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Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Chapter 07
The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The phrase "one gene-one enzyme" is associated with the work of

A. Lederberg.
B. Watson and Crick.
C. Beadle and Tatum.
D. Mendel.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: History of Microbiology

2. The two strands of DNA are bonded to one another by

A. covalent bonds.
B. oxygen bonds.
C. hydrogen bonds.
D. carbon bonds.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Chemistry

7-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

3. Which pairing is incorrect?

A. A:T
B. G:C
C. A:U
D. A:G

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

4. What structure is indicated by: 10A, 15T, 3G, 7C?

A.

Double-stranded RNA

B.
Double-stranded DNA

C.
Single-stranded RNA

D.
Single-stranded DNA

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

7-2
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

5. Without changing the sequence or the orientation of the sequence(s), which is/are
complementary to the sequence 5' AGGCUAAC 3'?
A. 5' TCCGATTG 3'
B. 3' TCCGATTC 5'
C. 5' CTTAGCCT 3'
D. 3' TAAGCTTA 5'
E. 3' TCCGATTC 5' AND 5' CTTAGCCT 3'

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

6. GCCCAAAG is a molecule of
A. RNA.
B. DNA.
C. protein.
D. cannot tell as written.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

7. Which may be or is an RNA molecule?

A. AGCCTAC
B. GGGCCCA
C. GCCCUUA
D. AGCCTAC AND GGGCCCA
E. GGGCCCA AND GCCCUUA

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

7-3
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

8. RNA is characterized by which one of the following features?

A.

Deoxyribose

B.
Thymine

C.
Ribose

D.
Double-stranded

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

7-4
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

9. DNA is characterized by which of the following feature(s)?

A.

Ribose

B.
Single-stranded

C.
Deoxyribose

D.
Thymine

E.
Deoxyribose AND thymine

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

7-5
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

10. Which is not true of RNA?

A. It is usually single-stranded.
B. It functions in the cytoplasm.
C.

It contains both uracil and thymine.

D. It contains ribose.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

11. The 3' end of DNA

A. refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of deoxyribose.
B. attaches to the 5' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide.
C. always has thymine attached to it.
D. usually has guanine attached to it.
E. refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of deoxyribose
AND attaches to the 5' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

7-6
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

12. Which of the following is/are true of DNA replication?

A. It starts at the origin of replication.
B. Nucleotides are added to the 3' end.
C. It requires an RNA primer to get started.
D. It utilizes polymerases.
E. All of the choices are true.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.03
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics

13. DNA replication is

A. conservative.
B. interspersive.
C. semiconservative.
D. chain reference.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.03
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics

14. Which is true about DNA replication?

A. It is semiconservative.
B. It starts at an origin of replication.
C. It is bi-directional.
D. It requires RNA primers.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.03
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics

7-7
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

15. The term antiparallel

A. refers to the structure of single-stranded RNA.
B. is synonymous with semiconservative.
C. refers to the opposite orientation of the two strands in DNA.
D. refers to a type of prokaryotic replication.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.03
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics

16. The lagging strand

A.

is a type of RNA.

B. is found during RNA replication.

C. is necessary due to the properties of the enzymes and the antiparallel nature of DNA.
D. is always the bottom strand.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.03
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics

7-8
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

17. Which is true about the RNA transcript?

A. It is formed using the DNA minus strand as a template.
B. It has the same 5'-3' orientation as the DNA positive strand.
C. It is made in short fragments that are then stitched together.
D. The template starts at the promoter region.
E.

It is formed using the DNA minus strand as a template, it has the same 5'-3' orientation as the DNA positive strand, AND the
template starts at the promoter region.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

18. Which is true about prokaryotic (bacterial) RNA polymerase?

A. It is used during transcription.
B. It does not require a primer.
C. It has a detachable subunit, sigma factor, which recognizes the promoter.
D. It reads the template in the 3'-5' direction.
E. All of the choices are true.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.06
Section: 07.04
Topic: Genetics

7-9
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

19. The specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA to which the RNA polymerase binds is
the
A. regulatory region.
B. promoter region.
C. sigma region.
D. core region.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

20. The transcription terminator

A. results in a hairpin loop structure in RNA.
B. results in the polymerase falling off the DNA template.
C. stops DNA polymerase.
D. adds a terminator nucleotide to the RNA.
E. results in a hairpin loop structure in RNA AND results in the polymerase falling off the
DNA template.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

21. How many nucleotides are in a codon?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

7-10
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

22. There are _____ codons to code for the 20 possible amino acids.
A. 20
B. 30
C. 64
D. 61

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

23. The genetic code has more than one codon for some amino acids. This is an example of
A. evolution.
B. stringency.
C.

redundancy.

D. translation.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

24. Which molecule carries an anticodon?

A. DNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. tRNA

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

7-11
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

25. AUG
A. is only used as the start codon.
B. codes for methionine.
C. determines the reading frame.
D. is one of the stop codons.
E. codes for methionine AND determines the reading frame.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

26. The amino acid that is placed first during translation in bacteria, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts is
A. glycine.
B. methionine.
C. N-formyl-methionine.
D. serine.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

7-12
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

27. The placement of the amino acid during translation is determined by the
A.

DNase, which transcribes both molecules.

B. complementarity of the codon-anticodon.

C. sequence of nucleotides at the 5' end of the tRNA.
D. secondary structure of the newly forming protein.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

28. What is the number of tRNA molecules that may be associated with translation?
A.

16

B.
20

C. 64
D.
Fewer than 64

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

7-13
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

29. The P-site

A. is found on the polymerase enzyme.
B. is an allosteric site.
C. is a promoter site.
D. is the peptidyl site on the ribosome.
E. is an allosteric site AND is a promoter site.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

30. The E-site

A. is found on the RNA polymerase enzyme.
B. is responsible for the release of the tRNA.
C. is found on the 35S polysome.
D.

is the aminoacyl site.

E.
is responsible for the release of the tRNA AND is the aminoacyl site.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

7-14
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

31. A stop codon

A. codes for the stop amino acid s-methyl-methionine.
B. forms a hairpin loop forcing the ribosome to fall off.
C. codes for no amino acid.
D. enhances the binding of the e-polymerase.
E. codes for the stop amino acid s-methyl-methionine AND forms a hairpin loop forcing the
ribosome to fall off.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

32. Post-translational modification may include

A. formation of exons and introns.
B. folding of the protein, often with the aid of chaperones.
C. removal of the signal sequence.
D. addition of glycine tags.
E.

folding of the protein, often with the aid of chaperones, AND removal of the signal sequence.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

7-15
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

33. The ribosomes

A. move along the tRNA in a 3'-5' direction.
B. move along the mRNA in a 5'-3' direction.
C. move along the DNA in a 5'-3' direction.
D.

provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining.

E.
move along the mRNA in a 5'-3' direction AND provide a platform that brings the amino acids into a favorable position for
joining.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

34. In DNA sequence analysis

A. the + strand of DNA is used.
B. the start codon is ATG.
C. ORFs are searched for.
D. codon usage is a helpful indicator for protein coding areas.
E. All of the choices are correct.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 07.12
Section: 07.08
Topic: Genetics

7-16
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

35. Some segments of the precursor mRNA in eukaryotes are non-coding and are called
A. exons.
B. introns.
C. integrans.
D. uselessans.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.06
Section: 07.04
Topic: Genetics

36. Bacteria use ______ attached TO the polymerase to direct RNA polymerase to promoters;
eukaryotic cells use ______ that attach directly to the DNA first instead.
A. sigma factors; transcription factors
B. transcription factors; sigma factors
C. ribosomes; sigma factors
D. tRNA; rRNA

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.06
Section: 07.04
Topic: Genetics

37. Ribozymes
A. are complexes of ribosomes and RNA.
B. are self-catalytic RNA.
C. suggest that nucleic acids evolved before proteins.
D. are enzymes that degrade RNA and therefore have potential for clinical applications.
E. are self-catalytic RNA AND suggest that nucleic acids evolved before proteins.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

7-17
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

38. The scientists responsible for the idea that RNA can act as a catalyst were
A. Watson and Crick.
B. Beadle and Tatum.
C. Altman and Cech.
D. Lederberg and Stanley.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: History of Microbiology

39. Signal transduction

A. is the relay of information about conditions outside a cell to inside the cell.
B. often relies on a two component system.
C. may involve phosphorylation of various molecules.
D. is used by certain pathogens to sense low magnesium conditions.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.07
Section: 07.05
Topic: Genetics

40. Quorum sensing

A. is used by bacteria to sense the density of cells.
B. involves the production and monitoring of the amount of homoserine lactone present.
C. is used by bacteria to limit the density of bacteria.
D. is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of bacteria.
E. is used by bacteria to sense the density of cells AND involves the production and
monitoring of the amount of homoserine lactone present.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.07
Section: 07.05
Topic: Genetics

7-18
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Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

41. Gene regulation may entail

A. turning on genes only when needed.
B. turning off genes when not needed.
C. turning on or off entire groups of genes.
D. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

42. The regulatory protein

A. binds to the promoter region of DNA.
B. may inhibit or enhance transcription.
C. may control translation of the operon.
D. affects the activity of the DNA polymerase.
E. binds to the promoter region of DNA AND affects the activity of the DNA polymerase.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

7-19
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

43. Operon(s) in bacteria

A.

refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinate fashion.

B. involve polycistronic mRNA.

C. involve monocistronic mRNA.
D. are also known as Wagnerons.
E.
refers to a group of genes that are controlled in a coordinate fashion AND involve polycistronic mRNA.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

44. The set of genes in bacteria that are linked together and transcribed as a single unit is
referred to as a(n)
A. operon.
B. regulon.
C. operator.
D. repressor.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

7-20
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Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

45. The DNA site to which the repressor protein binds is the
A. operon.
B. regulon.
C. operator.
D. repressor.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

46. The molecules that bind to a repressor and cause it to no longer bind to the operator are
called
A. activators.
B. repressors.
C. introns.
D. inducers.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

47. Repressors
A. are involved in negative control.
B. are involved in positive control.
C. always bind to the promoter.
D. bind or do not bind to the operator depending on their shape (conformation).
E. are involved in negative control AND bind or do not bind to the operator depending on
their shape (conformation).

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

7-21
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

48. Activators
A. are involved in negative control.
B. are involved in positive control.
C. always bind to the promoter.
D. are allosteric proteins.
E. are involved in positive control AND are allosteric proteins.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

49. Negative control means a regulator molecule is

A. bound and transcription starts.
B. removed and transcription is inhibited.
C. bound and transcription is inhibited.
D. removed and transcription starts.
E. bound and transcription is inhibited AND removed and transcription starts.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

7-22
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

50. Glucose
A. is preferentially used over lactose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression.
B. levels are directly sensed via catabolite repression.
C. levels are the inverse of cAMP levels.
D. levels directly affect the production of lactose dehydrogenase.
E.

is preferentially used over lactose in E. coli as a result of catabolite repression AND glucose levels are the inverse of cAMP
levels.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.10
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

51. The lac operon

A. is an example of negative control.
B. is affected by catabolite repression.
C. produces lactose.
D. is an example of a regulon.
E. is an example of negative control AND is affected by catabolite repression.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.10
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

7-23
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

52. CAP
A. is involved in positive control.
B. stands for cyclic amp protein.
C. works in conjunction with cAMP.
D. is involved in negative control.
E. is involved in positive control AND works in conjunction with cAMP.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.10
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

53. RNAi
A. is the form of mRNA that initiates translation.
B.

uses short pieces of single-stranded RNA to direct the degradation of specific RNA transcripts.

C. is a mechanism of genetic regulation found in eukaryotes.

D. is any chemical that inhibits transcription.
E.
uses short pieces of single-stranded RNA to direct the degradation of specific RNA transcripts AND is a mechanism of
genetic regulation found in eukaryotes.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.11
Section: 07.07
Topic: Genetics

True / False Questions

7-24
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

54.

Adenine binds to thymine via three hydrogen bonds.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

55. One end of a strand of DNA is different from the other end.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.01
Section: 07.01
Topic: Genetics

56. DNA replication is usually unidirectional.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.03
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics

7-25
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

57. The minus strand of DNA serves as the template for RNA production.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

58. Antisense RNA is the complement of the plus strand and may be useful in inhibiting
translation.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.11
Section: 07.07
Topic: Genetics

59.

The genetic code is nearly universal.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

7-26
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

60.

A codon consists of two nucleotides.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

61. The anticodon determines which amino acid is linked to its tRNA.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

62. Ribozymes are non-protein molecules with catalytic activity.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

Multiple Choice Questions

7-27
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

63. A drug that inhibits the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase ______ be a good antibiotic
because _______.
A. would; it would inhibit all DNA synthesis
B. would NOT; it would inhibit all DNA synthesis, even our own cell's DNA synthesis
C. would; it would selectively inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis due to differences between
bacterial/human gyrase
D. would NOT; the DNA replication machinery could still function, even with impaired DNA
gyrase enzyme

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 07.03
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Section: 07.02
Topic: Genetics

64. Why is it a good idea for a bacterial cell to be able to utilize glucose FIRST as an energy
source (until it's used up), THEN switch to lactose?
A. Glucose is an easier compound to break down and obtain energy from than lactose.
B. Lactose cannot be used by bacterial cells as an energy source.
C. It's about conservation of energy-why expend the energy to make the extra enzymes for
breaking down lactose when glucose is right there and doesn't need the extra enzymes for
breakdown.
D. Glucose provides 10x as much energy when broken down as lactose.
E.

Glucose is no easier compound to break down and obtain energy from than lactose AND It's about conservation of energy-
why expend the energy to make the extra enzymes for breaking down lactose when glucose is right there and doesn't need the
extra enzymes for breakdown.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 07.04
Learning Outcome: 07.10
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

7-28
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

65. Does the presence of introns/exons in eukaryotic cells provide more potential diversity in
gene products (proteins) than is possible in prokaryotic cells?
A. It doesn't-this is a trick question. There's the same potential for gene products (proteins) in
a bacterium with 1,000 genes as there is in a eukaryotic cell with 1,000 genes.
B. It does-each exon and each intron could be used individually and discretely to make agene
product (protein). Since bacteria lack these, they will have less ability to create different
proteins.
C. It does-exons/introns can be spliced together in different ways post-transcription to yield
different mRNAs (and therefore, different proteins). Bacteria lack this system, so the gene
you transcribe is translated into the only protein you'll end up getting.
D. It does-exons/introns can be spliced together in different ways at the DNA levelto
eventually yield different mRNAs (and therefore, different proteins). Bacteria lack this
system, so the gene you transcribe is translated into the only protein you'll end up getting.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 07.06
Section: 07.04
Topic: Genetics

66. A graduate student is trying to isolate bacterial mRNA for an enzyme that will degrade
trinitrotoluene (TNT). She's frustrated to find that the enzyme isn't produced when the
bacterium in question is grown on nutrient agar. What might she do to solve the problem and
obtain the mRNA?
A. Add nitrogen and toluene to the agar to drive up synthesis of TNT.
B. Add TNT to the agar-this will drive synthesis of the enzyme to degrade it, leading to
production of the mRNA the student is looking for.
C. Remove glucose from the agar-this will cause the bacteria to shift to other compounds for
their energy purposes.
D. Remove all sugars from the agar-this will cause the bacteria to shift to other compounds
for their energy purposes.
E. Add TNT to the agar-this will drive synthesis of the enzyme to degrade it, leading to
production of the mRNA the student is looking for AND remove all sugars from the agar-this
will cause the bacteria to shift to other compounds for their energy purposes.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 07.09
Section: 07.06
Topic: Genetics

7-29
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

67. Cells are often ground up with abrasive to get to their internal enzymes/molecules,
followed by removal of the abrasives. Here are two situations and two outcomes. What is the
correct interpretation of the results? In situation #1, radioactive amino acids are mixed with
ground-up cell material. Radioactive proteins are produced. In situation #2, radioactive amino
acids AND the enzyme RNAse (an enzyme that degrades RNA) are mixed with ground-up
cell material. No radioactive proteins are produced.
A. The mRNA from the cell can be used to make proteins with the radioactive amino acids in
the first situation. In the second situation, the mRNA is destroyed by the RNAse before it can
be translated into protein containing the radioactive amino acids.
B. The DNA from the cell can be translated into protein using the radioactive amino acids in
the first situation. The RNAse in the second situation degrades the ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
preventing ribosomes from forming and making proteins with the radioactive amino acids.
C. The radioactivity in the amino acids corrupts the tRNA molecules, leading to no protein
production in the second scenario.
D. The results cannot be interpreted-there isn't enough information given in the question.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

7-30
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein

68.

Cells are often ground up with abrasive to get to their internal enzymes/molecules, followed by removal of the abrasives.
Here are three situations and three outcomes. What is the correct interpretation of the results? In situation #1, radioactive
amino acids are added to cell material, and radioactive proteins are produced. In situation #2, radioactive amino acids, cell
material, and the enzyme DNAse (degrades DNA) are added together. Radioactive proteins are still produced. In situation #3,
the ground-up cell material is allowed to sit for 24 hours before radioactive amino acids and DNAse are added to it. No
radioactive protein is produced. What is the most likely interpretation?

A.
RNA polymerase has no activity after 24 hours, so no mRNA is transcribed and translated into radioactive proteinsin the last
scenario.

B. The radioactivity in the amino acids is altering/degrading the tRNA molecules, leading to
no protein production in the last scenario.
C.
Natural RNAses present in the ground-up material will degrade any existing mRNAs in that 24-hour interval. Added DNAses
breakdown DNA so that new RNAs are not synthesized.This will lead to a loss of capability to translate protein in the last
scenario.

D. The results are not interpretable from the information given.

ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ
in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 07.05
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetics

7-31
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.