Core values are a person’s or organization’s fundamental

beliefs. These guiding principles dictate conduct and can assist

individuals to know the distinction between right and wrong. It also
assists organizations by establishing an unwavering guide to
determine if they are on the correct track and fulfil their objectives.
Values are essential because they assist us to grow. They assist us
build the future that we want to experience.
Hundreds of choices are made every day by every person and
every organization. The choices we make reflect our values and
beliefs and are always aimed at a particular purpose. That aim is our
person or collective (organizational) needs to be satisfied. When we
make choices using our values, we create a conscious decision to
concentrate on what matters to us. They create inner cohesion within
a group when values are shared.
Race strains and cultural components such as Aeta
have derived Filipino values. Indonesians, Malayan, Hindu and
Chinese who created our moral scruples core. Cultural individuality
combined with Spain-derived cultural components. The U.S. and the
contemporary planetary society ( Panopio and Rolda. 2000 ). You
can find Filipinos in almost every part of the globe. We rejoice at the
sight of other co-Filipinos when we’re in a foreign nation as if there’s
something that connects us. Sometimes, if we don’t know a person’s
nationality, but he or she looks like a Filipino, we often ask, “Filipino
ka ba?” And we are happy when he or she answered “yes.”
However, if someone fails to satisfy our expectations in the manner
they answer questions or in the manner they act, we say in
frustration, “kapwa Filipino pa naman.”
Landa Jocano, a famous sociologist says that “there are no
negative Filipino values, only the wrong use of values”. Values
slowly alter, but it depends on how powerful families are to
preserve, promote and pass on our cultural values from one
generation to the next.
Here in the Philippines, values are really of importance and
should be respected. As we grow older, our parents shaped us
different values. From the time we are born. Pagkalinga, pag-
aaruga, at pakialam (Care) were given by them. This value
shapes our real Filipino culture, showing that we are conscious of
others.
The Filipino value system relates to the set of values or the
value system that has historically been held by a majority of
Filipinos in their life. This system of Philippine values involves the
distinctive combination of coherent ideologies, moral codes, ethical
procedures, cultural etiquette and private values promoted by the
Philippine society. However, as with any culture, the values held
sacred by any person may vary on the grounds of religion,
education, and other variables.
As a general description, Filipinos’ separate value system is
mainly rooted in private alliance systems, particularly those based
on kinship, duty, friendship, religion (especially Christianity) and
business interactions.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION
OF FILIPINO VALUES
For the most part, Filipino values are focused on preserving
social harmony, mainly driven by a group’s willingness to be
accepted. The primary sanction against diverging from these values
are “Hiya” ideas, approximately translated as “a sense of shame,”
and “Amor proper” or “self-esteem.” Social approval, group
recognition, and group membership are significant issues. Caring for
what others believe, say or do is a powerful influence on Filipinos ‘
social behaviour.
The Filipino philosophy is basically’ non-dualistic,’ according to
anthropologist Leonardo Mercado. He concludes, based on his
linguistic analysis of Filipino value terms such as “loob” (Cebuano
buot), that Filipinos desire harmony, not only in interpersonal
relationships, but also with nature and religion, while remaining
non- dichotomous. The Filipino wants to harmonize the object and
the subject while keeping both as distinct at the same time.

MODELS OF THE FILIPINO VALUES

1. Exogenous Model or the Foreign Model
A “legal and formal” model is defined as the international
model. Filipinos from Western cultures, particularly from the
Spaniards and the Americans, inherited the foreign model. An
example of foreign or exogenous impact is the bureaucracy
displayed in the Philippine government.
2. Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model
Described as a “traditional and non-formal” model or guide, the
indigenous model is deeply integrated in the Filipinos ‘
subconscious.

STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS OF FILIPINO VALUES

The Filipino value system is known to possess significant key
components based on research, surveys, observations, anecdotes
and other literatures developed by scholars and researchers in
relation to Filipino social values or core values, together with the
Filipino character or identity of a person or individual known as the
Filipino.
One may notice how Hiya (ownership/dignity), Pakikisama
(companionship/esteem), and Utang Na Loob (gratitude/solidarity)
are simply Surface Values — readily seen and appreciated by many
Filipinos. These three values are deemed branches of a single origin
— Filipino Personality’s real core value — Kapwa.
It implies’ totality,’ referring to society, or not doing stuff
alone. Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao(not other
people) are two types of Kapwa. The Surface Values spin off the
Core Value through Pakikiramdam’s Pivotal Aspect or mutual
internal perception (“feeling for someone else”).
Other notable elements or motivations are optimism about
the future, pessimism about current circumstances and activities,
concern and concern for other individuals, the presence of
friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, spiritual
nature, respect for oneself and others, respect for the female
members of society, fear of God, and abhorrence of cheating and
other acts.
The values of the Filipinos specifically uphold the following elements:
family unit solidarity, security of the Philippine economy, orientation
towards small-groups, personalism, the concepts of “loob” or
“kalooban” (meaning “what’s inside the self,” the “inner self” or the
“actual personal feelings of the self”), existence and maintenance of
smooth interpersonal relationships, and the sense of the self.
In a broader image, these values are categorized into
particular clusters or “macroclusters”:
1. Cluster of Relationships
 2. Social Cluster
3. Cluster of Livelihoods
4. Cluster of Inwardness
5. Cluster of Optimism

THE FIVE CORE FILIPINO VALUES

Based on Dr. Ramirez’s study “The Filipino Worldview and
Values” and her perspectives as a phenomenological sociologist
from centuries of practice, here are the Five Core Filipino Values
based on a Filipino’s Basic Aspirations.

Mapagpasalamat
This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to
“Pamumuhay” (Life) and “Pananalig sa Diyos at Kapwa” (God and
People Faith). Filipinos understand how life can be enjoyed. We
have plenty of vacations, celebrations, occasions, and meetings.
Filipinos are cheerful and sociable, of course. Even in depressing
circumstances, we wear smiles on our faces. That’s because
we’re always looking at life’s bright side.
We always have a positive outlook because, even in the smallest
things, we always find things to be grateful for. We would always say
“Salamat sa Diyos” (Thank God) whenever excellent things occur
because Filipinos would attribute the blessings of life to the Higher
Being from whatever religion. We also recognize other people’s
excellent acts towards us and do our utmost to return the favor.

Matatag
Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural disasters,
have adjusted and learned to be powerful in moments of need and
in difficult circumstances that life throws at us. This power is derived
from our love for our family and our belief in the greater being. This
is based on Filipino’s “Kaayusan” (Order) aspiration.
In reality, the popular phrase of the Philippines is “Ayos Na.”
When we are able to overcome problems, we say “Ayos Na.” We
Filipinos are longing for “Kaayusan,” and we will endure all and be
powerful in the midst of hardships and challenges until we
overcome the barriers.

Masigasig
We do everything we can to get it when Filipinos dream of
something. We’re doing it for our loved ones and relatives. This is
based on the “Kasaganaan” (Abundance) and “Ginhawa” (Relief)
aspiration of Filipinos. Not for himself, but for his family, a Filipino
aspires to abundance. Masaganang Bagong Taon (Bountiful New
Year) is the Filipino translation for Happy New Year because we
match happiness and celebration with abundance.
“Ginhawa” in Bisaya implies breath. And the soft breath
flow is the soft life flow we call “Ginhawa.” “Ginhawa” is the feeling of
well-being in a Filipino, according to lay theologian Dr. Jose de Mesa.
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) would be an instance of enduring
being away from home to offer their families a healthy life –
abundance and relief from hardships.
Mapagmalasakit
 It is because of our family love extended to friends, neighbors
and others that naturally sympathetic Filipinos. This compassion
allows us to assist others without in exchange asking for anything.
This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to “Loob at Damdamin”
and “Kapwa” (Other People). “Loob” is the seat of the dignity of
the Philippines. Filipino’s personality is expressed in his
“kalooban.” Filipinos tune in the “kalooban” of each other by
checking the situation of each other and talking about the life of
each other.
Filipinos use “kapwa” to refer not only to a stranger, but to a
relative, a neighbor next door, a distant relative, or a friend because
of our family culture. Our characteristic of “Mapagmalasakit”
makes it simple for us to promote the spirit of Bayanihan–to unite
and assist one another during calamities and to celebrate together
on unique occasions.

Magalang
The use of po, opo, and pagmamano (hand kissing) are
separate methods of regard for Filipino people. We say these
phrases and use this gesture to demonstrate our respect and love to
elderly. The Filipinos’ respect is not just limited to the elderly but also
to other people’s properties, emotions, and ideas. We are polite
people. Our language is also respectful because it has no sex
bias. For example, the phrases “kapatid” (brother/ sister) or asawa
(husband/wife) or “biyenan” (father- in-law/mother-in-law) or “anak”
(son/daughter) do not show gender differences. These words are
certainly sex- friendly Filipino uniquely. Our respect for other
people is an integral part of our culture and our language. This is
based on our “Lakas ng Loob” or “Kagandahang Loob” aspiration.

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

CORE VALUES
Being a noble profession the police service demands from
its members specialized understanding and abilities, as well as
great standard of ethics and morality.
The members of the Philippine National Police must therefore
conform to and internalize the key principles of:
• Love of God.
• Respect for authority.
• Respect for women
• Respect for sanctity of marriage.
• Stewardship over material things
• Responsible dominion
• Truthfulness
The Police service in the Philippines is expressed in the
acronym SERVICE. The acronym SERVICE stands for:

SERVANT HOOD
As police affirm its unconditional service and love for the
nation and individuals, Police value a supportive and professional
role serves and protects its clientele and community with honesty,
utmost devotion and commitment above private concern.
EXCELLENCE
Police are committed in doing and making things occur
effectively and efficiently in all of their efforts as they strive to
accomplish more consistently and outstandingly with tangible
outcomes and far beyond their best.

RESPONSIBILITY WITH ACCOUNTABILITY

Police carry out and execute their responsibilities and tasks as
their moral duty is to serve the public with due diligence and always
bearing in mind that they are accountable and duty bound to
promote the public interest.

VALUING PEOPLE AND RESPECT FOR

HUMAN RIGHTS
Police always maintain their fellow human beings’ dignity
whenever they cater their needs and are delicate and cautious in
serving and protecting them with compassion and utmost regard
for their human rights.

INTEGRITY
Police take an uncompromising and coherent position in the
fulfillment of their obligation to live an honest, upright and
dignified life according to the highest ethical and moral norms
where their advocacy, values and convictions are compatible with
their words and actions.

COURAGE
From their moral strength police draw their collective and
individual power of approach to always accept difficult duties, and
they are courageous enough to speak out against temptation,
anomalies, corruption and exploitation and stand firm.

EMPOWERMENT
Police reach out and create bridges of collaboration, nurture
volunteerism and operate in harmony with their clientele by training
individuals for a better and safer society in the process.

1. Republic Act No. 10086 - An act strengthening peoples’

nationalism through Philippine history by changing the
nomenclature of the National Historical Institute into the
National Historical Commission of the Philippines,
strengthening its powers and functions, and for other
purposes; also known as the Philippine Cultural Heritage
Act of 2010.
2. Republic Act 8044 – also known as the Youth in Nation-
Building Act; an act creating the National Youth Commission,
establishing a National Comprehensive and Coordinated
Program on Youth Development, Appropriating funds
therefore, and for other purposes.
Republic Act No. 1425 - an act to include in the
 curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and
universities courses on the life, works and writings of Jose
Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo authorizing the printing and distribution
thereof, and for other purposes
3. The 1987 Constitution
4. Republic Act No. 10390 - an act amending republic act no.
7306, entitled “an act providing for the establishment of the
people’s television network, incorporated, defining its powers
and functions, providing for its sources of funding and for
other purposes; also known as “An Act Revitalizing the
People’s Television Network, Incorporated”.
5. Republic Act No. 9512 - approved last December 12, 2008;
also known as an act to promote environmental awareness
through environmental education and for other purposes or
the National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of
2008.
It is an act to promote environmental awareness through
Environmental Education (EE) and covers the integration of EE in
the school curricula at all levels, be it public or private, including
day care, preschool, non- formal, technical, vocational, indigenous
learning, and out-of-school youth courses or programs.
Section 6 of the Act says that the DepEd, CHED, TESDA,
DENR, DOST and other relevant agencies, in consultation with
experts on the environment and the academe, shall lead in the
implementation of public education and awareness programs on
environmental protection and conservation through collaborative
interagency and multi-sectoral effort at all levels.It also declares
November as the Environmental Awareness Month in the Philippines
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
Philippine Commission on Women defined Gender and
Development as the development perspective and process that is
participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from
violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination
and actualization of human potentials.
Gender and Development (GAD) approach focuses on the
socially constructed basis of differences between men and women
and emphasizes the need to challenge existing gender roles and
relations.
GAD was developed in the 1980’s as an alternative to the
Women in Development (WID) approach. Unlike WID, the GAD
approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with the way
in which a society assigns roles, responsibilities and expectations to
both women and men. GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the
ways in which men and women work together, presenting results in
neutral terms of economics and efficiency.
The World Bank was one of the first international organizations
to recognise the need for Women in Development, appointing a WID
Adviser in 1977. In 1984 the bank mandated that its programs
consider womens’ issues. In 1994 the bank issued a policy paper on
Gender and Development, reflecting current thinking on the subject.
This policy aims to address policy and institutional constraints that
maintain disparities between the genders and thus limit the
effectiveness of development programs.
Gender and Development (GAD) is concerned with women
and her specific roles, responsibilities and expectations in the
society. It also analyzes the nature of women’s contribution within
the context of work done both inside and outside the household and
reflects the public/private dichotomy that undervalues the work done
by women in the home. (http://www.sbma.com/ gender-and-
development-program)
GAD focuses on the principle that development is for all. Everyone in
society, female or male, has the right to equal opportunities to
achieve a full and satisfying life.
It does not define the following:
1. Not a war of the sexes
2. Not anti-Male
3. Both women and men are victims although women more than
men.
4. Both have a stake in the struggle for gender equality

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT RELATED LAWS AND

ISSUANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995- 2025
National Plan that addresses provides and pursues full
equality and development for men and women. Approved and
adopted by former President Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No. 273,
on September 8, 1995, it is the successor of the Philippine
Development Plan for Women, 1989-1992 adopted by Executive No.
348 of February 17, 1989.
Republic Act No. 9710 (Magna Carta of Women)
Approved on August 14, 2009, which mandates for non-
discriminatory and pro-gender equality and equity measures to
enable women’s participation in the formulation, implementation and
evaluation of policies and plan for national, regional and local
development.
Memorandum Circular No. 2011 – 01 dated October 21, 2011
Addressing to all Government Departments including their
attached agencies, offices, bureaus, State Universities and
Colleges (SUCs), Government- Owned and Controlled
Corporations (GOCCs) and all other government instrumentalities
as their guidelines and procedures for the establishment,
strengthening and institutionalization of the Gender And
Development (GAD) Focal Point System (GFPS).
Republic Act 7877 - Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995.
It is an “Act Declaring Sexual Harassment Unlawful in the
Employment, Education or Training Environment, and for other
purposes” was approved on February 14, 1995 and became
effective on March 5,
1995.
Republic Act 9262 - Anti-Violence Against Women and Their
Children Act of 2004.
It protects the family and its members particularly women and
children from violence and threats to their personal safety and
security.”
Republic Act 7192 - Women in Development and Nation
Building Act.
The Act provides guidance and measures that will mobilize
and enhance participation of women in the development process in
ways equal to that of men.
Memorandum Circular No. 48 Series of 2013
Directing all concerned government agencies to adopt the
Gender Equality Guidelines in the development of their respective
Media Policies and Implementing Programs in order to promote
gender mainstreaming.
Republic Act 10354
The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act
of 2012 or the RH Law. It is a law in the Philippines, which
guarantees universal access to methods on contraception, fertility
control, sexual education, and maternal care.
1987 Philippine Constitution (Article II Sec. 14)
The State recognizes the role of women in nation building and
shall promote the FUNDAMENTAL EQUALITY before the law of
women and men
SEX AND GENDER: HOW DO THEY DIFFER?
“An extremely important part of an individual’s identity and one that
begins at least at birth, is gender.”
- Dr. Kenneth Cushner, 2012.

It is more than just knowing that you are male or female.

Identification of sex is usually clearly internalized by the age of 3 but
begins around the age of 18 months.
Gender refers to the specific set of characteristics that
identifies the social behaviour of women and men and the
relationship between them. Gender alludes not simply to women
or men but the relationship between them and the way it is
socially constructed. Since gender biases exist and these biases
prevent people from attaining their full potentials, development is
impeded.

SEX GENDE
R
Categorized as male Masculinity and
or female femininity
Biological Socially, culturally
and historically
determined
Fixed at birth Learned through
socialization
Does not change Varies over time and
across time and space
space
Equally valued Unequally valued
(masculin- ity as the
norm)

Gender identity / gender role includes knowledge of a large

set of rules and expectations for what boys and girls should wear,
how they should speak and act, and their ‘place’ in the overall
structure of the society.
It can be affected by:
1. Race - each of the major divisions of humankind, having
distinct physical characteristics.
 2. Ethnicity - the fact or state of belonging to a social group
that has a common national or cultural tradition.
3. Social Class - a division of a society based on social and
economic status; upper class, new money, middle class,
working class, working poor, and poverty level.
4. Religion - a particular system of faith and worship.
5. Geographical Region - a demarcated area of the Earth

COMMON MYTHS ABOUT GENDER

1. If a father does the household work, he is considered
as “under the saya.”
2. Men are better leaders and administrators than women.
3. It is the woman’s fault if she is being harassed sexually
when she is wearing skimpy clothing.
4. It is not proper for a girl to say “I love you” first
to a boy.
5. The mother should be the only one responsible for child-
rearing and parenting.

TERMS RELATED TO GENDER

1. Socialization – is the process by which social norms, roles
and expectations are learned and internalized.
2. Gender Socialization – is the process by which norms and
expectations in relation to gender are learned by women and
men.
3. Gender stereotype – a form of prejudgment, bias or limitation
given to roles and expectations of males and females. These
may affect the gender equality and inequality in the society.
4. Gender equality – gives men and women the entitlement to
all aspects of human development.
5. Gender inequality – refers to unequal treatment or
perceptions of individuals based on their gender.

GENDER STEREOTYPE INVOLVES THE DIFFERENTIATIONS

Attributed by a given culture to women and men, in the
following aspects:
1. Social Roles
2. Capacities
3. Traits And Characteristics

1. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN SOCIAL ROLES

BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

MEN WOMEN
Provides financially for the Takes care of the house
Family and children
Works as managers, Works as a nurse,
construction builders teacher , secretary
or engineers
Portrayed as leaders Portrayed as followers
2. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN CAPACITIES BETWEEN MEN
AND WOMEN

MEN WOME
N
Good in math and science Good in arts and less
intellectual pursuits
Physically strong Physically weaker and
fragile
Firm decision makers Wishy – washy or fickle
minded in decision making
3. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN TRAITS AND
CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN

MEN WOME
N
active Passive
aloof Loving
aggressive Peaceful
independent Dependent
brave Fearful

AREAS OR CHANNEL OF SOCIALIZATION

According to Dr. Ralph G. Perrino (2000), family, school,
peers, mass media, public opinion, and religion play a major role in
the socialization and, ultimately, the education process. Each of us
proceeds through life in a manner that we often believe is under our
immediate control and influence. It seems logical that the actions we
take and the impact of those actions is based upon a series of
logical, rational, decisions selected and filtered by choice, not
chance.
Although this seems a reasonable manner in which to assess
one’s lot in life, it is far from reality, particularly in the area of
education. One of the most dramatic impacts on a child’s education
is that of the socialization process.
1. Family
2. Church
3. Mass Media
4. School
5. Peers

A. FAMILY
In the context of human society, a family (from Latin: familia)
is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by
recognized birth), affinity (by marriage or other relationship), or co-
residence (relatives and servants). It is also known as the basic unit
for raising children. In most societies, the family is the principal
institution for the socialization of children. (family. lovetoknow.com)
TWO TYPES OF FAMILY
 1. Immediate family - may include spouses, parents, brothers,
sisters, sons, and daughters.
2. Extended family - may include grandparents, aunts,
uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces, and siblings - in-law.
Sometimes these are also considered members of the
immediate family, depending on an individual’s specific
relationship with them.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF FAMILY STRUCTURES
1. Matrifocal Family - this kind of family occurs commonly
where women have the resources to rear their children by
themselves or where men are more mobile than women;
opposite of patrifocal family.
2. Patriarchal Family - is a family in which the father is
considered head of household; this is true regardless of
which parent is the primary breadwinner (in a household with a
working mom and stay-at-home dad; also known as father –
centered family or father dominated family; opposite of
matriarchal family.
3. Conjugal Family / Nuclear Family / Single Family – a
traditional form of family that includes only the husband, the
wife, and unmarried children who are not of age.
4. Avuncular Family – a family composed of a grandparent, a
brother, his sister, and her children
Childless Family - is sometimes the “forgotten family,” as it
does not meet the traditional standards set by society.
Childless families consist of a husband and wife living and
working together. Many childless families take on the
responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive contact with
their nieces and nephews as a substitute for having their own
children.
5. Extended Family - family that extends beyond the nuclear
family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other
relatives, who all live nearby or in one household.
6. Family Of Choice / Chosen Family - is common within the
LGBT community, both in academic literature and in
colloquial vocabulary. It refers to the group of people in an
individual’s life that satisfies the typical role of family as a
support system.
7. Blended Family or Stepfamily - describes families with
mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children
of the former family into the new family.
8. Monogamous Family - In this case, an individual has only one
(official) partner during their lifetime or at any one time.
9. Polygamous Family – a family composed of a marriage that
includes more than two partners (polygamous).
a. Polygamy - a man is married to more than one wife at a
time which is common in some parts of Middle East and
Africa and is often associated with Islam;
b. Polyandry - when a woman is married to more than one
husband at a time; traditionally practiced in areas of the
Himalayan mountains, among Tibetans in Nepal, in parts
of China and in parts of northern India.
c. Fraternal Polyandry - where two or more brothers are
married to the same wife
d. Polyamory - If a marriage includes multiple husbands
and wives; group or conjoint marriage.
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN GENDER SOCIALIZATION
IN THE FAMILY (Ruth Hartley)
1. Manipulation – means that people handle girls and boys
differently as infants.
a. Mothers tend to use more physical stimulation on male
infants and more verbal stimulation on female infants.
b. Boy babies are tossed in the air.
c. Girl babies get more delicate handling.
2. Canalization – means that people direct children’s attention to
gender-appropriate object.
a. Choice of toys, boys are given toy cars and machines;
b. girls are given dolls and tea sets.
c. Toys teach children what their prescribed roles in life will be
3. Verbal Appellation – telling children what they are and what is
expected of them.
a. Brave boy, pretty girl
b. Boys don’t cry, girls don’t hit playmates
4. Activity exposure – familiarizing children to their gender -
appropriate tasks
a. Girls help their mother with housework.
b. Boys are encouraged to play outside the house

B. CHURCH / RELIGION
It is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and
worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and moral values. The
practice of a religion may also include rituals, sermons,
commemoration or veneration of a deity, gods or goddesses,
sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services,
matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public
service or other aspects of human culture.
Gender roles in Christianity vary considerably today as they
have during the last two millennia. This is especially true with
regards to marriage and ministry.
EFFECTS OF RELIGION
1. Regular attendance at religious services is linked to healthy,
stable family life, strong marriages, and well-behaved
children.
2. Religious worship also leads to a reduction in the incidence
of domestic abuse, crime, substance abuse, and addiction.
3. In addition, religious practice can increase physical and
mental health, longevity, and education attainment.

C. MASS MEDIA
These are diversified media technologies that are intended
to reach a large audience by mass communication. It has an
immense impact on young minds. With the advent of the Internet,
television now has a partner in the role of visual stimulant of young
minds. The culture portrayed by the mass media emphasizes
glamour, sexual satisfaction and promiscuity, comedic vulgarity,
violence, and immediate gratification of needs.
The organizations that control these technologies, such as
television stations or publishing companies, are also known as the
mass media.
EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA IN SOCIALIZATION
1. Media`s sexualization of young female celebrities
2. Video games that promote violence and negative
stereotypes.
3. Music lyrics and music videos that promote negative
stereotypes and violence
4. Sex stereotypes in kid`s TV program

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASS MEDIA

1. Broadcast Media - such as radio, recorded music, film and
television transmit their information electronically.
2. Print Media - use a physical object such as a
newspaper, book, pamphlet or comics, to distribute their
information.
3. Outdoor Media - is a form of mass media that comprises
billboards, signs or placards placed inside and outside of
commercial buildings, sports stadiums, shops and buses.
Other outdoor media include flying billboards (signs in tow of
airplanes), blimps, and skywriting
4. Public Speaking and Event Organising - can also be
considered as forms of mass media.
5. Digital Media - comprises both Internet and mobile mass
communication. Internet media provides many mass media
services, such as email, websites, blogs, and internet based
radio and television.

D. SCHOOL
It is an institution for educating children, any institution
at which instruction is given in a particular discipline, a group of
people. It is an artificial institution set up for the purpose of
socialization and cultural transmission. The school can be
regarded as a formally constituted community as opposed to
mutual communities.
HOW THE SCHOOL PERFORMS THE FUNCTION OF
SOCIALIZATION?
1. Through the curriculum, the school in a formal way provides
the child with:
a. Knowledge of basic intellectual skills such as reading,
writing, verbal expression, quantitative and other
cognitive abilities,
b. Education teaches languages and allows
people communicate with each other according to positions
in society.
c. Cultural achievements of one’s society.
d. Opportunities to acquire social and vocational abilities
which are necessary in order to make one a social,
useful and economically productive member of the
society.
e. Gender roles as perceived as suitable roles by the
society.
2. Educational systems socialize students to become members of
society, to play meaningful roles in the complex network of
independent positions.
 3. Education helps in shaping values and attitudes to the needs
of the contemporary society.
4. Education widens the mental horizons of pupils and teaches
them new ways of looking at themselves and their society.
5. Education offers young people opportunities for intellectual,
emotional and social growth. Thus education can be influential
in promoting new values and stimulating adaptation of
changing conditions.
6. Informally and especially through social clubs, the school
enables the child to learn a number of other social roles and
skills which are also important for his/ her overall development
as a member of society.
a. Education teaches the laws, traditions and norms of the
community, the rights that individuals will enjoy and the
responsibilities that they will undertake.
b. Education teaches how one is to behave toward his/ her
play- mates and adults.
c. Education teaches how to share things and ideas.
d. Education teaches how to compete responsibly
e. Schooling teaches how to cooperate
Schooling instils the community’s pattern of respect;
thus how to relate to others well and obey rules.
f. Schooling enables one to internalize the culture of one’s
society.
g. Education leads toward tolerant and humanitarian
attitudes. For example, college graduates are expected
to be more tolerant than (high school graduates in their
attitudes toward ethnic and social groups.

E. PEER GROUPS
These are both social group and primary group of people
who have similar interests (homophily), age, background, or social
status. The members of this group are likely to influence the
person’s beliefs and behaviour. Peer groups contain hierarchies
and distinct patterns of behavior.
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF PEER GROUPS
1. Serve as a source of information
2. Teach gender roles
3. Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood
4. Teach unity & collective behaviour in life
5. Identity formation - is a developmental process where a
person acquires a sense of self.
NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES (DISADVANTAGES) OF PEER
GROUPS INFLUENCE
Peer pressure - often used to describe instances where an
individual feels indirectly pressured into changing his/her
behavior to match that of his/her peers. Taking up smoking
and underage drinking are two of the best known examples.
1. Future problems
2. Risk behaviors
3. Aggression and pro - social behaviour
4. Sexual promiscuity
 Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a
political society, which membership implies, reciprocally, a
duty of allegiance on the part of the member and duty of
protection on the part of the State.
Citizen is a person having the title of citizenship. He is the
member of a democratic community who enjoy full civil and
political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside
the territory of the State.

CITIZENSHIP AND CITIZEN DISTINGUISHED FROM

NATIONALITY AND NATIONAL
From the point of view of international law, “citizenship” and “citizen” do
not exactly mean the same as “nationality “and “national.” The national of
a State include not only its citizens who enjoy full civil and political
privileges but also all others who are not its citizens, but because they
owe allegiance to it, are not regarded as aliens. While all citizens are
nationals of a State, not all nationals are citizens of a state. MEANING
OF SUBJECT AND ALIEN
A citizen is a member of a democratic community who
enjoys full civil and political rights. In Monarchial State, He is
often called Subject.
An alien is a citizen of a country who is residing in or passing
through another country. He is a popularly called “foreigner.” He is
not given the full rights to citizenship but is entitled to receive
protection as to his person or property.

GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP

1. Involuntary method - by birth, because of blood relationship
or place of birth.
2. Voluntary Method - by naturalization, except in case of
collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory which
takes place when it is ceded by one state to another as a
result of a conquest or treaty.

WHAT ARE THE MODES IN ACQUIRING PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP?

1. Filipino By Birth / Natural Born Filipino
a. Jus Soli (right of soil) which is the legal principle that a
person’s nationality at birth is determined by the place of
birth (e.g. the territory of a given state)
b. Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the legal principle
that, at birth, an individual acquires the nationality of
his/her natural parent/s. The Philippine adheres to this
principle.
Filipino By Naturalization / Naturalized Citizen - which is the judicial act of
adopting a foreigner and clothing him with the privileges of a native-born
citizen. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality and the fact of
entrance into a similar relation towards a new body. CLASSIFICATION
OF FILIPINO CITIZENS
(Article IV, Section 1, Philippine Constitution)
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the
adoption of this Constitution;
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the
Philippines;
 3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers,
who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority; and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

IDEALS POLICY ON NATURALIZATION

The policy on naturalization should be guided by our own
national interest. Perhaps the ideal is that only those who have
come to love the country, who have integrated themselves into the
citizenry and who can contribute to the development of the nation
should be conferred citizenship by naturalization.
Naturalization is the act of formally adopting a foreigner into
the political body of the state and clothing him with the rights and
privilege of citizenship. It implies the renunciation of a former
nationality and the fact of entrance to a similar relation towards a
new body politic.

NATURE OF NATURALIZATION
An alien does not have a natural, inherent or vested fight to be
admitted to citizenship in a state. Citizenship is a matter of grace,
favor or privilege which a sovereign government may confer on, or
withhold from, an alien or grant to him under such conditions as it
sees fit without the support of any reason whatsoever.
Citizenship in our republic be it ever most powerful nation if the
world, can take such citizenship for granted or assume it as a
matter of right. In view of the above principles, the rule is that in
case of doubt concerning the grant of citizenship, such doubt be
resolved in favor of the state and against the applicant for
naturalization.

THREE WAYS OF ACQUIRING BY

NATURALIZATION
1. By judgment of the court
The foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen must
apply for naturalization with the proper Regional Trial Court /
Court of First Instance. The Revise Naturalization Act is the
present naturalization law. Such law shall also continue in force
pursuant to the transitory provision of the Constitution (Art. XVIII,
Sec.3.);

2. By direct act of Congress

In this case our law - making body simply enacts an act
directly conferring citizenship to a foreigner.

3. By administrative proceeding
Under R.A. No.9139, known as the Administrative
Naturalization Law of 2000,”aliens born and residing in the
Philippines may be granted Philippine citizenship by administrative
proceedings before a special committee on naturalization. The
petition for citizenship shall be filled with the committee which has
the power to approve, deny or reject application as provided in the
law.
WHO MAY QUALIFY AS PHILIPPINE CITIZEN BY
NATURALIZATION UNDER THE REVISED
NATURALIZATION ACT?
Under Section 2, CA 573 or the Revised Naturalization Law
the applicant must possess the following qualifications:
1. He must not be less than twenty-one years of age on the day
of the hearing of the petition;
2. He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous
period of not less than ten years;
3. He must be of good moral character and believes in the
principles underlying the Philippine Constitution, and must
have conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable
manner during the entire period of his residence in the
Philippines in his relation with the constituted government as
well as with the community in which he is living;
4. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than
five thousand pesos, Philippine currency, or must have some
known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation;
5. He must be able to speak or write English or Spanish or
anyone of the principal languages;
6. He must have enrolled his minor children of school age in any
of the public or private schools recognized by the Bureau of
Public Schools of the Philippines where Philippine history,
government and civics are taught or prescribed as part of the
school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in
the Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of the
petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen;
WHO ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO APPLY FOR
NATURALIZATION OF THE REVISED
NATURALIZATION LAW?
Under Section of 4 of the Revised Naturalization Law, the
following persons cannot qualify for Philippine citizenship:
1. Persons opposed to organized government or affiliated with any
association or group of persons who uphold and teach doctrines
opposing all organized governments;
2. Persons defending or teaching the necessity or
propriety of violence, personal assault, or assassination for the
success and predominance of their ideas; Polygamists or
believers in the practice of polygamy;
3. Persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;
4. Persons suffering from mental alienation or incurable contagious
diseases;
5. Persons who during the period of their stay in the Philippines,
have not mingled socially with the Filipinos, or who have not
evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs,
traditions, and ideals of the Filipinos;
6. Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the Philippines is at war.
7. Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than the United
States, whose laws do not grant Filipinos the right to become
naturalized citizens or subject thereof;

LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP
A Filipino citizen may lose his citizenship in any
of the following ways:
1. Voluntary
 a. By Naturalization in a foreign country By express
renunciation of citizenship (expatriation)
b. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the
constitution and law of foreign country
c. By rendering service to or accepting commission in the
armed forces of a foreign country
The voluntary loss or renunciation of one’s nationality is
called EXPATRIATION.
2. Involuntary
a. By cancellation of his certificate of naturalization
by the court
b. By having been declared by competent authority a deserter
of the Philippine armed forces in times of war.

WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR REACQUIRING LOST PHILIPPINE

CITIZENSHIP?
1. By naturalization
2. By repatriation - affected by merely taking the necessary oath
of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and
registering the same in the proper civil registry.
3. By direct act of congress

RETENTION AND ACQUISITION OFCITIZENSHIP

Under R.A. 9225 otherwise known as the “Citizenship
Retention and Re- acquisition Act of 2003” which was approved in
August 29, 2003, natural born citizens of the Philippines who have
lost their Philippine Citizenship by reason of naturalization as
citizens of a foreign country are deemed to have reacquired
Philippine citizenship upon taking an oath of allegiance to the
Philippine Republic.

OATH OF ALLEGIANCE
“I (Name) , solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
will support and defend the Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines and obey the laws and legal orders promulgated by the
duly constituted authorities of the Philippines; and I hereby declare
that I recognize and accept the supreme authority of the
Philippines and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto; and
that I impose this obligation upon myself without mental reservation
or purpose of evasion.”
The natural-born citizens of the Philippines who, after the
effectivity of the Act, become citizens of a foreign country shall retain
their Philippine citizenship upon taking the aforesaid oath.

DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP
The unmarried child, whether legitimate, illegitimate or
adopted, below 18 years of age, of those who reacquire Philippine
citizenship upon effectivity of the Act shall be deemed citizens of
the Philippines.

CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES

 Those who shall retain or re - acquire Philippine citizenship
under the Act shall enjoy full civil and political rights and be subject to
all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under existing laws of the
Philippines and the following conditions:
1. Those intending to exercise their right of suffrage must meet
the requirement under Section 1, Article V of the Philippine
Constitution, RA 9189 otherwise known as “The Overseas
Absentee Voting Act of 2003 and other existing laws.
Those seeking elective public office in the Philippines shall
meet the qualification for holding such public office as
required by the Constitution and existing laws and, at the
time of the filing of the certificate of candidacy, make a
personal and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign
citizenship before any public officer authorized to administer
oath;
2. Those appointed to any public office shall subscribe and
swear to an oath of allegiance to the Republic of the
Philippines and its duly constituted authorities prior to their
assumption of office. They must renounce their oath of
allegiance to the foreign country where they took that oath;
3. Those intending to practice their profession in the Philippines
shall apply with the proper authority for a license or permit to
engaged in such practice; and
4. The right to vote or be elected or appointed to any public office
in the Philippines cannot be extended to, those who:
a. Are candidates for or are occupying any public office in
the country of which they are naturalized citizens; and/or
b. Are in active service as commissioned or non
- commissioned officers in the armed forces of
the country of which they are naturalized

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE OF A CITIZEN TO AN

ALIEN?
1. Under Section 4, a Filipino citizen who marries an alien
does not automatically lose his or her citizenship, even if his
or her nationality was granted by his or her husband’s or
wife’s country.
2. Only by their act or omission are they deemed under the law
to have renounced their citizenship such as taking an oath
of allegiance to a foreign country.
3. If a Filipino woman marries an alien and acquires her
husband’s citizenship, she will possess two citizenships,
Philippine citizenship and that of her husband.
WHAT IS AN ALLEGIANCE?
Allegiance is loyalty owed by a person to his state. Section 5
prohibits more particularly naturalized Filipinos from practicing
what is called “dual allegiance” declaring it inimical to national
interests. Note that what Section 5 prohibits is not dual citizenship
but dual allegiance of citizens.
Dual citizenship refer to the possession of two
citizenships by an individual, that of his original citizenship and
that of the country where he became a naturalized citizen. It
arises because our laws cannot control laws of other states on
citizenship but dual allegiance can be a matter of personal choice or
decision.
 WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATION OF THE
CITIZENS?
1. To be loyal to the republic.
Loyalty implies faith and confidence in the republic and love
and devotion to the country. The citizen must be proud of his
country, its customs, traditions, language, and institutions. He
must share in its glories and feel sad in its misfortunes. It is the
“home of our people, the seat of our affections and the source of
our happiness and well-being.”

2. To defend the State.

Men may differ and do differ on religious beliefs and creeds,
government policies, the wisdom and validity of laws, even the
correctness or judicial decisions and decrees, but in field of love of
country, national unity, and patriotism, they can hardly afford to differ
for these are matters in which they are mutually and vitally interested,
for to them they mean national existence or survival as a nation or
national extinction.
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the state.
The development and welfare of the state should be the
concern of every citizen for he will be the first to enjoy the benefits
thereof. Anything that affects him, individually and personally. He is
affected by its ills and disorder, growth and stability.

4. To uphold the constitution and obey the laws.

It is the shrine for all the hopes and visions for our nation.
Laws are enacted in accordance with it for the good of all. It is
therefore the duty of every citizen to defend and respect the
constitution and obey the laws. If the people would disregard them,
the government would collapse, and this would mean lawlessness
and the disintegration of the social order. The constitution contains
provisions designed to insure that is the accord.

5. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities.

The larger interest of the group and the nation that he must
serve necessarily involve his own. And he would be recreant to the
claims of that interest if he did not actively concern himself with the
affairs of his government. It is not enough for example that a citizen
should take care that in his daily life he does not violate any of the
multitudinous rules.

6. To exercise rights responsively with due regards to the

rights of others.
Society is composed of men, each with interest of his own. In the course of life, the
interest of man conflict with those of many others. Amidst the continuous clash on
interest, the ruling social philosophy should be that, in the ultimate social order, the
welfare of every man depends upon the welfare of all.
7. To engage in gainful work.
Employment is not the obligation solely of the state.
Every citizen should consider it his own responsibility and should
strive to become a useful an productive member of society to assure
not only himself but, perhaps, more important, his family a life worthy
of human dignity.
8. To register and vote.
Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty which every qualified
citizen must perform. It is through suffrage that the will of the
people is expressed. The quality of public official of the
government, depend, direct or indirectly, upon the voters.