SOC PSYCH REVIEWER often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and

actions of others.
Social psychology - Scientific study of how  Most Asian or Eastern cultures side
people think about, influence, and relate to
one another Impression management - attempt by
 Social thinking people to get others to see them the way
 Social influence they want to be seen.
 Social relations
Archival Analysis - The observational
Gordon Allport- emphasized the importance of method is not limited to observations of
applying psychology to a range of social issues. real-life behavior, examine the accumulated
documents, or archives, of a culture, a technique
According to Allport known as an archival analysis

 Imagined presence- the influence of Causation - Correlation Does Not Equal

reference persons (e.g., our parents) whose Causation. Allows us to predict but not tell
expectations might influence our behavior. whether changing one variable will cause
 Implied presence- much of our behavior changes in another.
is shaped by social roles and cultural norms.
Nonverbal communication - how people
Common Sense - Invoked after we know the communicate, intentionally or unintentionally,
facts (post hoc) without words.

Hindsight bias - also known as ( I-knew-it all- The Executing Functions of the Self - chief
along phenomenon) has become one of executive who makes choices about what to do,
psychology’s best-established phenomena both in the present and in the future.

Ethnography - This is the method by Functions of the Self - The self has four
which researchers attempt to understand main functions:
a group or culture by observing it from the
inside, without imposing any preconceived  self-knowledge is the way we understand
notions they might have. who we are and formulate and organize this
information;
Purposes of hypothesis They allow us to test a  self-control is the way we make plans and
theory by suggesting how we might try to falsify execute decisions;
it.  impression management is the way we
present ourselves to other people and get
 Predictions give direction to research and them to see us the way we want to be
sometimes send investigators looking for seen;
things they might never have thought of.
 The predictive feature of good theories Instrospection - looking inward to examine the
can also make them practical. “inside information” that we—and we alone—
have about our thoughts, feelings, and motives.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD THEORY
Self-Awareness Theory - explains that
 effectively summarizes many observations we evaluate and compare our current behavior to
 makes clear predictions that we can use our internal standards and values.
to confirm or modify the theory
 generate new exploration suggest practical Self-perception Theory - argues that when
applications our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or
ambiguous, we infer these states by observing
Independent View of the Self, - define oneself our behavior and the situation in which it occurs.
in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings,
and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, Self Control - thought suppression,
feelings, and actions of other people. whereby we try to push thoughts out of our
 Most people from the West favor minds.

Interdependent View of the Self - one’s Self-handicapping. - people create

relationships to other people and recognizing obstacles and excuses for themselves so
that one’s behavior is that if they do poorly on a task, they can
avoid blaming themselves. Confirmation Bias - process information by
looking for, or interpreting, information that is
Self-esteem - defined as peoples evaluations of consistent with their existing beliefs.
their own self-worth—that is, the extent to
which they view themselves as good, competent, Ideal Self - the version of oneself that
and decent. an individual aspires to become.

Thin-slicing - drawing meaningful Individualism - that refers to the ways

conclusions about another person’s personality in which people identify themselves and
or skills based on an extremely brief sample of focus their goals.
behavior.
Collectivism - stresses the importance of
Internal attribution,- an explanation that the community.
assigns the causes of his behavior internally.
Social Comparison - a bi-directional
External attribution,- deciding that phenomenon where we can compare
something in the situation. ourselves to people.

Covariation model - examine multiple Upward Social Comparison - who are better
behaviors from different times and than us
situations.
Downward Social Comparison – worse than us
Identified three key types:
Bias Blind Spot - The tendency to think that
1. Consensus - information about the extent other people are more susceptible to attributional
to which other people behave the same way biases in their thinking than we are.
toward the same stimulus as the actor does
2. Distinctiveness- Information about the Attribution Error - The tendency to
extent to which one particular actor behaves in overestimate the extent to which other people’s
the same way to different stimuli behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors
3. Consistency – Information about the and to underestimate the role of situational
extent to which the behavior between one factors.
actor and one stimulus is the same across time
and circumstances Social cognition - refers to the ways in which
people think about themselves and the social
Self Serving Attributions- one’s successes that world, including how they select,
credit internal, dispositional factors and interpret, remember, and use social
explanations for one’s failures that blame information.
external, situational factors.  No computer can match us in this kind of
thinking. That’s not to say people are
Dispositional Attribution- when a person perfect social thinkers.
attributes someone’s behavior to their
disposition or personality. Automatic Thinking - Thinking that is
non conscious, unintentional, involuntary, and
Attribution Theory - A description of the way Effortless.
in which people explain the causes of their own
and other people’s behavior. Controlled Thinking - Thinking that is
conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful
Social perception - the way we interpret,
organize, and understand the world around us. Growth mindset - the understanding that
abilities and intelligence can be developed.
Holistic - focus on the “whole picture”—
that is, the object (or person) and the context that Fixed mindset - assumes abilities and
surrounds that object as well as the relationships understanding are relatively fixed.
that exist between them.
Schemas - Mental structures people use to
Analytic - focusing on the properties of organize their knowledge about the social world
objects (or people) while paying much less around themes or subjects and that influence
attention, if any, to the context or situation that the information people notice, think about, and
surrounds that object remember
Automatic Goal Pursuit - there are often The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance - One of
competing goals and the one we choose to the most powerful determinants of human
follow can happen automatically. People often behavior stems from the need to preserve a
act on goals that have been recently primed. stable, positive self-image.

Automatic Decision Making - too much External Justification - reason or an

conscious reflection about a choice can get in explanation for dissonant personal behavior
the way of a good decision and that sometimes that resides outside the individual
a period of distraction actually helps us make Internal Justification- reduction of dissonance
the best choice. by changing something about oneself

Intuitive Thinking - thoughts that arise from the Counterattitudinal Advocacy - “when saying
back of your mind because the situation you are becomes believing” occurs when we claim to
dealing with has something in common with have an opinion or attitude that differs from our
your past experience. true beliefs.

Implicit memory - allows you to perform Self-Persuasion - the persuasion takes place
actions without needing to consciously recall internally and not because of external coaxing,
how to do them. threats, or pressure.

Explicit memory - allows you to bring Insufficient Punishment - dissonance aroused

information into conscious awareness. when individuals lack sufficient external
justification for having resisted a desired activity
Priming - The process by which recent or object.
experiences increase the accessibility of a
schema, trait, or concept. Hypocrites - judge others more harshly than do
people who have not committed the same
Judgemental Heuristics - mental shortcuts unethical acts.
people use to make judgments quickly and
efficiently. Belief perseverance.- the tendency to maintain
a belief even after the information that originally
 Availability heuristic - people base a gave rise to it has been refuted or otherwise
judgment on the ease with which they can bring shown to be inaccurate.
something to mind.
 Representativeness heuristic - people Fundamental attribution error - people
classify something according to how similar it is attribute behaviors to a person's personality
to a typical case. without considering external factors that
might have played a role.
Counterfactual Thinking - Mentally changing
some aspect of the past as a way of imagining Extrinsic motivation - happens when people
what might have been. behave as they should to get rewards or avoid
punishments.
Judgmental Heuristics - Mental shortcuts
people use to make judgments quickly and Intrinsic motivation - comes about when
efficientlysit people engage in behaviors because they are
fulfilling.
Overconfidence Barrier - The fact that people
usually have too much confidence in the PROMINENT PEOPLE WHO
accuracy of their judgments. CONTRIBUTED IN THE FIELD OF
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY
Self Presentation Theory - conscious or
unconscious process through which people try 1. Floyd Allport - Considered a founder of
to control the impressions other people form of experimental social psychology, known for
them. his theoretical rigor and popular textbook
"Social Psychology" in 1924.
Dissonance- mental discomfort that results
from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or 2. Gordon Allport - Conducted pioneering
attitudes. research on attitudes, prejudice, religion,
and rumor transmission.
3. Roger Brown - Wrote the influential
textbook "Social Psychology" in 1965,
shaping a generation of social
psychologists.

4. Donald T. Campbell - Renowned social

psychologist and research methodologist,
coauthoring highly cited methodologbooks
and articles.

5. Leon Festinger - Developed the theory of

cognitive dissonance, explaining how
people minimize discomfort from
inconsistent beliefs and behaviors.

6. Fritz Heider - Gestalt psychologist whose

work contributed to social cognition, best
known for his book "The Psychology of
Interpersonal Relations" in 1958.

7. Carl Hovland - Conducted

groundbreaking research on attitude change,
propaganda, and persuasion, exploring
concepts like the sleeper effect and source
credibility.

8. Gustave Le Bon - Explored the

psychology of crowds and collective
behavior.

9. William McDougall - Co-founded the

British Psychological Society and authored
one of the first social psychology textbooks
in 1908.

10. Henri Tajfel - Developed the "minimal

group paradigm" to study intergroup
relations based on minimal differences
between experimental groups.

11. Aristotle - Wrote "De Anima," the first

book on psychology, distinguishing passive
intellect and active intellect in humans.

12. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt - Known as

the "father of experimental psychology," he
established the first psychology laboratory.

13. John Locke - Introduced the concept of

"tabula rasa," suggesting the mind is a
blank slate shaped by experiences with the
environment.

14. B.F Skinner - Father of operant

conditioning, he introduced the term
"reinforcement" in behavioral psychology,
emphasizing its importance in learning.