;ypajhfTk;> ntspg;gilahfTk;
,Uf;fpwJ> mNjrkak; fhfj;jpd; ,wf;iffs; tYthdit> jir kw;Wk; ,wFfshy;
%lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 Jk;gpapd; ,wf;iffs; kw;Wk; fhfj;jpd; ,wf;iffs; xNu nray;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. Mdhy; mtw;wpd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp Kiw NtWgl;lit. vdNt>
,it nray; xj;j cWg;Gfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. Gij capu;g; gbtq;fspd; gjpTfs; ekf;Fg; gupzhkk; gw;wpj; njuptpf;fpd;wd. vt;thW?
 Gijgbtq;fs; capupdq;fspd; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l jlaq;fs; MFk;.
 fle;j fhyj;J capupdq;fs; ,d;W Nghy; ,y;iy vd;gjw;F ,it Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
 Gijgbtq;fs; gupzhk tsu;r;rp vt;tpjj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ vd;gij fhl;Lfpd;wd.
 Gijgbtq;fs; kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ,Ue;jtw;iw fz; Kd; nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
3. Mf;Nlhg];> fug;ghd; G+r;rp kw;Wk; jtis Mfpa midj;jpw;Fk; fz;fs; cs;sd. ,it
nghJthd gupzhk Njhw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; xNu tifahf fUj KbAkh? cq;fs;
tpilf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $Wf. [PTA – 4]
i) ,y;iy> fz;fis nfhz;L ,e;j tpyq;Ffis xNu tifahf fUj KbahJ.
ii) Vndd;why;> tpyq;Ffis xNu tifahf fUj mjpf xw;Wikfs; Njit.
iii) NtWghLfs;: Mf;Nlhg];-ePu;tho; capupdk;; jtis-,Utho;tpfs;; fug;ghd; G+r;rp-ePupy; thohJ;

1. Neha; vjpu;g;Gj; jpwDf;fhd gapu; ngUf;fk; gw;wp tptup. [PTA – 6]
Neha; vjpu;g;Gj; jpwDf;fhd jhtu gapu; ngUf;fkhdJ>
 tpisr;riy mjpfupg;gJ.
 G+Q;irf; nfhy;yp kw;Wk; ghf;Bupa nfhy;ypfisf; Fiwthfg; gad;gLj;JtJ.
 Neha; vjpu;g;Gj;jpwd; ngw;w gapu;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ.
Neha; vjpu;g;Gj; jpwd; ngw;w gapu; ufq;fspd; vLj;Jf;;fhl;Lfs;
gapu; ufk; Neha; vjpu;g;Gj; jpwd;
,iy kw;Wk; gl;ilj; JU
NfhJik `pk;fpup
Neha;> `py; gz;l;
fhyp/gpstu; G+rh Rg;uh> G+rh gdpg;ge;J K-1 fUg;G mOfy; Neha;
jl;ilg;gapW G+rh Nfhky; ghf;Bupa fUfy; Neha;
2. ,e;jpah czT cw;gj;jpapy; rhjpf;f cjtpa NfhJikapd; %d;W Nkk;ghL mile;j
gz;Gfis vOJf. [PTA – 4]
i) mjpf kfR+y; jUk; miuf;Fs;s tif - Nrhdhypfh> fy;ahz; Nrhdh
ii) Neha; vjpu;g;Gj; jpwd; - `pk;fpup
iii) Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l Cl;lr;rj;J juk; - ml;y]; 66
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3. iyrpd; mkpNdh mkpyk; nrwpe;j ,uz;L kf;fhr;Nrhs fyg;Gapup tiffspd; ngaiu vOJf.
GNuhl;bdh> rf;jp> uj;dh. [MAY - 2022, MDL – 19]
4. NtWgLj;Jf.
m) cly nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; ,d nry; [Pd; rpfpr;;ir [SEP – 2021, PTA – 1]
cly nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir ,d nry; [Pd; rpfpri
; r
1. ,J cly nry;fspy; jpUj;jg;gl;l 1. ,J fUepiy (m) ,dg;ngUf;f nry;fspy;
[Pd;fs; ,lk; khw;wg;gLjy;. jpUj;jg;gl;l [Pd;fs; ,lk; khw;wg;gLjy;.
2. [Pd; jpUj;jk; mLj;j jiyKiwf;F 2. [Pd; jpUj;jk; mLj;j jiyKiwf;F
vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLtjpy;iy. vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ.
M) khWghL milahj nry;fs; kw;Wk; khWgl;l nry;fs;

khWghL milahj nry;fs; khWgl;l nry;fs;
1. khWghL milahj nry;fs; 1. khWgl;l nry;fs; rpwg;Gj; jd;ik
rpwg;Gj;jd;ik mw;wit. tha;e;jit.
2. khWghL milahj nry;fs; 2. khWgl;l nry;fs; clypy; Fwpg;gpl;l
jd;idj;jhNd GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. gzpfisr; nra;Ak;.
3. v.fh : FUj;jZ nry;fs; 3. v.fh: euk;G nry;fs;
5. DNA tpuy; Nuifj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; eilKiw gad;ghLfis vOJf. [SEP–2020, PTA–3]

 ,J jlatpaypy; Fw;wthspfis milahsk; fhzg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,J xU Foe;ijapd; je;ijia milahsk; fhzg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,J kugpay; NtWghLfs;> gupzhkk; kw;Wk; ,dkhjy; Mfpatw;iw mwpa cjTfpwJ.
6. FUj;jZf;fs; vt;thW GJg;gpj;jy; nray;ghl;bw;F gad;gLfpd;wd?
clypd; nry;fs;> jpRf;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;Gfs; [Pd; NfhshW> Neha; my;yJ tpgj;J
fhuzkhf NrjkilAk;NghJ mtw;iw rupnra;J> GJg;gpf;f FUj;jZ rpfpr;ir gad;gLfpwJ.
v.fh: euk;Gr; rpijT FiwghLfis Fzg;gLj;j euk;Gf; FUj;jZf;fs; gad;gLfpwJ.
7. cl;fyg;G kw;Wk; ntspf;fyg;G – NtWgLj;Jf.
ntspf;fyg;G cl;fyg;G
1. ,J njhlu;gw;w tpyq;Ffisf; ,J neUq;fpa njhlu;Gila kw;Wk; xNu ,dj;ij
fyg;Gr; nra;tJ. rhu;e;j capupdq;fis fyg;G nra;tJ.
2. fyg;Gapup gyk; tha;e;jjhfTk;> tPupakpf;f [Pdf; s; fyg;gpdj;jpy; xd;whf
tPupakhdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. nfhz;Ltug;gl;L> tpUk;gj;jfhj [Pd;fs; ePf;fg;gLk;.
3. v.fh: NfhNtW fOij v.fh : `p];]u;Nly; nrk;kwp ML
$Ljy; tpdh
8. [Pd; rpfpr;ir Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Ff. [SEP – 2020]
[Pd; rpfpr;ir: kdpjdpy; FiwghLs;s [Pd;fSf;F gjpyhf jpUj;jg;gl;l> nray;gLk; [Pd;fis
,lk; khw;wp kuG Neha;fisAk;> FiwghLfisAk; rupnra;Ak; KiwNa [Pd; rpfpr;ir
MFk;. [Pd;fs; kWNru;f;if b.vd;.V njhopy;El;gj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L jpUj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,U tiffs;: i) cly nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir ii) ,d(m)fUepiy nry; [Pd; rpfpr;ir
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IX. cau; rpe;jidf;fhd tpdhf;fs;
1. “gd;kak; ,uhl;rjj; jd;ikia gz;ghff; nfhz;lJ” ,f;$w;iw rupahd fhuzj;Jld; tptup.
 gd;kaj;jpy; FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if mjpfupg;gjhy;> nry;fspd; cUtk; ngupjhfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; ngupa jz;L> ,iyfs;> G+f;fs; kw;Wk; fdpfs; cUthfpd;wd.
 vdNt> gd;kak; ,uhl;rjj; jd;ikia gz;ghff; nfhz;lJ.
2. P vd;w [Pd; itl;lkpd; A cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,J ‘R’ vd;w kuGg;gz;G
khw;wg;gl;l jhtuj;ij cw;gj;jpr; nra;a ‘Q’ tpd; [PNdhKld; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ.
m) P, Q kw;Wk; R vd;gd ahit?
P → gPl;lh fNuhl;bd;
Q → rhjhuz muprp ufk;
R → Nfhy;ld; muprp
M) ,e;jpahtpy; Rd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.

,e;jpahtpy; itl;lkpd; V Fiwghl;il Nfhy;ld; muprpiag; gad;gLj;jp jLf;fyhk;.

1. HIV gutf;$ba gy;NtW topfisf; $Wf? [PTA – 1]
 ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUld; clYwT nfhs;Sjy;.
 Neha;j; njhw;W Crpfs; gad;gLj;JtJ %ykhfg; guTjy;.
 Neha;j; njhw;Wila ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; ,uj;jg; nghUl;fisg; ngWtjd; %yk; guTjy;.
 ghjpf;fg;gl;l jhaplkpUe;J Nra;f;F jha;Nra; ,izg;Gj; jpR %yk; guTjy;.
2. Gw;W nry;> rhjhuz nry;ypy; ,Ue;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ? [SEP – 2021, PTA – 4]
Gw;W nry; rhjhuz nry;
1) mrhjhuz nry; gpupT kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp 1) nry; gpupT & tsu;r;rp ,ay;ghdit> fl;Lg;ghlhdit.
2) nkl;lh];lhrp];f;F cl;gLfpwJ. 2) nkl;lh];lhrp];f;F cl;gLtjpy;iy.
3) mUfpYs;s jpRf;fSf;Fs; CLUtp> 3) mUfpYs;s jpRf;fSf;Fs; CLUtJk;
fl;bfis cUthf;fp> jpRf;fis mopf;fpwJ. ,y;iy> jpRf;fis mopg;gJk; ,y;iy.
3. tif - 1 kw;Wk; tif - 2 ePupopT Neha;fis NtWgLj;Jf. [PTA – 4]
tif-1 ,d;Rypd; rhu;e;j lahgB]; tif-2 ,d;Rypd; rhuhj lahgB];
fhuzpfs;
nky;ypl]; (IDDM) nky;ypl]; (NDDM)
Nehapd; jhf;fk; 10-20% 80-90%
njhlq;Fk; ,sk;gUtj;jpy; njhlq;FfpwJ. tajhNdhupy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gUtk; (20 taJf;F FiwthNdhu;) (30 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu;)
cly; vil rhjhud cly; vil (m) vil Fiwjy;. cly;gUkd;
,yf;F nry;fs; ,d;RypDf;F
FiwghL ,d;Rypd; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpwJ.
gjpy; tpid GupahkypUg;gJ.
rpfpri
; r ,d;Rypid vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;. czT> clw;gapw;rp & kUe;Jfs;.
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4. clw;gUkd; cs;stu;fSf;F czTf; fl;Lg;ghL gupe;Jiug;gjd; mtrpak; vd;d?
 cly;gUkd; mjpfupg;gjhy;> cau; ,uj;j mOj;jk;> ePupopT Neha;> gpj;jg;ig Neha;fs;>
fNuhdup ,ja Neha; kw;Wk; fPy;thjk; Nghd;w Mgj;jhd Neha;fs; Vw;glyhk;.
 vdNt> czTf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; clw;gUkdpy; rpwe;j khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
5. ,ja Neha;fs; Vw;gLtijj; jLf;f Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffisf; $Wf.

i) czT Nkyhz;ik : [SEP – 2020, MDL – 19]
 Fiwthd fNyhup;> epiwTw;w nfhOg;G kw;Wk; mjpf nfhy];l;uhy; nfhz;l czT
tiffs;> fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;L kw;Wk; cg;G Mfpatw;iwf; Fiwthf cl;nfhs;Sjy;.
 ehu;r;rj;J kpf;f czTfs;> goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs;> Gujk;> fdpkq;fs; kw;Wk;
itl;lkpd;fis mjpfk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.
ii)cly; nray;ghLfs; :
ehs;NjhWk; clw;gapw;rp> elj;jy;> Nahfh %yk; cly; viliag; guhkupj;jy;.
iii)mbikg;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fis jtpu;j;jy; :
My;f`hy; gUFjy; kw;Wk; Gifgpbj;jiyj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
X. cau; rpe;jidf;fhd tpdhf;fs;
1. Mu;j;Nuh];fpspNuhrp]; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; nfhOg;gpd; gq;F vd;d? [PTA – 3]
 MHj;Nuh];fpspNuhrp]; vd;gJ jkdp Rtiur; Rw;wp gpNsf; cUthjypdhy; jkdpfs;
RUq;fp ,uj;j Xl;lk; ghjpg;gilAk; epiyahFk;.
 nfhOg;GfNs jkdp Rtu;fspy; gpNsf;fhf gbfpwJ. vdNt> Mu;j;Nuh];fpspNuhrp];
Vw;gLtjw;F nfhOg;G Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
2. Fg;ig czTfis cz;gjhYk;> nkd;ghdq;fisg; gUFtjhYk; clw;gUkd; Nghd;w

cly;eyg; gpur;ridfs; Vw;gl;l NghjpYk; Foe;ijfs; mjid tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. ,jidj;
jtpu;g;gjw;F ePq;fs; jUk; MNyhridfisf; $Wf.
 nkd; ghdq;fSf;F gjpyhf> gor;rhWfs;> Mw;wy; jUk; ghdq;fis gUfyhk;.
 Fg;ig czTfis jtpu;j;J Kisf;fl;ba gapu;fs;> gUg;G tiffs;> jhdpaq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw cz;zyhk;>.
 ghJfhg;gw;w czTg; nghUl;fs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T mspg;gJ kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;.
3. kdpj clypd; ,ay;ghd nray;ghl;bw;F ehs;NjhWk; clw;gapw;rp nra;a mwpTWj;jg;gLfpwJ.

jpdrup tho;f;ifapy; clw;gapw;rpapid Nkw;nfhs;tjd; ed;ikfs; ahit? [PTA – 6]
 ,J kfpo;r;rpahfTk;> Mw;wYlDk; kw;Wk; RWRWg;ghfTk; czu itf;fpwJ.
 ,J cly; vil Fiwf;fpwJ. cly; gUkdpypUe;J jLf;fpwJ.
 gy Neha; ghjpg;Gfspd; mghaj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ.
 jir typikia mjpfupf;fpwJ.
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4. xU Kd;dzp thu ,jo; rkPgj;jpy; elj;jpa fzf;nfLg;gpy;> ek; ehl;by; xt;nthU ehSk;
va;l;]; Nehahspfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;J tUtjhf Ma;twpf;if ntspapl;Ls;sJ.
mt;twpf;ifapy; kf;fspilNa va;l;]; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T ,d;Dk; Fiwthf cs;sjhff;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. eP ,e;j ehspjopd; mwpf;ifia cd; tFg;gpYk;> cd; tFg;gpYs;s
FOtpduplKk; tpthjpj;J> ,e;j mr;r%l;Lk; Neha;f;F vjpuhf nray;gLjy; Fwpj;J
kf;fSf;F cjTtJ gw;wp KbntLf;fTk;.
m) cd;Dila gs;spf;F mUfhikapYs;s fpuhk kf;fSf;F eP Nkw;$wpatw;iw
njuptpf;Fk; NghJ cdf;F Vw;gLk; rpukq;fs; ahit?
 va;l;]; gw;wp Ngr ehk; jaq;FfpNwhk;. kf;fSk; Nfl;f rq;flg;gLfpd;wdu;.
 va;l;]; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT> Nehahspia jdpikg;gLj;j tha;g;Gs;sJ.
M) ,r;rpf;fYf;F eP vt;thW jPu;T fhz;gha;?
 jd;dhu;tj;njhz;L epWtdq;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> r%f Mu;tyu;fSld; ehk; nry;yyhk;.
 va;l;]; njhlHghd ];iyL fhl;rpfis fhz;gpf;fyhk;.
XI. tpOkpa mbg;gilapyhd tpdhf;fs;

1. Nghij kUe;J my;yJ kJ mUe;Jk; gof;fk; cs;stu;fshy;> mjpypUe;J vspjpy; tpLgl
Kbtjpy;iy Vd;?
 mtu;fSf;F Nghij nghUl;fs; cl;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w tYthd J}z;ly; Vw;gLjy;.
 kd mOj;jj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;F Nghij kUe;Jfs; kl;LNk cjTk; vd cWjpahf ek;Gjy;.
 njhlu; gof;fj;jpdhy; mjid KOikahf rhu;e;jpUf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;L
Nghij gof;fj;jpypUe;J kPz;L tu Kbahj epiyf;F js;sg;gLfpd;wdu;.
2. Gifapiy gof;fk; xU kdpjdpd; clypy; Mf;]p[d; gw;whf;Fiwia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
,jw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; fz;lwpf.
Gifgpbj;jypd; NghJ cz;lhFk; Gifapy; cs;s fhu;gd; Nkhdhf;irL>
`PNkhFNshgpDld; gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;jp> mjd; Mf;rp[d; vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; jpwidf;
Fiwf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; clypy; Mf;rp[d; gw;whf;Fiwia Vw;gLfpwJ.
3. ePupopT Neha; cs;stu;fs; jtpu;f;f Ntz;ba kw;Wk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba %d;W
czT tiffisf; $Wf. ,ij Vd; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tptup.
vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba czTfs;: jhdpaq;fs;> NfhJik> fha;fwpfs;> fPiufs;.
jtpu;f;f Ntz;ba czTfs;: ,dpg;Gfs;> Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;l rHf;fiu> gor;rhWfs;.
fhuzk;: NkYs;s czT gof;fq;fs; ,uj;jj;jpy; rHf;fiu msitf; Fiwf;f cjTfpwJ.
4. kdpju;fspd; HIV gw;wpa Gupjy; kw;Wk; eltbf;if> mtu;fspd; njupe;J nfhs;Sk;
jd;ikiag; nghWj;J vt;thW khWgLfpwJ? [PTA –5]
kdpju;fspd; HIV gw;wpa Gupjy; kw;Wk; eltbf;if gpd;tUtdtw;why; khWgLfpwJ.
 va;l;]; Neha;f;fhd fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs; gw;wpa njspthd gpur;rhuq;fs;.
 ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kPjhd mZFKiw khw Ntz;Lk;.
 xU Kiw kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jf;$ba Crpfs; kw;Wk; rpupQ;r;fis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 ,uj;j khw;wj;jpw;F Kd; ,uj;jkhdJ HIV Nrhjidf;F cs;shf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 ghJfhg;ghd clYwTf;fhd eltbf;iffis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
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1. kioePH Nrkpg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; ahit? [MAY - 2022, PTA – 4]
 Fiwe;J tUk; epyj;jb ePHkl;lj;ij mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 ngUfptUk; ePHj; Njitfis rkhspf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 ngUnts;sk; kw;Wk; kz;mupg;igj; jLf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 epyj;jbePH khrilahky; ,Ug;gjhy; FbePuhf gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2. capup thAit gad;gLj;Jtjd; ed;ikfs; ahit? [PTA – 1]
 capup thA Fiwe;j khrpid cz;lhf;Fk;.
 fupk fopTfis rpijtilar; nra;tjw;F kpfr;rpwe;j topahFk;.
 gbAk; fopTfspy; gh];gu]; & iel;u[d; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy;> rpwe;j cukhf gad;gLj;jyhk;.
 ,J gad;gLj;j ghJfhg;ghdJk;> trjpahdJkhFk;.
 gRik ,y;y thAf;fs; ntspNaWk; msit Fiwf;fpwJ.
3. fopT ePH Rw;Wr;R+oypy; Vw;gLj;Jk; tpisTfs; ahit?
 ,e;jpahtpd; ePiu khRgLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gJ fopTePu; MFk;.
 fopT ePH tptrha epyq;fis mRj;jg;gLj;jp> Rw;Wr;R+oy; rPHNfl;il Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 fopTfshy; khRgl;l ePupdhy; Neha;fs; Vw;gLk;.
4. fhlopg;gpdhy; Vw;glf;$ba tpisTfs; ahit?
fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; ngU nts;sk;> twl;rp> kz;zupg;G> td capupfs; mopg;G>
mUfptUk; rpw;w pdq;fs; Kw;wpYkhf mopjy;> capHGtp Row;r papy; rkkw;w epiy>
gUt epiy khw;wk;> ghiytdkhjy; Nghd;w Rw;Wr;R+oy; gpur;ridfs; cz;lhfpd;wd.
$Ljy; tpdh
5. 3R Kiw vd;why; vd;d? [PTA - 1]
Reduce–Fiwj;jy;> Reuse–kWgad;ghL> Recycle–kWRow;rp Mfpa Kiwfs; fopTfis
rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; ifahStjw;F Vw;wjhFk;. ,J 3R Kiw vdg;gLk;.
1. capHg;nghUz;ik rpijtiltjd; %yk; ekf;F fup kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypag; nghUl;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; ehk; mtw;iw ghJfhg;gJ mtrpakhfpwJ. Vd;? [PTA – 2]
 fup kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypak; Gijgbt vupnghUs;fs; MFk;.
 Gijgbt vupnghUl;fis cUthf;Fjy; nkJthd nray;KiwahFk;.
 ,jid GJg;gpf;f ePz;l fhyk; MFk;.
 capu;g;nghUs;> epyf;fup kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypakhf khw kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfs; MFk;.
 mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhy; ,it tpiuthfj; jPu;e;JNghFk;.
vdNt> epyf;fup kw;Wk; ngl;Nuhypak; tsq;fis ghJfhg;gJ kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
2. kuGrhu; Mw;wy; %yq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;F gjpyhf kuGrhuh Mw;wy; %yq;fis
gad;gLj;Jtjd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
kuGrhuh Mw;wy; %yq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjd; Nehf;fq;fs;:
 ,it mjpf mstpy; vspjhff; fpilf;Fk;.
 ,tw;iw tpiuthfg; GJg;gpf;fyhk;.
 ,it Fiwthd khRghl;il cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
 ,tw;iwj; njhlu;e;J gad;gLj;jyhk;.
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X. tpOkpa mbg;gilapyhd tpdhf;fs;
1. #upa kpd;fyd;fs; ekJ Mw;wy; Njitfis g+Hj;jp nra;Ak; mstpw;F ,y;iy. Vd;?
ckJ tpilf;fhd %d;W fhuzq;fis $Wf.
fhuzq;fs; :
 R+upa kpd;fyd;fs; epWTtjw;F mjpf nryT MFk;.
 R+upa kpd;fyd;fs; cw;gj;jpf;F Njitahd rpypf;fhd; Fiwe;j msNt fpilf;fpd;wd.
 gfypy; kl;LNk ,t;tif Mw;wiy ngw ,aYk;.
2. fPof
; ;fhZk; fopTfis vt;thW ifahStha;?
m) tPl;Lf; fopTfshd fha;fwpf; fopTfs;
M) njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfshd fopT cUisfs;
,f;fopTfs; Rw;Wr;R+oiy ghJfhf;Fkh? Mk; vdpy; vt;thW ghJfhf;Fk;?
m) tPl;Lf; fopTfshd fha;fwpf; fopTfis cuf; FopfSf;Fs; NghLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Mk;> ,J cukhf> kz; tsj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp Rw;Wr;R+oiyg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
M) njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfshd fopT cUisfis kWRow;rp nra;ayhk;. Mk;> ,e;j
Kiw kPjk; VJk; ,d;wp khRghL Vw;gLj;jhJ Rw;Wr;R+oiyg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
3. 4R Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;jp ,aw;if tsq;fis ghJfhf;f VNjDk; %d;W
nray;ghLfis $Wf.
1. Fiwj;jy; (Reduce) : vupnghUs; gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwf;f jdpegu; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F
gjpyhf nghJ Nghf;Ftuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2. kWgad;ghL (Reuse) : fhfpjk; Nghd;w nghUl;fis kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
3. kPl;nlLj;jy;(Recovery): fopTg;nghUl;fis kpd;rhuk;> vupnghUs; Nghd;w tsq;fshf khw;Wjy;.
4. kWRow;rp (Recycle) : gpsh];bf; gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwj;J> kWRow;rp nra;ayhk;.
23. fhl;rpj;njhlu;G
1. ];fpuhr;R (Scratch) vd;why; vd;d?
 mirt+l;ly;fisAk;> Nfypr;rpj;jpuq;fisAk;> tpisahl;LfisAk; vspjpy;
cUthf;fg; gad;gLk; xUnkd;nghUNs ];fpuhr;R MFk;.
 ,J xU fhl;rp epuy; nkhop MFk;.
 vk;Ib (MIT) vd;Dk; gy;fiyj; njhopy;El;g Ma;tfk; ,e;epuiy vspjhfTk;>
Ntbf;ifahfTk; fw;Fk; tz;zk; mikj;Js;sJ.
2. jpUj;jp (EDITOR) Fwpj;Jk; mjd; gFjpfs; Fwpj;Jk; vOJf?
];fpupg;l;/fh];bA+k; vbl;lH : epuy;fisAk; ,];gpiul; glq;fisAk; ehk; khw;w KbAk;.
i) Script Area : ,q;F epuy; fl;likf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ii) Block Menu : ,q;F gpshf;F tifiaj; NjHT nra;a KbAk;.
iii) Block Palette : ,q;F gpshf;Ffis NjHT nra;ayhk;.
3. Nkil (STAGE) vd;why; vd;d? [SEP - 2020]
 ];fpuhr;R rhsuj;ij jpwf;Fk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; gpd;dzpia Nkil vd;gH.
 ,jd; gpd;dzp epwk; nts;isahf ,Uf;Fk;. Njitg;gbd; gpd;dzp epwj;ij khw;wyhk;.
4. ];gpiul;L (SPRITE) vd;why; vd;d?

 ];fpuhr;R rhsuj;jpy; gpd;dzpapy;; cs;s fzpdp khe;jHfisf; ];gpiul;fs; vd;gH.
 ];gpiul;il Njitf;Nfw;g khw;Wk; trjp ,e;j nkd;nghUspy; cs;sJ.
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Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs; 1
Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs;
1. ,af;f tpjpfs;
1. epiykj;jpd; gy;NtW tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff. [AUG –2022, PTA – 3]
epiykq;fspd; tiffs; :
m) Xa;tpy; epiykk; :
epiyahf cs;s xt;nthU nghUSk; jkJ xa;T epiy khw;wj;ij vjpHf;Fk; gz;G MFk;.
v.fh : fpisfis cYf;fpag;gpd; kuj;jpypUe;J fPNo tpOk; ,iyfs;> goq;fs;.
M) ,af;fj;jyp ; epiykk; :
,af;f epiyapy; cs;s nghUs; ,af;f epiy khw;wj;ij vjpHf;Fk; gz;G MFk;.
v.fh : ePsk; jhz;Ljy; Nghl;bapy; cs;s Nghl;bahsH rpwpJ J}uk; XLtJ.
,) jpirapy; epiykk; :
,af;f epiyapy; cs;s nghUs; ,aq;Fk; jpirapy; ,Ue;J khwhJ> jpir
khw;wj;jpid vjpHf;Fk; gz;G MFk;.
v.fh : XLk; kfpOe;J tisghijapy; nry;Yk; NghJ gazpaH> xU gf;fkhf rha;tJ.
2. epa+l;ldpd; ,af;fj;jpw;fhd tpjpfis tpsf;Ff. [AUG – 2022, SEP – 2021]
m) epa+l;ldpd; Kjy; ,af;f tpjp :
xt;nthU nghUSk; Gwtpir VJk; nray;glhj tiuapy;> jkJ xa;T epiyapNyh
my;yJ rPuhf ,aq;fp nfhz;bUf;Fk; NeHf;Nfhl;L epiyapNyh njhlHe;J ,Uf;Fk;.
M) epa+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp :
nghUs; xd;wpd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirahdJ mg;nghUspd; ce;j khWghl;L tPjj;jpw;F
NeHjftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; ,e;j ce;j khWghL tpirapd; jpirapNyNa mikAk;.
𝐅 = 𝒎𝒂
,) epa+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjp :
xt;nthU tpirf;Fk; rkkhd vjpHtpir cz;L. tpirAk;> vjpH tpirAk; vg;NghJk;
,U NtW nghUs;fs; kPJ nray;gLk;. FB = - FA
3. tpirapd; rkd;ghl;il epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp %yk; jUtp. (my;yJ) m epiw cila
nghUs; xd;W u vd;w Muk;g jpirNtfj;jpy; efu;fpwJ. F vd;w tpir nray;gl;L t vd;w
fhy ,ilntspapy; v vd;w jpirNtfkhf khw;wkile;J a vd;w mstpy; KLf;fkilfpwJ.
,j;juTfisf; nfhz;L tpir> epiw kw;Wk; KLf;fj;jpw;fhd njhlu;igj; jUtpf;fTk;.
epa+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp : [PTA – 5]
nghUs; xd;wpd; kPJ nray;gLk; tpirahdJ mg;nghUspd; ce;j khWghl;bw;F
NeHjftpy; ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; ,e;j ce;j khWghL tpirapd; jpirapNyNa mikAk;.
tpirapd; rkd;ghL :
m → efUk; nghUspd; epiw u → Muk;g Ntfk;
F → rkepiyaw;w Gwtpir v → 't' Neu ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwF ,Wjp Ntfk;
nghUspd; njhlf;f ce;jk; 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑚𝑢
nghUspd; ,Wjp ce;jk; 𝑃𝑓 = 𝑚𝑣
ce;j khWghL> ∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖
∆𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢
ce;j khWghL
𝐹∝
fhyk;
𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢 𝑣−𝑢
𝐹= =𝑚 [ ];
𝑡 𝑡
𝑣−𝑢
F = ma ( ∵ a = )
𝑡
tpir = epiw × KLf;fk;

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4. ce;j khwhf; Nfhl;ghl;il $wp mjid nka;g;gpf;f. [MDL – 19]
ce;j khwhf; Nfhl;ghL :
Gwtpir VJk; jhf;fhj tiuapy; xU nghUs; my;yJ XH mikg;gpd; kPJ nray;gLk;
nkhj;j NeHf;Nfhl;L ce;jk;> khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
nka;g;gpj;jy; :
 A kw;Wk; B vd;w ,U nghUs;fs; m1 kw;Wk; m2 epiwAld; Neu;f;Nfhl;by; ,aq;FfpwJ.

 u1 > u2 Mf cs;sNghJ A kw;Wk; B-d; Muk;gNtfk; u1, u2 MFk;.
 nghUs; A MdJ B-apd; kPJ ‘t’ vd;w fhy ,ilntspapy; Nkhjiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 A kw;Wk; B NkhjYf;Fg;gpd; v1, v2 vd;w jpirNtfj;jpy; mNj Neu;f;Nfhl;by; gazpf;fpwJ.
𝑚2 (v2 −u2 ) m1 (v1 −u1 )
FA = --------- (1) FB = --------- (2)
𝑡 t
epa+l;ld; %d;whk; tpjpg;gb> 𝐹𝐵 = − 𝐹𝐴
𝑚1 (𝑣1 − 𝑢1 ) = − 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )
𝑚1 𝑣1 − 𝑚1 𝑢1 = − 𝑚2 𝑣2 + 𝑚2 𝑢2
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2
Nfhl;ghL epUgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5. uhf;nfl; VTjiy tpsf;Ff. [AUG – 2022, SEP – 2020, PTA – 4]

Nfhl;ghL: NeHf;Nfhl;L ce;j moptpd;ik tpjp kw;Wk; epa+l;ldpd; %d;whk; ,af;f tpjp.
 vupnghUs; vupa+l;lg;gl;lJk;> ntg;g thAf;fs; uhf;nfl;by; ,Ue;J mjpf jpirNtfj;jpy;
ntspNaWtjhy;> kpf mjpf ce;jj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
 ,e;j ce;jj;ij rkd;nra;a mjw;F rkkhd vjpH tpir vup$lj;jpy; cUthfp>
uhf;nfl; Kd;Ndhf;fp gha;fpwJ.
 uhf;nfl;by; cs;s vupnghUs; KOtJk; vupAk; tiu mjd; epiw FiwfpwJ.
 uhf;nfl;bd; kPJ Gwtpir VJk; nray;glhjNghJ mjd; kPJ nray;gLk; nkhj;j
NeHf;Nfhl;L ce;jk; khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
 uhf;nfl;bd; epiw Fiwa Fiwa mjd; jpirNtfk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l
cauj;jpy; uhf;nfl;lhdJ Gtpapd; <Hg;G tpirapid jtpHj;J tpl;L nry;Yk; tifapy;
mjd; jpirNtf kjpg;G cr;rj;ij mile;J tpLgL jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;FfpwJ.
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Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs; 3
6. nghJ <Hg;gpay; tpjpapid $Wf. mjd; fzpjtpay; #j;jpuj;ij jUtpf;f.
nghJ <Hg;gpay; tpjp :
 ,U nghUs;fspd; ,ilNa cs;s <u;g;G tpirahdJ mitfspd; epiwfspd;
ngUf;fw;gyDf;F NeHtpfpjj;jpYk;> mitfspd; ikaq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s
njhiytpd; ,Ukbf;F vjpHtpfpjj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,t;tpir epiwfspd; ,izg;Gf; Nfhl;bd; topNa nray;gLk;.
fzpjtpay; #j;jpuj;ij ep&gpj;jy; :
m1 , m2 vd;w epiwAila A kw;Wk; B vd;w ,U nghUs;fs;
r vd;w njhiytpy; cs;sJ vdf; nfhs;f.
𝑚 𝑚 𝐦 𝐦
𝐹 ∝ 12 2 ⇒ F = 𝐆 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝑟 𝐫
−11 2 −2
<Hg;gpay; khwpyp> G = 6.674 × 10 Nm kg
7. nghJ <Hg;gpay; tpjpapd; gad;ghl;bid tptup.
i) Gtpapd; epiw> Muk;> Gtp<Hg;G KLf;fk; Mfpatw;iw fzf;fpl cjTfpwJ.
ii) Gjpa tpz;kPdf ; s; kw;Wk; Nfhs;fis fz;Lgpbf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
iii) tpz;nghUl;fspd; ghijapid tiuaiw nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
iv) R+upaidr; Rw;wpAs;s Nfhs;fspd; ,af;fj;ijAk;> G+kpiar; Rw;wp RoYk; epytpd;
,af;fj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.
v) ,J MW kw;Wk; fly;fspd; ePNuhl;lj;ij guhkupf;f cjTfpwJ.
$Ljy; tpdh
8. gw;rf;fuq;fs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. [SEP - 2020]
gw;rf;fuq;fs; :
 gw;rf;fuq;fs; tl;lg;gug;gpd; tpspk;Gfspy; gy; Nghd;W khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l
mikg;Gfs; MFk;.
 gw;rf;fuq;fs; %yk; jpUg;Gtpirapid khw;wp> ,aq;Ffpd;w thfdr;rf;fuq;fspd;
Row;rp Ntfj;ij khw;wyhk;. NkYk; jpwid flj;Jtjw;Fk; gw;rf;fuq;fs; cjTfpd;wd.

1. gazj;jpd; NghJ jiyf;ftrk; mzptJk; ,Uf;ifg;gl;il mzptJk; ekf;F
ghJfhg;ghd gazj;ij mspf;Fk;. ,f;$w;wpid epa+l;ldpd; ,af;f tpjpfs; nfhz;L
epahag;gLj;Jf.
ghJfhg;ghd gazj;jpw;fhf n`y;nkl; mzpa gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ :
 ,U rf;fu thfdj;jpypUe;J tpOk; cq;fspd; tpirAk;> cq;fspd;; epiw kw;Wk;
thfdj;jpd; KLf;fj;jpw;F rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; (epa+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjp).
 cq;fSf;F rkkhd kw;Wk; vjpH jpirapy; tpir nray;gLk;(epa+l;ldpd; %d;whk; tpjp).
 n`y;nkl; mzptJ cq;fs; kPJ nrYj;jg;gLk; tpirapd; msitf; Fiwj;J>
jiyapy; Vw;gLk; fhaq;fspypUe;J cq;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wk;.
 vdNt> ghJfhg;ghd gazj;jpw;F n`y;nkl; mzptJ mtrpak; MFk;.
ghJfhg;ghd gazj;jpw;fhf ,Uf;ifg;gl;il mzpa gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ :
 epa+l;ldpd; Kjy; tpjpg;gb> ,af;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; thfdk; jpBnud
epWj;jg;gLk;NghJ> gazp rw;W Kd;Ndhf;fp rha;fpwhu;.
 ,Uf;ifg;gl;il mzpahky; gazk;nra;Ak;NghJ fhaq;fs; Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ.
 ,Uf;ifg;gl;il mzptjd; %ykhf> rkd;nra;ag;glhj Gwtpirahf nray;gl;L
,af;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J cq;fis fhg;ghw;Wk;.
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2. xspapay;
1. xspapd; VNjDk; Ie;J gz;Gfisf; $Wf. [MAY - 2022]
 xsp vd;gJ xU tif Mw;wy;.
 xsp vg;NghJk; NeHf;Nfhl;by; nry;fpwJ.
 xsp guTtjw;F Clfk; Njitapy;iy. ntw;wplj;jpd; topahff; $l xspf;fjpH nry;Yk;.
-1
 fhw;wpy; my;yJ ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfk; c = 3×108 kPtp
 xspapd; ntt;NtW epwq;fs; ntt;NtW miy ePsq;fisAk;> mjpHntz;fisAk;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
2. Ftpnyd;R xd;wpdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; gpk;gq;fSf;fhd tpjpfis fjpHglq;fSld;

tpsf;Ff.
tpjp - 1
xspf;fjpuhdJ> xU Ftpnyd;R my;yJ Fopnyd;rpd;
xspapay; ikaj;jpd; topahfr; nry;Yk;NghJ tpyfy;
milahky; mNj ghijapy; nry;fpwJ.
tpjp - 2
Kjd;ik mr;Rf;F ,izahf tUk; xspf;fjpu;fs;>
tpyfYf;Fg;gpd; nyd;rpd; kWgf;fj;jpy; Kjd;ikf;
Ftpaj;jpy; Ftpf;fg;gLk;.
tpjp - 3
Kjd;ikf; Ftpak; topahfr; nry;Yk; xspf;fjpu;
tpyfyile;j gpwF Kjd;ik mr;Rf;F ,izahfr;
nry;Yk;.
3. fpl;lg;ghHit kw;Wk; J}ug;ghHit FiwghLfis NtWgLj;Jf.[AUG–22, SEP–21, PTA–6]
t.vz; fpl;lg;ghHit (ikNahgpah) J}ug;ghHit (i`g;gu; nkl;Nuhg;gpah)
1. mUfpy; cs;s nghUs;fisj; njhiytpy; cs;s nghUs;fisj;
njspthff; fhzKbAk;. Mdhy;> njspthff; fhzKbAk;. Mdhy;>
njhiytpy; cs;s nghUs;fisj; mUfpy; cs;sg; nghUs;fisj;
njspthff; fhz ,ayhJ. njspthff; fhz ,ayhJ.
2. tpopf;Nfhsk; rpwpJ ePStjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ. tpopf;Nfhsk; RUq;Ftjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.
3. Nra;ikg;Gs;sp mz;ikg;Gs;spia mz;ikg;Gs;sp Nra;ikg;Gs;spia
Nehf;fp efu;fpwJ. Nehf;fp efu;fpwJ.
4. gpk;gq;fs; tpopj;jpiuf;F Kd;ghf gpk;gq;fs; tpopj;jpiuf;F mg;ghy;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
5. Fopnyd;R %yk; rhp nra;;ayhk;. Ftpnyd;R %yk; rhp nra;ayhk;.
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Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs; 5
4. $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fp xd;wpd; mikg;igAk; nray;gLk; tpjj;ijAk; tpsf;Ff.
mikg;G :
 $l;L Ez;Nzhf;fpahdJ ,uz;L Ftpnyd;Rfisf; nfhz;lJ.
 nghUsUF tpy;iy: nghUSf;F mUfpy; cs;s Fiwe;j Ftpa J}uk; nfhz;lJ.
 fz;zUF tpy;iy: fz;zpw;F mUfpy; cs;s mjpf tpl;lKk;> mjpf Ftpa
J}uKk; nfhz;lJ.
 ,e;j ,uz;L nyd;RfSk; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
efuf;$ba tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;l FWfyhd
FohapDs; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
nray;gLk; tpjk; :
 nghUs;(AB) ahdJ> nghUsUF nyd;rpd; Ftpa
J}uj;ij tplr; rw;Wf; $Ljyhd njhiytpy;

itf;fg;gLfpwJ. (u > Fo )
 nghUsUF nyd;rpd; kWGwj;jpy; nghpa> jiyfPohd> nka;g;gpk;gk;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j gpk;gkhdJ fz;zUF nyd;rpw;Fg; nghUshfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
 ,g;gpk;gkhdJ(A'B') fz;zUF nyd;rpd; Kjd;ikf; Ftpaj;jpw;Fs; mikAkhW

fz;;zUF nyd;R rhpnra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 fz;zUF nyd;R> mstpy; nghpa Neuhd khagpk;gj;ijg; (A'' B'') nghUs; ,Uf;Fk;
mNj gf;fj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
5. AB vd;w nghUs; Ftpnyd;rpd; tisT ikak; C ,y; glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fjpH tiuglj;ij KOtJkhf tiuf. [PTA – 1]
Nfs;tp tpil
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6. njhiyNehf;fpfspd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfis vOJf.
njhiyNehf;fpfspd; ed;ikfs; : [PTA – 3]
 Nfhs;fs;> tpz;kPdf
; s;> tpz;kPd; jpus;fs; Fwpj;J tpupthd ghHitiaj; jUfpwJ.
 ,jDld; xspg;glf;fUtpia ,izg;gjd; %yk; xspg;glk; vLf;fyhk;.
 Fiwthd nrwpTila xspapYk; njhiyNehf;fpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
njhiyNehf;fpfspd; FiwghLfs; :
 ,jid njhlHe;J guhkhpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,jid vspjhf NtW ,lj;jpw;F vLj;J nry;y KbahJ.
7. i) vspa Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; gpk;gk; cUthjYf;fhd fjpu; tiuglk; tiuf

iii) vspa Ez;Nzhf;fpapy; cUthFk; gpk;gj;jpd; epiy> jd;ik kw;Wk; mstpidf; fhz;f.
ii) vspa Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;ghLfs; vOJf. [PTA – 2]
i) fjpu; tiuglk; :
 AB vd;w nghUis> Ftp nyd;rpd; Kf;fpa Ftpaj;jpw;Fs; (u < f) itj;J
nyd;rpd; kW Gwj;jpd;; topahfg; nghUisf; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
ii) gpk;gj;jpd; epiy> jd;ik kw;Wk; msT :

 Neuhd> ngupjhf;fg;gl;l khag;gpk;gj;ij nghUs; ,Uf;Fk; mNj gf;fj;jpy; Njhd;Wk;.
 gpk;gj;jpd; njhiythdJ> njspTW fhl;rpapd; kPr;rpW njhiyTf;Fr; (D) rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
iii) vspa Ez;Nzhf;fpapd; gad;ghLfs;: [SEP - 2020]

 ,it fbfhuk; gOJ ghHg;gtHfs;> Mguzq;fs; nra;gtHfshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 ,it rpwpa vOj;Jf;fis gbf;f cjTfpwJ.
 ,it G+f;fs; kw;Wk; G+r;rpfspd; ghfq;fis cw;WNehf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,it jla mwptpay; Jiwapy;> ifNuiffisg; gFj;jwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.
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Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs; 7
3. ntg;g ,aw;gpay;
1. ey;ypay;G thA rkd;ghl;bid jUtp.
ghapy; tpjpg;gb> PV = khwpyp ………… (1)

V
rhHy]; tpjpg;gb> = khwpyp ………… (2)
T
V
mtNfl;Nuh tpjpg;gb> = khwpyp ………… (3)
n
𝐏𝐕
rkd;ghL (1)> (2) kw;Wk; (3)-ypUe;J> = khwpyp ………… (4)
𝐧𝐓
,J thA ,izrkd;ghL vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

thAf;fs; 𝜇 Nkhy; msT nfhz;bUf;Fk;;. ∴ 𝐧 = 𝛍𝐍𝑨 ………… (5)
PV
(5)I (4)y; gpujpapl = khwpyp
𝜇𝑁𝐴 T
PV
= 𝑘𝐵 (𝑘𝐵 = Nghy;l;];Nkd; khwpyp = 1.381 × 10−23 JK −1 )
𝜇𝑁𝐴 T
PV = μNA k B T
,q;F μNA k B = R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1 ‘R’ vd;gJ nghJ thA khwpyp.
∴ ey;ypay;G thA rkd;ghL my;yJ thAf;fspd; epiyr;rkd;ghL> 𝐏𝐕 = 𝐑𝐓
2. jputj;jpd; cz;ik ntg;g tphpT kw;Wk; Njhw;w ntg;g tpuptpid mstpLk; Nrhjidia
njspthd glj;Jld; tptup. [MDL – 19]
 jputj;ij nfhs;fydpy; L1 epiyapy; epug;g Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;

jputj;ij ntg;gg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 njhlf;fj;jpy; nfhs;fydhdJ tphptilAk;. mg;NghJ
jputj;jpd; gUkd; Fiwthf Njhd;Wk;. ,e;j epiyia L2
vd Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 NkYk; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> jputkhdJ tpuptilfpwJ.
jw;NghJ jputj;jpd; epiyia L3 vd Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 epiy L1 kw;Wk; L3 f;F ,ilNaahd NtWghL Njhw;w
ntg;gtpupT vdg;gLk;.
 epiy L2 kw;Wk; L3 f;F ,ilNaahd NtWghL cz;ik
ntg;gtpupT vdg;gLk;. cz;ik ntg;g tpupT = 𝐋𝟑 − 𝐋𝟐
Njhw;w ntg;g tpupT = 𝐋𝟑 − 𝐋𝟏
 vg;NghJk; cz;ik ntg;g tpupT> Njhw;w ntg;g tpupit tpl
mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
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4. kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
1. %d;W kpd;jilfis (m) njhlu; ,izg;G (M) gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;Fk; NghJ
fpilf;Fk; njhFgad; kpd;jilf;fhd Nfhitia jFe;j kpd;Rw;W glk; tiue;J fzf;fpL.
m) kpd;jilfs; njhlupizg;gpy; :
R1 , R 2 , R3 Mfpa njhlupizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;jilahf;fpfs;.
RS = njhFgad; kpd;jil. V1 , V2 , V3 = kpd;dOj;j NtWghLfs;
I vd;gJ kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; topNa nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;
Xk; tpjpapd; gb>
V1 = IR1 ⟶ (1)
V2 = IR2 ⟶ (2)
V3 = IR3 ⟶ (3)
V = IRs ⟶ (4)
xt;nthU kpd;jilf;Fk; vjpuhf cs;s kpd;dOj;j
NtWghl;bd; $Ljy;>
V = V1 + V2 + V3 ⟶ (5)
⇒ IRs = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
∴ vdNt> %d;W kpd;jilahf;fpfs; njhlu; ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk;NghJ
njhFgad; kpd;jil jdpj;jdp kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; kpd;jilfspd; $LjYf;F rkk;.
M) kpd;jilfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy;: [PTA – 4]
R1 , R 2 , R3 Mfpa kpd;jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Rp = njhFgad; kpd;jil.
kpd;dOj;j NtWghlhdJ midj;J kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;Fk; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
Gs;sp Aia milAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I MdJ I1 , I2 , I3 vd gpupfpwJ.
Xk; tpjpapd; gb>
V
I1 = R ………………… (1)
1
V
I2 = R ………………… (2)
2
V
I3 = R ………………… (3)
3
V
I=R ………………… (4)
P
kpd;Rw;wpYs;s nkhj;j kpd;Ndhl;lk;
I = I1 + I2 + I3 ……………… (5)
V V V V
⇒ = + +
RP R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
= + +
RP R1 R2 R3
∴ vdNt> gy kpd;jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ jdpj;jdp kpd;

jilahf;fpfspd; kpd; jilfspd; jiyfPopfspd; $Ljy; njhFgad; kpd;jilapd;
jiyfPopfSf;F rkk;.
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Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs; 9
2. m) kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? [MAY - 2022, PTA – 1]
flj;jp xd;wpd; xU gFjpapd; topNa kpd;D}l;lq;fs; ghAk; tPjk;;. (my;yJ)
XuyF Neuj;jpy; flj;jpapd; xU FWf;F ntl;Lg; gFjpia fle;J nry;Yk;
kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; msT kpd;Ndhl;lk; vdg;gLk;.
𝐐
I=
𝐭
M) kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; myif tiuaW? [MAY - 2022, PTA – 1]

 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; SI myF Mk;gpaH (A).
 xU $Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpdhb Neuj;jpy; flj;jpapd; VjhtJ xU

FWf;Fntl;Lg; gFjp topahf fle;J nry;Yk; NghJ mf;flj;jpapy; ghAk;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU Mk;gpaH vdg;gLk;.
𝟏 $Yk;
1 Mk;gpau; =
𝟏 tpehb
,) kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ve;j fUtpapd; %yk; mstplKbAk;? mjid xU kpd;Rw;wpy; vt;thW

,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;? [MAY - 2022, PTA – 1]
mk;kPl;lu;;. mjid xU kpd;Rw;wpy; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. m) [{y; ntg;g tpjp tiuaW? (my;yJ) [{y; ntg;g tpjpg;gb xU kpd;jilapy; cUthFk;
ntg;gj;jpd; gz;Gfs; ,uz;bid vOJf.
xU kpd;jilapy; cUthFk; ntg;gkhdJ>
 kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; ,Ukbf;F Neu;tpfpjj;jpYk;
 kpd;jilf;F Neu; tpfpjj;jpYk;
 fhyj;jpw;F Neu;tpfpjj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
H = 𝐈𝟐 𝐑 𝐭
M) epf;fy; kw;Wk; FNuhkpak; fye;j cNyhff;fyit kpd;rhu ntg;gNkw;Wk; rhjdkhf

gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ Vd;?
(i) mjpf kpd;jilia kw;Wk; mjpf cUFepiy nfhz;lJ.
(ii) tpiutpy; Mf;rpfuzj;jpw;F cs;shfhJ.
,) xU kpd; cUF ,io vt;thW kpd;rhjdq;fis ghJfhf;fpwJ?
Rw;wpy; mjpf kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; NghJ [{y; ntg;gtpisT fhuzkhf kpd; cUF
,io cUfp kpd;Rw;W Jz;bf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> kpd;Rw;Wk; kpd;rhjdq;fSk;
NrjkiltjpypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
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4. tPLfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kpd;Rw;iw tpsf;fTk;. (glk; Njitapy;iy) [SEP – 2020]
Mjhuk; : kpd;epiyaq;fspypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLk; kpd;rhukhdJ tPLfSf;F G+kpf;fbapy;
gjpf;fg;gl;l fk;gptlq;fs; my;yJ kpd;fk;gpfspd; kPJ tUk; fk;gpfs; %yk; mDg;gp
itf;fg;gLfpwJ. kpd;khw;wp Nghd;w kpd;gfpu;khd nra;Ak; ,lj;jpypUe;J kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ
Kjd;ik kpd;dstp ngl;bf;F nfhz;Ltug;gLfpwJ.
Kjd;ik kpd;dstp ngl;b :
kpd;dstpg; ngl;b : kpd;dhw;wy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mstpid mstpLfpwJ.
kpd; cUF,io : xU rpwpa fk;gp ,io my;yJ xU rpwpa kpd;Rw;W cilg;gp> tPl;L cgNahf
kpd; rhjdq;fis ghJfhg;gNj ,jd; gzp MFk;.
kpd;fk;gpfspd; tiffs; :
 kpd;Ndhl;l fk;gp rptg;G fhg;Giw nfhz;lJ.  eLepiy fk;gp fUg;G fhg;Giw nfhz;lJ.
tPl;Lf;Fupa kpd;Rw;Wfs; :
 220 Nthy;l; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL nfhz;l xU khWjpir kpd;Ndhl;lk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
 kpd;Ndhl;l fk;gp kpd; cUF,io topahf kpd;dstpg; ngl;bAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
eLepiyf;fk;gp Neubahf kpd;dstpg; ngl;bNahL ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 kpd;dstpg; ngl;bapypUe;J tUk; fk;gpahdJ Kjd;ikr; rhtpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,uz;L tifahd kpd;Rw;Wfs;:
5A mstpyhd Fiwe;j jpwd; toq;Fk; Rw;Wfs;. v.fh : kpd;gy;G> kpd;tprpwp
15A mstpyhd mjpf jpwd; toq;Fk; Rw;Wfs;. v.fh : Fspu;rhjd ngl;b> kpd;R+Nlw;wp
 Rw;Wfs; gf;f ,izg;G Kiwapy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt xU Rw;wpy; jil
Vw;gl;lhYk; mJ kw;w Rw;Wf;fis ghjpf;fhJ. midj;J kpd; rhjdq;fSk; rkkhd
kpd;dOj;jj;ij ngWk;.
5. m) rhjhuz njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;biatpl 5. M) LED tpsf;fpd; ed;ikfis
LED njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bapdhy; gl;baypLf. [PTA – 1]
Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; ahit? [PTA – 6]  ntg;g Mw;wy; ,og;G Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
 ,jd; ntspaPL gpufhrkhf ,Uf;Fk;.  ,J Fiwe;j kpd; jpwid EfUk;.
 ,J nky;ypa msTilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.  ,J Rw;Wr;#oYf;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;jhJ.
 Fiwthd rf;jpia gad;gLj;JfpwJ.  kypT tpiy kw;Wk; Mw;wy; rpf;fdk;
 Fiwthd Mw;wiy Efu;fpwJ. cilaJ.
 ,jd; MAl;fhyk; mjpfk;.  gy epwq;fspy; ntspaPl;bid
 ,J kpfTk; ek;gfj;jd;ik cilaJ. ngw; W f; n fhs; s rhj; j pakhfpwJ.
 ghjurk; kw;Wk; gpw er;Rg; nghUs;fs;
gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
$Ljy; tpdh
6. gpd;tUk; kpd;$WfSf;F FwpaPl;bid vOJf. [SEP – 2021]
kpd;$W FwpaPL kpd;$W FwpaPL
(iii) xspkpd; ilNahL

(i) jiu ,izg;G
(LED)
(ii) kpd;jilahf;fp (iv) ilNahL
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Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs; 11
5. xypapay;
1. thAf;fspy; xypapd; jpirNtfj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; vit?
i) mlu;j;jpapd; tpisT :
thAf;fspy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; mjd; mlu;j;jpapd; ,Ukb %yj;jpw;F vjpu; jftpy;
mikAk;.
1
V∝√
d
ii) ntg;gepiyapd; tpisT :
 thAf;fspy; xypapd; jpirNtfk;> mjd; ntg;gepiyapd; ,Ukb %yj;jpw;F
Neu;j;jftpy; mikAk;.
V ∝ √T
 ntg;gepiy 𝐓℃y; xypapd; jpirNtfkhdJ> VT = (V∘ + 0.61T) kPtp-1
V0 → 0℃ ntg;gepiyapy; thAf;fspy; xypapd; jpirNtfk;.
iii) xg;Gik <ug;gjj;jpd; tpisT :
fhw;wpd; <ug;gjk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ xypapd; jpirNtfk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. vdNt>
kiof; fhyq;fspy; njhiytpy; cs;s xypiaj; njspthf Nfl;f KbfpwJ.
2. xyp vjpnuhypj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? tptup: m) mlu;Fiw Clfj;jpd; tpspk;gpy; vjpnuhypg;G
M) mlu;kpF Clfj;jpd; tpspk;gpy; vjpnuhypg;G ,) tisthdg; gug;Gfspy; xyp vjpnuhypg;G
vjpnuhypj;jy; : xypahdJ xU Clfj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Clfj;jpw;F guTk; NghJ
,uz;lhtJ Clfj;jhy; vjpnuhypf;fg;gl;L Kjyhk; Clfj;jpw;F jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLfpwJ.
m) mlu;Fiw Clfj;jpd; tpspk;gpy; vjpnuhypg;G :
 jplg;nghUspUe;J fhw;W Clfj;jpd; tpspk;ig milAk; xyp miyapd;
,Wf;fq;fs;> F vd;w tpiria fhw;W Clfj;jpd; gug;gpy; nrYj;Jk;.
 mlu;Fiw(fhw;W) Clfk; Fiwe;j msT cUf;Fiyf;Fk;
gz;ig ngw;Ws;sjhy; ,uz;ilAk; gpupf;Fk; Nkw;gug;G
gpd;Ndhf;fpj; js;sg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; ,lkpUe;J tykhf gazpj;j ,Wf;fq;fs;
vjpnuhypf;fg;gl;l gpd; jsu;r;rpfshf khwp tyJ
Gwj;jpypUe;J ,lJ Gwkhfg; guTfpwJ.
M) mlu;kpF Clfj;jpd; tpspk;gpd; vjpnuhypg;G :
 xyp miyapd; ,Wf;fq;fs; ,lkpUe;J tykhf gutp xU
Rtupy; NkhJk; NghJ F vd;w tpiria nrYj;JfpwJ.
 mNj Ntisapy; RtuhdJ mjw;F rkkhd kw;Wk; vjpu;
jpirapy; R = −F vd;w tpiria jpUk;g nrYj;Jk;.
 ,t;thW ,Wf;fq;fs; Rtupy; Nkhjp kPz;Lk;
,Wf;fq;fshfNt mjd; jpirapy; vjpnuhypf;fpwJ.
,) tisthdg; gFjpfspy; xyp vjpnuhypg;G :
 xyp miyfs; tisthdg; gug;Gfspy; vjpnuhypf;Fk; NghJ mjd; nrwpT khWfpwJ.
 Ftpe;j gFjpfspy; Nkhjp vjpnuhypf;Fk; NghJ vjpnuhypj;j miyfs; tpupe;J
mjd; nrwpT FiwfpwJ.
 Fopthd gFjpfspy; Nkhjp vjpnuhypf;Fk; NghJ vjpnuhypapd; nrwpT xU
Gs;spapy; Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
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3. m) kPnahyp mjpu;TWjy; vd;why; vd;d? [SEP - 2020]
20, 000 Hz-f;Fk; mjpfkhd mjpHntz; nfhz;lit kPnahyp mjpu;TWjy; MFk;. ,J
kdpj fhJfshy; czu KbahJ. v.fh : ntsthy;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; xyp miyfs;.
M) kPnahyp mjpu;TWjypd; gad;fs; ahit?
 ntl;Ljy; kw;Wk; fbdkhd nghUl;fis nghUj;j gad;gLfpwJ.
 fUtpd; tsu;r;rpia fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
 Rdhkp kw;Wk; epyeLf;fj;ij fz;lwpAk; Kd;dwptpg;ghdhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 cly; cs;SWg;Gfis glnkLf;f cjTfpwJ.
 Nrhdhupy;; gad;gLfpwJ.
,) kPnahyp mjpu;Tfis czUk; VNjDk; %d;W tpyq;Ffisf; $Wf.

1) nfhR 2) eha; 3) ntsthy;
4. vjpnuhyp vd;why; vd;d?

m) vjpnuhyp Nfl;gjw;fhd ,uz;L epge;jidfisf; $Wf. [PTA – 1]
M) vjpnuhypapd; kUj;Jt gad;fisf; $Wf. [SEP – 2020, PTA – 1]
,) vjpnuhypiag; gad;gLj;jp xypapd; jpirNtfj;ijf; fhz;f?
vjpnuhyp : xyp miyfs; Rtu;fs;> Nkw;$iufs;> kiyfs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; gug;Gfspy; Nkhjp
gpujpypf;fg;gLk; epfo;T vjpnuhyp MFk;.
m) vjpnuhyp Nfl;gjw;fhd ,uz;L epge;jidfs; :
1. vOg;gg;gLk; xypf;Fk;> vjpnuhypf;Fk; ,ilNa 0.1 tpehbfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. xyp %yj;jpw;Fk;> vjpnuhypf;Fk; gug;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s Fiwe;j gl;rj;
1
njhiyT fhw;wpd; xypapd; jpirNtfj;jpd; kjpg;gpy; gFjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
20
M) vjpnuhypapd; kUj;Jt gad;fs; :

 vjpnuhyp kfg;Ngwpay; Jiwapy; my;l;uh NrhNdhfpuhgp fUtpapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
 jhapd; fUg;igapy; cs;s fUtpd; tsu;r;rpapid Muha;e;jwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.
,) vjpnuhypiag; gad;gLj;jp xypapd; jpirNtfk; :
fle;j njhiyT 𝟐𝐝
xypapd; jpirNtfk; = =
vLj;J nfhz;l Neuk; 𝐭
2d → xyp %yj;jpypUe;J ntspahd xypj;Jbg;G xyp %yj;jpypUe;J Rtu; tiu nrd;W

gpd;du; vjpnuhypj;J xyp %yk; tiuAs;s njhiyT
t → vjpnuhyp Nfl;f vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Neuk;
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6. mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
1. fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghlw;w njhlu;tpidia tpsf;Ff.
njhlu;tpid :
njhlu;tpidapy; jd;guTjy; epfo;tpd; %yk; epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if ngUf;Fj;njhlu;
njhlu;tupirapy; kpfNtfkhf ngUf;fkilfpwJ.
 v.fh : ANudpak; (U-235) mZf;fUtpid epA+l;uhd; nfhz;L jhf;Fk; NghJ
gpsTf;Fl;gl;L %d;W epA+l;uhd;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;J %d;W
epA+l;uhd;fs; kw;nwhU ANudpaj;Jld; gpsT vjpu;tpidia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 ,t;thW epA+l;uhd;fspd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; gpsT vjpu;tpid njhlu;fpwJ> ,jd;
tpisthf njhlu;tpid Vw;gLfpwJ.
fl;Lg;ghlhd njhlu;tpid :
 ,e;j njhlu;tpidapy; ntsptUk; epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if ‘xd;W’ vd;w mstpy;
guhkupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Mifahy; ,t;tpidahdJ fl;Lg;ghlhd tpidahf njhlu;fpwJ.
 ,jpy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; Mw;wy; Mf;fG+u;tkhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 v.fh : mZf;fU ciy
fl;Lg;ghlw;w njhlu;tpid :
 vz;zw;w epA+l;uhd;fs; ngUf;fKk;> mjd; fhuzkhfg; gpsTk; mjpfkhd gpsTg;
nghUs;fSk; cUthfpd;wd.
 ,t;thW> xU tpdhbf;Fs; mjpfkhd Mw;wy; ntspNaWfpd;wJ.
 v.fh : mZ Fz;L ntbj;jy; epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. My;gh> gPl;lh kw;Wk; fhkhf; fjpu;fspd; gz;Gfis xg;gpLf. [SEP – 2020, PTA – 3]
gz;Gfs; My;gh (𝛂) fjpu;fs; gPl;lh (𝛃) fjpu;fs; fhkh (𝛄) fjpu;fs; [PTA–3]
jd;ik `Pypak; cl;fU (2He4). vyf;l;uhd;fs; (-1e0). kpd;fhe;jmiyfshFk;.
kpd;Rik Neu;kpd; Rik. (+2e) vjpu;kpd;Rik. (-e) eLepiyj;Jfs; (Rop)
madpahf;Fk;
kpf mjpfk;. α-it tpl FiwT. kpfTk; FiwT.
jpwd;
CLUTk;
FiwT. α-it tpl mjpfk;. kpf mjpfk;.
jpwd;
kpd; kw;Wk; ,U Gyq;fshYk;;

,U Gyq;fshYk; tpyf;fkilAk;. Mdhy;> ,U Gyq;fshYk;
fhe;jg; tpyf;fkilAk;. My;gh JfSf;F vjpuhd tpyfyilahJ.
Gyq;fshy; jpirapy; tpyfyilAk;.
xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy;
xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfj;jpy;
jpirNtfk; 1/10 Kjy; 1/20 klq;F
9/10 klq;F nry;Yk;. nry;Yk;.
tiuapy; nry;Yk;.
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3. mZf;fU ciy vd;why; vd;d? mjd; ,d;wpaikahj ghfq;fspd; nray;ghLfis tptupf;f.
mZf;fU ciy
 mZf;fU ciy vd;gJ KOtJk; jw;rhu;Gila fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mZf;fU gpsT
tpid eilngw;W kpd; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,lkhFk;.
 ,d;wpaikahj gFjpf;$Wfs; (m) Kjd;ikahd ghfq;fs;>
vupnghUs; gpsTf;Fl;gLk; nghUNs vupnghUshFk;. v.fh : ANudpak;.
jzpg;ghd;  cau; Mw;wy; nfhz;l epA+l;uhd;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fj; jzpg;ghd;
gad;gLfpwJ. v.fh : fpuh/igl; my;yJ fdePu;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;  njhlu;tpidia epiy epWj;jp epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;
fop fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLtJ. v.fh : Nghuhd; kw;Wk; fhl;kpak;
 mZf;fU ciyapDs; cUthFk; ntg;gj;ij ePf;Ftjw;fhf
Fspu;tpg;ghd; gad;gLfpwJ. v.fh : ePu;> fhw;W kw;Wk; `Pypak;.
 ePuhtpiaf; nfhz;L tpirahopia ,af;fp kpd; cw;gj;jp nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.
 mZf;fU ciyia Rw;wp xU jbkdhd fhuPaj;jyhd Rtu; fl;lg;gLfpwJ.
jLg;Gr;Rtu;
 ,J mghafukhd fjpu;tPr;R Rw;Wg;Gwr; R+oypy; guthky; jLj;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
4. gy;NtW Jiwfspy; fjpupaf;fj;jpd; gad;fis tpsf;Ff. [MAY - 2022]
Ntshz;ik: fjpupaf;fg; gh];gu]; INrhNlhg; (P -32):
 ,it gapu; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j fjpu;tPr;Rfs; G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; xl;Lz;zpfis mopf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
 Ntshz; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; tPzhtijj; jLf;fpd;wd.
 rpwpjsT fjpu;tPr;rpd; %yk; ntq;fhak;> cUisf;fpoq;F> gUg;G Nghd;wit
mOfhky; ghJfhf;fyhk;.
kUj;Jtk;: fjpupaf;f INrhNlhg;Gfs; gy;NtW Neha;fis fz;lwpjy; kw;Wk;;
rpfpr;irf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. [PTA – 2]
 fjpupaf;fr; Nrhbak;-24 (Na ) : ,jaj;ij rPuhfr; nray;gl itf;f cjTfpwJ.
24
 fjpupaf;f mNahbd;-131 (I131) : Kd; fOj;Jf; foiyiaf; Fzg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.

 ,Uk;gpd; INrhNlhg;ghd ,Uk;G-59 (Fe59) : ,uj;j Nrhifia milahsk; fhzTk;
Fzg;gLj;jTk; cjTfpwJ.
 fjpupaf;f gh];gu];-32 (P ) : Njhy; Neha;r; rpfpr;irapy; gad;gLfpwJ.
32
 fjpupaf;f Nfhghy;l;-60 (Co60) kw;Wk;; fjpupaf;f jq;fk;-198 (Au198) :

Njhy;Gw;W Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ.
njhopw;rhiy: [PTA – 4]
 cw;gj;jpf; FiwghLfshd tpupry;fs; kw;Wk; frpTfisf; fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
 thAf;fs;> jputq;fs; kw;Wk; jpz;kq;fspd; msTfisf; fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
 thD}u;jpfspy; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; Rikfspy; ntb nghUs;fs; cs;sdth
vd;gjidf; fz;lwpa gad;gLfpwJ.
 Gifia czu gad;gLfpwJ.
njhy;ypay; Ma;T:
 fjpupaf;ff; fhu;gd; taJ fzpg;G El;gk; %yk; nghUs;fspy; nghjpe;Js;s
fjpupaf;ff; fhu;gdpd; msitf; nfhz;L mtw;wpd; taijf; fzpf;fyhk;.
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5. mZf;fU gpsT kw;Wk; mZf;fU ,izT tpidfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf my;yJ
mZf;fU gpsT kw;wk; mZf;fU ,iztpd; jd;ikfis vOJf. [MDL – 19, PTA – 6]
t.vz; mZf;fU gpsT mZf;fU ,izT
1. fdkhd mZf;fUf;fs; gpsTw;W ,uz;L ,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fs; ,ize;J
,Nyrhd mZf;fUf;fshf khWk; fdkhd mZf;fUf;fshf khWk; epfo;T.
epfo;T.
2. miw ntg;gepiyapYk; mZf;fU ,iztpw;F cau; ntg;gepiy
epfof;$Lk;. kw;Wk; mOj;jk; Njit.
3. My;gh> gPl;lh kw;Wk; fhkhf; My;ghf; fjpu;fs;> ghrpl;uhd;fs; kw;Wk;
fjpu;fs; ntspahfpd;wd. epA+l;bupNdhf;fs; ntspahfpd;wd.
4. fhkhf; fjpu;fis ntspapLtjhy; ntg;gKk; xspAk;> ckpog;gLfpd;wd.
,it Neha;fSf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
1. 0.18fp ePH Jspapy; cs;s ePH %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifia fzf;fpL.
H2O –d; %yf;$W epiw = (1 × 2) + 16 = 18 fp
ePupd; epiw
%yf;$W epiw
0.18
= × 6.023 × 1023 = 6.023 × 1021
18
∴ ePu; %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if = 6.023× 1021
2. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 (N=14, H=1)
1 Nkhy; iel;u[d; = ____fp + 3Nkhy; i`l;u[d; = ___fp→ 2Nkhy; mk;Nkhdpah = ___fp
epiw = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if ×%yf;$W epiw
N2 –d; epiw = 1 × (14 × 2) = 28
H2 –d; epiw = 3 × (1 × 2) = 6
NH3 –d; epiw = 2 × (14 + (3 × 1)) = 34
1 Nkhy; iel;u[d; = 28 fp + 3Nkhy;> i`l;u[d;= 6 fp →2Nkhy; mk;Nkhdpah = 34 fp
3. Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fz;lwpf. m) 27fp mYkpdpak; M) 1.51×1023 %yf;$W NH4Cl.
m) 27fp mYkpdpak; [PTA – 5] M) 1.51×1023 %yf;$W NH Cl. [PTA – 5]
4
%yf;$wpd; epiw %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if= %yf;$wpd; mZepiw Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if=
mtfhl;Nuh vz;
27 1.51×1023
= = 1 Nkhy; = = 0.25 Nkhy;
27 6.023×1023
4. etPd mZf;nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfis vOJf. [AUG – 2022, SEP – 2020, PTA – 5]

 mZ vd;gJ gpsf;ff;$baJ. ,J vyf;l;uhd;> GNuhl;lhd;> epa+l;uhd; vd gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 INrhNlhg;Gfs; : xNu jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; ntt;NtW mZ epiwfis ngw;Ws;sd.
v.fh : 17Cl35, 17Cl37
 INrhghHfs; : ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs; xNu mZepiwiag; ngw;Ws;sd.
v.fh: 18Ar40, 20Ca40
 nraw;if khw;W jdpkkhf;fy; Kiw : mZit Mf;fNth> mopf;f KbahJ.
 mZthdJ vspa> KO vz;fspd; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
v.fh: FSf;Nfh]; C6H12O6 C:H:O = 6:12:6 my;yJ 1:2:1
 mZ vd;gJ Ntjptpidapy; <LgLk; kpfr;rwpa Jfs;.
 xU mZtpd; epiwapypUe;J mjd; Mw;wiy fzf;fpl KbAk;. E = mc2
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5. xg;G %yf;$W epiwf;Fk; MtpmlHj;jpf;Fk; cs;s njhlHgpid tUtp.[PTA – 6, MDL – 19]
jp.nt.m epiyapy; 1 %yf;$W Mtp my;yJ thAtpd; epiw
xg;G %yf;$W epiw (RMM)= … (1)
1 i`l;u[d; mZtpd; epiw
jp.nt.m epiyapy; Fwpg;gl;l gUkDs;s thA(m) Mtpapd; epiw
Mtp mlHj;jp (V.D) =
mNj gUkDs;s i`l;u[d; mZtpd; epiw
…… (2)
mtfhl;Nuh tpjpg;gb rkgUkDs;s thAf;fs; midj;Jk; rkmsT vz;zpf;ifapyhd
%yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
jp.nt.m epiyapy; n %yf;$W thA (m) Mtpapd; epiw
Mtp mlHj;jp (jp.nt.m) =
n %yf;$W i`l;u[dpd; epiw
jp.nt.m epiyapy; 1 %yf;$W thA (m) Mtpapd; epiw
n = 1 vdpy;> Mtp mlHj;jp =
1 %yf;$W i`l;u[dpd; epiw
i`l;u[d; <uZ %yf;$W vdNt>
Mtp mlHj;jp =
2×1 i`l;u[d; mZtpd; epiw
2 × Mtp mlHj;jp =
1 i`l;u[d; mZtpd; epiw
2 × Mtp mlHj;jp = xg;G %yf;$W epiw [∵ rkd;ghL (1)-ypUe;J]
xg;G %yf;$W epiw = 2 × Mtp mlHj;jp
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. mZf;fs; kw;Wk; %yf;$Wfs; NtWgLj;Jf. [MAY - 2022]
mZf;fs; %yf;$Wfs;
1. xU jdpkj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa gFjp. 1. jdpkk; / Nru;kj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa gFjp;.
2. ke;j thAf;fisj; jtpu Vida mZf;fs;
2. jdpj;j epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.
jdpj;j epiyapy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
3. ke;j thAf;fisj; jtpu Vida mZf;fs;
3. tpidj;jpwd; Fiwe;jit.
tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fit.
4. Ntjpg; gpizg;Gfs; ,y;iy. 4. Ntjpg; gpizg;Gfs; cs;sd.
7. Ntjpj;njhopw;rhiyfspy; gpd;tUk; Ntjptpid %yk; mk;Nkhdpah jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
𝐍𝟐 + 𝟑𝐇𝟐 ⇄ 𝟐𝐍𝐇𝟑 Nkhy;fUj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1000 fpNyh fpuhk; mk;Nkhdpah
jahupf;f vt;tsT fpNyh fpuhk; i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; iel;u[d; thA Njitg;gLk; vd;gij
Nkw;fz;l Ntjptpid %yk; fzf;fpLf. [PTA – 3]
NH3 epiw = 1000 fpfp =10 fp
6
NH3 -d; epiw = 14 + (3 × 1) = 17 fp

𝑁𝐻3 epiw 106
NH3 cs;s Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if= =
𝑁𝐻3 −d; %yf;$W epiw 17
Njitg;gLk; H2 tpd; epiw = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if × %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
106 3
H2 tpd; epiw = × × (2 × 1) = 176.47 fpfp
17 2
Njitg;gLk; N2 tpd; epiw = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if × %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
106 1
N2 tpd; epiw = × × (14 × 2) = 823.53 fpfp
17 2
∴ Njitg;gLk; N2 tpd; epiw = 823.53 fpfp

Njitg;gLk; H2 tpd; epiw = 176.47 fpfp
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8. mtfhl;Nuh fUJNfhs;fs; tiuaW kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghLfs; ahit?
mtfhl;Nuh fUJNfhs;fs;: khwh ntg;g kw;Wk; mOj;j epiyapy; rk gUkDs;s
thAf;fs; midj;Jk; rkmsT vz;zpf;ifapyhd %yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
mtfhl;Nuh tpjpapd; gad;ghLfs; : [SEP – 2020]
i) Nf-Y}rhf; tpjpapid tptupf;fpwJ.
ii) thAf;fspd; mZf;fl;L vz;izf; fzf;fpl cjTfpwJ.
iii) thAf;fspd; %yf;$W tha;ghl;il fzf;fplyhk;.
iv) %yf;$W epiwf;Fk;> Mtp mlu;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;ig tUtpf;f cjTfpwJ.
v) thAf;fspd; fpuhk; Nkhyhu; gUkid fzf;fpLtjpy; gad;gLfpwJ.

1. m) ghf;irl; jhJit J}a;ikahf;Fk; NghJ mjDld; Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L fhuj;ij
Nrh;g;gjd; fhuzk; vd;d?
fhuq;fis Al2O3 cld;fiua nra;tjd; %yk; fiuahj khRf;fs; tbfl;lg;gl;L
Nrhbak; mYkpNdl; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. tbfl;lg;gl;l ePiuf;nfhz;L ghf;irl;bd;
J}a tbtk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> ghf;irl; jhJit J}a;ikahf;Fk;NghJ
mjDld; NaOH fhuk; Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
150℃
Al2O3 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaAlO2 + H2O
ghf;irl; jhJ Nrhbak; nkl;lh mYkpNdl;
NaAlO2 + 2 H2O → Al(OH)3 + NaOH
Nrhbak; nkl;lh mYkpNdl; mYkpdpak; i`l;uhf;irL
1000℃
2Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 + 3 H2O
mYkpdpak; i`l;uhf;irL mYkpdh
M) mYkpdh kw;Wk; fpiuNahiyl;Lld;> ,d;Dk; xU nghUs;> kpd;gFspAld; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L

mYkpdpak; gphpf;f cjTfpwJ. mJ vd;d? mjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d?
 g;S];ghh; NtW nghUshFk;.
fhuzk;: kpd;gFspapd; cUFntg;gepiyia Fiwg;gjw;fhf Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. xU cNyhfk; A apd; vyf;l;uhd; Mw;wy; kl;lk; 2> 8> 18> 1 MFk;. A MdJ <uf;fhw;Wld;
tpidGhpe;J (B vd;w) gr;ir glyj;ij cUthf;Fk;. A mlH H2SO4 cld; tpidGhpe;J C
kw;Wk; D I cUthf;Fk; D ahdJ thAepiy NrHkk; vdpy; A, B, C kw;Wk; D vit? [PTA – 1]
2 Cu + O2 + CO2 + H2O → CuCO3. Cu(OH)2
fhg;gu; fhu;gNdl;(B)gr;irepw glyk;
Cu + 2 H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 ↑ + 2H2O

fhg;gu; ry;Ngl;(C) (D)
A →jhkpuk; (Cu)
B →fhg;gu; fhu;gNdl; (CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2)
C →fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; (CuSO4)
D →ry;gu-;il-Mf;irL (SO2) thA
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3. CJ ciyapy; cUf;fpg;gpupj;jiy tpsf;Ff.
CJ ciyapy; cUf;fpg;gpupj;jy;:
,J tWf;fg;gl;l cNyhf Mf;iril cUfpa cNyhfkhf
Fiwf;Fk; nray;KiwahFk;.
CJ ciyapy; ,Uk;ig cUf;fpg;gpupj;jy;:
tWf;fg;gl;l jhJ> fy;fup> Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; ,tw;iw 8:4:1
vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ciyapy; 3
Kf;fpa gFjpfs; cs;sd.
(m) fPo;g;gFjp (vupepiy kz;lyk;)
 ntg;gepiy 1500°C MFk;.
 ntg;gf;fhw;Wld; jhJf;fyit NrUk;NghJ> O2 -Dld; vupe;J CO2thf khWfpwJ.
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎℃
C + O2 → CO2 + ntg;g Mw;wy;
fhu;gd; fhu;gd; il Mf;irL
(M) eLg;gFjp (cUf;Fepiy kz;lyk;)– ,g;gFjp 1000°C ntg;gepiyapy; cs;sJ.

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎℃
CO2 + C → 2CO + ntg;gMw;wy;
∆
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎℃
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 + ntg;gMw;wy;
∆
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
(,) Nkw;gFjp (xLf;Fk; kz;lyk;) – ,g;gFjp 400°C ntg;gepiyapy; cs;sJ.
𝟒𝟎𝟎℃
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 ↑
/ngupf; Mf;irL ,Uk;G
fril ePf;fpa gpwF> cUfpa ,Uk;ghdJ> ciyapd; mbapy; Nrfupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,t;tpUk;G kPz;Lk; cUf;fg;gl;L gytpj mr;Rf;fspy; thu;f;fg;gLtjhy;> ,J
thu;g;gpUk;G vdg;gLk;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
4. cNyhff;fyit vd;why; vd;d? cNyhff;fyit cUthf;Ftjw;fhd fhuzq; fis
vOJf. [MAY-2022]
cNyhff;fyit : ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cNyhfq;fs; my;yJ cNyhfq;fSk;>
mNyhfq;fSk; Nru;e;j xU gbj;jhd fyitNa cNyhff;fyit MFk;.
cNyhff; fyitfspd; tiffs; : /ngu]; kw;Wk; /ngu]; ,y;yh cNyhff;fyit
cNyhff; fyitfis cUthf;Fk; Kiwfs; :
 epwk; kw;Wk; tbtq;fis khw;wpaikf;f.
 Ntjpg;gz;Gfis khw;wpaikf;f.
 cUFepiyiaf; Fiwf;f.
 fbd jd;ik kw;Wk; ,Otpiria mjpfupf;f.
 kpd;jilia mjpfupf;f.
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5. jdpkq;fspd; etPd Mtu;j;jd ml;ltizapy; fhzg;gLk; Mtu;j;jd gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghd
fPof
; hZk; $w;WfSf;fhd tpsf;fq;fis jUf. [PTA – 6]
m) xU njhlupy; ,lkpUe;J tykhf nry;Yk;NghJ mZ Mukjpg;Gfs; Fiwfpd;wd
Mdhy; xU njhFjpapy; NkypUe;J fPohfr; nry;Yk;NghJ mit mjpfupf;fpd;wd.
M) vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lj;jpd; kjpg;Gfs; xU njhlupy; ,lkpUe;J tykhf nry;Yk;NghJ
mjpfupj;Jk; xU njhFjpapy; NkypUe;J fPohf nry;Yk;NghJ Fiwe;Jk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,) madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; kjpg;Gfs; xU njhlupy; ,lkpUe;J tykhf nry;Yk;NghJ
mjpfupj;Jk; xU njhFjpapy; NkypUe;J fPohfr; nry;Yk;NghJ Fiwe;Jk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
NkypUe;J fPohf nry;Yk;NghJ ,lkpUe;J tykhf nry;Yk;NghJ
m) mZ Muk; mjpfupf;fpwJ m) mZ Muk; FiwfpwJ.
 fhuzk; :  fhuzk;: GNuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; vyf;l;uhd;fSf;F
ntspf;$l;L vz; mjpfupg;gJ ,ilNaahd <u;g;G tpir mjpfupj;J>
mZtpd; cUtsT RUq;FfpwJ.
M) vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; FiwfpwJ. M) vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 fhuzk; : mZ Muk; mjpfupg;gjhy;>  fhuzk; : mZ Muk; Fiwtjhy;
ntspf;$l;L vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,yFthf
gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd
,) madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; FiwfpwJ. ,) madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 fhuzk; : mZ Muk; mjpfupg;gjhy;>  fhuzk; :
vyf;l;uhd;fis ePf;Ftjw;F Fiwthd mZ Muk; Fiwtjhy;> vyf;l;uhd;fis
Mw;wy; Njitg;gLfpwJ. ePf;Ftjw;F mjpf Mw;wy; Njitg;gLfpwJ.
6. mhpkhdj;ijj; jLf;Fk; Kiwfis vOJf. my;yJ cNyhf mupkhdj;ij jLf;Fk;

Kiwfis tpthp. [SEP – 2021, MDL – 19]
(i) cNyhff; fyitahf;fy; : cNyhfq;fis fyitahf;fy; %yk;> mhpkhdj;ij jLf;fyhk;.
v.fh. JUg;gpbf;fhj ,Uk;G
(ii) Gwg;gug;ig G+Rjy;: cNyhfj;jpd; kPJ ghJfhg;Gf;fyit G+Rjy; mhpkhdj;ij jLf;Fk;.
 ehfKyhk; G+Rjy; : ,Uk;gpd; kPJ Jj;jehf kpd;Kyhk; G+Rjy;.
 kpd;Kyhk; G+Rjy; : xU cNyhfj;ij kw;nwhU cNyhfj;jpd; Nky; kpd;rhuj;jpd;
%yk; G+Rjy;.
 MNdhl;lhf;fy;: cNyhfj;jpd; Gwg;gug;ig> kpd;Ntjptpidfspd; %yk; mhpkhd
vjph;Gs;sjha; khw;Wk; epfo;T MFk;. v.fh : mYkpdpak;. [SEP - 2020]
 Nfj;NjhL ghJfhg;G : vspjpy; mupkhdk; milAk; jpahf cNyhfj;ij MNdhlhfTk;>
ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba cNyhfj;ijf; Nfj;NjhlhfTk; nfhz;L> kpd; Ntjp tpidf;F
cl;gLj;Jk; epfo;T Nfj;NjhL ghJfhj;jy; MFk;.
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7. fPof
; ;fz;l NrHkq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gpizg;gpd; jd;ikia fz;lwpf.
nfhLf;fg;gl;l jdpkq;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; ftu;jd;ik, H = 2.1, Na = 1.0, Cl = 3.0, I = 2.5, F = 4.0, Br = 2.8
tpdh vyf;l;uhd; ftu;jd;ik tpj;jpahrk; gpizg;gpd; tif

(i) NaCl 3.0 – 1.0 = 2.0 > 1.7 ⇒ madpg;gpizg;G
(ii) NaBr 2.8 – 1.0 = 1.8 > 1.7 ⇒ madpg;gpizg;G
(iii) NaI 2.5 – 1.0 = 1.5 < 1.7 ⇒ rfg;gpizg;G
(iv) NaF 4.0 – 1.0 = 3.0 > 1.7 ⇒ madpg;gpizg;G
(v) NaH [PTA– 2] 2.1 – 1.0 = 1.1 < 1.7 ⇒ rfg;gpizg;G
(vi) HF [PTA – 2] 4.0 – 2.1 = 1.9 > 1.7 ⇒ madpg;gpizg;G
1. A vd;w cNyhfk; 3 Mk; njhliuAk; 13 Mk; njhFjpiaAk; rhHe;jJ. nrQ;R+Nlwpa A

ePuhtpAld; NrHe;J B ia cUthf;Fk;. cNyhfk; A ahdJ NaOH cld; NrHe;J C I
cUthf;Fk;. vdpy; A, B, C vit vit vd tpidfSld; vOJf. [PTA – 3]
2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2 ↑
nrQ;R+l;L epiy (A) ePuhtp mYkpda
p k; Mf;irL (B)
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2 ↑

Nrhbak; nkl;lh mYkpNdl; (C)
A → mYkpdpak; (Al)
B → mYkpdpak; Mf;irL (Al2O3)
C → Nrhbak; nkl;lh mYkpNdl; (NaAlO2)
2. m) HF %yf;$wpy; cs;s H kw;Wk; F f;F ,ilapy; cs;s gpizg;G vJ?

vyf;l;uhd; ftu;jd;ik H = 2.1 kw;Wk; F = 4.0
vyf;l;uhd; ftHjd;ik tpj;jpahrk; = 4.0 − 2.1 = 1.9 ,J 1.7 I tpl mjpfk;.
∴ H kw;Wk; F f;F ,ilapy; cs;s gpizg;G madpg; gpizg;G MFk;.
M) ,g;gpizg;ig mwpa cjTk; MtHj;jd gz;G vJ?
vyf;l;uhd; fth;jd;ik.
,) ,g;gz;G njhlhpYk;> njhFjpapYk; vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?
 njhlhpy; ,lkpUe;J tyk; nry;Yk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd; ftHjd;ik mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
 njhFjpapy; NkypUe;J fPNo nry;Yk;NghJ vyf;l;uhd; fth;jd;ik FiwfpwJ.
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9. fiury;fs;
1. Fwpg;G tiuf. m) njtpl;ba fiury; M) njtpl;lhj fiury;.
m) njtpl;ba fiury; :
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy; NkYk; fiunghUis fiuf;f ,ayhj fiury;>
njtpl;ba fiuryhFk;.
 v.fh : 25℃-y; 100 fp ePupy; 36 fp Nrhbak; FNshiuL nfhz;l fiury;.
M) njtpl;lhj fiury; :
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy; njtpl;ba fiuriytpl Fiwthd fiunghUisf;
nfhz;l fiury;> njtpl;lhj fiuryhFk;.
 v.fh : 25℃-y; 100 fp ePupy; 36 fp Nrhbak; FNshiuiltpl Fiwthff; nfhz;l fiury;.
2. fiujpwid ghjpf;Fk; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf. [MDL – 19]

xU fiunghUspd; fiujpwid %d;W Kf;fpa fhuzpfs; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wd.
i) fiunghUs; kw;Wk; fiug;ghdpd; jd;ik :
 “xj;j fiunghUl;fs; xj;j fiug;ghdpy; fiufpwJ”.
 KidTWk; fiug;ghd;fs; KidTWk; Nru;kq;fis fiuf;fpd;wd.
v.fh : rikay; cg;G ePupy; fiujy;.
 KidTwhr; Nru;kq;fs; KidTwh fiug;ghdpy; vspjpy; fiufpwJ.
v.fh : <jupy; fiuf;fg;gl;l nfhOg;G.
ii) ntg;gepiy :
m) jputj;jpy; jpz;kq;fspd; fiujpwd; :
 ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ePu;k fiug;ghdpy; jpz;kg; nghUspd; fiujpwd; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
v.fh : ru;f;fiu> Fspu;e;j ePiu tpl RLePupy; mjpf msT fiufpd;wd.
 ntg;gf;nfhs; nray;Kiwapy; ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ fiujpwd; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 ntg;g ckpo; nray;Kiwapy; ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ fiujpwd; FiwfpwJ.
M) jputj;jpy; thAf;fspd; fiujpwd; :
 ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ thAtpd; fiujpwd; FiwfpwJ.
v.fh : ePiu ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ fiuahj Mf;]p[d; Fkpopfshf ntspNaWfpwJ.
 ntg;gepiy FiwAk; NghJ Mf;]p[dpd; fiujpwd; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
v.fh : ePu;tho; capupdq;fs; Fspu; gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfkhf tho;fpd;wd.
iii) mOj;jk; :
mOj;jj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ xU jputj;jpy; thAtpd; fiujpwd; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
v.fh : thAf;fis fiunghUshf nfhz;l jput fiury;fs; - Fspu;ghdq;fs;.
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3. m) MgSO4 .7H2O cg;ig ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ vd;d epfo;fpwJ? rupahd
Ntjpr;rkd;ghl;il vOJf. [AUG – 2022, SEP – 2021, PTA – 4]
nkf;drP pak; ry;Ngl; n`g;lh i`l;Nul; gbfj;ij nkJthf ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ VO
ePu; %yf;$Wfis ,oe;J ePuw;w nkf;dr P pak; ry;Ngl;lhf khWfpwJ.
M) fiujpwd; - tiuaW.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; mOj;jj;jpy; 100 fp fiug;ghdpy; fiue;J njtpl;ba
fiuriy cUthf;f Njitahd fiunghUspd; fpuhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjd;
fiujpwd; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh : 25℃-y; 100 fp ePupy; 36 fp Nrhbak; FNshiuL fiue;J njtpl;ba fiuriy
cUthf;FfpwJ.
4. <uk; cwpQ;Rk; Nru;kq;fSf;Fk;> <uk; cwpQ;rpf; fiuAk; Nru;kq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
NtWghLfs; ahit? [SEP – 2021, PTA – 2]
<uk; cwpQ;Rk; Nru;kq;fs; <uk; cwpQ;rpf; fiuAk; Nru;kq;fs;

1. rhjhuz ntg;gepiyapy;> tspkz;lyf; 1. rhjhuz ntg;gepiyapy;> tspkz;lyf;
fhw;Wld; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk;NghJ mjpYs;s fhw;Wld; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk;NghJ
<uj;ij cwpQ;RfpwJ Mdhy; fiutjpy;iy. mjpYs;s <uj;ij cwpQ;rpf; fiufpwJ.
2. jdJ ,aw;gpay; epiyia ,og;gjpy;iy. 2. jdJ ,aw;gpay; epiyia ,of;fpwJ.
3. ,it gbf jpz;kq;fshf kl;LNk 3. gbf cUtkw;w jpz;kq;fshfNth>
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jputq;fshfNth fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
4. njtpl;ba fiuriy cUthf;Ftjpy;iy. 4. njtpl;ba fiuriy cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
5. v.fh : Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L>
5. v.fh : Rl;l Rz;zhk;G> rpypf;fh n[y;
nghl;lhrpak; i`l;uhf;iri]L
5. 180fp ePupy;> 45fp Nrhbak; FNshiuilf; fiuj;J xU fiury; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjj;ij fhz;f.
fiunghUspd; epiw 45
fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjk; = × 100 = × 100
fiunghUspd; epiw + fiug;ghdpd; epiw 45+180
4500
= = 𝟐𝟎%
225
6. 15 yp vj;jdhy; ePu;f;fiurypy; 3.5 yp vj;jdhy; fye;Js;sJ. vj;jdhy; fiurypd; fdmsT

rjtPjj;ij fz;lwpf. [PTA – 2]
fiunghUspd; fdmsT 3.5
fdmsT rjtPjk; = × 100 = × 100 = 23. 33%
fiurypd; fdmsT 15
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1. ‘A’ vd;gJ ePyepwg; gbf cg;G. ,jidr; R+LgLj;Jk; NghJ ePy epwj;ij ,oe;J ‘B’ Mf
khWfpwJ. B-,y; ePiur; Nru;f;fg;gLk; NghJ ‘B’ kPz;Lk; ‘A’ Mf khWfpwJ. ‘A’ kw;Wk;
‘B’apid milahsk; fhz;f. [MAY - 2022]
ePy tpl;upahy; (A) -I ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ> 5 ePu; %yf;$Wfis ,oe;J epwkw;w CuSO4
‘B’ (ePuw;w fhg;gu; ry;Ngl;;) Mf khWfpwJ. ePiu Nru;f;Fk;NghJ kPz;Lk; ePy tpl;upahy; (A)
jpUk;GfpwJ.
A → fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; ngd;lhi`l;Nul; (CuSO4. 5H2O)

B → ePuw;w fhg;gu; ry;Ngl; (CuSO4)
$Ljy; tpdh
2. Nru;kk; A vd;gJ epwkw;w> gbf tbtKila> ePNuwpa nkf;dPrpaj;jpd; cg;G MFk;. ,ij
ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ePuw;w cg;ghf khWfpwJ. ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Nru;kk; A ,oe;j
ePu; %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if> gr;irtpl;upahypy; cs;s ePu; %yf;$Wfspd;
vz;zpf;iff;Fr; rkkhdJ. [PTA – 2]
i) Nru;kk; A ia milahsk; fhz;f.
A → nkf;dr
P pak; ry;Ngl; n`g;lhi`l;Nul; (MgSO4. 7H2O)
epwkw;w> gbf tbtKila> ePNuwpa nkf;dPrpaj;jpd; cg;G.
ii) ,e;j ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; tpidf;fhd Ntjpr; rkd;ghl;ilj; jUf.

Nru;kk; A – nkf;dPrpak; ry;Ngl; n`g;lhi`l;Nul; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ 7 ePu;
%yf;$Wfis ,oe;J MgSO4 vd;w ePuw;w cg;ghf khWfpwJ.
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1. ntg;gr;rpijT tpidfs; vd;gJ ahit? [SEP – 2021]
 tpidgLnghUs; ntg;gj;jpdhy; rpijTWk; tpid ntg;gr;rpijT tpidahFk;.
 ntg;gr; rpijT tpidfspy; gpizg;Gfis cilg;gjw;F ntg;gk; jug;gLfpwJ. ,J
Nghd;w ntg;gj;ij cwpQ;Rk; tpidfs; ntg;gnfhs; tpidfs;; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
,it ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
ntg;gk;
i) Nru;kj;jpypUe;J jdpkk; / jdpkk; rpijtiljy; : 2HgO(S)→ 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
ntg;gk;
ii) Nru;kj;jpypUe;J Nru;kk; / Nru;kk; rpijtiljy; : CaCO3(S) → CaO(S) + CO2(g)
2. ,ul;il ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpidapd; tiffis jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. [SEP - 2020]
,ul;il ,lg;ngau;r;rp tpid (my;yJ) nkl;lhjp]p]; tpid vd;gJ xU Nru;kj;jpd;
madp kw;nwhU Nru;kj;jpd; madpahy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;ag;gLk; tpid MFk;. xNu
khjpup kpd;Rikfs; nfhz;l madpfs; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,J ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.
nghJthd tbtk; : AB + CD → AD + CB
i) tPo;gbthf;fy; tpid : ,U Nru;kq;fspd; ePu; fiury;fis fyf;Fk; nghOJ mit
tpidGupe;J ePupy; fiuahj xU tpisnghUisAk; ePupy; fiuAk; xU
tpisnghUisAk; nfhLf;Fk; tpid tPo;gbthf;fy; tpid vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)⟶ PbI2(S) + 2KNO3(aq)
ii) eLepiyahf;fy; tpid : ,e;j tpidapy; mkpyKk;> fhuKk; tpidGupe;J cg;G kw;Wk;
ePiuj; jUk; tpid eLepiyahf;fy; tpid vdg;gLk;. Vnddpy; mkpyKk;> fhuKk;
xd;iwnahd;W eLepiyahf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
v.fh : NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ⟶ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
3. xU tpidapd; tpid Ntfj;ij ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff. [PTA – 5]

Ntjptpidapd; Ntfj;ij ghjpf;ff; $ba Kf;fpa fhuzpfs; :
i) tpidgL nghUs;fspd; jd;ik :
v.fh : Nrhbak;> mrpl;bf; mkpyj;Jld; xg;gpLk;NghJ i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyj;Jld;
Ntfkhf tpidGupfpwJ. Vnddpy;> i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyk; mrpl;bf;
mkpyj;ijtpl mjpf tpidjpwd; nfhz;lJ.
ii) tpidgL nghUspd; nrwpT : nrwpT mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Fwpg;g pl;l fdmstpy;
Jfs; fspd; vz;zpf;i f mjpfkhf fhzg;g Lk;> vdNt tpidNtfk; mjpfupf; fpwJ.
v.fh : Jj;jehf Jfs;fs;> 1 M i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyj;ijtpl 2M i`l;NuhFNshupf;
mkpyj;jpy; Ntfkhf tpidGupfpwJ.
iii) ntg;gepiy : xU tpidapd; ntg;gk; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ tpidgLnghUs;fspd;
gpizg;Gfs; vspjpy; cile;J tpidapd; Ntfk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
v.fh : miwntg;gepiyapy; itf;fg;gLk; czT Fspu;rhjdg; ngl;bapy; itf;fg;gLk;
czit tpl tpiuthf nfl;Lg;NghfpwJ.
iv) mOj;jk; :
thA epiy tpidgL nghUs;fspd; mOj;jk; mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ tpidg;gL nghUs;fspd;
Jfs;fs; kpf mUNf te;J NkhJfpd;wd. vdNt tpidapd; Ntfk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
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v) tpidA+f;fp :
tpidA+f;fp vd;gJ tpidapy; Neubahf <LglhJ> tpidapd; Ntfj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;.
v.fh : nghl;lhrpak; FNshNul;il #LgLj;Jk; NghJ Mf;rp[d; kpff; Fiwthd Ntfj;jpy;
ntspNaWfpwJ. Mdhy; khq;fdPR il Mf;i]il tpidgL nghUSld; Nru;j;j gpwF Mf;rp[d;
ntspNaWk; Ntfk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. khq;fdPR il Mf;i]L tpidA+f;fpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
vi) tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Gwg;gug;gsT : Ntjptpidapy; fl;bahd tpidgL nghUs;fis
tpl J}shf;fg;gl;l tpidgLnghUs;fs; mjpf gug;gsitf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy;>
Jfs;fSf;F ,ilNa Nkhjy; mjpfupj;J> tpidNtfKk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.
v.fh : fl;bahd fhy;rpak; fhu;gNdl;Lfis tpl J}shf;fg;gl;l fhy;rpak; fhu;gNdl;
i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyj;Jld; kpf tpiuthf tpidapy; <LgLfpwJ.
4. md;whl tho;tpy; pH vt;thW Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
i) kdpj clypy; pH-d; gq;F : ekJ clypy;; pH kjpg;G 7.0 Kjy; 7.8 tiuapYs;sJ. kdpj
,uj;jj;jpd; pH kjpg;G 7.35 ypUe;J 7.45 MFk;. ,J Fiwe;jhNyh mjpfkhdhNyh
Nehia cz;lhf;Fk;.
ii) nrupkhd kz;lyj;jpy; pH-d; gq;F : ,iug;igapy; Ruf;Fk; i`l;NuhFNshupf; mkpyk;
nrupkhdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ. rupahd nrupkhdk; ,y;yhjNghJ $Ljy; mkpyk;
Ruf;fpwJ. ,J ,iug;igapy; typiaAk; vupr;riyAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,iug;igapy;
cs;s jputj;jpd; Njhuhakhd pH kjpg;G 2.0 MFk;.
iii) gw;rpijTf;F fhuzkhd pH khw;wk; : kdpj ckpo;ePupd; pH kjpg;G 6.5 Kjy; 7.5 tiu
cs;sJ. ,J 5.5f;F fPNo FiwAk; nghOJ vdhky; ghjpf;fg;gl;L gw;rpijit
cz;lhf;FfpwJ. fhuj; jd;ikAila gw;giria gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ ,jid
eLepiyahf;fp gw;rpijT jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
iv) kz;zpy; pH : tptrhaj;jpw;F kz;zpd; pH kjpg;G kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. rpl;upf;
mkpyk; nfhz;l goq;fs; rw;W fhuj;jd;ik tha;e;j kz;zpYk;> ney; mkpyj;jd;ik
tha;e;j kz;zpYk;> fUk;G eLepiyj;jd;ik nfhz;l kz;zpYk; ed;F tsUk;.
v) kioePupd; pH : kioePupd; pH kjpg;G Vwf;Fiwa 7 MFk;. tspkz;ly fhw;W> ry;gu;
il Mf;i]L kw;Wk; iel;u[d; Mf;i]Lfs; Mfpa thAf;fshy; khRgl;Ltjhy;
kioePupy; fiue;J pH kjpg;ig 7-I tpl Fiwj;J mkpy kioia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
,J ePu; Xilfs; MW> Fsq;fs;> fly; Nghd;wtw;wpy; fyg;gjhy; ePu;tho;
capupdq;fis ngupJk; ghjpf;fpwJ.
5. Ntjpr; rkepiy vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
Ntjpr; rkepiy vd;gJ xU kPs; Ntjp tpidapd; tpidgLnghUs; kw;Wk; tpidtpis
nghUspd; nrwptpy; ve;j khw;wKk; epfohj epiy MFk;.
v.fh : CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Ntjpr;rkepiyapy;> Kd;Ndhf;F tpidapd; Ntfk; = gpd;Ndhf;F tpidapd; Ntfk;
Ntjpr; rkepiyapd; gz;Gfs; : [PTA – 3]
 Kd;Ndhf;F tpidapd; NtfKk; gpd; Ndhf;F tpidapd; NtfKk; rkk;.
 Neuj;ijg; nghUj;J mOj;jk;> nrwpT> epwk;> mlu;j;jp> ghFepiy Nghd;wit khwhJ.
 Ntjpr; rkepiy vd;gJ xU ,aq;Fr; rkepiy Vnddpy; Kd;Ndhf;F tpidAk;
gpd;Ndhf;F tpidAk; njhlu;e;J epiyahf ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 ,aw;gpay; rkepiyapy; midj;J epiyikfSk; khwhj fdmsitg; ngWfpd;wd.
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1. ‘A’ vd;w jpz;kr; Nru;kj;ij ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ rpije;J ‘B’ kw;Wk; ‘C’ vd;w
thAitj; jUfpwJ. ‘C’ vd;w thAit ePupy; nrYj;Jk; NghJ mkpyj;jd;ikahf
khWfpwJ. A, B kw;Wk; C-iaf; fz;lwpf.
fhy;rpak; fhu;gNdl;il (A) ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ rpije;J fhy;rpak; Mf;irL (B)
kw;Wk; fhu;gd; ilMf;iril (C) jUfpwJ.
ntg;gk;
𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑(𝐬) → 𝐂𝐚𝐎(𝐬) + 𝐂𝐎𝟐(𝐬) ↑
fhy;rpak; fhu;gNdl; fhy;rpak; Mf;irL fhu;gd; il Mf;irL
fhu;gd; ilMf;irL (C) thAit ePupy; nrYj;Jk;NghJ fhu;ghdpf; mkpykhf khWfpwJ.
𝐂𝐎𝟐(𝐠) + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐠) → 𝐇𝟐 𝐂𝐎𝟑(𝒍)
fhu;gd; il Mf;irL fhu;ghdpf; mkpyk;
A → CaCO3 ; B → CaO C → CO2 thA

1. gbtupir vd;why; vd;d? gbtupir Nru;kq;fspd; %d;W gz;Gfisf; $Wf.
xNu nghJthd %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;ilAk; xj;j Ntjpg; gz;GfisAk; nfhz;l xNu
njhFjp gbtupir vdg;gLk;. gbtupirapy; mLj;j Lj;j Nru;kq;fs; CH2 vd;w
njhFjpahy; NtWgLk;.
v.fh : kPj;Njd; - CH4 ;
<j;Njd; - CH3-CH3 ;
GNuhg;Ngd; - CH3-CH2-CH3;
gpA+l;Nld; - CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
gbtupir Nru;kq;fspd; gz;Gfs; :
i) xU gbtupirapy; cs;s mLj;jLj;j Nru;kq;fs; nkj;jpyPd; (- CH2) vd;w nghJtpy;
NtWgLfpd;wd.
ii) midj;J Nru;kq;fSk; xNu tif jdpkq;fisAk;> tpidr;nray; njhFjpiaAk;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
iii) xNu nghJ tha;;g;ghl;bdhy; Fwpg;gpl ,aYk;. v.fh : my;Nfd;fs; Cn H2n+1
iv) %yf;$Wepiwapd; mjpfupg;igg; nghWj;J Nru;kq;fspd; ,aw;gz;Gfs; xOq;fhd
Kiwapy; khWgLfpd;wd.
v) vy;yhr; Nru;kq;fSk; xj;j Ntjptpidfspy; <LgLfpd;wd.
vi) vy;yhr; Nru;kq;fisAk; xNu Kiwapy; jahupf;f ,aYk;.
2. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH vd;w Nru;kj;jpw;F ngaupLk; Kiwia tupir fpukkhf vOJf.
gb 1 : ,jd; ePz;l rq;fpypj; njhlupy; %d;W fhu;gd; cs;sJ. ∴ mbg;gil nrhy;
“Gug;” MFk;. [TB : 159]
gb 2 : xw;iw gpizg;Gfshf cs;sd. ∴ Kjd;ik Kd;Ndhl;L “Nad;” MFk;.
gb 3 : tpidr;nray; njhFjp My;f`hy;(–OH).
3 2 1
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
gb 4 : –OH njhFjpapd; ,l vz; 1. ∴ ,uz;lhk; epiy gpd;ndhl;L “1–My;” MFk;.
∴ Nru;kj;jpd; ngau; = Gug;gd;-1-My;
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3. fUk;G rhwpypUe;J vj;jdhy; vt;thW jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ?
 njhopw;rhiyfspy; fUk;Gr; rhwpd; fopTg;ghfpypUe;J nehjpj;jy; Kiwapy; vj;jdhy;
jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fopTg;ghfpid vj;jdhyhf khw;Wk; gbfs; :
(i) fopTg;ghfpYs;s ru;f;fiuapd; nrwpT 8 ypUe;J 10 rjtPjkhf ePupdhy; ePu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
(ii) mk;Nkhdpak; cg;Gf;fs; Nru;j;jy; : mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl; my;yJ mk;Nkhdpak; gh];Ngl;
Nru;j;J cu%l;lg;gLfpwJ.
(iii) <];l;Nru;j;jy; :
 cu%l;lg;gl;l fiury; ngupa nehjpj;jy; njhl;bapy; Nrfupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 <];l; Nru;f;fg;gl;L 303K ntg;gepiyapy; rpy ehl;fSf;F itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 me;j ehl;fspy; <];l;bYs;s ,d;tu;Nl]; kw;Wk; irNk]; Mfpa nehjpfs;
ru;f;fiuia vj;jdhyhf khw;Wfpd;wd.
 ,jpy; fpilf;Fk; nehjpj;j ePu;kk; ‘fOT ePu;kk;’ vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,d;tu;Nl];
𝐂𝟏𝟐 𝐇𝟐𝟐 𝐎𝟏𝟏 + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 → 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 + 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔
ru;f;fiu FSf;Nfh]; g;Nuhf;Nlh];
irNk];
𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟏𝟐 𝐎𝟔 → 𝟐𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟓 𝐎𝐇 + 𝟐𝐂𝐎𝟐
FSf;Nfh]; (m) g;Nuhf;Nlh]; vj;jdhy;
(iv) fOT ePu;kj;ijf; fha;rr; p tbj;jy; :
15 Kjy; 18 rjtPjk; My;f`hiyf; nfhz;Ls;s nehjpj;j fOT ePu;kk;;
gpd;df;fha;r;rp tbj;jYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
vuprhuak; : vj;jdhypd; ePu;f;fiury; 95.5% vj;jdhiyAk; 4.5% ePiuAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,J fopTePu;kj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpahFk;.
jdp My;f`hy; : vuprhuhak; 5 ypUe;J 6 kzp Neuk; Rl;l Rz;zhk;G Nru;j;J fha;r;rp
tbf;fg;gl;L 12 kzpNeuk; itf;fg;gLfpwJ. J}a My;f`hy; (100%) fpilf;fpwJ.
4. fPof
; ;fz;l tpidfspd; rkd; nra;ag;gl;l Ntjp rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
m) NaOH vj;jdhapf; mkpyj;Jld; Vw;gLj;Jk; eLepiyahf;fy;; tpid [PTA – 6]
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L Nrhbak; vj;jNdhNal;
M) vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; NaHCO3 tpidGupe;J CO2 ntspapLk; tpid
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + CO2 ↑ + H2O
vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; Nrhbak; igfhu;gNdl; Nrhbak; mrpNll; Eiuj;Jnghq;Fjy;
,) vj;jdhy;> mkpy nghl;lhrpak; il FNuhNkl;Lld; GupAk; Mf;rp[Ndw;w tpid (my;yJ)
My;f`hy;fisf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjidapd; tpidiaf; $Wf. [PTA – 6] [SEP - 2020]
 vj;jdhy; mkpyk; fye;j nghl;lhrpak; ilFNuhNkl;Lld; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; mile;J
vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; cUthfpwJ.
 ,e;j tpidapd;NghJ MuQ;R epwKila K2Cr2O7 gr;ir epwkhf khWfpwJ.
,t;tpid My;f`hy;fisf; fz;lwpAk; Nrhjidf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
𝐊 𝟐 𝐂𝐫𝟐 𝐎𝟕 /𝐇+
CH3CH2OH → 2[𝐎]
CH3COOH + H2O
vj;jdhy; vj;jdhapf; mkpyk;
<) vj;jdhypd; vupjy; tpid :
CH3CH2OH + 3O2→ 2CO2 + 3H2O
vj;jdhy; fhu;gd; ilMf;irL
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5. Nrhg;gpd; J}a;ikahf;fy; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.[PTA – 6] (my;yJ) Nrhg;ig ePUld; Nru;f;Fk;
nghOJ Vd; kpnry;]; cUthfpwJ vd;gij jFe;j glj;Jld; tpsf;Ff. [PTA – 5]
Nrhg;gpd; mikg;G :
 KidTs;s gFjp : ,J rpwpa jiy Nghd;w fhu;ghf;rpNyl; njhFjp (−COONa),
ePu; tpUk;Gk; gFjpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
 Kidtw;w gFjp : ,J ngupa thy; Nghd;w ePskhd i`l;Nuh fhu;gd; rq;fpyp
njhliuAila ePiu ntWf;Fk; gFjpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
Nrhg;gpd; J}a;ikahf;fy; tpid :
 Nrhg;G ePupy; fiuAk; nghOJ Nrhg;G %yf;$Wfs; xd;whf ,ize;j nfhj;Jfshf

(Micelles) kPnry;]; cUthfpwJ.
 Nrhg;gpd; Kidtw;w gFjp mOf;ifr; Rw;wp xl;bf;nfhs;fpwJ.
 Nrhg;gpd; KidTs;s fhu;ghf;rpNyl; gFjp nfhj;Jfis ePupy; fiuar; nra;fpwJ.
 ,t;thW mOf;F Nrhg;gpdhy; ePf;fg;gLfpwJ.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
6. fupkr; Nru;kq;fspd; IUPAC ngaupLk; Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; fPof
; ;fhZk;
ml;ltizapy; cs;s Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epiwT nra;f. [PTA – 2]
Nru;kj;jpd; ngau; mikg;G tha;g;ghL tpidr;nray; njhFjp
CH3 − CH − CH3
2 - GNuhg;gdhy; | −OH
OH
CH3 − C − H 𝐎
vj;jNdy; || ||
O −𝐂 − 𝐇
𝐎
gpA+l;lNdhd; || >C=O
𝐂𝐇𝟑 − 𝐂𝐇𝟐 − 𝐂 − 𝐂𝐇𝟑
gpA+l;ldhapf; mkpyk; CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − COOH −COOH
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VII. cau; rpe;jid tpdhf;fs;

1. My;f`hypd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL C4H10O mjpy; -OH ,l vz; 2
m) mjDila mikg;G tha;g;ghl;il vOJf. [PTA – 1]
M) IUPAC ngaupid vOJf. [PTA – 1]

gb 1: ,J 4 fhu;gd; nfhz;l rq;fpypj; njhlu;. ∴ mbg;gilr; nrhy; ‘gpA+l;;’.
gb 2: mZf;fSf;F ,ilNa xw;iwg; gpizg;G cs;sJ. ∴Kjd;ik gpd;ndhl;L ‘Nad;’.
gb 3: ,jd; tpidr;nray; njhFjp My;f`hy; (– OH).
1 2 3 4
CH3–CH–CH2– CH3
|
OH
gb 4 : – OH njhFjpapd; ,l vz; 2 ∴ ,uz;lhk; epiy gpd;ndhl;L ‘2-My;’; .
∴ Nru;kj;jpd; ngau; = “gpA+l;ld; - 2 - My;”
,) ,r;Nru;kk; epiwTw;witah? epiwTwhjitah? [PTA – 1]

gpA+l;ld;-2-My; xw;iw gpizg;G ngw;Ws;sJ. vdNt ,J epiwTw;w Nru;kk; MFk;.
2. xU fupk Nru;kk; A vd;gjd; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL C2H4O2 ,J gjg;gLj;Jjypy; gad;gLfpwJ.

NkYk; vj;jdhYld; tpidGupe;J ,dpa kzKila Nru;kk; B ia jUfpwJ. [PTA – 5]
m) Nru;kq;fs; A, B iaf; fz;lwpf.
A → vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; (my;yJ) mrpl;bf; mkpyk;

B → vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal;
M) Nru;kk; B cUthjy; tpidapid vOJf. my;yJ A Nru;kk; vj;jdhy; cld;

GupAk; B Nru;kj;ijj; jUk; Ntjptpidf;fhd rkd;ghl;il vOJf.
mlu; 𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐨𝟒
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O
vj;jdhapf; mkpyk; vj;jdhy; vj;jpy; vj;jNdhNal;
A B
,) ,e;epfo;tpw;F my;yJ ,t;Ntjptpidf;F ngaupLf.

,e;epfo;tpw;F my;yJ ,t;Ntjptpidf;F v];luhf;Fjy; vd;W ngau;.
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nraypay;
1. NtWghL jUf. [MDL – 19]
m) xU tpijapiyj; jhtuNtu; kw;Wk; ,U tpijapiyj; jhtu Ntu;. [SEP - 2020]
t. ,Utpijapiyj; jhtuNtu; xUtpijapiyj;
jpRf;fs;
vz; (mtiu) jhtuNtu; (Nrhsk;)
1. iryf;fw;iwfspd; vz;zpf;if ehd;FKid iryk; gyKid iryk;
2. Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fhzg;gltpy;iy
3. ,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;rr; p cz;L ,y;iy
4. gpj; my;yJ nkl;Ly;yh ,y;iy cz;L
5. ,izg;G jpR ghud;ifkh ];fpspud;ifkh
M) fhw;Ws;s (fhw;W) Rthrk; kw;Wk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;. [AUG – 2022, SEP - 2021]
fhw;W Rthrk; fhw;wpy;yh Rthrk;
1) Mf;]p[d; cjtpahy;; eilngWfpwJ. 1) Mf;]p[d; ,y;yhj epiyapy; eilngWfpwJ.
2) ,J ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk;
2) ,J rpy ghf;Bupahf;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpyq;Ffspy; eilngWfpwJ.
3) czthdJ Mf;]pfuzkile;J 3) FSf;Nfh]hdJ vj;jdhyhfTk;
fhHgd; il Mf;i]L> ePH kw;Wk; my;yJ Nyf;bf; mkpykhfTk;
Mw;wyhf khw;wg;gLfpwJ. khw;wg;gLfpwJ.
4) 4) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP 4) C6H12O6 → 2 CO2+2 C2H5OH+Mw;wy; (ATP)
2. fhw;W Rthrpfs; nry;Rthrj;jpd; NghJ vt;thW FSf;Nfh]pypUe;J Mw;wiyg;

ngWfpd;wd? mjw;fhd %d;W gbepiyfis vOjp tptupf;fTk;.
nry;Rthrk;: czthdJ Mf;]pfuzkile;J Mw;wy; ngWk; capu;Ntjpapay; epfo;T.
fhw;Wr; Rthrj;jpd; gbepiyfs; :
p ; (FSf;Nfh]; gpsg;G) : xU %yf;$W FSf;Nfh]hdJ> ,uz;L %yf;$W
fpisf;fhypr]
ig&tpf; mkpykhf irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; gpsf;fg;gLk; epfo;r;rp.
fpug;Row;rp my;yJ l;iu fhHghf;]pypf; mkpy Row;rp (Tricarboxylic Acid cycle - TCA) :
 ikl;Nlhfhz;bupahtpd; cl;$o;kj;jpy;(matrix) fpisf;fhyp]p]; epfo;r;rpapd; Kbtpy;
cz;lhd igUtpf; mkpyk; KOtJk; Mf;]pfuzkile;J CO2 kw;Wk; ePuhf khWk; Row;rp.
vyf;l;uhd; flj;Jk; rq;fpyp mikg;G (Electron Transport chain – ETC):
 ikl;Nlhfhz;l;upahtpd; cl;Gwr;rt;tpy; vyf;l;uhd;fis flj;Jk; mikg;G
cs;sJ.
 NADH2 & FADH2 Mw;wiy ntspNaw;wp NAD+ & FAD+ Mf
Mf;]pfuzkilfpd;wd.
 ,q;F ntspahd Mw;wy; ADPahy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;L ATP-Mf
cUthfpwJ. ,J Mf;]pfuz gh];Ngl; Nru;g;G MFk;.
 ntspNaw;wg;gl;l vyf;l;uhid Mf;]p[d; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ePuhf xLf;fkilfpwJ.
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3. xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; xsprhu;e;j nray; vt;thW xspr;rhuhj nraypypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ.
,e;epfo;r;rpapy; <LgLk; %yg;nghUs;fs; ahit? ,Wjpg; nghUl;fs; ahit? ,t;tpU
epfo;r;rpfSk; gRq;fzpfj;jpy; vq;F eilngWfpd;wd?
xsprhHe;j (xsp) tpid Xsprhuh (,Us;) tpid
R+upa xspapd; Kd;dpiyapy; eilngWfpwJ. ,jw;F R+upa xsp Njitapy;iy.
%yg;nghUs; : xspr;Nru;f;if epwkpfs;> R+upa xsp> H2O %yg;nghUs; : CO2, ATP, NADPH2
,Wjpg;nghUs; : ATP, NADPH2, O2 ,Wjpg;nghUs; : fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;
gRq;fzpfj;jpd; ijyf;fha;L rt;tpy; (fpuhdh) gRq;fzpfj;jpd; ];l;Nuhkh gFjpapy;
eilngWfpwJ. eilngWfpwJ.
1. xspr;Nru;f;if xU capu; Ntjpapay; epfo;r;rpahFk;.
m) xsptpid kw;Wk; ,Us; tpidapd; NghJk; cUthFk; tpidtpis nghUl;fs; ahit?
xsp tpid ,Us; tpid [PTA – 5]
tpidgL nghUs; xspr;Nru;f;if epwkpfs;> R+upa xsp> H2O CO2, ATP, NADPH2
tpidtpis nghUs; ATP, NADPH2, O2 fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;
M) xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; capu;Ntjp tpidapy; <LgLk; rpy tpidgLnghUl;fs; ,e;epfo;r;rpapd;
Row;rpapy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; <LgLfpd;wd me;j tpidgL nghUl;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
 xsptpidapd;NghJ ATP & NADPH2 Mfpait R+upa xspapy; cUthfpd;wd.
 ,J CO2 cjtpAld; ,Us; tpidapd;NghJ fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;lhf xLf;fkilfpwJ.
 ,Us; tpidapd; ,Wjpapy; ADP kw;Wk; NADP+ cUthfpd;wd.
 ,it kPz;Lk; xsptpidapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; capu;Ntjp tpidapy; <LgLk; ATP, ADP, NADPH2 kw;Wk; NADP+
Mfpa tpidgLnghUl;fs; ,e;epfo;r;rpapd; Row;rpapy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; <LgLfpd;wd.

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1. ml;ilapd; ,ja mikg;Gf;Nfw;g mjd; Rw;Nwhl;l kz;lyk; vt;thW tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
 ,uj;j clw;Fop kz;lyk; %yk; Rw;Nwhl;lk; eilngWfpwJ.
 ,uj;jf; Foha;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf ,uj;jk; Nghd;w jputj;jhy; epug;gg;gl;l ,uj;j
clw;Fopf; fhy;tha;fs; mike;Js;sd.
 ,e;j clw;Fop jputkhdJ `PNkhFNshgpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ,jd; Rw;Nwhl;l kz;lyj;jpy; ehd;F ePz;l fhy;tha;fs; cs;sd.
 xd;W czTg;ghijapd; Nky;GwKk; kw;nwhd;W fPog
; ;GwkhfTk; mike;Js;sJ.
 kw;w ,U fhy;tha;fSk; czTg;ghijapd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk; cs;sJ.
 fPog
; ;Gwj;jpy; 26 MtJ fz;lj;jpy; fhy;tha;fs; xd;whf ,izfpd;wd.
2. ml;ilapy; eilngWk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp epfo;;r;rpapd; gbepiyfis vOJf. [PTA – 5]

ml;ilapy; eilngWk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp :
tisjy; my;yJ Cu;jy; ,af;fk; :
 jirfspd; RUf;fk; kw;Wk; ePs;jy; %yk; ,af;fk; eilngWk;.
 ,t;tpaf;fj;jpd; NghJ xl;bf; nfhs;tjw;F ,U xl;LwpQ;rpfSk; cjTfpd;wd.
ePe;Jjy; ,af;fk; :
 ml;il ePupy; kpFe;j nrayhf;fj;Jld; ePe;jp> miy ,af;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
3. Kaypd; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f kz;lyj;ijg; glk; tiue;J tpsf;Ff.

 Xupiz tpe;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;NwhL
njhlu;Gila ehsq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 tpe;jfq;fs; tpijg;igfspDs; mike;Js;sd.
 xt;nthU tpe;jfKk; tpe;J Ez;Foy;fs; vd;w
RUz;l Foy;fspd; njhFg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 tpe;J Ez;Foy;fspy; tpe;J nry;fs;
Kjpu;r;rpailAk; NghJ mit Nrfupf;Fk;
ehsq;fspy; Njf;fg;gl;L> vgpbilkpRf;Ff;
flj;Jfpd;wd.
 ,Ugf;f tpe;J ehsq;fs;> rpWePug;igf;F fPNo tbFohapy; ,ize;J Mz; Fwpapy;
Nru;fpwJ.
 Jizr; Rug;gpfs; : Guh];Nll; Rug;gp> nfsg;gu; Rug;gp kw;Wk; foptplr; Rug;gpfs;.
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1. jhtuq;fs; vt;thW ePiu cwpQ;Rfpd;wd. tptup.
ePiu cs;nsLf;Fk; cWg;Gfs;-Ntu;j;J}tp :
 Ntu;j;J}tpfs; ePu; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fis guty; %ykhf
cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.
 ,J nky;ypa RtUilait kw;Wk; xU nry;yhy;
Mdjhy; jhtuj;jpd; cwpQ;Rk; gug;gpid mjpfupf;fpd;wd.
cwpQ;rg;gl;l eP;u; Ntupy; nry;Yk; ghij :
 ePuhdJ Ntu;j;J}tpapDs; nrd;wTld; ePupd; nrwpthdJ Gwzpg; gFjpia tpl
Ntu;j;J}tpapy; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
 MfNt ePuhdJ rt;T+L gutypd; fhuzkhf Ntu;j;J}tpapypUe;J Gwzp nry;fs; topahf
mfj;Njhypy; Eioe;J iryj;ij milfpwJ.
 gpd;G> iryj;jpypUe;J ePuhdJ jz;L kw;Wk; ,iyfSf;F flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Ntu; nry;fspy; ePu; nry;Yk; topKiwfs; :
1. mg;Nghgpsh];l; top
 ePuhdJ KOf;f KOf;f nry;Rtu; kw;Wk; nry; ,ilntspapd; topahfr; nry;fpwJ.
 ,e;j tif flj;Jjy; nrwptpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
2. rpk;gpsh];l; top
 ePuhdJ nry;ypd; gpsh];kh rt;T irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpid kw;Wk;
gpsh];Nkhnl];Nkl;lh topahf nry;fpwJ.
 ,e;j tif flj;Jjy; nrwpT ruptpd; mbg;gilapNyNa mike;Js;sd kw;Wk;
nkJthf eilngWfpwJ.
2. ePuhtpg;Nghf;F vd;why; vd;d? ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf. [AUG – 2022]

ePuhtpg;Nghf;F : jhtuj;jpd; Gw cWg;GfspypUe;J Fwpg;ghf ,iyapd; Gwj;Njhy; Jis topahf
ePuhdJ Mtpahf ntspNaWtJ ePuhtpg;Nghf;F vdg;gLk;.
ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :
 ,J ePuhtpg;Nghf;fpd; ,Otpiria cUthf;FfpwJ.
 ,J xspr;Nru;f;iff;F Njitahd ePiu jUfpwJ.
 ,J fdpkq;fs; jhtuj;jpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfSf;Fk; nry;y cjTfpwJ.
 ,J ,iyfspd; Nkw;gug;G Fspu;r;rpahf ,Uf;f cjTfpwJ.
 ,J nry;fs; tpiwg;Gj; jd;ikAld; ,Uf;;fr; nra;tjhy;> mtw;wpd; tbtk;
khwhkYk; ,Uf;f cjTfpwJ.
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3. ypA+f;Nfhirl;Lfs; Jfs;fs; cilait kw;Wk; Jfs;fsw;wit vd
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Vd;? mtw;wpd; ngau;fisAk;> gzpfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
 ypA+f;Nfhirl;Lfs; Jfs;fs; fhzg;gLjy; kw;Wk; fhzg;glhky; ,Uj;jiy nghWj;J
Jfs;fSila nry;fs; kw;Wk; Jfs;fsw;w nry;fs; vd gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1) Jfs;fSila nry;fs; : ,it irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; Jfs;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd;
cl;fUf;fs; xOq;fw;wit my;yJ fJg;Gfs; cilait.
Neha;j;njhw;W kw;Wk; tPf;fj;jpd; NghJ ,tw;wpd; vz;zpf;if
i) epA+l;Nuh/gpy;fs;
mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 xl;Lz;zpj; njhw;W kw;Wk; xt;thik Vw;gLk; NghJ ,tw;wpd;
ii) <rpNdh/gpy;fs;
vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;fpwJ.
 er;R Kwptpid Vw;gLj;JtJ ,jd; Kf;fpa gzpahFk;.
iii) NgNrh/gpy;fs; ,J tPf;fq;fs; cz;lhFk;NghJ Ntjpg;nghUs;fis ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd.
2) Jfs;fsw;w nry;fs; : ,tw;wpd; irl;Nlhgpshrj;;jpy; Jfs;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,tw;wpd;
cl;fUf;fs; fJg;Gfs; mw;wit.
itu]; kw;Wk; ghf;Bupah Neha;njhw;Wjypd; NghJ ,it
i) ypk;/Nghirl;Lfs;
vjpu;g;nghUis cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
ii) NkhNdhirl;Lfs; ,it tpOq;F nry;fshf cs;sjhy; ghf;Bupahit tpOq;Ffpd;wd.
4. rp];Nlhy; kw;Wk; ila];Nlhy; NtWgLj;Jf. ,jaj; Jbg;gpd; guTjiy tpsf;Ff.
rp];Nlhy; ila];Nlhy;
1. ,jaj;jpd; Mupf;fps;fs; kw;Wk; 1. ,jaj;jpd; Mupf;fps;fs; kw;Wk;
ntz;l;upf;fps;fs; RUq;Fjy;. ntz;l;upf;fps;fs; tpuptiljy;.
2. rhjhuz rp];Nlhypf; mOj;jk; 120mm. 2. rhjhuz ila];Nlhypf; mOj;jk; 80mm.
,jaj;Jbg;G guTjy; :
 irNdh Vl;upay; fZ(SA) ,jaj;jpd; Ng];Nkf;fuhfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
 SA fZ ,jaj; Jbg;GfSf;fhd kpd; J}z;liyj; Njhw;Wtpj;J ,jaj; jirfspd;
RUf;fj;ijj; J}z;LfpwJ.
 ,e;j J}z;ly;fs;> miyfshfg; gutp tyJ kw;Wk; ,lJ Vl;upa Rtu;fisr; RUq;fr;
nra;fpwJ.
 ,jd; %yk; ,uj;jk; Mupf;FNyh ntz;l;upf;Fyhu; jpwg;gpd; topahf
ntz;l;upf;fps;fSf;F ce;jpj; js;sg;gLfpwJ.
 SA fZtpypUe;J kpd;J}z;ly; miyfs; Vl;upNah ntz;l;upf;Fyhu; (AV) fZtpw;Fg;
guTfpwJ.
 Vl;upNah ntz;l;upf;Fyhu; fw;iw kpd;J}z;ly; miyfis gug;GfpwJ.
 mJ Gu;fpd;[p fw;iwfs; top ntz;l;upf;fps;fSf;F mile;J mtw;iwr; RUq;fr; nra;fpwJ.
5. ,uj;jj;jpd; gzpfisg; gl;baypLf. [AUG – 2022, SEP – 2021]
,uj;jj;jpd; gzpfs; :
 ,J Rthr thAf;fisf; flj;JfpwJ. (O2 kw;Wk; CO2)
 ,J nrupkhdk; mile;j czTg; nghUl;fis midj;J nry;fSf;Fk; flj;j cjTfpwJ.
 ,J `hu;Nkhd;fs; kw;Wk; iel;u[d; fopTg; nghUl;fshd mk;Nkhdpah> A+upah> A+upf;
mkpyk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; flj;JfpwJ.
 ,J Neha;j; jhf;FjypypUe;J cliyg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
 clypd; ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; pH-I xOq;FgLj;Jk; jhq;F Clfkhfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
 ,J clypd; ePu;r; rkepiyiag; guhkupf;fpwJ.
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15. euk;G kz;lyk;

1. epa+uhdpd; mikg;ig glj;Jld; tptup. [MDL – 19]
(i) irl;lhd;; (m) nry; clyk; (m) ngupNfupNahd; :
 ,jd; ika cl;fUtpy; irl;Nlhgpshrk; epuk;gpAs;s gFjp epa+Nuhgpshrk; vdg;gLk;.
 irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; eprpy; Jfs;fs; epuk;gpAs;sd. kw;w nry; Ez;ZWg;GfSk; cs;sd.
 Ez; ,iofs; euk;G J}z;ly;fis flj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wd.
(ii) nlz;l;iul;Lfs; :
 fpisj;j irl;Nlhgpshr;kpf; nray;KiwahFk;.
 nry; clyj;jpd; ntspg;Gwk; gy fpisj;j gFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 euk;Gj; J}z;ly;fs; irl;lhid Nehf;fpf; flj;Jfpd;wd.
 ,it rkpf;iQfis cs;thq;Fk; gug;gpid mjpfkhf;FfpwJ.
(iii) Mf;rhd; : ,J jdpj;j> ePskhd> nky;ypa mikg;G MFk;.
 ,jd; gpsh];kh rt;T Mf;N]hnyk;kh vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
 ,jd; irl;Nlhgpshrk; Mf;N]hgpshrk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk;.
 ikaypd; ciw: ghJfhg;G ciwahfr; nray;gl;L euk;G
Jhz;ly;fis tpiuthf flj;j cjTfpwJ.
 ,J epa+upnyk;kh vd;w ciwahy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Nud;tPupd; fZf;fs; - ikaypd; ciwapy; cs;s ,ilntspfs;.
 rpdhg;];/rpdhg;bf; ,izT: xU epa+uhdpd; rpdhg;bf; Fkpo; gFjpf;Fk;> kw;nwhU
epa+uhdpd; nlz;l;uhd; ,izAk; gFjpf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s ,ilntspg;gFjp.
 epa+Nuhbuhd;];kpl;lHfs;: xU epa+uhdpypUe;J jfty;fs; kw;nwhU epa+uhDf;F
flj;jg;gLtJ rpdhg;bf; Fkpo; gFjpapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;.
2. %isapd; mikg;igAk; gzpfisAk; tpsf;Ff. [PTA – 1]
%is: clypd; midj;J nray;ghLfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ikak;. ,J bA+uh Nkl;lu;>
muf;dha;L ciw> igah Nkl;lu; vdg;gLk; 3 ,izg;G rt;Tfshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
i) Kd; %is :
 ngU%is: kpfg;ngupa gFjp. tyJ & ,lJ miuf;Nfhsq;fshf gpsthy; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fhu;g]; fNyhrk;: 2 ngU%is miuf; Nfhsq;fis ,izf;fpwJ.
 ngU%isg; Gwzp: rhk;gy; epw ntspg;Gw gFjp - ifup kw;Wk; ry;rp.
 ngU%is nkLy;yh: cl;Gw Mokhd gFjp ntz;ik epwg; nghUshy; MdJ.
 ngU%is fJg;Gfs;: Kd;Gwf;fJg;G> gf;fthl;Lf;fJg;G> Nkw;Gwf;fJg;G> gpd;Gwf;fJg;G.
gzpfs;: rpe;jpj;jy;> Ez;zwpT> tpopg;Gzu;T epiy> epidTj; & fw;gidj; jpwd; Mfpait.
 jyhk];: ngU%isapd; nkLy;yh gFjpia R+o;e;J mike;Js;sJ. gzp: flj;J ikak;.
 i`Nghjyhk];: jyhk]pd; fPog ; ;gFjpapy; cs;sJ. gzpfs;: ,J cs;shHe;j
czHTfis fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ> euk;G & ehskpy;yhr; Rug;G kz;lyj;jpd; ,izg;G.
ii) eL%is: ,J jyhk]pw;Fk; gpd; %isf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;Js;sJ.
gzpfs;: ghHit kw;Wk; Nfl;lypd; mdpr;irr; nray;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
iii) gpd; %is:
 rpW %is: ,uz;lhtJ ngupa gFjp. ikag;gFjpapy; 2 gf;fthl;L fJg;Gfs; cs;sd.
gzpfs;: ,af;F jirfspd; ,af;fq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;. cly; rkepiyiag; NgZjy;.
 ghd;];: rpW %isapd; fJg;Gfis ,izf;Fk; ,izg;G. ,J rpW%is> jz;Ltlk;>
eL%is> ngU%is Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNa rkpf;iQfis flj;Jk; ikak;.
gzpfs;: Rthrk; kw;Wk; cwf;f Row;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
 KFsk;: jz;Ltlj;ijAk; %isapd; gpw gFjpfisAk; ,izf;fpd;wJ.
gzpfs;: ,jak;> Rthr ikak;> ,uj;jf; Foha;fspd; RUf;fj;jpid fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ikak;.
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3. cdJ ifia ahuhtJ rpW Crp %yk; Fj;Jk;NghJ eP vd;d nra;tha;? vd;gjidAk;
,e;j euk;Gj; J}z;ly; nry;yf;$ba ghijia glk; tiue;J ghfq;fSld; tpsf;Ff.
 xUtH ekJ ifia Crpahy; Fj;Jk;NghJ> typ J}z;ly; ekJ ifapy; czug;gLk;.
 typ czu;Ntw;gpfs; J}z;liy czu;fpwJ.
 jz;Ltlj;Jf;F ,j;jfty;fs; czH euk;G
nry;fs; %yk; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 jz;LtlkhdJ ,j;J}z;liy gFj;jwpe;J> cupa
Jyq;fiy flj;Jk; ikaj;jpd; euk;Gr; nry;fs;
%ykhf ,af;f euk;G nry;fSf;F flj;JfpwJ.
 jz;Ltlk; gpwg;gpf;Fk; fl;lisfis ,af;f
euk;Gr; nry;fs; iffSf;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.
 ifapy; cs;s jir ehu;fs; RUq;Ftjhy;>
CrpapypUe;J cldbahf iffis tpyf;FfpNwhk;.
4. jz;Ltlj;jpd; mikg;gpid tptup.
 ,J Ks;nsYk;Gj; njhlupd; euk;Gf;FoYf;Fs; mike;j Foy; Nghd;w mikg;G.
 ,J KFsj;jpd; fPo;g;Gwk; njhlq;fp ,Lg;ngYk;gpd; fPo;g;Gwk; tiu mike;Js;sJ.
 %isiag; Nghd;W jz;LtlKk; %tif rt;Tfshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 /igyk; nlu;kpdNy - jz;Ltl fPo;g;Gwk;> FWfpa nky;ypa ehHfs; ,ize;j mikg;G.
 ikaf;Foy; - jz;Ltlj; jputj;jhy; epuk;gpAs;s Foy;.
 jz;Ltlj;jpd; rhk;gy; epwg;gFjp “H” Nghd;W mike;Js;sJ. jz;Ltl euk;Gfs;:
 Nkw;gf;f Kidfs; “tapw;Wg;Gwf; nfhk;Gfs;" (posterior horns).
 fPo;g;gf;f Kidfs; “KJFg;Gwf; nfhk;Gfs;" (anterior horns).
 ntspg;Gw ntz;ik epwg;gFjp euk;gpiof; fw;iwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
5. xU epa+uhdpypUe;J kw;nwhU epa+uhDf;F euk;G J}z;ly;fs; vt;thW flj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
 Gwr;#o;epiyapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; J}z;ly;fs; czu;Ntw;gpfspd; %yk; czug;gLfpd;wd.
 ,j;J}z;ly;fs; kpd;J}z;ly;fshf epA+uhd; top flj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 ,j;J}z;ly;fs; nlz;l;uhd; topahf nry; clyj;Jf;F flj;jg;gl;L Mf;]hid
milfpwJ.
 Mf;]hd; KidahdJ euk;GzHT flj;jpfis (epa+Nuhl;uhd;];kpl;lH) ntspapLfpwJ.
 ,it euk;G ,izTg; gFjpapy; gutp mLj;j epa+uhdpYs;s nlz;l;uhd;fis milfpwJ.
 ,t;thW njhlHe;J flj;jg;gl;L kpd; J}z;ly;fs; %is my;yJ jz;Ltlj;ij
milfpwJ.
 ,jw;Fupa Jyq;fy;fs; ntspg;gl;L Fwpg;gpl;l jirfs; my;yJ Rug;gpfis milfpd;wd.
6. epa+uhd;fs; mtw;wpd; mikg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd? [SEP - 2020]
i) xUKid epa+uhd;fs; :
 xUKid kl;LNk irl;lhdpy; ,Ue;J fpisj;J fhzg;gLk;.
 ,JNt Mf;rhd; kw;Wk; nlz;buhdhf nray;gLk;.
 ,it> tsH fUtpd; Muk;g epiyapy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.
ii) ,U Kid epa+uhd;fs; :
 irl;lhdpypUe;J ,U euk;Gg;gFjpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 xd;W Mf;rhdhfTk; kw;nwhd;W nlz;buhdhfTk; nray;gLk;.
 ,it fz;zpd; tpopj;jpiuapYk;> ehrpj;Jisapy; cs;s
My;/Ngf;lup vgPjpypaj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;.
iii) gyKid epa+uhd;fs; :
 irl;lhdpypUe;J gy nld;l;uhd;fSk;> xU Mf;rhDk; fhzg;gLk;.
 ,it> %isapd; ngU%isg; Gwzpapy; fhzg;gLk;.
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1. m) thA epiyapy; cs;s jhtu `hHNkhd; vJ? jhtuq;fspy; mjd; %d;W nray;ghLfis
(tho;tpay; tpisTfs;) vOJf. [SEP – 2021, PTA – 3]
thA epiyapy; cs;s jhtu `hHNkhd; vj;jpypd;.
 ,J fdpfs; gOg;gij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
 ,J ,Utpijapiyj; jhtuq;fspy; NtH & jz;L ePl;rp miltijj; jil nra;fpwJ.
 ,J %g;giltij tpiuTgLj;JfpwJ.
 cjpu;jy; mLf;F cw;gj;jpiaj; J}z;b> Kjpu;r;rpailAk; Kd;Nd ,iy cjpu;e;JtpLfpwJ.
M) jhtuq;fspd; ,Wf;f epiy `hHNkhd; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? Vd;?
,Wf;fepiy `hHNkhd; - mg;rprpf; mkpyk;. Vnddpy;> ,J gy;NtW tifahd
,Wf;f epiyfSf;F vjpuhf jhtuq;fspd; rfpg;Gj; jd;ikia mjpfupf;fpwJ.
2. tsHr;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; `hHNkhd; Kisf;FUj;J ciwapd; Edpapy; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Fk; Ma;tpid tptup.
/gpupl;]; thHkhy;l; ntz;l;> mtpdh Kisf;FUj;J Edpapy; Mf;rpd;; ,Ug;gij fz;lwpe;jhu;.
mtuJ Kjy; Ma;tpy; :
 Kisf;FUj;J ciwapd; Edpia ePf;fpdhH.
 Edp ePf;fg;gl;l Kisf;FUj;J ciw tsutpy;iy.
 tsHr;rpf;Fj; Njitahd xU nghUs; Kisf;FUj;J ciwapd; EdpapypUe;J
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gijf; fhl;baJ.
mtuJ ,uz;lhtJ Ma;tpy; :
 mfhH Jz;il> Edp ePf;fg;gl;l Kisf;FUj;J ciwapd; kPJ itj;jhH.
 ,J vt;tpj gjpy; tpisitAk; fhl;ltpy;iy.
mtuJ mLj;j Ma;tpy; :
 ntl;b vLj;j Kisf;FUj;J ciwapd; Edpapid mfhH Jz;lj;jpd; kPJ itj;jhH.
 xU kzp Neuj;jpw;F gpd;dH Edpia ePf;fptpl;L> mfhH Jz;lj;ij Edp ePf;fg;gl;l
Kisf;FUj;J ciwapd; kPJ itj;jhH. mJ Neuhf tsHe;jJ
 Kisf;FUj;J ciwapd; EdpapypUe;J mfhH Jz;lj;Js; CLUtp nrd;w xU
Ntjpg;nghUs; jhd; tsHr;rpiaj; J}z;baJ vd;gijf; fhl;baJ.
KbT: me;j tsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;Lk; Ntjpg;nghUSf;F Mf;rpd; vd;W ngaupl;lhH.
3. [pg;uy;ypd;fspd; tho;tpay; tpisTfis vOJf.
 [pg;uy;ypd; fZtpilg;gFjpapd; mrhjhuz ePl;rpiaj; J}z;LfpwJ.
 [pg;uy;ypd;fisf; nfhz;L Nghy;bq;ia (Bolting) rhjpf;fyhk;.
 Mz; kyHfs; Njhd;Wtij Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
 cUisf; fpoq;fpd; cwf;f epiyia ePf;Ffpd;wd.
 fUTwhf; fdpfisj; J}z;Ltjpy; Mf;rpd;fistpl [pg;uy;ypd;fs; jpwd; kpf;fit.
4. <];l;Nuh[d;fs; vq;F cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd? kdpj clypy; ,tw;wpd; gzpfs; ahit?
<];l;Nuh[d; tsHr;rpAWk; mz;lj;jpd; fpuh/gpad; nry;fspdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
<];l;Nuh[dpd; gzpfs; :
 ,J gUtkiljypd; NghJ clypy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 mz;l nry; cUthf;fj;ijj; Jtf;FfpwJ.
 mz;l ghypf;fps; nry;fs; KjpHtiltijj; J}z;LfpwJ.
 ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs; tsHr;rpailtij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
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5. Md;b ila+upl;bf; `hHNkhd; (ADH) kw;Wk; ,d;Rypd; Fiwthfr; Rug;gjhy; cz;lhFk;
epiyfs; ahit? ,it ,uz;Lk; vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?
t.vz; lahgB]; ,d;rpgpl]; lahgB]; nkypl];
1. ADH Fiwthf Rug;gjhy;> rpWePh; ,d;Rypd; Rug;gpy; FiwghL Vw;gLtjhy; rpWePupy;
%yk; ePh; ,og;G mjpfhpf;fpwJ. mjpf FSf;Nfh]; ntspNaWfpwJ(fpisf;NfhR+upah).
2. ghypa+upah cz;lhfpwJ. ghypa+upah> ghypbg;rpah> ghyp/Ng[pah cz;lhfpwJ.
3. ePH kPs cwpQ;rg;gLtJ FiwfpwJ. ,uj;jrh;f;fiu msT mjpfhpf;Fk; (i`gHfpisrPkpah).

,dg;ngUf;fk;
1. g+f;Fk; jhtuj;jpYs;s R+yfj;jpd; mikg;ig glk; tiue;J ghfq;fSld; tpsf;Ff. [PTA – 5]
R+ypd; mikg;G :
1. R+ypd; Kf;fpakhd gFjp R+y; jpR MFk;.
2. ,J 2 R+y; ciwfshy; R+og;gl;L Nky; gFjpapy; ,izahky; cs;s ,ilntsp R+y;Jis.
3. R+yhdJ> R+y; miwapDs; xU rpwpa fhk;gpd; %yk; xl;bf; nfhs;tJ R+y; fhk;G MFk;.
4. R+ypd; mbg;gFjp R+yb vdg;gLk;.
5. fUg;igapDs; cs;s R+y; jpRtpDs; VO nry;fSk;
vl;L cl;fUf;fSk; cs;sd.
 mz;l rhjdk;: R+y;Jis mUfpy;> XH mz;l nry;
kw;Wk; ,uz;L rpidahw;wpak; (Synergids) cs;sJ.
 vjpHj;JUt nry;: R+ybapYs;s %d;W cl;fUf;fs;.
 ikaj;jpy; cs;s xU nry; JUt nry;yhFk;.
2. khjtplha; Row;rpapd; gy;NtW epiyfs; ahit? me;epiyfspd; NghJ mz;lfk; kw;Wk;
fUg;igapy; epfOk; khw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. [PTA – 3]
 khjtplha; my;yJ mopT epiy (4-5 ehl;fs;) :
 Kjy;epiy ghypf;fps;fspd; tsHr;rp
 fUg;igapd; vz;Nlhnkl;upaj;jpd; cl;RtH cupe;J Vw;gLk; ,uj;jg;Nghf;F.
 GNuhn[];buhd; kw;Wk; <];l;Nuh[d; msT Fiwjy;.
 ghypf;FyhH my;yJ ngUf;f epiy (6-13 ehl;fs;) :
 Kjy;epiy ghypf;fps;fs; tsHr;rpaile;J fpuhgpad; ghypf;fps;fshjy;.
 ngUf;f epiyapdhy; vz;Nlhnkl;upak; Gj;jhf;fk; ngWjy;.
 FSH kw;Wk; <];l;Nuh[d; mjpfupg;G.
 mz;lk; tpLgLk; epiy (14tJ ehs;) :
 fpuhgpad; ghypf;fps; ntbj;J mz;lk; tpLgLjy;. vz;Nlhnkl;upaj;jpd; RtH jbkdhfpwJ.
 LH – d; cr;r epiy.
 Y}l;bay; my;yJ cw;gj;jp epiy (15-28 ehl;fs;) :
 fhypahd fpuhgpad; ghypf;fps; tsHr;rpAw;W fhHg]; Y}l;bakhjy;.
 Kl;ilapy; fUTWjy; epfo;e;jhy; vz;Nlhnkl;upak; fUgjpTf;F jahuhfpwJ.
 fUTwhjNghJ fhHg];Y}l;bak; rpije;J fUg;igapd; RtH cupe;J Kl;il ntspNaWk;.
 LH kw;Wk; FSH Fiwjy;> fhu;g]; Y}l;baj;jpdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l
GNuhn[];buhd; msT Fiwe;J khjtplha; Vw;gLk;.
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$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
3. rpWePu;g; ghij Neha;j; njhw;W (UTI) gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOJf. [SEP - 2020]
 rpWePu;g; ghij Neha;j; njhw;W Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; vd ,UtiuAk; jhf;FfpwJ>
Mdhy; ngz;fis mjpfk; jhf;FfpwJ. Njhy;> kyf;Fly; (m) fytpf;fhy;thapy;

cs;s ghf;Bupahf;fs; rpWePu;g;Gw topapd; %ykhf NkNy nry;fpwJ.
 rpWePu;g; ghij njhw;W Nehapd; tiffs; :
i) rpWePu;g;ig mow;rp (cystisis) (m) rpWePu;g;ig njhw;W : ghf;Bupaq;fs; rpWePu;g;igapy; jq;fp gy;fpg;
ngUfp tPf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J 20 Kjy; 50 taJilNahiug; ghjpf;fpd;wJ.
ii) rpWePufj; njhw;W : ghf;Bupahf;fs; rpWePu;g;igapypUe;J rpWePu; ehsj;jpd; topahf
nrd;W rpWePufq;fis ghjpf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,J ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; njhw;wpid
Vw;gLj;jp> capUf;F Mgj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
iii) Neha; mwpFwpaw;w ghf;BupA+upah (Asymptomatic bacteruria) : rpWePu;g;igapy;
fhzg;gLk; ,g;ghf;Bupah ve;j Neha; mwpFwpapidAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
1. fPof
; ;fz;l gj;jpiag; gbj;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp.
uhfpdpAk; mtsJ ngw;NwhUk; njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpiag; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdH.
mg;NghJ ehg;fpd;fs; gad;gLj;Jtij Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tpsk;guk; xspgug;ghfpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
clNd> uhfpdpapd; ngw;NwhHfs; me;j Nrdiy khw;wpdH. Mdhy; uhfpdp mjw;F jd;Dila
vjpHg;igj; njuptpj;J> me;j tpsk;guj;jpd; NjitiaAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;fpdhs;.
m) Kjy; khjtplha; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? mJ vg;NghJ epfo;fpwJ?

G+g;g iljy;. ,J 11 Kjy; 13tJ tajpy; epfo;fpwJ.
M) khjtplhapd; NghJ Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba ehg;fpd; Rfhjhuj;ij tupirg;gLj;Jf.
 ehg;fpd;fis jhs;fisf; nfhz;L %lg;gl;l epiyapy; mg;Gwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
 ehg;fpd;fs; foptiw rhjdq;fSf;Fs; Nghlf;$lhJ.
 ehg;fpd;fis vupa+l;bfisg; gad;gLj;jp Kiwahf mfw;wNtz;Lk;.
,) jd; ngw;Nwhupd; ,r;nraYf;F uhfpdp jdJ vjpHg;igj; njuptpj;jJ rupah? rup vdpy;
tpsf;fk; $Wf.
uhfpdpapd; vjpu;g;G rup. Vnddpy;> xU ngz;zpd; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F khjtplha; Rfhjhuk;
Kf;fpakhdJ. NkYk; ,J Nghd;w jiyg;Gfis tPl;by; tpthjpf;f ntl;fg;glf;$lhJ.
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18. kugpay;
1. jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; ,U gz;Gf; fyg;ig tpsf;Ff. (m) nkz;lypd; ,U gz;G fyg;G
Nrhjidia tptupf;fTk;. ,J xU gz;Gf; fyg;gpypUe;J vt;tifapy; NtWgLfpwJ?
,Ugz;G fyg;G : ,J ,uz;L N[hb vjpupilg; gz;Gfisg; nfhz;l jhtu ,df;fyg;G.
Ma;Tfs; : cUz;il tbtk; kw;Wk; kQ;rs; epw tpijAila jhtuj;ij RUq;fpa tbtk;
kw;Wk; gr;ir epw tpijAila jhtuj;Jld; fyg;gpdk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
fz;lwpe;jit :
F1 re;jjpapy;: J}a tpij jhtuq;fis fyg;G nra;jdu;.
 KbT: midj;Jk;; cUz;il> kQ;rs; epw tpij jhtuq;fs;.
Xq;F gz;G - cUz;il tbtk; & kQ;rs; epwk;
xLq;F gz;G - RUq;fpa tbtk; & gr;ir epwk;
F2 re;jjpapy;: F1 re;jjpapy; Njhd;wpa ,U gz;G

fyg;G tpijfs; jd; kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff;Fl;gl;lJ.
 KbT: ehd;F tif tpij nfhz;l jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.
cUz;il kQ;rs; – 9 jhtuq;fs; - 2 Xq;F gz;G
1 Xq;F gz;G &
cUz;il gr;ir – 3 jhtuq;fs;
1 xLq;F gz;G
RUq;fpa kQ;rs; – 3 jhtuq;fs;
RUq;fpa gr;ir – 1 jhtuk; - 2 xLq;F gz;G
Gjpa jhtuq;fs;: cUz;il gr;ir> RUq;fpa kQ;rs;
Gwj;Njhw;w tpfpjk; - 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
jPu;T: RY rY Ry ry
 gz;GfSf;fhd fhuzpfs; jdpj; jd;ikAlDk; RY RRYY RrYY RRYy RrYy
rhu;gpd;wpAk; Nfkl;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rY RrYY rrYY RrYy rrYy
 ,f;fhuzpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; rhu;gpd;wp jdpj;jd;ik Ry RRYy RrYy RRyy Rryy
,of;fhky; mLj;j re;jjpf;F nry;Yk;. ry RrYy rrYy Rryy rryy
xU gz;Gf; fyg;G ,U gz;Gf; fyg;G

1. xU gz;gpd; ,U Njhw;wq;fis jdpj;jdpahfg; ,uz;L N[hb vjpupilg; gz;Gfisg;
ngw;w jhtuq;fisf; fyg;Gwr; nra;tJ MFk;. nfhz;l jhtu ,df;fyg;G MFk;.
2. v.fh : nel;ilj; jhtuk; × Fl;ilj; jhtuk; v.fh : cUz;il kQ;rs; × RUq;fpa gr;ir
3. F2 re;jjpapd; Gwj;Njhw;w tpfpjk; 3:1 F2 re;jjpapd; Gwj;Njhw;w tpfpjk; 9:3:3:1
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2. b.vd;.V mikg;G vt;thW cUthfpAs;sJ? b.vd;.V-tpd; capupay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?
b.vd;.V-tpd; mikg;G - thl;rd; kw;Wk; fpupf;fpd; khjpup :

i) b.vd;.V %yf;$W ,uz;L ghypepA+f;spNahilL ,iofshy; MdJ.
ii) ,it ,ul;ilr; RUs; mikg;Gld; vjpnujpu; jpirfspy; nry;fpd;wd.
iii) ikaj;jpYs;s iel;u[d; fhuq;fs;> ru;f;fiu – gh];Ngl; njhFjpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
iv) ,J epug;G fhu ,izTWjiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ>
 mbidd; ijkpDld; ,uz;L i`l;u[d; gpizg;Gfshy; ,ize;Js;sJ.(A = T).
 irl;Nlhrpd; FthidDld; %d;W i`l;u[d; gpizg;Gfshy; ,ize;Js;sJ.(C ≡ G).
v) i`l;u[d; gpizg;G b.vd;.V-tpw;F epiyg;Gj; jd;ikiaj; jUfpwJ.
vi) xt;nthU Rw;Wk; 34A° mstpyhdJ. xU KO Rw;wpy; gj;J fhu ,izfs; cs;sd.
vii) epA+f;spNahilLfs; gh];Ngh il v];lu; gpizg;Gfshy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
b.vd;.V-tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; : [SEP - 2020]
 ,J kugpay; jfty;fis xU jiyKiwapypUe;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;Ff; flj;JfpwJ.

 ,J Gujq;fs; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 xU capupdj;jpd; tsu;r;rp rhu; kw;Wk; tho;tpay; nray;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.
3. Gjpjhfg; gpwe;j Foe;ijapd; ghypd epu;zak; xU jw;nray; epfo;T. jhNah je;ijNah
,jw;Fg; nghWg;ghff; fUj KbahJ. Foe;ijapd; ghypdj;ij vj;jifa ,dr;nry; ,izT
KbT nra;fpwJ?
 kdpjdpy; 22 N[hb Ml;NlhNrhk;fs;>
1 N[hb my;NyhNrhk;fs; cs;sd.
 ngz;fs; - N`hNkhNfkPl;bf; (22+XX).
 Mz;fs; - n`l;bNuhNfkPl;bf; (22+XY).
 (22+X) FNuhNkhNrhk;fis cila tpe;jZf;fs;.
 (22+Y) FNuhNkhNrhk;fis cila tpe;jZf;fs;.
 mz;lk;> X cila tpe;jZTld;(22+X) fUTw;why; ngz; Foe;ij(44+XX) cUthfpwJ.
 mz;lk;> Y cila tpe;jZTld;(22+Y) fUTw;why; Mz; Foe;ij(44+XY) cUthfpwJ.
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1. gupzhkj;jpw;fhd ce;Jtpirahf ,aw;ifj; Nju;T cs;sJ. vt;thW? [PTA – 6, MDL – 19]
i) mjpf ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpwd; : capupdq;fs;> mjpf msT capupfis ngUf;fy; tpfpj

Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak;. ,J mjpf cw;gj;jpf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
ii) tho;f;iff;fhd Nghuhl;lk; : mjpf cw;gj;jp fhuzkhf> ,dj;njhif mjpfupf;fpwJ. Mdhy;>
capupdq;fs; thoj; Njitahd ,lKk;> czTk; mNj mstpy; khwhky; cs;sJ. ,J
capupdq;fSf;F ,ilNa Nghl;bia cUthf;fp> Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F toptFf;fpwJ.
 xNu rpw;wpd capupdq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd Nghuhl;lk;.
 ,U NtWgl;l rpw;wdq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd Nghuhl;lk;.
 R+o;epiy Nghuhl;lk;.
iii) NtWghLfs; : NtWghLfs; gupzhkj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhdit.
tiffs;: rhjfkhd NtWghLfs; (cgNahfkhdit)> rhjfkw;w NtWghLfs; (gad; mw;wit).
iv) jf;fd capu; gpioj;jy; (m) ,aw;ifj; Nju;T : Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ>
 fbd R+oiy vjpu;nfhs;Sk; capupdq;fs; capu; gpioj;J> Rw;Wr;R+oYf;F Vw;wthW khWk;.
 fbd R+oiy vjpu;nfhs;s Kbahj capupdq;fs; capu; gpiof;fj; jFjpapd;wp kiwe;JtpLk;.
 ,J ,aw;ifj; Nju;T vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
v) rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; : gy jiyKiwfshf gbg;gbahf Vw;gl;l rhjfkhd NtWghLfspd;

njhFg;gpdhy; Gjpa rpw;wpdq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
vdNt> Nkw;$wpa nfhs;iffs; gupzhkj;jpw;fhd ce;Jtpirahf nray;gLfpwJ.
2. mikg;G xj;j cWg;GfisAk;> nray; xj;j cWg;GfisAk; vt;thW NtWgLj;JtPu;fs;?
mikg;G xj;j cWg;Gfs; nray; xj;j cWg;Gfs;
1. ,it ghu;f;f ntt;NtwhfTk;> ntt;NtW 1. ,it ghu;f;f xNu khjpahfTk;> xNu

gzpfisAk; nra;fpd;wd. khjpupahd gzpfisAk; nra;fpd;wd.
2. Kd;Ndhu;fsplk; ,Ue;J cUthdit. 2. ntt;NtW Njhw;wk; nfhz;lit.
3. xNu khjpupahd tsu;r;rp Kiw nfhz;lit. 3. ntt;NtW fU tsu;r;rp Kiwfs; nfhz;lit.
4. mbg;gil mikg;Gfs; xNu khjpupahdit. 4. mbg;gil mikg;Gfs; NtWgl;lit.
5. v.fh: kdpjdpd; if> G+idapd; Kd;dq;fhy;. 5. v.fh :gwit kw;Wk; G+r;rpapd; ,wf;if
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3. gbtkhjy; jhtuq;fspy; vt;thW eilngWfpwJ? [PTA – 1]
ghiwfspy; Gij capu;g; gbtq;fs; cUthtijg; gbtkhjy; vd;fpNwhk;.
gbtkhjy; Kiwfs; :
i) fy;yhjy; :
 rpypf;fh Nghd;w fdpkq;fs;> ,we;j capupapd; cs;Ns CLUtp jpRf;fis mopj;J
ghiw Nghd;w Gijg; gbtj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.
 fbd kw;Wk; nkd;ikahd ghfq;fs; gbtk; Mfpd;wd.
 v.fh: vYk;G> kuf;fl;il gbtq;fs;
ii) mr;R kw;Wk; thu;g;G :
 jhtuk; my;yJ tpyq;F ghiwfSf;F ,ilNa mNj mikg;G khwhky;
gjg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 gbTfSf;F ,ilNa capupfs; Gije;J> epyj;jb ePupdhy; cly; rpije;J Xu;
ntw;wplk; cUthfpwJ. jhtuk; my;yJ tpyq;F Nghd;w Xu; mr;R Vw;gLfpwJ.
 gpd;G fdpkq;fs; my;yJ gbtq;fs; mt;ntw;wplj;ij epug;Gk;. ,J thu;g;G vdg;gLk;.
 ,jdhy;> me;j capupapd; cs;sikg;ig mwpa ,ayhJ.
iii) gjg;gLj;Jjy; :
 KOj; jhtuk; my;yJ tpyq;F ,k;Kiwapy; gjg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 gdpf;fl;b my;yJ kuq;fspd; jz;by; frpAk; gprpd; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gjpAk; capupfs;
mOfpg; Nghfhky; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
iv) mOj;jpa rpd;dq;fs; :
 flYf;F mbapy; cs;s ,we;j capupdq;fspd; fbd cWg;Gfs;> gbTfshy;
%lg;gLfpwJ.
 gbT cUthjy; njhlu;r;rpahf eilngw;W> Gij capu;g; gbtkhf khWfpwJ.
v) CLUTjy; my;yJ gjpyPl;Ljy; :
 rpy Ntisfspy; fdpkg; gbtk; nry; Rtiuj; jhz;br; nry;fpwJ.
 ,e;j CLUty; rpypfh> fhy;rpak; fhu;gNdl;> nkf;dPrpak; fhu;gNdl; Nghd;w
fdpkq;fshy; epug;gg;gLfpwJ.
 fbdg; gFjpfs; fiuf;fg;gl;L mg;gFjp fdpkq;fshy; epug;gg;gLfpwJ.
$Ljy; tpdh
4. capupdq;fspd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfisg; gl;baypLf. [MAY-2022]
rpwg;Gj; Njhw;wf; Nfhl;ghL :
 G+kpapy; tho;tJ nja;tPfkhdJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; ,aw;iff;F mg;ghw;gl;L Njhd;wp ,Uf;fyhk;.
 Njhd;wpajpypUe;J ,Jtiu mtw;wpy; ve;j khw;wKk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
Ra gilg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL (capupypg; gpwg;G) :
capuw;w nghUl;fspypUe;J jd;dpr;irahf capu; Njhd;wpaJ. v.fh : kPdf ; s; - NrW.
capu;g; gpwg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL :
Yap]; gh];lupd; Cfg;gb Kd;gpUe;j capupapy; ,Ue;Jjhd; capu; Njhd;wpaJ.
Ntw;Wf; fpuf (m) fh];kpf; Njhw;wk; :
 tpz;ntspapy; ,Ue;J capu; Njhd;wpaJ.
 capupd; myfhd ];Nghu;fs;(ghd;];ngu;kpah) gy;NtW Nfhs;fSf;F ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
capu;fspd; Ntjpg; gupzhkk; :
 Xghupd; & `hy;Nld;; Ntjp tpidfs; %ykhf capu; Njhd;wpaJ vd;wdu;.
 capuw;w fdpk %yf;$Wfs; → fupk %yf;$Wfs; → $o;kj; njhFjpfs; → capu;
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1. tpyq;Ffspy; fyg;gpd tPupaj;jpd; tpisTfs; ahit? [PTA – 1, 5]
fyg;gpd tPupak; (m) n`l;bNuhrp]; : cau;jug; gz;Gfis cila fyg;gpdq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
tpyq;Ffspy; fyg;gpd tPupaj;jpd; tpisTfs; :
 fhy;eilfspy; ghy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;jy;.
 Nfhopfspy; Kl;il cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;jy;.
 cau;ju ,iwr;rpia cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
 tPl;L tpyq;Ffspd; tsu; tPjj;ij mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;.
2. rLjpkhw;wj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tptup.

 xU capupdj;jpd; DNAtpd; epA+f;spNahilL tupirapy; jpBnud Vw;gLk;>
ghuk;gupaj;Jf;F cl;gLk; khw;wNk rLjp khw;wk; vdg;gLk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; :
 ru;gjp n]hdhuh: n]hdhuh-64 NfhJikapy; γ-fjpu;fs;> gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ml;lhkpl;lh 2: ctu; jd;ikiaj; jhq;Fk; jpwd;> jPq;Fapup vjpu;g;Gj; jd;ik ngw;wJ.

 fbdkhd fdp ciw nfhz;l epyf;fliy.
 rLjpkhw;w gapu;g;ngUf;fk;: gapu; Nkk;ghl;bw;F Jhz;lg;gl;l rLjp khw;wk;.
 rLjpkhw;wj;Jf;F cl;gLk; capupdk; rLjpkhw;wKw;w capupdk; (mutant) vdg;gLk;.
 rLjpkhw;wj;ijj; J}z;Lk; fhuzpfs; kpA+lhn[d;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,J ,U tifg;gLk;>
i) ,aw;gpay; rLjpkhw;wj; J}z;bfs;: X> α, β, γ-fjpu;fs;.

ii) Ntjpapay; rLjpkhw;wj; J}z;;bfs;:; iel;u; ]; mkpyk;.
3. cap&l;lr; rj;Njw;wk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
cap&l;lr;rj;Njw;wk;:
,J tpUk;gj;jf;f Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fshd itl;lkpd;fs;> Gujq;fs; kw;Wk; fdpkq;fs;
epiwe;j gapu; jhtuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;ag; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mwptpay; Kiw.
v.fh:  iyrpd(; mkpNdh mkpyk;) nrwpe;j fyg;gpd kf;fhr;Nrhsk; - GNuhl;bdh> rf;jp> uj;dh.
 Gujk; nrwpe;j NfhJik - ml;y]; 66.
 ,Uk;Gr; rj;J nrwpT+l;lg;gl;l muprp.
 itl;lkpd; A nrwpe;j Nful;> G+rzp kw;Wk; fPiu.
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4. [Pd; FNshdpq; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; glj;Jld; tptup.
[Pd; FNshdpq; :
 xU [Pd; / b.vd;.V Jz;lhdJ ghf;Bupa nry;ypDs; nrYj;jg;gl;;L> ghf;;Bupa nry;
gFg;gilAk;NghJ mjDld;> cl;nrYj;jg;gl;l b.vd;.V Jz;Lk; efy; ngUf;fk; miltjhFk;.
 FNshdpq; vd;gJ kunghj;j capupfis gpujpfshf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; KiwahFk;.
[Pd; FNshdpq; nray; El;gj;jpd; mbg;gil epfo;Tfs; :
 nu];l;upf;]d; nehjpiag; gad;gLj;jp tpUk;gpa b.vd;.V Jz;ilg; gpupj;njLj;jy;.
 b.vd;.V Jz;ilj; jFe;j flj;jpapDs; (gpsh];kpl;) Eioj;J kWNru;f;if
b.vd;.Vf;fis (rDNA) cUthf;Fjy;.
 tpUe;Njhk;gp ghf;Bupa nry;ypd; cs;Ns kWNru;f;if b.vd;.V-it cl;GFj;Jjy;
(cUkhw;wk;).
 cUkhw;wkile;j tpUe;Njhk;gp nry;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J kWNru;f;if b.vd;.V
(rDNA)it ghf;Bupa nry; ngUf;fk; %yk; efy;; ngUf;fk; nra;jy;.
 tpUe;Njhk;gpapd; nry;ypy; Gjpa [Pd; jdJ gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
5. kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; capu;njhopy;El;gtpaypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJf.[MAY-2022, SEP-2021]

capu;j; njhopy;El;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp kUj;;Jt Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j kjpg;Gkpf;f
Gujq;fs; (m) ghypngg;ilLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L Neha;fSf;F kUe;Jg; nghUl;fis
tzpf uPjpahf cw;gj;jp nra;a gad;gLfpd;wd.
rDNA njhopy;El;gj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s kUj;Jtg; nghUs;fs; :
 ,d;Rypd; - ,uj;j ru;f;fiu Neha; rpfpr;ir.
 kdpj tsu;r;rp `hu;Nkhd; - Foe;ijfspd; tsu;r;rp Fiwghl;bid ePf;Fk;.
 ,uj;jk; ciwjy; fhuzpfs; - `PNkh/gpypah rpfpr;ir.
 jpR gpsh];kpNdh[d; J}z;b - ,uj;jf; fl;bfisf; fiuj;J ,ja milg;igj; jtpu;f;fpwJ.
 n`g;ghbb]; B kw;Wk; ntwp eha;f;fb(Nugp];) Neha;fSf;fhd jLg;G+rpfs;.
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1. gapu; ufq;fis ngUf;Fgtu; xUtu; tpUk;gj; jf;fg; gz;Gfis jhtug; gapupy; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpwhu;. mtu; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gz;Gfspd; gl;baiyj; jahu; nra;.
 mjpf kfR+y; kw;Wk; cau;e;j juk;
 Neha; vjpu;g;Gj;jpwd;.
 G+r;rpfs;/jPq;Fapupfs; vjpu;g;Gj;jpwd;.
 Nkk;gl;l Cl;lr;rj;J juk;
 FWfpa fhy rhFgb
 miuf;Fs;s tiffs;
2. ‘,aw;if tptrhak; gRikg;Gul;rpia tpl rpwe;jJ’ fhuzq;fs; $W.
gRikg;Gul;rpia tpl ,aw;if tptrhak; rpwe;jJ vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :
 gRikg;Gul;rpapy; er;Rj;jd;ikAs;s> khR Vw;gLj;Jk; G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs; kw;Wk;
cuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,aw;if tptrhak; iel;u[d;> gh];gu];>
nghl;lhrpak; Nghd;w rj;Jf;fis kz;Zf;F Nru;f;fpwJ.
 ,aw;if tptrhaj;jpy;>
 rupahd kz; Nkyhz;ik nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 ,J Gtp ntg;gkiljypd; fhuzp MfhJ.
 ,J kpfTk; kypthdJ.
 czT rq;fpyp ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
vdNt. ,aw;if tptrhak; gRikg;Gul;rpia tpl ghJfhg;ghdJ> MNuhf;fpakhdJ kw;Wk;
Rw;Wr;R+oYf;F rpwe;jJ.

1. kJ mUe;Jgtu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis rupnra;tjw;fhd jPu;itj; jUf.
fy;tp kw;Wk; MNyhrid : [MAY - 2022, SEP – 2021]
,J kJ mUe;Jgtu;fsJ kd mOj;jj;ij vjpu;nfhz;L mtw;wpypUe;J tpLgl cjTk;.
cly; nray;ghLfs; :
,ir> tpisahl;L> Nahfh> jpahdk; Nghd;w eykhd nray;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;.
ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; rf kdpju;fsplk; cjtpia ehLjy; :
 gpur;rpidfspd;NghJ jq;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fs;> rf kdpju;fsplkpUe;J cjtp ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 mtHfspd; czu;Tfs; Fwpj;Jg; NgRtjd; %yk;> jtWfs; nra;ahky; jLj;Jf;f cjTk;.
kUj;Jt cjtp :
 mtu;fs; cstpayhsu;fs; kw;wk; kdey kUj;Jtu;fis fhz Ntz;Lk;.
 kJtpypUe;J kPl;G (de-addiction) kw;Wk; kWtho;T jpl;lq;fs; mtu;fSf;F cjTk;.
2. ,ja Neha;fs; Vw;gl fhuzk; tho;f;if KiwNa MFk;. ,ij rupnra;a jPu;Tfs; jUf.
,ja Neha;fis jLf;f tho;f;if Kiwia khw;wp mikg;gjd; %yk; jPu;T fhzyhk;.
,ja Neha; jLg;G kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;:
i) czTf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Nkyhz;ik:
 Fiwthd fNyhup nfhz;l cztpid cl;nfhs;sy;.
 epiwTw;w nfhOg;G kw;Wk; mjpf nfhy];l;uhy; nfhz;l czT tiffs;> Fiwthd
fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; kw;Wk; rhjhuz cg;G Mfpatw;iwf; Fiwthf cl;nfhs;Sjy;.
 mjpfsT epiwTwhj gy;nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; (PUFA) nfhz;l czT mtrpakhdjhFk;.
 ehu;r;rj;J kpf;f czTfs;> goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs;> Gujk;> fdpkq;fs; kw;Wk;
itl;lkpd;fis mjpfk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; NjitahdjhFk;.
ii) cly; nray;ghL: ehs;NjhWk; clw;gapw;rp nra;jy;> elj;jy; kw;Wk; Nahfh
Nghd;wtw;why; cly; viliag; guhkupf;fyhk;.
iii) Gifgpbj;jy;> Gifapiy kw;Wk; kJghdk; Nghijg; nghUisj; jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
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1. kio ePH Nrkpg;G mikg;Gfs; vt;thW epyj;jb ePH kl;lj;ij mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;wd?
(i) Nkw;$iufspy; tpOk; kio ePiur; Nrkpj;jy; : [SEP – 2021]
Nkw;$iuapy; tpOk; kioePiu> njhl;bfspy; Nrfupj;J> tPl;L cgNahfj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
(ii) frpT ePu;f; Fopfs; :
Nkw;$iuapypUe;J ngwg;gLk; kioePu; tbfl;Lk; njhl;bfSf;F Foha; %yk;
mDg;gg;gLfpwJ. gpd;G mJ frpT ePu; Fopfs; %yk; kz;Zf;Fs; CLUtp epyj;jb
ePuhf Nrfupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
(iii) Vupfs; mikj;jy; :
 ,J jkpofj;jpd; kpf goikahd Kiw MFk;.
 xU Vupapd; cgup ePu; mUfpYs;s kw;nwhU Vupapy; Nrkpf;Fk; gb mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
(iv) Cuzpfs; : fpuhkq;fspy; kioePiur; Nrkpg;gjw;fhf Cuzpfs; mikf;fgl;bUf;Fk;.
,it gy;NtW tPl;L cgNahfj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
2. kz;zupg;ig ePtpH vt;thW jLg;gPH? [PTA – 3]
 jhtug;gug;ig epiy epWj;Jjy;.
 fhy;eilfspd; mjpfkhd Nka;r;riyf; fl;LgLj;Jjy;.
 gapH Row;rp kw;Wk; kz;ts Nkyhz;ik Mfpatw;iw filgpbj;jy;.
 epyg;gug;gpy; XLk; ePupid ePHgpbg;G gFjpapy; Nrkpj;jy;.
 fhLfs; cUthf;fk;> kiy epyj;ij rkg;gLj;Jjy;> ePNuhl;lj;jpw;F vjpHjpirapy; kz; cOjy;;.
 fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij kl;Lg;gLj;j mjpf gug;gpy; kuq;fis eLjy; (ghJfhg;G mLf;F).
Nghd;wtw;iw filgpbg;gjd; %yk; kz;zupg;ig jLf;fyhk;.
3. jplf;fopTfs; cUthFk; %yq;fs; ahit? mtw;wpid vt;thW ifahsyhk;?
jplf;fopTfs; cUthFk; %yq;fs;: efHg;Gwf; fopTfs;> kUj;Jtf; fopTfs;>
njhopw;rhiyf; fopTfs;> kpd;dZf; fopTfs;.
jplf;fopT Nkyhz;ik: jplf;fopTfis Nrfupj;jy;> Rj;jg;gLj;Jjy;> Kiwahf ntspNaw;Wjy;.
jplf;fopTfis mfw;Wk; Kiwfs; :
m) jdpj;Jg; gpupj;jy; : kf;Fk; jd;ikAs;sit> kf;Fk; jd;ikaw;wit vd jdpj;J gpupg;gjhFk;.
M) epyj;jpy; epug;Gjy;: jho;thd gFjpfspy; jplf;fopTfisAk;> Xu; mLf;F kz;izAk; epug;gp>
ruf;F CHjpfs; %yk; mOj;j Ntz;Lk;. mjpYs;s fupk nghUl;fs; rpijtilAk;.
,) vupj;J rhk;gyhf;fy;: vupAk; jd;ikAs;sitia vupa+l;bfspy; mjpf ntg;gj;jpy; vupj;J rhk;gyhf;fyhk;.
<) cukhf;Fjy;: capup rpijtiltij kz;GO/Ez;Zapupfs; %yk; kl;fpa cukhf khw;Wjy;.
fopT kWRow;r:p
 fhfpj Miyfspy; fhfpjq;fs; kWRow;rp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
 ney; jtpl;ilf; fhy;eilj; jPtdkhf gad;gLj;jyhk;.
 khl;Lr; rhzj;ij capup thAthfTk;> cukhfTk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
4RKiw: Fiwj;jy;(Reduce)> kWgad;ghL(Reuse)> kPl;nlLj;jy;(Recovery)> kWRow;rp(Recycle)
4. fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp $Wf. [MDL – 19]
 fhLfs; kdpj tho;Tf;F ,d;wpaikahjit.
 fhLfs; eyj;jbePu; Nrkpg;Gf;Fk;> nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;F Kf;fpa gq;fspf;fpwJ.
 fhL vd;gJ gy;NtW jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;fpdq;fspd; thoplkhFk;.
 fhLfs; gy GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f ,aw;if tsq;fspd; Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
 fhLfs; kuk;> czT> jPtdk;> ehu;fs; kw;Wk; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fis toq;FfpwJ.
 fhu;gid epiy epWj;Jtjhy;> fhLfs; fhu;gd; njhl;b vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 jl;gntg;g epiyia xOq;FgLj;jp> kioia mjpfkhf;fp Gtp ntg;gkhjiyf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
 nts;sk;> epyr;rupT Nghd;w ,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fis jLf;fpwJ.
 fhLfs; Rw;Wr;R+oy; rkepiyia Ngzpf;fhf;fpwJ.
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5. kz;zupg;gpdhy; cz;lhff;$ba tpisTfs; ahit?
 Nky;kz; mupg;G: kf;fpa ,iyfs;> jhJ cg;Gfs; Nghd;w jhtu tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd
mtrpa nghUl;fis cs;slf;fpa Nky;kz; kz;zupg;gpdhy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ.
 kz;zpd; kl;F> Cl;lg;nghUl;fs;> tsk; Mfpait ntFthff; FiwfpwJ.
 ,jdhy; kz;zpd; mikg;G> tsk;> mkpyj;jd;ik> epy cw;gj;jp jpwd; Nghd;wit
Fiwe;J Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 ePu; khRghL: kz;zupg;G ePNuhilfs; kw;Wk; MWfspy; tz;ly; kz; gbjiy mjpfupf;fpwJ.
,jdhy; ePu; topfspy; kz; milj;J kPd; ,dq;fs; Fiwfpd;wd.
6. tdq;fis Nkyhz;ik nra;tJk;> td capupdq;fis ghJfhg;gJk; Vd; xU rthyhd
gzpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ?
fhLfs; ghJfhg;Gk;> td capupfs; ghJfhg;Gk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gilait. ,J xU
rthyhd gzpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ> Vndd;why;>
 nghJ kf;fsplk; Nghjpa tpopg;Gzu;T ,y;iy.
 kdpju;fs; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kuq;fis mopf;fpd;wdu;.
 Gtp ntg;gkakhjy; kw;Wk; gUtepiy khw;wk; Vw;gLjy;.
 kiog;nghopT epr;rakw;wJ. fhLfs; kioiar; rhu;e;J ,Ug;gjhy; mjd; tsu;r;rp ghjpf;fpwJ.
 rl;ltpNuhjkhf kuq;fis ntl;Ljy; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis nfhy;Yjy;.
 kf;fs; njhif mjpfupg;G.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
7. Xj Mw;wypd; ed;ikfis gl;baypLf.
Xj Mw;wy;: flNyhuq;fspy; cz;lhFk; fly;ePupd; Ntfkhd ,lg;ngau;r;rpapdhy; Vw;gLk; Mw;wy;.
Xj Mw;wypd; ed;ikfs; : [PTA – 5]
(i) ,J vt;tpj Rw;Wr;R+oy; khRk; Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
(ii) ,tw;Ws; vt;tpj vupnghUSk; gad;gLj;jhjjhy; fopTfs; VJk; ntspNaWtjpy;iy.
(iii) Xjq;fs; cUthjiy fzpf;f KbAk;. ,jdhy; ,e;j Mw;wiy njhlu;r;rpahf ngwKbAk;.
(iv) fhw;iw tpl nkJthd ePu; ,af;fj;jhy;> lu;igid ,aq;f nra;J> kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.

1. jkpof muR nefpopg; nghUisAk; gpsh];bf; nghUisAk; gad;gLj;jj;; jil
tpjpj;Js;sJ? ,jw;fhd khw;W Kiwfs; VNjDk; ,Ug;gpd; mjid $W. ,e;jj;
jilapd; fhuzkhf Rw;Wr;R+oy; vt;thW rPuilAk;?
 epyk;> kz; kw;Wk; midj;J ePu; epiyfisAk; gpsh];bf; khRgLj;JfpwJ.
 gpsh];bf; vupf;fg;gLk; NghJ fhw;W khRghl;il Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 gpsh];bf; Ftpg;G G+kpf;Fs; ePu; cwpQ;rg;gLtijj; jLf;fpwJ. epyj;jb ePu; FiwfpwJ.
 ghypj;jPd; igfs; jtWjyhf tpyq;Ffshy; cz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,J mitfSf;F
jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; kw;Wk; kuzj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk;.
khw;W Kiwfs; : nfhs;fyd;fs;> Jzp igfs;> fhfpj ciwfs;> kf;Fk; igfs;> rzy;
igfs; Nghd;wtw;iw gad;gLj;jyhk;.
gpsh];bf; jilapdhy; Vw;gLk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; Kd;Ndw;wk;: gy;NtW Rw;Wr;R+oy; khRghL
FiwAk;. jdpkdpjupd; MNuhf;fpak; Kd;Ndw;wk; milAk;.
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fzf;fL
P fs; 1
fzf;fPLfs;
1. ,af;f tpjpfs;
RUf;fkhf tpilasp
1. 5 N kw;Wk; 15 N tpir kjpg;Gila ,U tpirfs; vjpnujpu; jpirapy; xNu Neuj;jpy;
nghUs; kPJ nray;gLfpd;wd. ,itfspd; njhFgad; tpir kjpg;G ahJ? vj;jpirapy;
mJ nray;gLk;?
nfhLf;fg;gl;lit> F1 = 5N F2 = 15 N
,U tpirfs; vjpnujpu; jpirapy; nray;gLfpd;wd.
vdNt> njhFgad; tpir> FnjhF = F2 − F1
FnjhF = 15 − 5 = 10 N.
njhFgad; tpir kjpg;G 10 N kw;Wk;; 15 N kjpg;Gila jpirapy; nray;gLk;.
fzf;fLP fs;
1. ,U nghUl;fspd; epiw tpfpjk; 3:4 mjpf epiwAila nghUs; kPJ tpirnahd;W
nray;gl;L 12 m s-2 kjpg;gpy; mij KLf;Ftpj;jhy;> mNj tpir nfhz;L kw;w nghUis
KLf;Ftpf;f Njitg;gLk; KLf;fk; ahJ?
juTfs; : m1 : m2 = 3:4 ; F1 = F2
m2 vd;gJ mjpf epiwAila nghUs;, a2 = 12 ms-2
jPu;T : F1 = F2
m1 a1 = m2 a2 (∵ F = ma)
𝑚1 4
𝑎1 = × 𝑎2 ⇒ 1 = × 12 = 16 ms −2
𝑚2 3
∴ kw;w nghUis KLf;Ftpf;f Njitg;gLk; KLf;fk; , 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝒔−𝟐
2. 1 fpfp epiwAila ge;J xd;W 10 kPtp-1 jpirNtfj;jpy; jiuapd; kPJ tpOfpwJ.
NkhjYf;F gpd; Mw;wy; khw;wkpd;wp> mNj Ntfj;jpy; kPz;Lk; caur; nry;fpwJ vdpy;
mg;ge;jpy; Vw;gLk; ce;j khw;wj;jpid fzf;fpLf.
juTfs; : ge;jpd; epiw (m) = 1 fpfp> Muk;g Ntfk; (𝑢) = 10 kPtp-1
NkhjYf;F gpd; Mw;wy; khw;wk; ,y;yhjjhy; mNj Ntfj;jpy; vjpu;jpirapy; caur; nry;fpwJ.
,Wjp Ntfk; (𝑣) = −10 kPtp-1
jPu;T : ∆p = mv − mu
= 1 × (−10) − 1 × (10) = −10 − 10 = −20 fpfp kPtp-1
(vjpu;f;Fwp ce;jj;jpd; jpiriaf; Fwpf;fpwJ).
∴ ge;jpd; ce;j khWghL 20 fpfp kPtp -1 MFk;.
3. ,ae;jpu gzpahsH xUtH 40 cm ifg;gpb ePsk; cila jpUFf;FwL nfhz;L 140 N
tpir %yk; jpUF kiw xd;iw fow;WfpwhH> 40 N tpir nfhz;L mNj jpUF kiwapid
fow;w vt;tsT ePs ifg;gpb nfhz;l jpUFf;FwL Njit?
juTfs; : tpir F1 = 140 N, ifg;gpb ePsk; d1 = 40 cm
tpir F2 = 40 N, ifg;gpb ePsk; d2 = ?
jPu;T : ,ul;il kw;Wk; jpUfpd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; rkk;. vdNt, F1 d1 = F2 d2
F1 d1 40 ×140
d2 = = = 140 cm / 1.4 m.
F2 40
∴ 𝟒𝟎𝑵 tpir nfhz;L jpUF kiwapid fow;w 𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝒄𝒎 ePs ifg;gpb jpUFf;FwL Njit.
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4. ,U Nfhs;fspd; epiw tpfpjk; KiwNa 2 : 5> mitfspd; Mu tpfpjk; KiwNa 4 : 7
vdpy;> mtw;wpd; <Hg;G KLf;fk; tpfpjj;ij fzf;fpLf.
juTfs; : ,U Nfhs;fspd; epiwfspd; tpfpjk; 𝑚1 : 𝑚2 = 2: 5
,U Nfhs;fspd; Muq;fspd; tpfpjk;; 𝑅1 : 𝑅2 = 4: 7
,U Nfhs;fspd; <Hg;G KLf;f tpfpjk;, 𝑔1 : 𝑔2 = ?
GM GM
jPu;T : g1 = 21 ------ (1) g2 = 22 ------ (2)
R1 R2
𝐺𝑀1
g1 𝑅2
rkd;ghL (1) ÷ (2) ⇒ = 1
𝐺𝑀2
g2
𝑅2
2
g1 GM1 R2
2 M1 R2
2
= × = ×
g2 R2
1 GM2 M2 R2
1
g1 2 72 2 49 49
= × ⇒ × =
g2 5 42 5 16 40
Gtp<Hg;G KLf;f tpfpjk; 𝒈𝟏 : 𝒈𝟐 = 49 : 40.
khjpufp ; fzf;Ffs;
5. 5 fpfp epiwAs;s nghUnshd;wpd; 6. fPy; (keel) Kidapy; ,Ue;J 90 nr.kP
Neu;f;Nfhl;L ce;jk; 2.5 fpfp kPtp-1 vdpy; Jhuj;jpy; ifg;gpb nfhz;l fjnthd;W
mjd; jpirNtfj;ij fzf;fpLf. [TB – 12] 40 N tpir nfhz;L jpwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
juTfs; : epiw (m)= 5 fpfp> fjtpd; fPy; Kidg;gFjpapy; Vw;gLk;
Neu;f;Nfhl;L ce;jk;(p) = 2.5 fpfpkPtp-1 jpUg;Gj;jpwd; kjpg;gpid fzf;fpL.
jPu;T : [TB – 12]
Neu;f;Nfhl;L ce;jk;(p) = epiw(m)×jpirNtfk;(v) juTfs; : F = 40 N
Neu;f;Nfhl;L ce;jk; d = 90 nr.kP = 0.9 kP
jpirNtfk; =
epiw
jPu;T : tpirapd; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; (M)
2.5
= = 0.5 kPtp-1 M = F×d
5
∴ jpirNtf kjpg;G 0.5 kPtp-1 = 40 × 0.9
= 36 epa+l;ld; kPl;lu;.
7. Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; ikaj;jpy; ,Ue;J ve;j cauj;jpy; Gtpapd; <h;g;G KLf;fkhdJ>
GtpNkw;gug;G <h;g;G KLf;fj;jpd; ¼ klq;fhf mikAk;? [TB – 12] [PTA – 6]
juTfs; : Gtpikaj;jpy; ,Ue;J cauk;, R′ = R + h
g
mt;Tauj;jpy; Gtp<h;g;G KLf;fk;, g′ =
4
2
𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀 g R′
jPu;T : g= , g' = 2 ⇒ =( )
𝑅2 𝑅′ g′ R
𝑔 R+h 2 h 2
𝑔 =( ) = (1 + R)
⁄4 R
h 2
4 = (1 + ) (,UGwKk; tu;f;f%yk; vLf;fTk;)
R
h
2=1+ ⇒h=R
R
R′ = R + R = 2R
∴ Gtpapd; ikaj;jpy; ,Ue;J> Gtp Muj;ij Nghy; ,Uklq;F njhiytpy;> <Hg;G KLf;f
kjpg;G Gtpg;gug;gpd; KLf;fj;ijg;Nghy; ¼ klq;fhf mikAk;.
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fzf;fL
P fs; 3
$Ljy; fzf;Ffs;
8. kpd; J}f;fp xd;W 1.8 kPtp KLf;fj;Jld; 9. 5
-2 fpfp epiwAs;s nghUnshd;wpd;
fPNo efu;fpwJ vdpy; 50 fpfp epiw Neu;f;Nfhl;L ce;jk; 2 fpfp kPtp-1 vdpy; mjd;
nfhz;l kdpjh; vt;tsT Njhw;w jpirNtfj;ij fzf;fpLf. [MDL – 19]
vilapid czHthH? [PTA – 1] juTfs; :
juTfs; : KLf;fk; (a) = 1.8 kPtp , -2 epiw (m)= 5 fpfp
epiw m = 50 fpfp Neu;f;Nfhl;L ce;jk;(p) = 2 fpfp kPtp-1.
jPu;T : kpd; J}f;fp 'a' vd;w KLf;fj;Jld; jPu;T :
fPNo efUfpwJ vdpy;> Neu; f; Nfhl; L ce;jk;(p) = epiw(m)×jpirNtfk;(v)
Neu;f;Nfhl;L ce;jk;
Njhw;w vil, R = m(g−a) jpirNtfk; =
epiw
R = 50 (9.8 – 1.8) 𝑝 2
V = = = 0.4 kPtp-1
= 50 × 8 𝑚 5
∴ Njhw;w vil 400 N ∴ jpirNtf kjpg;G 0.4 kPtp-1.
10. G+kpapy; 686 N vilAs;s kdpjH 11. xU nghUspd; kPJ 5 N tpir nray;gl;L>
epyTf;Fr; nrd;why; mq;F mtuJ vil mg;nghUis 5 nrkP tp-2 vd;w mstpw;F
kjpg;gpidf; fhzf;fpLf. (epytpd; ‘g’ KLf;Ftpf;fpwJ vdpy; mg;nghUspd;
kjpg;G 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 kPtp )
-2
[PTA – 2] epiwapidf; fzf;fpLf. [PTA – 5]
juTfs;: We = mge = 686 N; gm = 1.625 kPtp -2 juTfs; : F = 5 N,
𝑤 686 a = 5 nrkPtp-2 = 0.05 kPtp-2
jPu;T : m = 𝑒 = = 70 fpfp
𝑔𝑒 9.8 jPu;T : F = ma
Wm = mgm = 70 × 1.625 𝐹 5
Wm = 113.75 N m = =
𝑎 0.05
epiw> 𝐦 = 100 fpfp
cah; rpe;jidf;fhd tpdhf;fs;
1. 8 fpfp kw;Wk; 2 fpfp epiwAila ,U 2. fd ce;J (heavy vehicle) xd;Wk; ,U rf;fu
nghUs;fs; totog;ghf cs;s gug;gpy; thfdk; xd;Wk; rk ,af;f Mw;wYld;
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlHG nfhz;Ls;sd. mit gazpf;fpd;wd. fd ce;jpd; epiwahdJ ,U
rf;fu thfd epiwapid tpl ehd;F klq;F
15 N mstpyhd fpilkl;l tpir nfhz;L mjpfk; vdpy;> ,itfSf;fpilNa cs;s
efHj;jg;gLfpd;wd vdpy; 2 fpfp epiwAila ce;j tPjj;ij fzf;fpLf.
nghUs; ngUk; tpirapid fzf;fpLf. juTfs;: ,Urf;fu thfdj;jpd; epiw = 𝑚𝐵
juTfs; : ngupa ruf;Fe;Jtpd; thfdj;jpd; epiw = 𝑚 𝑇 ;
𝑚𝑇
=4
𝑚 𝐵
1
jPu;T : ,af;f Mw;wy;= 2 𝑚𝑣 2
m1 = 8 fpfp, m2 = 2 fpfp tpir, F = 15 N
jPu;T: ngupa ,U rf;fu
ruf;Fe;Jtpd; = thfdj;jpd;
epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpg;gb, F = ma ,af;f Mw;wy;; ,af;f Mw;wy;
F = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎 1 1
mT vT 2 = 2 mB vB2
𝐹 2
a= V 2 𝑚 V
𝑚1 +𝑚2
(VB ) = 𝑚𝑇 = 4 ⟹ VB = 2
15 15 T 𝐵 T
= = = 1.5 kPtp-1 VT 1
8+2 10 =
VB 2
2 fpfp epiwAila nghUs; ngUk; tpir, pT 𝑚𝑇 𝑉𝑇 4
ce;j tpfpjk;, p = 𝑚 =2=2
m = 2 fpfp, 𝑎 = 1.5 kPtp-1 B 𝐵 𝑉𝐵
F = ma = 2 × 1.5 = 3 N ∴ ngupa ruf;Fe;JTf;Fk; ,Urf;fu
∴ 2 fpfp epiwAila nghUs; thfdj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd ce;jtpfpjk; 𝟐: 𝟏.
ngupa ruf;Fe;Jtpd; ce;jk; ,Urf;fu thfdj;jpd;
ngUk; tpir> F = 3 N ce;jj;ij Nghy ,uz;L klq;F MFk;.
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2. xspapay;
fzf;fL
P fs;
1. 10 nr.kP Ftpaj;njhiyT nfhz;l Ftpnyd;rpypUe;J
20 nr.kP njhiytpy; nghUnshd;W itf;fg;gLfpwJ
vdpy; gpk;gk; Njhd;Wk; ,lj;ijAk;> mjd;
jd;ikiaAk; fz;lwpf.
FwpaPl;L kuG tpjpfs;
juTfs; : Ftpnyd;rpd; Ftpa J}uk; f = 10 nr.kP f → Ftpnyd;Rf;F Neu;Fwp
nghUs; kw;Wk; nyd;Rf;F ,ilNaahd J}uk; Fopnyd;Rf;F
vjpu;;Fwp
u = − 20 nr.kP
u → vg;NghJk; vjpu;;Fwp
gpk;gk; kw;Wk; nyd;Rf;F ,ilNaahd J}uk; v=? (nghUs; vg;NghJk; nyd;Rf;F
1 1 1 ,lg;gf;fk; itf;fg;gLtjdhy;.)
jPu;T : nyd;]; rkd;ghL, = −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
v → tyJGw gpk;gk; - Neu;Fwp
1 1 1 1 1 2−1 1 ,lJGw gpk;gk; - vjpu;;Fwp;
⇒ = + = + = =
𝑣 𝑓 𝑢 10 − 20 20 20
∴ gpk;gk; Njhd;Wk; ,lk;> v = 20 nr.kP

gpk;gj;jpd; jd;ik : nka; kw;Wk; jiyfPo;
gpk;gk;. (∴ gpk;gk; 2Fy; fpilf;Fk;)
2. 3 nr.kP cauKs;s nghUnshd;W 15 nr.kP Ftpaj;njhiyT nfhz;l Fopnyd;rpw;F

Kd;ghf 10 nr.kP njhiytpy; itf;fg;gLfpwJ vdpy; nyd;rpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
gpk;gj;jpd; cauj;ijf; fz;Lgpb.
juTfs; : Fopnyd;rpd; Ftpa J}uk;> f = −15 nr.kP
nghUs; kw;Wk; nyd;Rf;F ,ilNaahd J}uk;> u = − 10 nr.kP
nghUspd; cauk;, h = 3 nr.kP
gpk;gj;jpd; cauk; h' = ?
1 1 1 1 1 1
jPu;T : nyd;]; rkd;ghL, = − ⇒ = +
f v u v f u
1 1 −2−3
= + =
− 15 − 10 30
1 5 1
=− = − ⇒ v = − 6 nr.kP
v 30 6
v −6
cUg;ngUf;fk; m = = = 0.6
u −10
ℎ′ h′
cUg;ngUf;fk; m = = = 0.6
h 3
h′ = 0.6 × 3 = 1.8 nr.kP

∴ gpk;gj;jpd; cauk; h' = 1.8 nr.kP
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fzf;fL
P fs; 5
khjpupf; fzf;Ffs;
3. xU xspf;fjpuhdJ> ntw;wplj;jpypUe;J 4. xU nghUspypUe;J nry;Yk; xspf;
xsptpyfy; vz; 1.5 cila Clfj;jpw;Fs; fw;iwahdJ 0.3 kP Ftpaj;njhiyT
nry;Yk; NghJ gLNfhzj;jpd; kjpg;G 30° nfhz;l tpupf;Fk; nyd;rhy; Ftpf;fg;gl;L
vdpy; tpyF Nfhzk; vd;d? [TB – 28] 0.2 kP vd;w njhiytpy; gpk;gj;ij
juTfs; : 𝜇1 = 1 𝜇2 = 1.5 𝑖 = 30 0 Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vdpy; nghUspd; njhiyitf;
jPu;T : ];ney; tpjpg;gb, fzf;fpLf. [TB – 28] [SEP - 2020]
sin 𝑖 𝜇 juTfs; : nfhLf; fg; gl;lit Fopnyd;R
= 2 f = −0.3 kP, v = −0.2 kP
sin 𝑟 𝜇1
𝜇1 jPu;T : nyd;R rkd;ghl;bypUe;J
× sin 𝑖 = sin 𝑟
𝜇2 1 1 1
1 0
= −
sin 𝑟 = × sin 30 𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1.5 1 1 1 1 1 10
1 1 1 = − = − = −
= × = 𝑢 𝑣 𝑓 − 0.2 − 0.3 6
1.5 2 3 6
sin r = 0.333 𝑢 = − = −0.6 kP
10
−1(
𝑟 = sin 0.333) = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟓 𝟎 ∴ 2F-y; nghUs; 𝟎. 𝟔 kP njhiytpy;
itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. fpl;lghHitf; FiwghL cila xU 6. J}ug;ghHitf; Fiwghl;lhy;
kdpjuhy;> 4 kP njhiytpy; cs;sg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpjH xUthpd; mz;ikg;
nghUs;fis kl;LNk fhz ,aYk;. mtH Gs;spahdJ 1.5 kP njhiytpy; cs;sJ.
20 kP njhiytpy; cs;sg; nghUis mtH mtUila ghu;itf; Fiwghl;il
fhz tpUk;gpdhy; gad;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba rhpnra;a gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba
Fop nyd;rpd; Ftpaj; njhiyT vd;d? Ftpnyd;rpd; Ftpaj; njhiyitf;
[AUG – 2022, MAY - 2022] [TB – 28] fzf;fpLf. [TB – 28]
juTfs; : 𝑥 = 4 kP kw;Wk; 𝑦 = 20 kP juTfs; : d = 1.5 kP>
jPu;T : ghu;itf; Fiwghl;ilr; rupnra;a D = 25 nr.kP = 0.25 kP
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba nyd;rpd; Ftpaj;
𝑥𝑦 4 ×20 80 jPu;T :
njhiyT> 𝑓 = = = = −5 kP ghu;itf; Fiwghl;ilr; rupnra;a
𝑥−𝑦 4−20 −16
ghu;itf; Fiwghl;ilr; rupnra;a gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba nyd;rpd;
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba nyd;rpd; jpwd; Ftpaj;njhiyT>
1 1
P = = = −𝟎. 𝟐 𝐃 f=
d×D
=
1.5 ×0.25
𝑓 −5
d−D 1.5−0.25
∴ fpl;lg;ghu;it FiwghL cila xU 0.375
kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba nyd;rpd; = = 0.3 kP
1.25
Ftpaj;njhiyT 5 kP & nyd;rpd; jpwd; 0.2 D. 𝐟 = 𝟎. 𝟑 kP
$Ljy; fzf;Ffs;
7. xU nyd;rpd; jpwd; −𝟐 ilahg;lu; 8. 3 nrkP cauKs;s nghUnshd;W 10 nrkP
vdpy;> nyd;rpd; FtpaJ}uj;ijf; J}uj;jpy; Ftpnyd;rpd; Kd; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fhz;f. [PTA – 4] nyd;rpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J 20nrkP njhiytpy;
juTfs; : gpk;gk; cUthfpwJ vdpy; gpk;gj;jpd;
nyd;rpd; jpwd; (P) = −2D cUg;ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; cauj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.
jPu;T : nyd;rpd; jpwd; (P) =
1 juTfs; : [PTA – 5]
𝑓 h = 3 nrkP ; u = 10 nrkP ; v = 20 nrkP
= −2D 𝑣 20
1 jPu;T : cUg;ngUf;fk;> m = = = 2
𝑢 10
f = = ℎ′
−2 ′
− 0.5 kP cUg;ngUf;fk;> m = ⇒ ℎ = 2×3=6 nrkP
ℎ
∴ nyd;rpd; FtpaJ}uk; 0.5 kP MFk;. gpk;gj;jpd; cUg;ngUf;fk; 2 kw;Wk; cauk; 6 nr.kP
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3. ntg;g ,aw;gpay;
fzf;fL P fs;
1. fhg;gH jz;bid ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjd; FWf;Fntl;L gug;G 10 kP2 ypUe;J 11 kP2 Mf
caUfpwJ. fhg;gH jz;bd; njhlf;f ntg;gepiy 90 K vdpy; mjDila ,Wjp
ntg;gepiyia fzf;fpLf. (fhg;ghpd; gug;G ntg;g tphpT Fzfj;jpd; kjpg;G 0.0021 K-1)
juTfs; : Aₒ = 10 kP2 , A = 11kP2 , ∆A = 11 − 10 = 1 kP2
To = 90 K, T=? ∆T = T − To = T − 90 αA = 0.0021 K-1
∆A
jPu;T : gug;G ntg;g tphpT Fzfk;> = αA ∆T
A ₒ
∆A 1
∆T = =
Aₒ αA 10 × 0.0021
1
T − 90 = = 47.61
0.021
T = 47.61 + 90 = 137.6 K
∴ fhg;gu; jz;bd; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 137.6 K
2. Jj;jehf jfl;bd; ntg;gepiyia 50 K mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ> mjDila gUkd; 0.25 kP3 ypUe;J
0.3 kP3 Mf caUfpwJ vdpy;> me;j Jj;jehf jfl;bd; gUk ntg;g tphpT Fzfj;ij fzf;fpLf.
juTfs; : V = 0.3 kP3 Vₒ = 0.25 kP3 ∆T = 50K
∆V V−Vₒ
jPu;T : αv = =
Vₒ∆T Vₒ∆T
0.3 − 0.25 0.05
αv = ⇒ αv = 0.004 K−1
=
0.25 × 50 12.5
∴ Jj;jehf jfl;bd; gUk ntg;gtphpT Fzfk; 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝑲−𝟏.
khjpufp ; fzf;Ffs;
3. 70 kpyp nfhs;ssT cs;s nfhs;fydpy; 50 kpyp jputk; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. jputk; mlq;fpa
nfhs;fyid ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ jputj;jpy; epiy nfhs;fydpy; 50 kpyp-ypUe;J 48.5 kpyp
Mf FiwfpwJ. NkYk; ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ nfhs;fydpy; jputj;jpd; epiy 51.2 kpyp Mf
caUfpwJ vdpy; jputj;jpd; cz;ik ntg;g tpupT kw;Wk; Njhw;w ntg;g tpupitf; fzf;fpLf.
juTfs; : jputj;jpd; Muk;g epiy> L1 = 50 kpyp [TB – 39] [PTA – 6]
nfhs;fydpd; tpupthy; jputj;jpd; epiy L2 = 48.5 kpyp
jputj;jpd; ,Wjp epiy> L3 = 51.2 kpyp
jPu;T : Njhw;w ntg;g tpupT> L3 − L1 = 51.2 kpyp − 50 kpyp = 1.2 kpyp
cz;ik ntg;g tphpT> L3 − L2 = 51.2 kpyp − 48.5 kpyp = 2.7 kpyp
∴ cz;ik ntg;gtpupT 𝟐. 𝟕 kpyp kw;Wk; Njhw;w ntg;gtpupT 𝟏. 𝟐 kpyp
4. khwhj ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s thAtpd; mOj;jj;ij ehd;F klq;F mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ>
mt;thAtpd; gUkd; 20 𝐜𝐜 (𝐕𝟏 𝐜𝐜)ypUe;J 𝐕𝟐 𝐜𝐜Mf khWfpwJ vdpy;> gUkd; 𝐕𝟐 𝐜𝐜itf;
fzf;fpLf. [TB – 39] [PTA – 3]
juTfs; : njhlf;f mOj;jk; (P1)= P ,Wjp mOj;jk; (P2) = 4P
njhlf;f gUkd; (V1) = 20cc = 20 nr.kP3 (∵ cc vd;gJ fd.nr.kP (my;yJ) nr.kP3)
,Wjp gUkd; (V2) = ?
jPu;T : ghapy; tpjpapd; gb> PV = khwpyp
P1V1 = P2V2
P1 P
V2 = × V1 = × 20 nr.kP3 ⇒ V2 = 5 nr.kP3 (i.e.) 5 cc
P2 4P
∴ ,Wjp gUkd; V2 , 5 nr.kP3 (my;yJ) 5 cc.
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fzf;fL
P fs; 7
$Ljy; fzf;Ffs;
5. 303 K ntg;gepiyapy; xU mYkpdpa jz;bd; ePsk; 50 kP vdpy; mjid 323 K
ntg;gepiyf;F ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjd; ePsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf.
(mYkpdpaj;jpd; ePs;tphpTf; Fzfk; 𝟐𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐊−𝟏) [PTA – 1]
juTfs; : ΔL= ePsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;, ∆T = 323K− 303K = 20 K
L0 (cz;ikahd ePsk;) = 50 m, αL = 23 ×10-6 K-1
∆L
jPu;T : = αL ∆T
L0
∆L = αL ∆T × L0
∆L = (23 ×10-6) × 20 × 50 = 0.023
∴ mYkpdpa jz;bd; ePsj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; 0.023 kP.
6. 𝟖𝟎° ghud;`Pl; ntg;gepiyia nfy;tpd; ntg;gepiyf;F khw;Wf? [PTA – 6]
juTfs; : ntg;gepiy = 80°F
5
jPu;T : /ghud;`Pl;bypUe;J nfy;tpd;> K = (F + 460) ×
9
5
K = (80 + 460) × = 300 K
9
4. kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
fzf;Ffs;
1. xU kpd;ryitg; ngl;b mjpfgl;r ntg;gj;ij ntsptpLk;NghJ 420 thl; kpd;jpwid
Efu;fpwJ. Fiwe;j gl;r ntg;gj;ij ntsptpLk; NghJ 180 thl; kpd;jpwid Efu;fpwJ.
mjw;F 220 Nthy;l; kpd;dOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhy; ,U epiyfspYk; mjd; topNa ghAk;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; msTfis fzf;fpL.
juTfs; : nfhLf;fg;gLk; kpd;dOj;jk; V = 220 V
mjpfgl;r ntg;gj;ij ntsptpLk;NghJ, P = 420 W
jPu;T : P = VI
P 420 21
∴I= = = = 1.909 A
V 220 11
Fiwe;jgl;r ntg;gj;ij ntsptpLk; NghJ, P = 180 W
P = VI
P 180 9
∴I= = = = 0.818 A
V 220 11
2. 100 thl; kpd;jpwDs;s xU kpd;tpsf;F jpdKk; 5 kzpNeuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J
Nghy ehd;F 60 thl; kpd; tpsf;F jpdKk; 5 kzpNeuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk;
[dtup khjj;jpy; Efug;gl;l kpd;dOj;j Mw;wiy fpNyh thl; kzp myfpy; fzf;fpL.
juTfs; : [dtup khj ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 31 ehl;fs;
60 thl; kpd;tpsf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if = 4
60 thl; kpd;tpsf;F gad;gl;l Neuk; = 5 kzp
100 thl; kpd;tpsf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if = 1
100 thl; kpd;tpsf;F gad;gl;l Neuk; = 5 kzp
jPu;T : 100 thl; kpd;jpwDs;s kpd;tpsf;fpd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy;
= P × t ×gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if × tpsf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if
= 100 × 5 × 31 × 1 = 15500 = 15.5 fpNyh thl; kzp
ehd;F 60 thl; kpd; tpsf;fpd; kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy;
= P × t ×gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ehl;fspd; vz;zpf;if × tpsf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;if
= 60 × 5 × 31 × 4 = 37200 = 37.2 fpNyh thl; kzp
∴ [dtup khjj;jpy; Efug;gl;l nkhj;j kpd;dOj;j Mw;wy; = 15.5 + 37.2
= 52.7 fpNyh thl; kzp
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3. %d;W Nthy;l; kpd;dOj;jk; kw;Wk; 600 kpy;yp Mk;gpau; kpd;Ndhl;lKk; ghAk; xU lhu;r;
tpsf;fpdhy; cUthFk; m) kpd;jpwd;. M) kpd;jil kw;Wk; ,) ehd;F kzpNeuj;jpy;
Efug;gLk; kpd;dhw;wy; Mfpaitfis fzf;fpLf.
juTfs; : V = 3 V ; I = 600 mA = 600 × 10-3 A = 0.6 A
jPu;T : m) kpd;jpwd; : P = VI = 3 × 0.6 = 1.8 thl;
V 3
M) kpd;jil : R = = =5Ω
I 0.6
,) ehd;F kzpNeuj;jpy; Efug;gLk; kpd;dhw;wy; :
E = kpd;jpwd; × Neuk; = 1.8 × 4 = 7.2 thl; kzp
4. R kpd;jilAs;s xU fk;gpahdJ Ie;J rk ePskila fk;gpfshf ntl;lg;gLfpwJ.
m) ntl;lg;gl;l fk;gpapd; kpd;jil ntl;lg;glhj mry; fk;gpapd; kpd;jilNahL
xg;gpLifapy; vt;thW khw;wkilfpwJ?
L
fk;gpahdJ Ie;J rk gFjpfshf ntl;lg;gLfpwJ ⇒ xt;nthU gFjpapd; ePsk; L′ =
5
𝜌L′ 𝜌L R
xt;nthU gFjpapd; kpd;jil, R′ = = =
𝐴 5𝐴 5
ntl;lg;glhj mry; fk;gpapd; kpd;jilia tpl> ntl;lg;gl;l xt;nthU fk;gpapd;
kpd;jil Ie;J klq;F FiwfpwJ.
M) ntl;lg;gl;l Ie;J Jz;L fk;gpfisAk; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;Fk; NghJ mjd;
njhFgad; kpd;jilia fzf;fpLf.
Ie;J gFjp fk;gpfisAk; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;Fk; NghJ
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + ⇒ =R +R +R +R +R
RP R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 RP ⁄5 ⁄5 ⁄5 ⁄5 ⁄5
1 5 5 5 5 5
= + + + +
RP R R R R 𝑅
1 25 R
= ⇒ RP =
RP R 25
,) ntl;lg;gl;l Ie;J Jz;L fk;gpfisAk; njhlu;,izg;G kw;Wk; gf;f ,izg;gpy;
,izf;Fk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; njhFgad; kpd;jilfspd; tpfpjj;ij fzf;fpLf.
fk;gpapd; Ie;J gFjpfs; njhlu; ,izg;gpy; cs;sNghJ> mry; fk;gpf;F rkk;.
∴ kpd;jil RS = R
njhlu; kw;Wk; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;Fk; NghJ njhFgad; kpd;jilfspd; tpfpjk;>
R R R×25 25
Rs : Rp = S = R = = ⇒ Rs : Rp = 25 : 1
RP R 1
25
khjpufp ; fzf;Ffs;
5. 12 $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; 5 tpehb Neuk; xU 6. 10 $Yk; kpd;D}l;lj;ij xU
kpd;tpsf;fpd; topahf gha;fpwJ vdpy; kpd;Rw;wpYs;s ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;fpilNa
mjd; topNa nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; efu;j;j nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy 100 [{y; vdpy;
msT vd;d? [TB-44] [SEP-21, MAY-22] mg;Gs;spfSf;fpilNa cs;s kpd;dOj;j
juTfs; : kpd;D}l;lk; (Q) = 12 $Yk; NtWghL vd;d? [TB – 45]
Neuk; (t) = 5 tpehb juTfs; : kpd;D}l;lk;(Q) = 10 $Yk;
jPu;T : nra;ag;gl;l Ntiy(W) = 100 [{y;
Q 12 jPu;T :
I= = = 2.4 A
t 5 W 100
V= = = 10 V
∴ kpd;tpsf;fpd; topNa nry;Yk; Q 10
kpd;Ndhl;lk;> I = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐀 ∴ kpd;dOj;j NtWghL V = 10 Nthy;l;
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fzf;fL
P fs; 9
7. 30 Nthy;l; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL nfhz;l 8. 10 kPl;lu; ePsKk;> 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒎𝟐 >
xU flj;jpapd; KidfSf;F ,ilNa FWf;Fntl;L gug;Gk; nfhz;l fk;gpapd;
2 Mk;gpau; kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;fpwJ vdpy; kpd;jil 2 Xk; vdpy; mjd; (i) kpd;jil
mjd; kpd;jilia fhz;f. [TB – 47] vz; (ii) kpd; flj;J jpwd; kw;Wk;
juTfs; : (iii) kpd; flj;J vz; Mfpatw;iw fhz;f?
flj;jpapy; nry;Yk; kpd;dhl;lk;(I) = 2 A, [TB – 48]
kpd;dOj;j NtWghL (V) = 30 V
juTfs; : ePsk; L = 10 kP>
jPu;T :
Xk; tpjpapd; gb> kpd;jil R = 2 Xk;>
R =
V
=
30
= 𝟏𝟓 Ω FWf;Fntl;L gug;G A = 2 × 10−7 kP2
I 2
jPu;T :
9. 5 Ω> 3 Ω> kw;Wk; 2 Ω kpd;jil kjpg;Gfs; RA
nfhz;l %d;W kpd;jilahf;fpfs; (i) kpd;jil vz;> ρ =
L
10 Nthy;l; kpd;fyj;Jld; njhlupizg;gpy; 2×2×10−7
=
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhFgad; kpd;jil 10
kw;Wk; kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; ρ = 4 × 10−8 Xk; kP

fhz;f. [TB – 49] (ii) kpd;flj;J jpwd; G =
1
=
1
juTfs; : R1 = 5 Ω, R2 = 3 Ω, R 2
R3 = 2 Ω, V = 10 V G = 0.5 Nkh
1
jPu;T : Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 (iii) kpd;flj;J vz; σ =
ρ
= 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 Ω
1
V 10 =
I = = =1A 4×10−8
RS 10
𝟖
∴ kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 1A. 𝛔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎 Nkh kP-1.
10. 5Ω kpd;jil nfhz;l kpd; #Nlw;wp xU kpd; %yj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. 6 𝐀

kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ ,e;j R+Nlw;wp topahf gha;fpwJ vdpy; 5 epkplq;fspy; cUthFk;
ntg;gj;jpd; msit fhz;f. [TB – 51, 52] [SEP – 2020, PTA – 4]
juTfs; : kpd;jil R = 5 Ω, kpd;Ndhl;lk; I = 6 A
fhyk;, t = 5 epkplk; = 5 × 60 = 300 tpehb
jPu;T : cUthFk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT>
H = I2 Rt
= 6 × 6 × 5 × 300
H = 54000 J = 54 kJ
∴ 5 epkplq;fspy; cUthFk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT 54000 J (m) 54 kJ.
11. ,uz;L kpd;tpsf;Ffspd; jpwd; kw;Wk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL KiwNa 60 W, 220 V kw;Wk;
40 W, 220 V. ,uz;by; ve;j tpsf;F mjpf kpd;jilia ngw;wpUf;Fk;? [TB – 55]
𝐕𝟐
kpd;jpwd;> 𝐏 =
𝐑
 kpd;dOj;j NtWghL V ,uz;L kpd;tpsf;FfspYk; xNu kjpg;ghf ,Ug;gjhy;
kpd;jpwd;(P) kpd;jilf;F (R) vjpu; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
 vdNt> Fiwe;j kpd;jpwd; nfhz;l kpd;tpsf;Ff;F mjpf kpd;jilia ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
MfNt 40W, 220V mstpidf; nfhz;l kpd;tpsf;F mjpf kpd; jilia ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
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12. xU kpd;Rw;wpy; nghUj;jg;gl;L;s;s 100 13. 10 $Yk; kpd;D}l;lk; 5 tpehb Neuk; xU
W, 200 V kpd;tpsf;fpy; ghAk; kpd;tpsf;fpd; topahf gha;fpwJ vdpy;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; kw;Wk; kpd;jilia mjd; topNa nry;Yk; kpd;D}l;lj;jpd;
fzf;fpL. [TB – 55] msT vd;d? [MDL – 19]
juTfs;: kpd;jpwd; P = 100 W, juTfs; : kpd;D}l;lk; (Q) = 10 $Yk;
kpd;dOj;jk; V = 200 V Neuk; (t) = 5 tpehb
jPu;T: kpd;jpwd; Q 10
P = VI jPu;T : I= = =2A
P 100 t 5
∴ kpd;Ndhl;lk;> I = = = 0.5 A ∴ kpd;tpsf;fpd; topNa nry;Yk;
V 200
V 200 kpd;Ndhl;lk;> I = 𝟐 𝐀
kpd;jil R = = = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝛀
I 0.5
14. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Rw;wpy; 5Ω> 10Ω> kw;Wk; 2𝟎Ω kpd;jil cila
𝑹𝟏 , 𝑹𝟐 kw;Wk; 𝑹𝟑 Mfpa %d;W kpd;jilahf;fpfs; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. [TB – 56]
m) xt;nthU kpd;jil topahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;.
M) kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; nkhj;j kpd;Ndhl;lk;.
,) kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;s nkhj;j kpd;jil Mfpaitfis fzf;fpLf.
m) %d;W kpd;jilahf;fpfs; gf;f ,izg;gpy;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy; %d;W kpd;jilahf;fpfSf;F vjpuhf
cs;s kpd;dOj;jk; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ⇒ V = 10 V
V 10
𝑅1 topahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I1= = =2A
R1 5
V 10
𝑅2 topahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I2 = = =1A
R2 10
V 10
𝑅3 topahf nry;Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; I3 = = = 0.5 A
R3 20
M) kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; nkhj;j kpd;Ndhl;lk;> I = I1 + I2 + I3
I = 2 + 1 + 0.5 = 3.5 A
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
,) kpd;Rw;wpy; cs;s nkhj;j kpd;jil> = + + = + +
RP R1 R2 R3 5 10 20
1 4+2+1 7
= =
RP 20 20
20
Rp = = 2.857 Ω
7
15. 1 Ω> 2 Ω kw;Wk; 4 Ω Mfpa kpd; jilfisf; nfhz;l %d;W kpd;jilahf;fpfs; xU

kpd;Rw;wpy; ,izahf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1 Ω kpd;jil nfhz;l kpd; jilahf;fp
topahf 1A kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrd;why; kw;w ,U kpd; jilahf;fpfs; topahf nry;Yk;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; kjpg;gpid fhz;f. [TB – 56]
juTfs; : R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 4 Ω kpd;Ndhl;lk; I1 = 1 A
jPu;T : 1 Ω kpd;jilf;F vjpuhf ,Uf;Fk; kpd;dOj;j NtWghL V1 = I1R1 = 1× 1 = 1 V
,q;F kpd;jilfs; njhlupizg;gpy; ,Ug;gjhy; %d;W kpd;jilf;F vjpuhfTk;
rkkhd kpd;dOj;j NtWghNl ,Uf;Fk;.
V 1
2 Ω kpd;jil topahf ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> I2 = = = 0.5 A
R2 2
V 1
4 Ω kpd;jil topahf ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> I3 = = = 0.25 A
R3 4
2Ω kpd;jil topahf ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; 0.5A & 4Ω kpd;jil topahf ghAk;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝐀.
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fzf;fL
P fs; 11
$Ljy; fzf;Ffs;
16. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpd;Rw;wpy; AC 17. glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW 6 Nthy;l;
KidfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhFgad; kpd; fyj;NjhL 20 Xk; kpd;jil
kpd; jiliaf; fhz;f. [PTA – 2] nfhz;l kpd;tpsf;F kw;Wk; 4 Xk;
kpd;jil nfhz;l kpd;jilahf;fp
njhlupizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdpy; [PTA – 6]
m) kpd;Rw;wpd; nkhj;j kpd;jiliaf; fhz;f.
M) kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpidf;
juTfs; : ,uz;L 5 Ω kpd;jilfs; njhlu;
fhz;f.
,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;L gpd;> 10 Ω kpd; ,) kpd;jilahf;fpapd; FWf;Nf cs;s
jilAld; ,izahf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;ilf; fhz;f.
jPu;T : Rs = R1 + R2 = 5 + 5 = 10
1 1 1 2 1
= + = = ⇒ Rp = 5 Ω
Rp 10 10 10 5
18. 5 Xk; kpd;jilAs;s xU fk;gpahdJ

Ie;J rk ghfq;fshf ntl;lg;gLfpwJ.
ntl;lg;gl;l Ie;J fk;gpj;
Jz;LfisAk; gf;f ,izg;gpy;
juTfs; : R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 4 Ω, V = 6 V
,izf;Fk; NghJ mtw;wpd;
jPu;T :
njhFgad; kpd;jilapidf;
m)kpd;Rw;wpd; nkhj;j kpd;jil> Rs = R1 +R2
fzf;fpLf. [PTA – 3]
L Rs = 20 Ω + 4 Ω Rs = 24 Ω
juTfs; : xU gf;fj;jpd; ePsk;> L’ = V 6
5 M)kpd;Rw;wpy; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk;> I = =
ρL′ ρL R 5 R 24
jPu;T : R’ = = = = =1Ω I = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐀
A 5A 5 5
gf;f ,izg;gpy; njhFgad; kpd;jil> ,)kpd;jilahf;fpapd; FWf;Nf kpd;dOj;j
1 1 1 1 1 1 5
= + + + + = =5Ω NtWghL> V = I × R = 0.25 × 4 = 1 V
Rp R’ R’ R’ R’ R’ R’
1
∴ njhFgad; kpd;jil> Rp = = 0.2 Ω
5
cau; rpe;jid tpdhf;fs;
1. ,U kpd;jilahf;fpis gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;Fk; NghJ mjd; njhFgad; kpd;jil
2Ω. njhlupizg;gpy; ,izf;Fk; NghJ mjd; njhFgad; kpd;jil 9 Ω. ,U
kpd;jilfspd; kjpg;GfisAk; fzf;fpLf.
1 1 1 1 9 1
jPu;T: = + = ………… (1) =
RP R1 R2 2 R1 (9 − 𝑅1) 2
Rs = R1 + R2 = 9 Ω ………… (2) 18 = 9 R1 – R21
⇒ R2 = 9 – R1 ………… (3) R21 − 9 R1+18 = 0
rkd;ghL (3) I (1)-y; gpujpapl (R1 – 3) (R1– 6) = 0
1 1 1
+ = R1 = 3 Ω (my;yJ) R1 = 6 Ω
R1 9 − R1 2
9 − R1 + R1 1 R2 = 9 – 3 = 6 Ω (my;yJ) R2 = 9 – 6 = 3 Ω
=
R1 (9 − 𝑅1 ) 2 ∴ ,U kpd;jilahf;fpfspd; kpd;jilfs; 3Ω & 6Ω
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2. Ie;J Mk;gpau; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; xU 3. 10Ω kpd;jilAs;s xU fk;gpj; Jz;bd; ePsj;ij
kpd;Rw;wpy; xU tpdhb Neuj;jpy; ghAk; mjd; mry; ePsj;jpypUe;J %d;W klq;F
vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia fzf;fpL. ePl;bj;jhy; mjd; kpd;jilapd; kjpg;G vt;tsT?
juTfs; : I = 5 A Neuk;, t = 1 s juTfs; : R = 10 Ω ; mry; ePsk; = L ;
−19
e = 1.6 × 10 $Yk; [MDL – 19] mjpfupj;j ePsk; = 3 L vdf; nfhs;f.
jPu;T : vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if jPu;T : ePsj;ij mjd; mry; ePsj;ij Nghy
‘n’ vdf; nfhs;f. [∵ Q = ne] 3 klq;F caHj;jpdhy;> FWf;F ntl;bd;
I= =
Q ne It
⇒n = =
5×1 gug;gsT 3 klq;F FiwfpwJ. ∴ A′ = 𝐴/3
t t e 1.6 ×10−19 ′ ρL′ ρ3L ρL
n = 3.125 × 10 vyf;l;uhd;fs;
19 Gjpa kpd; j il, R = ′ = =9 =9R
A 𝐴/3 A
∴ xU tpdhb Neuj;jpy; ghAk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; R′ = 9 × 10 = 90 Ω
vz;zpf;if 3.125 × 1019 MFk;. ∴ Gjpa kpd;jilapd; kjpg;G 90Ω
5. xypapay;
rpW tpdh
1. ,uh[];jhd; ghiytdq;fspy; fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy 𝟒𝟔°𝐂-I mila ,aYk;. me;j
ntg;gepiyapy; fhw;wpy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; vd;d? (V0 = 𝟑𝟑𝟏 kPtp-1)
V0 = 331 m s-1 T = 46℃
VT = V0 + 0.61 T = 331 + 0.61 × 46 = 359.06 kPtp-1
fzf;fL
P fs;
1. xU Clfj;jpy; 200 Hz mjpu;ntz; cila 2. thdj;jpy; kpd;dy; Vw;gl;L 9.8
xypahdJ 400 kPtp-1 Ntfj;jpy; guTfpwJ tpehbfSf;Fg; gpd;G ,bNahir Nfl;fpwJ.
xyp miyapd; miyePsk; fhz;f. fhw;wpy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; 300 kPtp-1 vdpy;
Nkff;$l;lq;fs; vt;tsT cauj;jpy;
juTfs; : mjpu;ntz;> n = 200 Hz
cs;sJ?
jpirNtfk;> v = 400 kPtp-1
juTfs; : fhyk;> t = 9.8 tpehbfs;
miyePsk;> λ = ?
jpirNtfk;> v = 300 kPtp-1
v
jPu;T : jpirNtfk; v = n 𝜆 ⇒ 𝜆 = Nkfj;jpd; cauk;> d = ?
n
cauk;
𝜆 =
400
= 𝟐 kP jPu;T : v = ⇒ cauk; = 𝑣 × 𝑡
fhyk;
200
= 300 × 9.8 = 2940 kP
∴ Nkfj;jpd; cauk; 2940 kP
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fzf;fL
P fs; 13
3. xUtu; 600 Hz mjpu;ntz; cila xyp 4. xU fg;gypypUe;J flypd; Moj;ij Nehf;fp
%yj;jpypUe;J 400 kP njhiytpy; kPnahypf; fjpu;fs; nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.
mku;e;Js;shu;. xyp %yj;jpypUe;J tUk; flypd; Moj; ij mile; J vjpnuhypj;J
mLj;jLj;j ,Wf;fq;fSf;fhd miyT 1.6 tpehbfSf;Fg; gpwF Vw;gpia
Neuj;ijf; fhz;f? milfpwJ vdpy; flypd; Mok; vd;d?
juTfs; : xypapd; mjpu;ntz;> n = 600 Hz (fly; ePupy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; 1400 kPtp-1)
mLj;jLj;j ,Wf;fq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd juTfs; : miy mDg;Gjy; kw;Wk;
fhyk;>T = ? ngWjYf;F ,ilNa cs;s fhy
jPu;T : ,ilntsp> t = 1.6 tp
mLj;jLj;j jPu;T :
,Wf;fq;fSf;F = miyapd; fly; ePupy; xypapd; jpirNtfk;> V = 1400 kPtp-1
,ilapyhd fhyk; fhyk; (T) flypd; Mok; = ?
1 miy gazpj;j J}uk; = 2d
T=
n 2d Vt
=
1
= 0.00166 tpehbfs; jpirNtfk;, V = ⇒ d=
t 2
600
1400 × 1.6
T = 𝟏. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 tpehbfs;. d= = 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟎 kP
2
5. xUtu; 680 kP ,ilntspapy; mike;Js;s ,uz;L nrq;Fj;jhdr; Rtu;fSf;F ,ilNa
epw;fpwhu;. mtu; jdJ iffisj; jl;Lk; XirahdJ vjpnuhspj;J KiwNa 0.9 tpehb
kw;Wk; 1.1 tpehb ,ilntspapy; Nfl;fpwJ fhw;wpy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; vd;d?
juTfs; : t1 = 0.9 tp kw;Wk; t2 = 1.1 tp Mfpad 2 vjpnuhypfs; milAk; Neuk;.
fhw;wpy; xypapd; jpirNtfk;, V = ?
jPu;T : d1, d2 vd;gd kdpjDf;Fk; RtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd J}uk;
2d1 2d2
V= V=
t1 t2
𝑉×𝑡1 𝑉×𝑡2
d1 = d2 =
2 2
𝑉×𝑡1 𝑉×𝑡2 𝑉
d1 + d 2 = + = (t1 + t2) = 680 kP
2 2 2
𝑉
(0.9 + 1.1) = 680 kP
2
𝑉
× 2 = 680 kP ⇒ V = 680 kPtp-1
2
6. ,uz;L Nfl;Feu;fs; 4.5 fp.kP ,ilntspapy; 7. fg;gypypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;l kPnahypahdJ

,uz;L glFfis epWj;jpAs;sdu;. xU flypd; Moj;jpy; vjpnuhypj;J kPz;L
glfpypUe;J> ePupd; %yk; nrYj;jg;gLk; Vw;gpia mila 1 tpehb
xypahdJ 3 tpehbfSf;Fg; gpwF kw;nwhU vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ. ePupy; xypapd; Ntfk;
glif milfpwJ. ePupy; xypapd; 1450 kPtp-1 vdpy; flypd; Mok; vd;d?
jpirNtfk; vd;d? juTfs; :jpirNtfk; = 1450 kPtp-1>fhyk; = 1tp
2 × flypd; Mok;
juTfs; : d = 4.5 fp.kP = 4500 kP> jPu;T : jpirNtfk; =
fhyk;
t = 3 tpehb ⇒ flypd; Mok; =
jpirNtfk; × fhyk;
d 2
jPu;T : xypapd; jpirNtfk;> V = 1450 × 1
t = = 725 kP
2
4500
V= = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 kPtp-1 flypd; Mok; 𝟕𝟐𝟓 kP.
3
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khjpufp ; fzf;Ffs;
8. ve;j ntg;gepiyspy; xypapd; jpirNtfkhdJ 𝟎° 𝑪 y; cs;sij tpl ,ul;bg;ghFk;?
juTfs; : Njitahd ntg;gepiy T° C vdf; nfhs;Nthk;. [TB – 62]
V1 kw;Wk; V2 vd;git KiwNa T1 K kw;Wk; T2 K ntg;gepiyapy; xypapd; jpirNtfk; MFk;.
𝑉2
T1 = 273K (0° C) kw;Wk; T2 = (T° C + 273)K ,q;F = 2 vdf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
𝑉1
𝑉2 𝑇2 𝑇+273
jPh;T : =√ =√ =2
𝑉1 𝑇1 273
𝑇+273
vdNt, = 4 ⇒ T = (273 x 4) – 273 ⇒ T = 1092 – 273 = 819℃
273
∴ 819°𝐶 ntg;gepiyspy; xypapd; jpirNtfkhdJ 0° 𝐶 y; cs;sij tpl ,ul;bg;ghFk;.
9. 90 Hz mjph;ntz;iz cila xyp %ykhdJ xypapd; jpirNtfj;jpy; (1/10) klq;F Ntfj;jpy;
Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Nfl;Feiu milfpwJ. Nfl;Feuhy; czug;gLk; mjph;ntz; vd;d?
1
juTfs; : Vs = v, n = 90 Hz [TB – 68] [PTA – 4]
10
jPh;T : Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Nfl;Feiu Nehf;fp> xyp %yk; efUk;NghJ> Njhw;w
𝑉
mjph;ntz;Zf;fhdr; rkd;ghL> 𝑛′ = ( )𝑛
𝑉−𝑉𝑠
𝑉 v 10
=( 1 ) 𝑛 = ( (10−1)v ) 𝑛 = ( ) 𝑛
𝑉−( )𝑣 9
10 10
10
𝑛′ = ( ) × 90 = 100 Hz
9
Nfl;Feuhy; czug;gLk; mjph;ntz; 100 Hz.
10. 500 Hz mjph;ntz;iz cila xyp %ykhdJ> 30 kPtp-1 Ntfj;jpy; Nfl;Feiu Nehf;fp
efh;fpwJ. fhw;wpy;; xypapd; Ntfk; 330 kPtp-1. vdpy; Nfl;Feuhy; czug;gLk; xypapd;
mjph;ntz; vd;d? [TB – 68] [PTA – 2]
juTfs; : V = 330 kPtp > Vs = 30 kPtp > n = 500 Hz
-1 -1
jPh;T : xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Nfl;Feiu Nehf;fp> xyp %yk; efUk;NghJ> Njhw;w
𝑉 330
mjph;ntz;Zf;fhdr; rkd;ghL> 𝑛′ = ( )𝑛 = ( ) × 500
𝑉−𝑉𝑠 330−30
330 11
𝑛′ = ( ) × 500 = × 500 = 550 Hz
300 10
Nfl;Feuhy; czug;gLk; mjph;ntz; 550 Hz.
11. xU xyp %ykhdJ 50 kPtp-1 jpirNtfj;jpy; Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Nfl;Feiu Nehf;fp
efUfpwJ. Nfl;Feuhy; czug;gLk; Nehf;fp efUfpwJ. Nfl;Feuhy; czug;gLk; xyp
%yj;jpd; mjph;ntz;zhdJ 1000 Hz MFk;. me;j xyp %ykhdJ Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s
Nfl;Feiu tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk; NghJ czug;gLk; Njhw;w mjph;ntz; vd;d? (xypapd;
jpirNtfk; 330 kP tp-1) [TB – 68] [MDL – 19]
juTfs; : V = 330 kPtp , Vs = 50 kPtp , n = 1000 Hz
-1 -1
jPu;T : xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Nfl;Feiu Nehf;fp> xyp %yk; efUk;NghJ> Njhw;w
𝑉
mjph;ntz;Zf;fhdr; rkd;ghL> 𝑛′ = ( )𝑛
𝑉−𝑉𝑠
330 330 1000×280
1000 = ( )𝑛 = ( )n ⇒ n = ( )= 848.48 Hz
330−50 280 330
xyp %yj;jpd; cz;ikahd mjph;ntz; 848.48 Hz MFk;. Xyp %ykhdJ Nfl;Feiu
tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk;NghJ cs;s Njhw;w mjph;ntz;zpw;fhdr; rkd;ghL
𝑉 330
𝑛′ = ( )𝑛 = ( ) × 848.48 = 736.84 Hz
𝑉+𝑉𝑠 330+50
xypapd; Njhw;w mjph;ntz; 736.84 Hz.
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fzf;fL
P fs; 15
12. Nfl;Feuhy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Njhw;w mjph;ntz;zhdJ cz;i kahd mjph;ntz;zpy;
ghjpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; xyp %yk; vt;tsT Ntfj;jpy; Nfl;Feiu tpl;L tpyfpr;
nry;y Ntz;Lk;? [TB – 69] [PTA – 5]
n
juTfs; : n′ =
2
jPh;T : xyp %ykhdJ> Xa;T epiyapy; cs;s Nfl;Feiu tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;Yk;NghJ>
𝑉
Njhw;w mjph;ntz;zpw;fhd rkd;ghL> 𝑛′ = ( ).𝑛
𝑉+𝑉𝑠
𝑛 𝑉
=( ).𝑛
2 𝑉+𝑉𝑠
Vs = V
13. xyp %yKk;> Nfl;FeUk; V/10 Ntfj;jpy; xUtiunahUtu; Nehf;fp efh;fpd;wdh;. ,q;F
v vd;gJ xypapd; Ntfk; MFk;. Xyp %yj;jpy; ntspg;gLk; xypapd; mjph;ntz; '𝑓| vdpy;>
Nfl;Feuhy; Nfl;fg;gLk; xypapd; mjph;ntz; vd;d? [TB – 68]
v v
juTfs; : V𝑙 = kPtp , Vs = kPtp ,
-1 -1
n =𝑓
10 10
jPh;T : xyp %yKk;> Nfl;FeUk; V/10 Ntfj;jpy; xUtiunghUth; Nehf;fp efUk;NghJ>
𝑉+𝑉
Njhw;w mjph;ntz;zhdJ 𝑛′ = ( 𝑙) . 𝑛
𝑉−𝑉𝑠
𝑣
𝑉+ 11v 10 11
′ 10
𝑛 =( 𝑣 ).𝑛 = ( × )𝑓 = 𝑓 = 1.22 𝑓
𝑉− 10 9v 9
10
$Ljy; fzf;Ffs;
14. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpypUe;J xyp 15. ntw;wplj;jpy; gazpf;Fk; 3000A°
vjpnuhypg;Gf; Nfhzj;ijf; fzf;fpLf. miyePsKs;s fz;ZW xspapd;
[PTA – 4] mjpHntz;izf; fhz;f. [PTA – 5]
juTfs; :
miyePsk;> (λ) = 3000 Å
= 3000 × 10−10 kP
jPu;T :
xypapd; jpirNtfk;(c)= 3 × 108 kPtp-1
C
jPu;T : i = 90̊ – 50̊ = 40̊ mjpHntz; (ν) =
λ
3×108
gLNfhzk; (i) = vjpnuhypg;Gf; Nfhzk; (r) =
3000×10−10
3×108
xypapd; vjpnuhypg;Gf; Nfhzk;, (r) = 40̊ =
3×10−7
mjpHntz; (𝜈) = 1015 Hz
16. fg;gypypUe;J mDg;gg;gl;l kPnahypahdJ flypd; Moj;jpy; vjpnuhypj;J kPz;Lk; Vw;gpia

mila 2 tpehb vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. ePhpy; xypapd; Ntfk; 1450 kPtp-1 vdpy; flypd;
Moj;jpidf; fzf;fpLf? [PTA – 5]
-1
juTfs; : v = 1450 kPtp > t = 2 tpehb
jPu;T :
2 × flypd; Mok;
jpirNtfk; =
fhyk;
jpirNtfk; × fhyk;
flypd; Mok; =
2
1450 × 2
= = 1450 kP
2
flypd; Mok; 1450 kP.
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6. mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
fzf;fL
P fs;
1. Ra226 vd;w jdpkk; 3 My;gh rpijtpw;F cl;gLfpwJ vdpy; Nra; jdpkj;jpy; cs;s
88
epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf.
3 α- rpijT 88Ra →
226
z-2Y
A-4
+ 3 2He4
jha; jdpkj;jpd; epiw vz; = %d;W My;gh jdpkj;jpd; epiw vz; + Nra; jdpkj;jpd; epiw vz;
226 = 34 +A
226 = 12 + A
A = 226 – 12
A = 214
jha; jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz; = %d;W My;gh jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz; + Nra; jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz;
88 = 32 + Z
88 = 6 + Z
Z = 88 – 6
Z = 82
epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = A – Z
= 214 – 82 = 132
2. Nfhghy;l; khjpup> xU tpdhbapy; 75.6 kpy;yp fpA+up vd;w mstpy; J}z;lg;gl;l fjpupaf;fr;
rpijtpid ntspapLfpwJ vdpy; ,r;rpijtpidg; ngf;nfhuy; myfpw;F khw;Wf. (xU
fpA+up vd;gJ 3.71010 ngf;nfhuy;).
xU fpA+up = 3.71010 ngf;nfhuy;
75.6 kpy;yp fpA+up = 75.6 ×10-3 × 3.7 ×1010
= 75.6× 3.7 ×107
= 279.72 ×107
= 0. 28 ×1010 ngf;nfhuy;
khjpufp ; fzf;Ffs;
3. fPof ; ;fz;l mZf;fU tpidapypUe;J A, 4. xU uhlhd; khjpupapypUe;J xU
B, C kw;Wk; D Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f. tpdhbapy; 3.7×10 GBq fjpupaf;fk;
3
[TB – 84] ntspahfpwJ vdpy; ,r;rpijtpid fpA+up

(i) 13Al + A→ 15P + B
27 30 myfhf khw;Wf. [TB – 84]
(ii) 12Mg + B → 11Na + C
24 24
xU fpA+up = 3.7×10 Bq (xU tpdhbapy;
3
(iii) 92U238+ B → 93Np239+ D Vw;gLk; rpijT)

jPu;T : juTfs; :
(i) 13Al + 2He →
27 4 30
15P + 0n
1 1 Bq = xU tpdhbapy; Vw;gLk; rpijT
(ii) 12Mg + 0n →
24 1 24
11Na + 1H
1 xU fpA+up = 3.7 × 1010 Bq
(iii) 92U238+ 0n1→ 93Np
239
+ –1e0 jPu;T :
1
A ⟶ My;gh Jfs; ( 2He4) 1 Bq = 10 fpA+up
3.7×10
1
B ⟶ epA+l;uhd; (0n1) ∴ 3.7 × 103 GBq = 3.7 × 103 × 109 × 3.7×1010
C ⟶ GNuhl;lhd; (1H1)
= 100 fpA+up
D ⟶ vyf;l;uhd; (–1e0) 3
∴ 3.7 × 10 GBq = 100 fpA+up
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fzf;fL
P fs; 17
5. 92U
235
xU My;gh rpijtpw;Fk; xU gPl;lh epA+l;uhd;fspd; epiw vz; –mZ vz;
vz;zpf;if =
rpijtpw;Fk; cl;gLfpwJ. ,Wjpapy;
Gjpjhfj; Njhd;Wk; cl;fUtpy; cs;s = 231 – 91 = 140
epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;f. ∴ ,Wjpapy; Gjpjhfj; Njhd;Wk;
[TB – 85] cl;fUtpy; cs;s epA+l;uhd;fspd;
X kw;Wk; Y vd;gd My;gh kw;Wk; gPl;lh vz;zpf;if 140 MFk;.
Jfs; ckpo;tpw;Fg; gpwF KiwNa 6. 2 fpfp epiwAila xU fjpupaf;fg;
cUthFk; Gjpa jdpkq;fshFk;. nghUshdJ mZf;fU ,iztpd;NghJ
𝛂 – rpijT : ntspahFk; nkhj;j Mw;wiyf;
α rpijT
92U
235
→ 90X
231
+ 2He4 fzf;fpLf. [TB – 85]
epiw vz; (A) = 235 – 4 = 231 juTfs; :
mZ vz; (Z) = 92 – 2 = 90 m = 2 kg ;
𝛃 – rpijT : c = 3 × 108ms-1
jPu;T : Id;];Bd; epiw Mw;wy; rkd;ghL>
231 β rpijT 0
90X → 91Y
231
+ -1𝑒 E = mc 2
epiw vz; (A) = 231 (khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;) E = 2 × (3 × 108 )2
mZ vz; (Z) = 90 + 1 = 91 = 1.8 × 1017J
$Ljy; fzf;Ffs;
𝟐𝟑𝟖
7. 𝟗𝟐 𝑼 vd;w jdpkk; My;gh rpijtpw;F 8. 92U235 vd;w mZf;fUthdJ Xu; My;gh
cl;gLfpwJ vdpy;> Nra; jdpkj;jpy; rpijtpw;F cl;gLfpwJ vdpy; Gjpjhf
cs;s epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; cUthFk; Nra; cl;fUtpd; epA+l;uhd;fspd;
fzf;fpLf. [SEP – 2021] vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf. [PTA – 1]
xU 𝜶 rpijT 92U → ZY + 2He
238 A 4
+Mw;wy; xU 𝜶 rpijT 92U → ZY + 2He
235 A 4
+Mw;wy;
epiw vz; (A) = 238 – 4 = 234 epiw vz; (A) = 235 – 4 = 231
mZ vz; (Z) = 92 – 2 = 90 mZ vz; (Z) = 92 – 2 = 90
epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = A – Z epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = A – Z
= 234 – 90 = 144 = 231 – 90 = 141
9. 1fpfp epiw tOTila xU fjpupaf;fg; 10. fPo;f;fhz; mZf;fU tpidapy; X vDk;
nghUshdJ mZf;fU ,iztpd; NghJ cl;fU Y vDk; cl;fUthf khWfpwJ.
ntspahFk; nkhj;j Mw;wiyf; cl;fU Y ,d; mZ vz; kw;Wk; epiw
fzf;fpLf. [PTA – 5] vz;izf; fhz;f. 88X226→ Y+ 2He4 + Mw;wy;
tpidapd;NghJ epiwtO (m) = 1 kg 1 𝜶 rpijT 88X → ZY + 2He
226 A 4
+Mw;wy;
xspapd; jpirNtfk; (c) = 3 × 108 m s-1 epiw vz; (A) = 226 – 4 = 222 [PTA – 5]
Id;];Bd; epiw Mw;wy; rkd;ghL> mZ vz; (Z) = 88 – 2 = 86
E = mc2
∴ Y ,d; mZ vz; 86 kw;Wk; epiw
vdNt> E = 1× (3 × 108)2
vz; 222 MFk;.
E = 9 × 1016 J (m) 0.9 × 1017 J
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cau; rpe;jidf;fhd tpdhf;fs;
1. mZf;fU tpidf;Fl;gLk; fjpupaf;fj; jdpkk; xd;wpd; epiw vz;: 232> mZ vz;: 90
vdpy; fjpupaf;fj;jpw;Fg; gpd; fhuPa INrhNlhg;ghf khWfpwJ. fhuPa INrhNlhg;gpd; epiw
vz; 208 kw;Wk; mZ vz; 82 vdpy; ,t;tpidapy; epfo;e;Js;s My;gh kw;Wk; gPl;lhr;
rpijTfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf.
a, b vd;git KiwNa My;gh> gPl;lhr; rpijTfspd; vz;zpf;if vd;f.
90X
232
→ 82Pb208 + a 2He4 + b -1e0
epiw vz; cld; xg;gpl : mZ vz; cld; xg;gpl :
‘a’ My;gh Jfspd; epiw vz;= 4a ‘a’ My;gh Jfspd; mZ vz; = 2a
‘b’ gPl;lh Jfspd; epiw vz; = 0 ‘b’ My;gh Jfspd; mZ vz; = -b
232 = 208 + 4a + 0 90 = 82 + 2a - b
4a = 232 – 208 90 - 82 = 2a – b
4a = 24 8 = 2 (6) – b
a=6 b = 12 – 8 = 4
∴My;gh rpijTfspd; vz;zpf;if 6 kw;Wk; gPl;lh rpijTfspd; vz;zpf;if 4 MFk;.
RUf;fkhf tpilasp
1. mk;Nkhdpahtpy; cs;s iel;u[dpd; rjtPj ,iaigf; fz;lwpf. [PTA – 1]
NH3 d; %yf;$W epiw = 14 +(1 × 3) = 17fp
14
NH3 y; cs;s iel;u[dpd; rjtPj ,iaG = × 100 = 82.35%
17
tpupthf tpilasp
1. 0.18fp ePH Jspapy; cs;s ePH %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifia fzf;fpL.
H2O –d; %yf;$W epiw = (1 × 2) + 16 = 18 fp
ePupd; epiw
%yf;$W epiw
0.18
= × 6.023 × 1023 = 6.023 × 1021
18
∴ ePu; %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if = 6.023× 1021
2. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 (N=14, H=1)
1 Nkhy; iel;u[d;= ____fp + 3Nkhy; i`l;u[d;= ___fp→ 2Nkhy; mk;Nkhdpah = ___fp
epiw = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if ×%yf;$W epiw
N2 –d; epiw = 1 × (14 × 2) = 28
H2 –d; epiw = 3 × (1 × 2) = 6
NH3 –d; epiw = 2 × (14 + (3 × 1)) = 34
1 Nkhy; iel;u[d; = 28 fp + 3Nkhy;> i`l;u[d;= 6 fp →2Nkhy; mk;Nkhdpah = 34 fp
3. Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fz;lwpf. m) 27fp mYkpdpak; M) 1.51×1023 %yf;$W NH4Cl.
m) 27fp mYkpdpak; [PTA – 5] M) 1.51×1023 %yf;$W NH Cl. [PTA – 5]
4
𝐴𝑙 -d; epiw %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if=
𝐴𝑙 -d; mZepiw mtfhl;Nuh vz;
27
= = 1 Nkhy; 1.51×1023
27 = = 0.25 Nkhy;
6.023×1023
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fzf;fL
P fs; 19
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
4. Ntjpj;njhopw;rhiyfspy; gpd;tUk; Ntjptpid %yk; mk;Nkhdpah jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
𝐍𝟐 + 𝟑𝐇𝟐 ⇄ 𝟐𝐍𝐇𝟑 Nkhy;fUj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L 1000 fpNyh fpuhk; mk;Nkhdpah
jahupf;f vt;tsT fpNyh fpuhk; i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; iel;u[d; thA Njitg;gLk; vd;gij
Nkw;fz;l Ntjptpid %yk; fzf;fpLf. [PTA – 3]
ntspapLk; NH3 epiw = 1000 fpfp =10 fp6
NH3 -d; epiw = 14 + (3 × 1) = 17 fp

𝑁𝐻3 epiw 106
NH3 cs;s Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if= =
𝑁𝐻3 −d; %yf;$W epiw 17
2 Nkhy; NH3 MdJ 3 Nkhy; H2 -ypUe;J ntsptUfpwJ.
106 106 3
∴ Nkhy; NH3 MdJ × Nkhy; H2 -ypUe;J ntsptUfpwJ.
17 17 2
Njitg;gLk; H2 tpd; epiw = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if × %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
106 3
H2 tpd; epiw = × × (2 × 1) = 176.47 fpfp
17 2
2 Nkhy; NH3 MdJ 1 Nkhy; N2 -ypUe;J ntsptUfpwJ.
106 106 1
∴ Nkhy; NH3 MdJ × Nkhy; N2 -ypUe;J ntsptUfpwJ.
17 17 2
106 1 28
Njitg;gLk; N2 tpd; epiw = × × (14 × 2) = × 106
17 2 34
N2 tpd; epiw = 0.82353 × 106 fp = 823.53 fpfp
∴ Njitg;gLk; N2 tpd; epiw = 823.53 fpfp
Njitg;gLk; H2 tpd; epiw = 176.47 fpfp
fzf;fL
P fs;
1. fPof
; z;ltw;wpd; epiwiaf; fhz;f. [PTA – 4]
epiw = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if × %yf;$W epiw
m) 2 Nkhy;fs; i`l;u[d; %yf;$W> H2 M) 3 Nkhy;fs; FNshhpd; %yf;$W> Cl2
%yf;$W epiw = 1 × 2 = 2 %yf;$W epiw = 35.5 × 2 = 71
epiw = 2 × 2 = 4 fp epiw = 3 × 71 = 213 fp
,) 5 Nkhy;fs; ry;gH %yf;$W> S8 <) 4 Nkhy;fs; gh];gu]; %yf;$W> P4
%yf;$W epiw = 32 × 8 = 256 %yf;$W epiw = 31 × 4 = 124
epiw = 5 × 256 = 1280 fp epiw = 4 × 124 = 496 fp
2. fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;by; cs;s xt;nthU jdpkj;jpd; rjtPj ,iaigf; fhz;f. [PTA – 2]
(epiw vz; Ca =40, C =12, O =16)
CaCO3-d; %yf;$W epiw = 40 + 12 + (16 × 3) = 100 fp
jdpkj;jpd; jdpkj;jpd; mZepiw jdpkj;jpd;
jdpkq;fs; × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
mZepiw %yf;$W epiw rjtPj ,iaG
40
Ca 40 × 100 40 %
100
12
C 12 × 100 12 %
100
48
O 48 (3× 16 = 48) × 100 48 %
100
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3. Al2(SO4)3 -y; cs;s Mf;rp[dpd; rjtPj ,iaigf; fhz;f.
(epiw vz; kjpg;Gfs; Al = 27, O = 16, S = 32) [PTA – 2]
Al2(SO4)3 -d; %yf;$W epiw = (2 × 27) + (3×(32 +(4 ×16)))
= (2 × 27) + (3×96)
= 54 + 288 = 342 fp
3 ×4×16
Al2(SO4)3 -y; cs;s Mf;rp[dpd; rjtPjk; = × 100
342
192
= × 100 = 56.14%
342
4. Nghuhdpd; ruhrhp mZepiw 10.804 amu vdpy; B-10 kw;Wk; B-11 rjtPj gutiyf; fhz;f.
𝑎1 , 𝑎2 vd;gJ B-10 kw;Wk; B-11 Mfpatw;wpd; rjtPj guty;fs; vd;f.
B-10-d; epiw> m1 = 10 B-11-d; epiw> m2 = 11
𝑎1 +𝑎2 = 100
𝑎1 = 100 − 𝑎2
Nghuhdpd; ruhrup mZepiw = 10.804 amu
a a
ruhrup mZepiw = m1 × 1 + m2 × 2
100 100
(100−𝑎2 ) a2
= 10 × + 11 ×
100 100
𝑎2 11a2
= 10 × (1 − )+
100 100
10𝑎2 11a
= 10 − + 2
100 100
a2
10.804 = 10 +
100
a2
= 10.804 – 10 = 0.804
100
𝑎2 = 0.804 × 100 = 80.4 %
𝑎1 = 100 − 80.4 = 19.6 %
∴ B-10–d; rjtPj guty; = 19.6 %
B-11–d; rjtPj guty = 80.4%
khjpufp ; fzf;Ffs;
ruhrhp mZepiwiaf; fzf;fpLjy;
5. g+kpapd; Nkw;gug;G kw;Wk; kdpj clypy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;glf;$ba jdpkk; Mf;rp[d;.
mJ ml;ltiz 7.3 ,y; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sthW %d;W tifahd epiyj;j
INrhNlhg;Gfspd; fyitahf cs;sJ. [TB – 93, 94]
INrhNlhg; epiw (amu) % guty;
16
8O 15.9949 99. 757
17
8O 16.9991 0.038
18
8O 17.9992 0.205
Mf;rp[dpd; mZepiw = (15.9949 × 0.99757) + (16.9991 × 0.00038) + (17.9992 × 0.00205)

= 15.999 amu.
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fzf;fL
P fs; 21
6. ,aw;ifapy; jdpkk; Nghuhd; vd;gJ Nghuhd;-10 (5 GNuhl;lhd;fs;+ 5 epa+l;uhd;fs;) kw;Wk;
Nghuhd;-11 (5 GNuhl;lhd;fs; + 6 epa+l;uhd;fs;) Mfpatw;wpd; fyitahf cs;sJ. B-10 d;
rjtPjguty; 20 MfTk; B-11 d; rjtPj guty; 80 MfTk; cs;sJ. vdpy; Nghuhdpd;
ruhrhp epiw fPof; z;lthW fhzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. [TB – 94]
20 80
Nghuhdpd; mZ epiw = (10 × ) + (11 × )
100 100
= (10 × 0.20) + (11 × 0.80)
= 2 + 8.8 = 10.8 amu
xg;G %yf;$W epiwfspd; fzf;fpLjy;
7. ry;g;a+hpf; mkpyj;jpd; (H2SO4) xg;G %yf;$W epiwahdJ fPo;fz;lthW
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. ry;g;a+upf; mkpykhdJ ,uz;L i`l;u[d; mZf;fshYk; xU ry;gh;
mZthYk; ehd;F Mf;rp[d; mZf;fshYk; MdJ. [TB – 95, 96]
ry;g;a+hpf; mkpyj;jpd; xg;G %yf;$Wepiw= (2× i`l;u[dpd; epiw) + (1× ry;gupd; epiw)
+ (4 × ×Mf;rp[dpd; epiw)
= (2 × 1) + (1 × 32) + (4 × 16) = 98
1
mjhtJ xU ry;g;a+hpf; mkpyj;jpd; %yf;$WepiwahdJ gq;F C –12 mZtpd;
12
epiwia tpl 98 klq;F mjpfkhdJ.
8. ePhpd; xg;G %yf;$W epiw fPo;fz;lthW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. ePu; %yf;$whfdJ 2 i`l;u[d;
mZitAk; 1 Mf;rp[d; mZitAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. [TB – 96]
ePupd; xg;G %yf;$W epiw = (2 × i`l;u[dpd; epiw) + (1 × Mf;rp[dpd; epiw)
= (2 × 1) + (1 × 16) = 18
1
xU ePu; %yf;$wpd; epiwahdJ gq;F C –12 mZtpd; epiwia tpl 18 klq;F ngupaJ.
12
rjtPj ,iaG fzf;fpLjy;

9. kPj;Njdpy; cs;s jdpkq;fspd; rjtPj ,iaig fhz;f. [TB – 97]
CH4 d; %yf;$W epiw = 12 + (1× 4) = 16 fp
12
fhu;gdpd; rjtPj ,iaG = × 100 = 75%
16
4
i`l;u[dpd; rjtPj ,iaG = × 100= 25%
16
Nkhyhu; epiw fzf;fpLjy;

10. fPof; z;ltw;wpd; %yf;$W epiwiaf; fhz;f. i) H2O ii) CO2 iii) Ca3 (PO4)2 [TB – 99]
i) H2O iii) Ca3 (PO4)2
Hd; mZ epiw= 1, O d; mZ epiw = 16 Ca d; mZ epiw = 40
H2O d; %yf;$W epiw= (1 × 2) + (16 × 1) P d; mZ epiw = 30
= 2 + 16 = 18 fp O d; mZ epiw = 16
Ca3 (PO4)2 d; %yf;$W epiw>
ii) CO2 [SEP – 2021]
C d; mZ epiw = 12, O = 16 = (40 × 3) + [30 + (16 × 4)] × 2
CO2d; %yf;$W epiw = (12 × 1)+(16× 2) = 120 + (94 × 2)
= 12 + 32 = 44 fp = 120 + 188 = 308 fp
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epiw kw;Wk; gUkidg; gad;gLj;jp Nkhy;fisf; fzf;fpLjy;
11. i) 46 fp Nrhbaj;jpd; Nkhy;fisf; fzf;fpLf [TB – 99] [MDL – 19]
epiw 46
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = = = 2 Nkhy;
mZ epiw 23
ii) S.T.P ,y; 5.6 ypl;lu; Mf;rp[d;
gUkd; 5.6
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = = = 0.25 Nkhy;
Nkhyhu; gUkd; 22.4
iii) 12.046 × 1023 ,Uk;gpd; Nkhy;fisf; fzf;fpL.
mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 12.046 × 1023
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = = = 2 Nkhy;.
mtfhl;Nuh vz; 6.023 × 1023
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapypUe;J epiwiaf; fzf;fpLjy;.

12. fPof
; ;fz;ltw;wpd; epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf. [TB – 99, 100]
Nru;kj;jpd; epiw mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if jp.nt.m epiyapy; gUkd;
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if= = =
mZ /%yf;$W epiw mtfhl;Nuh vz; Nkhyhu; gUkd;
i) 0.3 Nkhy; mYkpdpak; iii)1.51 × 1023 %yf;$W ePu; [MDL – 19]

( Al mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 27) ePu; %yf;$W epiw = 18
epiw %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = mtfhl;Nuh vz;
mZ epiw
epiw= Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if× mZepiw 1.51× 1023
= 6.023 × 1023
= 0.3 × 27 = 8.1 fp 1
= 4 = 0.25 Nkhy;
ii) S.T.P ,y; 2.24 ypl;lu; SO2
%yf;$W epiw = 32 + (16 × 2) epiw = Nkhy; × %yf;$W epiw
= 32 + 32 = 64 fp = 0.25 × 18 = 4.5 fp
gUkd; iv) 5 × 1023 %yf;$W FSf;Nfh];
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if= FSf;Nfh]pd; %yf;$W epiw = 180 fp
Nkhyhu; gUkd;
2.24 %yf;$W epiw × %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
= = 0.1 Nkhy; epiw=
22.4 mtfhl;Nuh vz;
epiw
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if= 180×5× 1023
%yf;$W epiw = 6.023 × 1023
epiw= Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if× %yf;$W epiw = 149.43 fp
= 0.1 × 64 = 6.4 fp
%yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLjy;.
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = = =
13. i) 11.2 ypl;lu; CO2 ,y; cs;s %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLjy;. [TB – 100]
gUkd;
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if =
Nkhyhu; gUkd;
11.2
= = 0.5 Nkhy;
22.4
%yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if × mtfhl;Nuh vz;
= 0.5 × 6.023 × 1023
= 3.011 × 1023 %yf;$Wfs;
ii) 1 fp jq;fj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; iii) 54 fp H2O ,y; cs;s %yf;$Wfspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpL. vz;zpf;if ahJ?
(Au d; mZepiw= 198) (epiw × mtfhl;Nuh vz;)
%yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if=
epiw × mtfhl;Nuh vz; %yf;$W epiw
mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if= mZ epiw 54 ×6.023 ×1023
1×6.023×1023 = 18
=
198 = 18. 069× 1023
= 3.042×1021
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fzf;fL
P fs; 23
iv) 5 Nkhy; CO2 y; cs;s fhu;gd; kw;Wk; Mf;rp[d; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fhz;f.
1 Nkhy; CO2 y; 2 Nkhy; Mf;rp[d; mZf;fs; ⇒ 5 Nkhy; CO2 y; 10 Nkhy; Mf;rp[d; mZf;fs;
mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if × mtfhl;Nuh vz;
= 10 × 6.023 ×1023
= 6. 023 ×1024 Mf;rp[d; mZf;fs;
1 Nkhy; CO2 ,y; 1 Nkhy; fhu;gd; mZf;fs; ⇒ 5 Nkhy; CO2 ,y; 5 Nkhy; fhu;gd; mZf;fs;
mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if × mtfhl;Nuh vz;
= 5 × 6.023×1023 = 3.011 ×1024 fhu;gd; mZf;fs;
Nkhyhu; gUkd; fzf;fpLjy;
14. fPof
; z;ltw;wpd; gUkidf; fzf;fpL: [TB – 100]
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if= = =
i) 2.5 Nkhy; CO2
gUkd; = Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if × Nkhyhu; gUkd;
= 2.5× 22.4 = 56 ypl;lu;.
ii) 12.046 × 1023 %yf;$W mk;Nkhdpah iii) 14 fp iel;u[d; thA
%yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if
Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if= 𝟏𝟒
mtfhl;Nuh vz; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 𝟐𝟖 = 0.5 Nkhy;
12.046 × 1023
= = 2 Nkhy; gUkd;= Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if× Nkhyhu; gUkd;
6.023 × 1023
gUkd;= Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if× Nkhyhu;gUkd; = 0.5 × 22.4
= 2× 22.4 = 44.8 ypl;lu; = 11.2 ypl;lu;
rjtPj ,iaG fzf;fpLjy;
15. H2SO4 y; cs;s S d; rjtPj ,iagpidf; fhz;f. [TB – 100]
H2SO4 d; %yf;$W epiw = (1 × 2) + (32 × 1) + (16 × 4)
= 2 + 32 + 64 = 98 fp
ry;ghpd; epiw
ry;gupd; rjtPj ,iaG = × 100
𝐻2 𝑆04 d; Nkhyhu; epiw
32
= × 100 = 32.65%
98
$Ljy; fzf;Ffs;
16. 36 fp ePupy; cs;s %yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;ifia fhz;f. [MDL – 19]
(epiw × mtfhl;Nuh vz;)
%yf;$Wfspd; vz;zpf;if =
%yf;$W epiw
36
= × 6.023 × 1023
18
= 12.046 × 1023
17. xU Nru;kj;jpy; fhHgdpd; epiw rjtPjk; 27.28% Mf;rp[dpd; epiw rjtPjk; 72.73%
mr;NrHkj;jpd; %yf;$W epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf. [PTA – 4]
fhHgdpd; epiw % = 27.28 = fhHgdpd; epiw
Mf;rp[dpd; epiw % = 72.73 = Mf;rp[dpd; epiw
fhHgdpd; epiw rjtPjk; 27.28
fhHgd; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = = = 2.27 ≅ 2
fhHgd; mZtpd; epiw 12
Mf;rp[dpd; epiw 72.73
Mf;rp[d; Nkhy;fspd; vz;zpf;if = = = 4.54 ≅ 4
Mf;rp[d; mZtpd; epiw 16
%yf;$W tha;g;ghL : C2 O4 (my;yJ) 2 CO2
%yf;$W epiw = (2 × 12) + (4 × 16) = 88 fp
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1. fhy;rpak; fhHgNdl;il ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ fPof
; ;fz;lthW rpijtilfpwJ.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
fhy;rpak; fhHgNdl;bd; fpuhk; %yf;$W epiwiaf; fzf;fpL.
CaCO3–d; fpuhk; %yf;$W epiw = (40 × 1) + (12 × 1) + (16 × 3)
= 40 + 12 + 48 = 100 fp
xU Nkhy;; CaCO3 ,e;j tpidapy; <LgLfpwJ.
∴ CaCO3–d; fpuhk; %yf;$W epiw = 1 × 100 fp = 100 fp

1. m) HF %yf;$wpy; cs;s H kw;Wk; F f;F ,ilapy; cs;s gpizg;G vJ?
vyf;l;uhd; ftu;jd;ik H = 2.1 kw;Wk; F = 4.0
vyf;l;uhd; ftHjd;ik tpj;jpahrk; = 4.0 − 2.1 = 1.9 ,J 1.7Itpl mjpfk;.
∴ H kw;Wk; Ff;F ,ilapy; cs;s gpizg;G madpg; gpizg;G MFk;.
9. fiury;fs;
tpupthf tpilasp
1. 180fp ePupy;> 45fp Nrhbak; FNshiuilf; fiuj;J xU fiury; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjj;ij fhz;f.
juTfs; : fiug;ghdpd; epiw = 180 fp @ fiunghUspd; epiw = 45 fp
fiunghUspd; epiw
jPu;T : fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjk; = × 100
fiunghUspd; epiw + fiug;ghdpd; epiw
45 4500
= × 100 = = 20%
45+180 225
∴ fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjk; 20%
2. 15 yp vj;jdhy; ePu;f;fiurypy; 3.5 yp vj;jdhy; fye;Js;sJ. vj;jdhy; fiurypd; fdmsT
rjtPjj;ij fz;lwpf. [PTA – 2]
juTfs; : fiunghUspd; fdmsT = 3.5 yp @ fiurypd; fdmsT = 15 yp
fiunghUspd; fdmsT 3.5
jPu;T : fdmsT rjtPjk; = × 100 = × 100 = 23. 33%
fiurypd; fdmsT 15
∴ vj;jdhy; fiurypd; fdmsT rjtPjk; 23.33%

fzf;fL
P fs;
fiujpwid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l khjpupf; fzf;Ffs;
1. 298 K ntg;gepiyapy; 15 fp ePupy;> 1.5 fp fiunghUis fiuj;J xU njtpl;ba fiury;
jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mNj ntg;gepiyapy; fiunghUspd; fiujpwidf; fz;lwpf. [TB – 129]
juTfs; : fiunghUspd; epiw = 1.5 fp @ fiug;ghdpd; epiw = 15 fp
fiunghUspd; epiw
jPu;T : fiunghUspd; fiujpwd; = × 100
fiug;ghdpd; epiw
1.5
= × 100 = 10 fp
15
∴ fiunghUspd; fiujpwd; 10 fp MFk;.
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fzf;fL
P fs; 25
2. 303 K ntg;gepiyapy; 60 fp ePupy; vt;tsT epiwAs;s nghl;lhrpak; FNshiuL fiue;J
njtpl;ba fiuriy cUthf;Fk;? mNj ntg;gepiyapy; nghl;lhrpak; FNshiubd;
fiujpwd; 37/100 vdf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. [TB – 129]
juTfs; :
100fp ePupy; fiue;J njtpl;ba fiuriy cUthf;fj;
Njitahd nghl;lhrpak; FNshiubd; epiw = 37 fp
jPu;T :
60 fp ePupy; fiue;J njtpl;ba fiuriy cUthf;fj; 37
Njitg;gLk; nghl;lhrpak; FNshiubd; epiw = × 60 = 22.2 fp
100
∴ nghl;lhrpak; FNshiubd; epiw 22.2 fp MFk;.
3. 30°C ntg;gepiyapy; 50 fp ePupy; fiue;J njtpl;ba fiuriy cUthf;fj; Njitahd Nrhbak;
FNshiubd; epiw vd;d? 30°C ntg;gepiyapy; Nrhbak; FNshiubd; fiujpwd; 36 fp.
juTfs; : 30°C ntg;gepiyapy;> 100 fp ePupy; fiuAk; Nrhbak; FNshiuL = 36 fp
jPu;T : [TB – 129]
∴ 50 fp ePupy; njtpl;ba fiuriy cUthf;fj; 36 × 50
Njitg;gLk; Nrhbak; FNshiubd; epiw = = 18 fp
100
∴ Nrhbak; FNshiubd; epiw 18 fp MFk;.
4. 50°C kw;Wk; 30°C ntg;gepiyapy; Nrhbak; iel;Nul;bd; fiujpwd; KiwNa 114 fp
kw;Wk; 96 fp. 50 fp ePupy; cUthd njtpl;baf; fiuriy 50°C y; ,Ue;J 30°C
ntg;gepiyf;F Fsp&l;Lk; NghJ fiurypy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; my;yJ tPo;gbthFk;
Nrhbak; iel;Nul; cg;gpd; epiwiaf; fhz;f. [TB – 129, 130]
juTfs; : 50°C ntg;gepiyapy; 100 fp ePupy; fiuAk; Nrhbak; iel;Nul;bd; epiw 114 fp
jPu;T :
114×50
50°C ntg;gepiyapy; 50 fp ePupy; fiuAk; Nrhbak; iel;Nul;bd; epiw = = 57 fp
100
96×50
30°C ntg;gepiyapy; 50 fp ePupy; fiuAk; Nrhbak; iel;Nul;bd; epiw = = 48 fp
100
50°Cy; ,Ue;J 30°C ntg;gepiyf;F Fsp&l;Lk; NghJ 50 fp ePiuf;
nfhz;L cUthd njtpl;ba fiurypy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; = 57fp– 48fp= 9fp
my;yJ tPog ; bthFk; Nrhbak; iel;Nul;bd; epiw
epiw rjtPjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l khjpupf; fzf;Ffs;
5. 100 fp ePupy; 25 fp ru;f;fiuiaf; fiuj;J xU fiury; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjd;
fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjj;ijf; fhz;f. [TB – 130] [SEP - 2020]
juTfs; : fiunghUspd; epiw = 25 fp @ fiug;ghdpd; epiw = 100 fp
fiunghUspd; epiw
jPu;T : epiw rjtPjk; = × 100
(fiunghUspd; epiw + fiug;ghdpd; epiw)
25
= × 100 = 20%
25+100
∴ fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjk; 20% MFk;.
6. 25°C ntg;gepiyapy; 100 fp ePupy;> 16 fp Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L fiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fiunghUs; kw;Wk; fiughdpd; epiw rjtPjj;ijf; fhz;f. [TB – 130]
juTfs; : fiunghUspd; epiw = 16 fp @ fiug;ghdpd; epiw = 100 fp
fiunghUspd; epiw
jPu;T : fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjk; = × 100
(fiunghUspd; epiw + fiug;ghdpd; epiw)
16
= × 100 = 13.79%
16+100
fiug;ghdpd; epiw rjtPjk; = 100 – fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjk;
= 100 – 13.79 = 86.21%
∴ fiunghUspd; epiw rjtPjk; 13.79% kw;Wk; fiug;ghdpd; epiw rjtPjk; 86.21% MFk;.
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7. 500 fp fiurypy; 10% (w/w); A+upah ePu;f; fiuriyg; ngwj; Njitahd A+upahtpd;
epiwia fzf;fpLf. [TB – 130]
juTfs; : epiw rjtPjk; = 10% @ fiug;ghdpd; epiw = 500 fp
fiunghUspd; epiw
jPu;T : epiw rjtPjk; (w/w) = × 100
fiug;ghdpd; epiw
A+upahtpd; epiw 10 ×500
10 = × 100 ⇒= = 50 fp
500 100
∴ A+upahtpd; epiw 50 fp MFk;.
fdmsT rjtPjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l khjpupf; fzf;Ffs;
8. 35 kp.yp nkj;jdhy; 65 kp.yp ePUld; Nru;f;fg;gl;L xU fiury; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. fiurypd;
fdmsT rjtPjj;ijf; fhz;f. [TB – 130, 131]
juTfs; : fiunghUspd; fdmsT (nkj;jdhy;) = 35 kp.yp @
fiug;ghdpd; fdmsT (ePu;) = 65 kp.yp
fiunghUspd; fdmsT
jPu;T : fdmsT rjtPjk; = (fiunghUspd; fdmsT + fiurypd; fdmsT) × 100
35
= × 100 = 35% ∴ fdmsT rjtPjk; 35% MFk;.
35+65
9. 200 kp.yp> 20% (v/v) vj;jdhy; - ePu;f;fiurypy; cs;s vj;jdhypd; fdmsitf; fzf;fpLf.
juTfs; : fiurypd; fdmsT = 200 kp.yp @ fdmsT rjtPjk; = 20% [TB – 131]
fiunghUspd; fdmsT
jPu;T : fdmsT rjtPjk; = fiurypd; fdmsT × 100
vj;jdhypd; fdmsT
20 = × 100
200
20×200
vj;jdhypd; fdmsT = = 40 kp.yp
100
∴ vj;jdhypd; fdmsT 40 kp.yp MFk;.
$Ljy; fzf;Ffs;
10. 10 fpuhk; Rf;Nuhi]> ePupy; fiuj;J 10% epiwrjtPjk; nfhz;l fiuriyg; ngw
Njitg;gLk; ePupd; epiwia fpuhkpy; fzf;fpLf. [PTA – 3]
juTfs; : fiunghUspd; epiw (Rf;Nuh];) = 10 fp
fiurypd; epiw rjtPjk; = 10%
jPu;T : ePupd; epiw = x vd;f.
vdNt> fiurypd; epiw = x + 10
fiunghUspd; epiw
epiw rjtPjk; = fiurypd; epiw × 100
10
10 = × 100 ⇒ x + 10 = 100 fp
𝑥 + 10
x = 100 fp – 10 fp = 90 fp
∴ ePupd; epiw = 90 fp.
11. 300 nfy;tpd; ntg;g epiyapy; 50 fpuhk; ePupy; 10 fpuhk; fiunghUisf; fiuj;J xU
njtpl;ba fiury; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ vdpy; fiunghUspd; fiujpwidf; fzf;fpLf.
juTfs; : fiunghUspd; epiw = 10 fp [PTA – 5]
fiug;ghdpd; epiw = 50 fp
fiunghUspd; epiw
jPu;T : fiujpwd; = × 100
fiug;ghdpd; epiw
10
= × 100 = 20 fp
50
∴ fiunghUspd; fiujpwd; 20 fp MFk;.
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fzf;fL
P fs; 27

fzf;fL
P fs;
1. vYkpr;ir rhwpd; pH kjpg;G 2 vdpy;> 2. 𝟏. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 Nkhyhu; nrwpAs;s 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑

mjd; i`l;u[d; madpapd; nrwptpd; fiurypd; pH kjpg;ig fzf;fpLf.
kjpg;G vd;d? juTfs; : [PTA – 1]
juTfs; : [H ] = 1.0 × 10 = 10−4
+ −4
pH = 2 jPu;T :
jPu;T : pH = − log10 [H+ ]
+
− log10 [H ]= 2 = −log10 [10−4 ]
+
log10 [H ] = −2 = −(−4) log10 10
⇒ [H+ ] = 0.01 (my;yJ) 10−2 pH = 4(1) = 4 (∵ log10 10 = 1)
∴ i`l;u[d; madpapd; nrwpT 1.0 × 10 −4
Nkhyhu; nrwpAs;s HNO3
1.0 × 10-2 Nkhy; ypl;lu;-1 fiurypd; pH kjpg;iG 4 MFk;.
3. 𝟏. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 Nkhyhu; nrwpTs;s 𝐊𝐎𝐇 4. xU fiurypy; i`l;uhf;irL madpr;

fiurypd; pH kjpg;ig fhz;f. [PTA – 6] nrwpT 𝟏. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 Nkhy; vdpy; mjd;
juTfs; : pH kjpg;G vd;d? [PTA – 5]
[OH− ] = 1.0 × 10−5 = 10−5 juTfs; :
jPu;T : pOH = − log10 [OH− ] [OH− ] = 1.0 × 10-11 = 10−11
= −log10 [10−5 ] jPu;T : pOH = − log10 [OH−]
= −(−5) log10 10 = − log10 [ 1 × 10−11 ]
(∵ log10 10 = 1) =11 log10 10 (∵ log10 10 = 1)
pOH = 5(1) = 5 pOH = − (− 11) = 11
∵ pH + pOH = 14 ∵ pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 −pOH pH = 14 −pOH
pH = 14 − 5 = 9 pH = 14 − 11 = 3
∴ 1.0 × 10−5 Nkhyhu; nrwpTs;s ∴ fiurypd; pH kjpg;G 3.
KOH fiurypd; pH kjpg;G 9.
khjpufp ; fzf;Ffs;
5. 0.01 M HNO3 fiurypd; pH kjpg;G fhz;f? 6. xU fiurypd; i`l;uhf;rpy; madp
juTfs; : [TB – 147] [MDL – 19] nrwpT 1 × 10-9M vdpy; mf;fiurypd;
[H+ ] = 0.01 = 10−2 pOH kjpg;G vd;d? [TB – 147, 148]
jPu;T : juTfs; : [OH ] = 1 × 10−9 = 10−9
−
pH = – log10 [H+] jPu;T :

= −log10 10−2 pOH = − log10 [OH− ]
= − log10 [ 1 × 10−9]
= −(−2) log10 10 (∵ log10 10 = 1)
= −(−9) log10 10 (∵ log10 10 = 1)
pH = 2(1) = 2
pOH = − (− 9) = 9
0.01 M HNO3 fiurypd; pH kjpg;G 2 MFk;.
∴ fiurypd; pOH kjpg;G 9 MFk;.
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7. xU fiurypd; pOH kjpg;G 11.76 vdpy; 8. 0.001 M nrwpTs;s i`l;Nuh FNshupf;
mf;fiurypd; pH kjpg;G fhz;f? [TB – 148] mkpyj;jpd; fiurypd; pH kjpg;ig fhz;f.
juTfs; : pOH = 11.76 juTfs; : [H+ ] = 0.001 = 10−3
jPu;T : pH + pOH = 14 jPu;T : pH = − log10 [H+ ] [TB – 148]
pH = 14 – pOH = −log10 10−3
pH = 14 – 11.76 = −(−3) log10 10
pH = 2.24 pH = 3(1) = 3 (∵ log10 10 = 1)
9. 5 × 10-5 Nkhy;–1 nrwpT nfhz;l ePh;j;j ry;gpa+upf; mkpyj;jpd; pH kjpg;G vd;d? [TB–148]
juTfs; : ePhpy;> ry;gpa+upf; mkpyk; gpupAk; Kiw : H2SO4(aq) → 2H+(aq) + SO42–(aq)
jPu;T : fiurypy; 1 Nkhy; ry;gpa+upf; mkpyk; → 2 Nkhy; H+ madpfis jUk;.
1 ypl;lu; H2SO4 fiurypy; → 5 × 10-5 Nkhy; H2SO4 ,Uf;Fk;.
2 × 5 × 10−5 = 10 × 10−5 my;yJ 1 × 10−4
[H+ ] = 1.0 × 10−4 = 10−4
pH = − log10 [H+ ] = −log10 10−4 = −(−4) log10 10
pH = 4(1) = 4 (∵ log10 10 = 1)
10. 1 × 10-4 Nkhy; NaOH fiurypy; cs;s pH kjpg;ig fhz;f. [TB – 148]
juTfs; :
NaOH vd;gJ typikahd fhuk; kw;Wk; mf;fiuriy fPof ; z;lthW gpupif milfpwJ.
−
NaOH(aq) → Na (aq) + OH (aq)
+
jPu;T : 1 Nkhy; NaOH MdJ 1 Nkhy; OH- madpfis ,jpypUe;J jUk;.

∴ [OH− ] = 1 × 10–4 Nkhy; ypl;lu;–1 = 10−4
pOH = − log10 [OH− ]
= − log10 [ 10−4 ]
= −(−4 )log10 10
pOH = 4 (1) = 4 (∵ log10 10 = 1)
∴ pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 – pOH
pH = 14 – 4 = 10
11. xU fiurypd; i`l;u[d; madpapd; nrwpT 12. xU fiurypd; pH kjpg;G 4.5 vdpy; pOH
1.0 × 10–8 Nkhy; yp–1 vdpy; mf;fiurypd; pH kjpg;igf; fhz;f? [TB – 149]
kjpg;ig fhz;f. [TB – 148] juTfs; :
juTfs; : pH = 4.5
[H+ ] = 1.0 × 10−8 = 10−8 jPu;T :
jPu;T :
pH + pOH = 14
pH = − log10 [H+ ]
= −log10 10−8 4.5 + pOH = 14
= −(−8) log10 10 pOH = 14 – 4.5 = 9.5
pH = 8(1) = 8 (∵ log10 10 = 1) ∴ pOH = 9.5
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fzf;fL
P fs; 29
$Ljy; fzf;Ffs;
13. 𝟐𝟓°𝑪 y; cs;s ePupd; madpg;ngUf;f kjpg;igf; nfhz;L mjpYs;s i`l;uhf;rpy;
madpfspd; nrwpit fz;lwpf. (𝟐𝟓°𝑪 y; i`l;u[d; madpr;nrwpT 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 Nkhy;/nl.kP3)
juTfs; : Kw = [H+] [OH− ] [PTA – 4]
−14
ePupd; madpg;ngUf;fk;> Kw = 1.00 × 10
ePupy; i`l;u[d; madpapd; nrwpT = 1.00 × 10−7
ePupy; i`l;uhf;rpy; madpapd; nrwpT = ?
jPu;T : 1.00 × 10−14 = [1.00 × 10−7 ] [OH− ]
1.00 ×10−14
[OH− ] = = 1.00 × 10−7
1.00 ×10−7
ePupy; i`l;uhf;rpy; madpapd; nrwpT = 1.00 × 10−7

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m) cm s-1 M) N kg-1 ,) N m2 kg-1 <) cm2 s-2

III. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; $w;wpid jpUj;Jf)

1. Jfs; mikg;gpy; Vw;gLk; NeHf;Nfhl;L ce;jk; vg;NghJk; khwpypahFk;. [jtW]

uhf;nfl; VTjypy; 1. nghUl;fspd; rkepiy

V. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; tif Nfs;tpfs;

m) $w;Wk; fhuzKk; rupahf nghUe;JfpwJ. NkYk; fhuzk; $w;iw rupahf tpsf;FfpwJ.

1. $w;W : tyQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd; nkhj;j kjpg;G> ,lQ;Rop jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd;

III. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; $w;wpid jpUj;Jf)

1. mlHTkpF Clfj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtfkhdJ> mlHT Fiw Clfj;jpy;

gFjp I gFjp II tpilfs;

V. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; tif Nfs;tpfs;

1. nghJ thA khwpypapd; kjpg;G

4. %yf;$Wfspd; ruhrup ___________ ntg;gepiy MFk;.

5. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;jpy; ntg;g Mw;wy; guTk; jpirfs;

8. xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,iltpid Ghpahky; ,Uf;Fk; mZf;fs; my;yJ %yf;$Wfis

II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf

2. ntg;gk; kw;Wk; ntg;gepiy vd;gJ ];NfyhH msTfs;. [PTA – 2]

III. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; $w;wpid jpUj;Jf)

1. jputj;jpw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;g Mw;wy; mspf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; Njhw;w

*jputj;jpw;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;g Mw;wy; mspf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; Njhw;w tpupT

2. xU nghUspy; ntg;g Mw;wyhdJ vg;nghOJk; caH ntg;gepiy

3. rhHy]; tpjpapd;gb> khwh mOj;jj;jpy; cs;s thAtpy; ntg;gepiy

*rhHy]; tpjpapd;gb khwh mOj;jj;jpy; cs;s thAtpy; ntg;gepiy gUkDf;F

*ntg;g Mw;wy; gupkhw;wj;jpd; NghJ Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s nghUs;

gFjp I gFjp II tpilfs;

1. ePs; ntg;g tpupT m) gUkdpy; khw;wk;

3. gUk ntg;g tpupT ,) 1.381× 10−23 JK−1 4-M) #lhd nghUspypUe;J

V. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; tif Nfs;tpfs;

II.Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf

1. xU kpd;Rw;W jpwe;jpUf;Fk; NghJ mr;Rw;wpd; topahf kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;e;J nry;yhJ.

(<) kpd; jilahf;fp (iv) < - (ii)

V. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk;

2. $w;W : kpd;fyj;NjhL ,Uf;Fk; xU rpwpa kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;fyj;jpd; Neu;kpd;tha;

3. $w;W : LED tpsf;Ffs; xspUk; kpd;dpio tpsf;Ffis tpl rpwe;jJ.

2. xU flj;jpapd; msit jbkdhf;fpdhy; mjd; kpd;jilapd; kjpg;G vd;dthFk;?

1. xyp miyfs; fhw;wpy; guTk; NghJ mjd; Jfs;fs; [SEP – 2021]

II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf.

V. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk;

2. $w;W : xyp thAf;fis tpl jplg;nghUspy; Ntfkhfr; nry;Yk;.

II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf

8. zX → zY ,e;j tpid fhkh rpijtpw;F tha;g;ghf mike;Js;sJ.

9. xt;nthU mZf;fU ,izT tpidapYk; ntspahFk; ruhrup Mw;wy; 3.81410-12 [{y;.

,) Fspu;tpg;ghd; fhl;kpak; fopfs; ,) fhl;kpak; fopfs;

M) I – 131 ,jaj;jpd; nray;ghL M) ijuha;L Neha;

IV. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; $w;wpid jpUj;Jf)

V. fPo;f;fz;ltw;iwr; rupahd tupirapy; vOJf.

2. fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Mz;bd; mbg;gilapy; tupirg;gLj;Jf.

VI. njhlu;GgLj;jp tpilf;fhz;f

1. jd;dpr;irahd ckpo;T : ,aw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;> J}z;lg;gl;l ckpo;T : nraw;iff; fjpupaf;fk;.

II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf

IV. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; $w;wpid jpUj;Jf)

1. ,U jdpkq;fs; ,ize;J xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l NrHkq;fis cUthf;Fk;. [rhp]

V. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; tif Nfs;tpfs;

2. $w;W A : FNshhpdpd; xg;G %yf;$Wepiw 35.5 amu [PTA – 3]

8. jdpkq;fspd; Mtu;j;jd tifg;ghL

IV. rupah? jtwh? (jtW vdpy; $w;wpid jpUj;Jf)

1. Nkh];Nytpd; jdpk thpir ml;ltiz mZepiwiar; rhh;e;jJ. [jtW]