First Quarter Module 1 3
First Quarter Module 1 3
First Quarter Module 1 3
What is RESEARCH?
Is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts and
reach new inferences.
Has come up with developing appropriate solutions to improve the individual’s
quality of life.
Is a verified approach of thinking and employing legalized instruments and steps to
obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to
address under ordinary means (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).
Helps society to answer the WHAT and HOW questions
Category of Research
1. Basic Research
This is the type of research that is a purely direct application but increasing the nature of
understanding about the problem. It develops the scientific theories to be more
understandable to the readers.
2. Applied Research
3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables, except those that are tested/ experimented
on, are kept constant.
6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on real-life
situations.
7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own examination and produces the data needed to
complete the study.
Research Processes:
4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population?
5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data?
First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters
values that are essential to collaborative work.
Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that the
researcher/s undertake.
Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can be evaluated
by the researcher before conducting the study because this may help a certain population
in an area once the study is completed.
1. Human Subject Minimize risks that involve human lives, dignity, and privacy.
Phenomenology
It is the study of how people give meaning to their experiences, like the death of loved
ones, care for the people, and friendliness of the people.
Ethnography
It is understanding of how a particular cultural group goes about their daily lives which
includes their organizational set-up, internal operations, and lifestyle.
Grounded theory
This occurs when a researcher discovers a new theory based on the data collected. It is a
research methodology for discovering theory in a substantive area.
Case study
This method requires the examination or analysis of the substance or content of the
communication that takes place through letters, books, journals, photos, video
recordings, short message services, online messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc.
Historical Analysis
This is the study of primary documents to explain the connection of past events to the
present time. An example of this is explaining the happenings during the Marcos regime.
Qualitative research takes place in a natural setting like home, school, institution,
or community. Researchers gain actual experiences of the research participants.
It focuses on participants’ perceptions and experiences (Franenkel and Wallen,
1988 in Creswell, 2013)
Researchers are sensitive to participants’ needs and participants are actively
engaged in the process.
Data are collected through observation, interviews, documents, e-mails, blogs,
videos, etc.
It may result in changes in research questions after new discoveries occur. ∙ It
develops from a specific to a general understanding of concepts.
2. Interviews are not being delimited to specific questions and can be guided/redirected
by the researcher along the process.
3. The research framework and direction can be easily revised as new information
emerges.
4. The obtained data from human experience is powerful and sometimes more interesting
than quantitative data.
5. Data usually are collected from a few cases or individuals so findings cannot be
generalized to a larger population. Findings can however be transferable to another
setting.
1. Research quality is heavily dependent on the researcher’s skills and may be influenced
by the researcher's outlooks.
Module 3 Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem Related to Daily Life
Topics to be Avoided
2. Highly technical subjects- Too technical topics requires expertise. If you don’t have
enough knowledge about it, then look for another one.
4. Too broad subjects- You lack focus if you deal with broad topics. The remedy is to
narrow it down.
5. Too narrow subject- Some subjects are too narrow that extensive and thorough
reading are required.
6. Vague subjects- Titles that start with indefinite adjectives such as several, many,
some, etc., make the topic vague.
Broad Specific
Lack of Self-esteem Lack of Self-Esteem among
Introverts: Remedies and
Intervention
Drug Addiction Health Hazards of Vaping:
Prevention and Intervention
Suicide Suicidal Teenagers in Urban Areas:
A Case Study
COVID-19 Causes, Prevention, and Treatment
of COVID-19
Research title is the most important element of your research as it clearly expresses
the problem to be explored.
A research title capsulizes the main thought or idea of the whole research paper. It
also reflects the variables under study.
It is expressed in few words possible and just enough to describe the contents and
the purpose of your research.
It needs to be informative.
It contains the:
What: the subject matter or topic to be investigated
Where: place or locale where the research is to be conducted
Who: the participants of respondents of the study
When: the time period of the conduct of the study
Example:
Struggles in Online Learning Modality among Students of Quezon National High
School during School Year 2021-2021
A research question forms the base of where you are going, so we have to write a good
research question. If your foundation is built on something shifty, like a house built
on sand, then everything following that will be about correcting that initial issue
instead of on making an awesome home/research project.
✔ Focused. It is narrow enough that it can be answered thoroughly in the space the
writing task allows.
✔ Complex. It is not answerable with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’, but rather requires
synthesis and analysis of ideas and sources prior to composition of an answer.
✔ Arguable. Its potential answers are open to debate rather than accepted facts.
Please check for the following examples for reference:
Unclear: How should social networking sites address the harm they cause?
Clear: What action should social networking sites like MySpace and Facebook take to
protect users’ personal information and privacy?
The unclear version of this question doesn’t specify which social networking sites or
suggests what kind of harm the sites might be causing. It also assumes that this
‘harm’ is proven and/or accepted.
Unfocused: What is the effect on the environment from global warming?
Focused: What is the most significant effect of glacial melting on the lives of penguins
in Antarctica?
Your problem statement can guide you in identifying the specific contribution of your
study. You can do this by observing a one-to-one correspondence between the
statement of the problem and the significance of the study.
For example, if you ask the question ‘Is there a significant relationship between the
teacher’s teaching style and the students’ long quiz scores in Mathematics?’ then the
contribution of your research would probably be a teaching style or styles that can
help students perform better in Mathematics. Your research will demonstrate that
teaching style really works. That could be a groundbreaking approach that will change
the way teachers teach Mathematics which students are hesitant of.
B. Write from general to specific contribution
Write the significance of the study by looking into the general contribution of your
study, such as its importance to society as a whole, then proceed downwards--
towards its contribution to individuals and that may include yourself as a researcher.
You start off broadly then taper off gradually to a specific group or person.