The

11

cardiovascular
sysTem

The major organs of the cardiovascular system, the heart and blood vessels,
play a vital role in human physiology. The major function of the cardiovascular
system is transportation. Using blood as the transport vehicle, the system
carries nutrients, gases, wastes, antibodies, electrolytes, and many other sub-
stances to and from body cells. Its propulsive force is the contracting heart.

The anatomy and location of the heart and blood vessels and the important
understandings of cardiovascular physiology (for example, cardiac cycle,
electrocardiogram [ECG], and regulation of blood pressure) are the major
topics of this chapter.

The hearT
anatomy of the heart
1. Complete the following statements by inserting your answers in the answer
blanks.

_________________________ 1. The heart is a cone-shaped muscular organ located within the

(1) . Its apex rests on the (2) , and its base is at the level
_________________________ 2. of the (3) rib. The coronary arteries that nourish the
myocardium arise from the base of the (4) . The coronary
_________________________ 3. sinus empties into the (5) . Relative to the roles of the heart
chambers, the (6) are receiving chambers, whereas the
_________________________ 4. (7) are discharging chambers. The membrane that lines the
heart and also forms the valve flaps is called the (8) . The
_________________________ 5. outermost layer of the heart is called the (9) . The fluid that
fills the pericardial sac acts to decrease (10) during heart
_________________________ 6. activity. The heart muscle, or myocardium, is composed of a
specialized type of tissue called (11) muscle.
_________________________ 7.

_________________________ 8. _________________________ 10.

_________________________ 9. _________________________ 11.

207
208 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

2. The heart is called a double pump because it serves two circulations.

(A) Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circula-
tions by writing the missing terms in the answer blanks (1–13).
(B) Color regions transporting O2-poor blood blue and regions transport-
ing O2 -rich blood red on Figure 11–1.
(C) Identify the various regions of the circulation shown in Figure 11–1 by
labeling them using the key choices (A–F).

_________________________ 1. From the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the (1) ,
through the (2) valve to the pulmonary trunk to the right
_________________________ 2. and left (3) , to the capillary beds of the (4) , to the right
and left (5) , to the (6) of the heart through the (7)
_________________________ 3. valve, to the (8) through the (9) semilunar valve, to the
(10) , to the systemic arteries, to the (11) of the body tissues,
_________________________ 4. to the systemic veins, to the (12) and (13) , which enter
the right atrium of the heart.
_________________________ 5.
Figure 11–1
_________________________ 6.

_________________________ 7.

_________________________ 8.

_________________________ 9.

_________________________ 10.

_________________________ 11.

_________________________ 12.

_________________________ 13.

Key Choices
A. Vessels serving head
and upper limbs
B. Vessels serving body trunk
and lower limbs
C. Vessels serving the viscera
D. Pulmonary circulation
E. Pulmonary “pump”
F. Systemic “pump”
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 209

3. Figure 11–2 is an anterior view of the heart.

(A) Identify each numbered structure and write its name in the corresponding
numbered answer blank.
(B) Select different colors for each structure provided with a color-coding
circle and use them to color the coding circles and corresponding structures
on the figure.

○ ____________________ 1. ○ ____________________ 6. ○ ____________________ 11.

○ ____________________ 2. ○ ____________________ 7. ____________________ 12.

○ ____________________ 3. ○ ____________________ 8. ____________________ 13.

○ ____________________ 4. ____________________ 9. ____________________ 14.

____________________ 5. ____________________ 10. ○ ____________________ 15.

15

10 9
7

5 12
8
11
2
1

13
6

14 (region)

Figure 11–2
210 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

4. Figure 11–3 is a schematic drawing of the microscopic structure of cardiac

muscle. Using different colors, color the coding circles of the structures listed
below and the corresponding structures on the figure.

○ Nuclei (with nucleoli) ○ Muscle fibers

○ Intercalated discs ○ Striations

Figure 11–3

5. The events of one complete heartbeat are referred to as the cardiac cycle.
Complete the following statements that describe these events. Insert your
answers in the answer blanks.

_________________________ 1. The contraction of the ventricles is referred to as (1) , and

the period of ventricular relaxation is called (2) . The
_________________________ 2. monosyllables describing heart sounds during the cardiac
cycle are (3) . The first heart sound is a result of closure of
_________________________ 3. the (4) valves; the second heart sound is caused by closure
of the (5) valves. The heart chambers that have just been
_________________________ 4. filled when you hear the first heart sound are the (6) , and
the chambers that have just emptied are the (7) . Immedi-
_________________________ 5. ately after the second heart sound, the (8) are filling with
blood, and the (9) are empty. Abnormal heart sounds, or
_________________________ 6. (10) , usually indicate valve problems.

_________________________ 7. _________________________ 9.

_________________________ 8. _________________________ 10.

6. Figure 11–4 is a diagram of the interior frontal section of the heart.

(A) Draw arrows to indicate the direction of blood flow through the
heart and great vessels.
(B) Color the heart chambers and the vessels transporting O2-poor
blood blue and chambers and vessels transporting O2-rich blood red.
(C) In the space provided, write down the pathway of blood as it enters
the heart from the venae cavae and leaves the heart through the aorta.
Include heart chambers, valves, and great vessels.
Superior and inferior venae cavae tricuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary trunk right and left
lungs right and left valve
valve aorta.
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 211

Figure 11–4

7. Figure 11– 5 is a diagram of the frontal section of the heart. Follow the
instructions below to complete this exercise.

(A) Identify each of the elements of the intrinsic conduction system

(numbers 1–5 on the figure) by inserting the appropriate terms in the
blanks left of the figure. Then, indicate with green arrows the pathway
that impulses take through this system.

(B) Correctly identify each of the heart valves (numbers 6–9 on the figure)
by inserting the appropriate terms in the blanks left of the figure.

(C) Draw in and identify by name the cordlike structures that anchor the
flaps of the atrioventricular (AV) valves.

(D) Use the numbers from the figure to identify the structures described
below. Place the numbers in the lettered answer blanks.

______ A. ______ B. Prevent backflow into the ventricles when the heart is relaxed

______ C. ______ D. Prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting

______ E. AV valve with three flaps

______ F. AV valve with two flaps

______ G. The pacemaker of the intrinsic

conduction system

______ H. The point in the intrinsic

conduction system where
the impulse is temporarily
delayed
212 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

_________________________ 1. Figure 11–5

_________________________ 2.
Aorta
_________________________ 3.
Pulmonary
Superior
_________________________ 4. trunk
vena cava

_________________________ 5. Left atrium

1 6

2 7
_________________________ 6.
3 8
_________________________ 7.
9
_________________________ 8.
4 Wall of left
_________________________ 9. ventricle
5

Inferior
vena cava

Physiology of the heart

8. Match the terms provided in Column B with the statements given in Column A.
Place the correct term or letter response in the answer blanks.
Column a Column B

_________________________ 1. A recording of the electrical activity of A. Angina pectoris

the heart
B. Bradycardia
_________________________ 2. The period when the atria are
C. Electrocardiogram
depolarizing
D. Fibrillation
_________________________ 3. The period when the ventricles are
repolarizing E. Heart block
_________________________ 4. The period during which the ventricles F. P wave
are depolarizing, which precedes their G. QRS wave
contraction
H. T wave
_________________________ 5. An abnormally slow heartbeat, that is,
slower than 60 beats per minute I. Tachycardia
_________________________ 6. A condition in which the heart is
uncoordinated and useless as a pump
_________________________ 7. An abnormally rapid heartbeat, that is,
faster than 100 beats per minute
_________________________ 8. Damage to the AV node, totally or
partially releasing the ventricles from
the control of the sinoatrial (SA) node
_________________________ 9. Chest pain, resulting from ischemia of
the myocardium
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 213

9. A portion of an ECG is shown in Figure 11–6.

(A) On the figure identify the QRS complex, the P wave, and the T wave.
(B) Using a red pencil, bracket a portion of the recording equivalent to the
length of one cardiac cycle.
(C) Using a blue pencil, bracket a portion of the recording in which the
ventricles would be in diastole.

Figure 11–6

10. Complete the following statements relating to cardiac output by writing

the missing terms in the answer blanks.

_________________________ 1. In the relationship CO = HR . SV, CO stands for (1) , HR

stands for (2) , and SV stands for (3) . For the normal
_________________________ 2. resting heart, the value of HR is (4) beats per minute, and
the value of SV is (5) mL per beat. The normal average
_________________________ 3. adult cardiac output, therefore, is (6) mL per minute. The
time for the entire blood supply to pass through the body is
_________________________ 4. once each (7) .

_________________________ 5. According to Starling’s law of the heart, the critical factor that
determines force of heartbeat, or (8) , is the degree of
_________________________ 6. (9) of the cardiac muscle just before it contracts. Conse-
quently, the force of heartbeat can be increased by increasing
_________________________ 7. the amount of (10) returned to the heart.

_________________________ 8. _________________________ 9. _________________________ 10.

11. Check (✓) all factors that lead to an increase in cardiac output by influencing
either heart rate or stroke volume.

______ 1. Epinephrine ______ 6. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

______ 2. Thyroxine ______ 7. Activation of the vagus nerves

______ 3. Hemorrhage ______ 8. Low blood pressure

______ 4. Fear ______ 9. High blood pressure

______ 5. Exercise ______ 10. Fever

214 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

12. For each of the following statements that is true, write T in the answer blank.
For any false statements, correct the underlined term by writing the correct
term in the answer blank.

_________________________ 1. The resting heart rate is fastest in adult life.

_________________________ 2. Because the heart of the highly trained athlete hypertrophies,

its stroke volume decreases.

_________________________ 3. If the right side of the heart fails, pulmonary congestion occurs.

_________________________ 4. In peripheral congestion, the feet, ankles, and fingers swell.

_________________________ 5. The pumping action of the healthy heart ordinarily maintains a

balance between cardiac output and venous return.

13. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings.
Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name.

1. Pulmonary trunk Vena cava SA node Left side of heart Group: ____________
2. QRS wave T wave P wave Group: ____________
3. AV valves closed AV valves opened First heart sound
Semilunar valves open Group: ____________
4. Papillary muscles Aortic semilunar valve Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae Group: ____________
5. Tricuspid valve Mitral valve Bicuspid valve Group: ____________
6. Ischemia Infarct Scar tissue repair Heart block Group: ____________

Blood Vessels
Microscopic anatomy of Blood Vessels
14. Complete the following statements concerning blood vessels.
_________________________ 1. The central cavity of a blood vessel is called the (1) . Reduc-
tion of the diameter of this cavity is called (2) , and enlarge-
_________________________ 2. ment of the vessel diameter is called (3) . Blood is carried to
the heart by (4) and away from the heart by (5) . Capillary
_________________________ 3.
beds are supplied by (6) and drained by (7) .
_________________________ 4. _________________________ 6.

_________________________ 5. _________________________ 7.

15. Briefly explain in the space provided the need for valves in veins but not in
arteries.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

16. Name two events occurring within the body that aid venous return. Place
your responses in the blanks that follow.
___________________________________ and ___________________________________
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 215

17. Figure 11–7 is a diagram of the structure of the three types of blood vessels.
(A) Select different colors for each of the three blood vessel tunics listed in
the key choices. Then, color the color-coding circles and the corresponding
structures in the three diagrams.
(B) Using the key choices, identify the blood vessel tunics described in each
of the following descriptions. Insert the term or letter of the key choice in the
answer blanks.
(C) In the blanks beneath the illustrations, correctly identify each vessel type.
(D) In the additional spaces provided, list the structural details that allowed you
to make the identifications.
Key Choices
A. ○ Tunica intima B. ○ Tunica media C. ○ Tunica externa

_________________________ 1. Single thin layer of endothelium

_________________________ 2. Bulky middle coat, containing smooth muscle and elastin
_________________________ 3. Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow
_________________________ 4. The only tunic of capillaries
_________________________ 5. Also called the adventitia
_________________________ 6. The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation
_________________________ 7. Supporting, protective coat

Figure 11–7

Vessel 1 _________________ Vessel 2 _________________ Vessel 3 __________________

Characteristics: ___________ Characteristics: __________ Characteristics: ____________
_______________________ ______________________ ________________________

Gross anatomy of Blood Vessels

18. Figures 11–8 and 11–9 on pages 216 and 217 illustrate the location of the most
important arteries and veins of the body. The veins are shown in Figure 11–8
and the arteries are shown in Figure 11–9.
(A) Color the veins blue and then identify each vein provided with a leader
line on the figure.
(B) Color the arteries red and then identify those indicated by leader lines on
the figure.
(C) Indicate with arrows the direction of blood flow toward or away from the
heart in Figures 11–8 and 11–9. Place arrows next to the blood vessels.
Note: If desired, the vessels identified may be colored differently to aid you in
their later identification.
216 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

Figure 11–8 Veins

 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 217

Figure 11–9 arteries

218 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

19. Using the key choices, complete the crossword puzzle by identifying
the veins described in each of the clues provided.

Key Choices
Anterior tibial Cephalic Great saphenous Internal jugular
Azygos Common iliac Hepatic Renal
Basilic Femoral Hepatic portal Subclavian
Brachiocephalic Gastric Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava
Cardiac Gonadal Internal iliac Ulnar

Across
5. Veins that drain venous blood from the myocardium of the heart into the
coronary sinus.
6. Vein that drains the dural sinuses of the brain.
9. Vein that receives blood from the arm via the axillary vein.
10. Radial and ____ are deep veins, draining the forearm.
11. Vein that drains the kidney.
13. Two veins that join to become the superior vena cava.
15. Large vein that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the
liver for processing.
Down
1. Vein that is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins.
2. Posterior tibial and ______ are veins that drain the leg and foot.
3. Deep vein of the thigh.
4. Largest vein below the thorax.
7. Longest superficial vein of the body; found in the leg.
8. Inferior mesenteric, superior mesenteric, and ______ are the three veins that
form/empty into the hepatic portal vein.
12. Vein that drains the ovaries or testes.
14. Vein that drains the thorax, empties into the superior vena cava.
1

6 7

10

11

12

13 14

15
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 219

20. Figure 11–10 shows the pulmonary circuit.

(A) Identify all vessels that have leader lines.
(B) Color the vessels (and heart chambers) transporting oxygen-rich
blood red; color those transporting carbon dioxide-rich blood blue.
Note: Indicate right or left when applicable.

Figure 11–10

21. Using the key choices, identify the special circulations described below.
Letters or terms may be used more than once.
Key Choices
A. Cerebral C. Hepatic E. Skeletal muscle
B. Coronary D. Pulmonary F. Skin

_________________________ 1. The blood flow increases markedly when the body temperature rises.
_________________________ 2. These arteries characteristically have thin walls and large lumens.
_________________________ 3. These vessels do not constrict but are compressed during systole.
_________________________ 4. This circulation receives constant blood flow whether the body is
at rest or strenuously exercising.
_________________________ 5. This circulation has a much lower arterial pressure than that in
systemic circulation.
_________________________ 6. This circulation is indicated by impermeable tight junctions in
capillary endothelium.
_________________________ 7. During vigorous physical activity, this circulation receives up to
two-thirds of blood flow.
220 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

22. The abdominal vasculature is depicted in Figure 11–11.

(A) Using the key choices, identify the following vessels by selecting
the correct terms or letters.
(B) Color the arteries red and veins blue.

Key Choices
A. Aorta F. Inferior mesenteric artery K. Renal arteries
B. Celiac trunk G. Inferior vena cava L. Renal veins
C. Common iliac arteries H. Lumbar arteries M. Left gonadal vein
D. Gonadal arteries I. External iliac artery N. Right gonadal vein
E. Hepatic veins J. Superior mesenteric artery O. Internal iliac artery

Figure 11–11
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 221

23. Figure 11–12 is a diagram of the hepatic portal circulation. Select different
colors for the structures listed below and use them to color the color-coding
circles and corresponding structures on the illustration.

○ Inferior mesenteric vein ○ Splenic vein ○ Hepatic portal vein

○ Superior mesenteric vein ○ Gastric vein

Liver
Stomach

Spleen

Gallbladder

Hepatic Pancreas
portal
vein

Small
intestine
Ascending
colon
Descending
colon

Rectum

Figure 11–12
222 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

24. Using the key choices, complete the crossword puzzle by identifying the
arteries described in each of the clues provided.
Key Choices
Anterior tibial Coronary Inferior mesenteric Radial
Aorta Deep artery of thigh Intercostals Renal
Brachial Dorsalis pedis Internal iliac Subclavian
Brachiocephalic External carotid Peroneal (fibular) Superior mesenteric
Celiac trunk Femoral Phrenic Ulnar
Common iliac Hepatic Posterior tibial Vertebral
Across
1. Arterial network on the dorsum of the foot.
3. Arterial trunk that has three major branches, which serve the liver, spleen,
and stomach.
5. External iliac becomes this artery on entering the thigh.
6. Common carotid and _____ are two arteries formed by the division of the
brachiocephalic trunk.
8. Artery that supplies the diaphragm.
9. Damage to the left semilunar valve would interfere with blood flow into this
vessel.
10. Artery that splits to form the radial and ulnar arteries.
11. Anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and _____ are the three arteries serving the leg
inferior to the knee.
12. Artery generally used to feel the pulse at the wrist.
13. First artery that branches off the ascending aorta; serves the heart.
Down
2. Major artery, serving the tissues external to the skull.
3. The terminal branches of the dorsal, or descending, aorta.
4. Artery that serves the pelvis.
7. Internal carotid and _____ are two paired arteries serving the brain.
1 2

4 5

6 7

10

11

12

13
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 223

25. Figure 11–13 illustrates the arterial circulation of the brain. Select different
colors for the following structures and use them to color the coding circles
and corresponding structures in the diagram.

○ Basilar artery ○ Communicating branches

○ Anterior cerebral arteries ○ Middle cerebral arteries

○ Posterior cerebral arteries

Frontal lobe
of cerebral
hemisphere

Pituitary gland
Internal
carotid
artery

Pons

Vertebral artery

Cerebellum

Figure 11–13
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 225

27. Eight structures unique to the special circulations of the body are described
here. Identify each, using the key choices. Place the correct terms or letters in
the answer blanks.

Key Choices
A. Anterior cerebral artery E. Ductus venosus H. Posterior cerebral artery
B. Basilar artery F. Foramen ovale I. Umbilical artery
C. Circle of Willis G. Middle cerebral artery J. Umbilical vein
D. Ductus arteriosus

_________________________ 1. Anastomosis that allows communication between the

posterior and anterior blood supplies of the brain

_________________________ 2. The vessel carrying oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the

fetus from the placenta

_________________________ 3. The shunt that allows most fetal blood to bypass the liver

_________________________ 4. _________________________ 5. Two pairs of arteries, arising from

the internal carotid artery

_________________________ 6. The posterior cerebral arteries, serving the brain, arise from here

_________________________ 7. Fetal shunt between the aorta and pulmonary trunk that
allows the lungs to be bypassed by the blood

_________________________ 8. Opening in the interatrial septum that shunts fetal blood from
the right to the left atrium, thus bypassing the fetal lungs

28. Briefly explain in the space provided why the lungs are largely bypassed by
the circulating blood in the fetus.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Physiology of Circulation
29. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings.
Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name.

1. High pressure Vein Pulse Spurting blood Group: ____________

2. Carotid artery Cardiac vein Coronary sinus Coronary artery Group: ____________

3. Exercise Respiratory pump Vasodilation Milking action of

skeletal muscles Group: ____________

4. High blood pressure Hemorrhage Weak pulse Low cardiac output Group: ____________

5. Increased viscosity Friction Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Group: ____________

226 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook

30. The following section relates to understandings concerning blood pressure

and pulse. Match the items given in Column B with the appropriate descrip-
tions provided in Column A. Place the correct term or letter response in
the answer blanks.

Column a Column B

_________________________ 1. Expansion and recoil of an artery A. Over arteries

during heart activity
B. Blood pressure
_________________________ 2. Pressure exerted by the blood against
the blood vessel walls C. Cardiac output

D. Constriction of
_________________________ 3. _________________________ 4. Factors
arterioles
related to blood pressure
E. Diastolic blood
_________________________ 5. Event primarily responsible for pressure
peripheral resistance
F. Peripheral resistance
_________________________ 6. Blood pressure during heart
contraction G. Pressure points

_________________________ 7. Blood pressure during heart relax- H. Pulse

ation
I. Sounds of Korotkoff
_________________________ 8. Site where blood pressure deter-
minations are normally made J. Systolic blood
pressure
_________________________ 9. Points at the body surface where
K. Over veins
the pulse may be felt

_________________________ 10. Sounds heard over a blood vessel when

the vessel is partially compressed

31. Complete the following statements about capillary functions by placing an-
swers from the key in the answer blanks. Use terms or letters from the key.

Key Choices
A. Blood E. Fat soluble H. Osmotic pressure
B. Capillary clefts F. Hydrostatic pressure I. Vesicles
C. Diffusion G. Interstitial fluid J. Water soluble
D. Fenestrations

_________________________ 1. All exchanges to and from the blood and tissue cells occur
through the (1) . Generally speaking, substances tend to
_________________________ 2. move according to their concentration gradients by the pro-
cess of (2) . Substances that are (3) pass directly through
_________________________ 3. the plasma membranes of the capillary endothelial cells; other
 Chapter 11 The Cardiovascular System 227

_________________________ 4. substances pass by means of or via (4) , (5) , or (6) .

The most permeable capillaries are those exhibiting (7) .
_________________________ 5. Capillaries that have (8) and (9) tend to be leaky, and
forces acting at capillary beds cause fluid flows.
_________________________ 6.

_________________________ 7.

_________________________ 8. _________________________ 9.

32. Indicate what effect the following factors have on blood pressure. Indicate an
increase in pressure by I and a decrease in pressure by D. Place the correct
letter response in the answer blanks.

______ 1. Increased diameter of the arterioles ______ 8. Physical exercise

______ 2. Increased blood viscosity ______ 9. Physical training

______ 3. Increased cardiac output ______ 10. Alcohol

______ 4. Increased pulse rate ______ 11. Hemorrhage

______ 5. Anxiety, fear ______ 12. Nicotine

______ 6. Increased urine output ______ 13. Arteriosclerosis

______ 7. Sudden change in position from

reclining to standing

33. For each of the following statements that is true, insert T in the answer
blank. If any of the statements are false, correct the underlined term by
inserting the correct word in the answer blank.

_________________________ 1. Renin, released by the kidneys, causes a decrease in blood

pressure.

_________________________ 2. The decreasing efficiency of the sympathetic nervous system

vasoconstrictor functioning, due to aging, leads to a type of
hypotension called sympathetic hypotension.

_________________________ 3. Two body organs in which vasoconstriction rarely occurs are

the heart and the kidneys.

_________________________ 4. A sphygmomanometer is used to take the apical pulse.

_________________________ 5. The pulmonary circulation is a high-pressure circulation.

_________________________ 6. The fetal equivalent of (functional) lungs and liver is the placenta.

_________________________ 7. Cold has a vasodilating effect.

_________________________ 8. Thrombophlebitis is called the silent killer.