Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

LAOANG CAMPUS
Laoang, Northern Samar

A Detailed Lesson Plan in General Biology 2

Grade 12 - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Local Demo Teaching

Subject : General Biology

Grade Level : Grade 12 - STEM
Date and Time : March 13, 2023 / Monday / 8:00 – 9:00 AM

I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
• Identify the key proponents and developers of the concept of evolution;
• Describe Lamarck’s Theory of Adaptation and Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution by Natural Selection; and
• Explain the relationship between the theory of adaptation and theory of
evolution by natural selection.

II. SUBJECT MATTER

a. Topic: Evolution of Life
b. Materials: TV, Laptop, white board marker and printed pictures
c. Reference/s:
• https://byjus.com
• Rea, M. A., et al. General Biology 2, “Evolution of Life,” pp. 189 – 193.
• Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science. www.nap.edu
d. Method/s of Teaching: Discussion method, oral questioning, and group
activity
e. Values Integration: To give the importance of evolution and relate the
theories of evolution to the character development of a person.
f. Subject Integration: MAPEH (Arts and Health) and English

III. LEARNING PROCEDURES

A. Preliminary Activities
• Prayer
• Greetings
• Picking up the pieces of paper and arranging the seats appropriately.
• Checking of Attendance
• Collecting of Assignment

Page | 1
 Teacher’s Activity Students’ Activity
B. Review
“Class, what was the lesson
discussed last meeting?” “The topic last meeting was all about
theories of origin of life.”

“Very good! What are these theories

that explained the origin of life?” “The theories of origin of life are panspermia
and abiogenesis.”

“Correct!”

C. Motivation
“Now, I am going to let you watch a
short video. Afterwards, I will be
asking some questions. Am I
understood?” “Yes, teacher.”

“What was the video all about?” “Teacher, the video was all about a single
cell evolving into different species
throughout centuries.”

“That’s right. So, what did you notice?” “We have noticed that all life forms started
out as a single cell and went through
gradual changes over time.”

“Very good! What do you call these

changes that happened on the cell?” “We call these changes as evolution.”

“Correct!”

D. Presentation of the Lesson

“Based on the video you have
watched recently, what do you think is
our lesson this morning all about?” “The video featured a single cell that went
through development or changes over time.
So, I believe that our lesson is all about
evolution of life.”
“Very good! Our lesson this morning is
all about the evolution of life.”

1. Engage
“Before we move on to our discussion
this morning, we will first have a group

Page | 2
activity. The class will be divided into
four groups, and each group will be
given a puzzle (picture). All you need
to do to solve the puzzle is to arrange
the pieces to form the pictures. After
solving the puzzle, observe the picture
and write your observations. Then,
after doing the activity, each group will
have a representative to present their
answers. Is it clear?” “Yes, teacher.”

“Now, kindly count off 1-4.” (The students count off 1-4.)

“You can now sit with your

groupmates. Remember that you will
only be given 3 minutes to solve the
puzzle and write your observations,
and 2 minutes, for each presenter, to
present.” (Each group will arrange the pieces of
pictures)

Group 1: They will arrange the image of the

giraffe depicting the theory of Inheritance of
acquired traits, and theory of use and
disuse by Jean Baptist de Lamarck.

This inheritance of acquired characters is

due to use and disuse of organs. Therefore,
after many generations, new species are
formed which are distinctly different form
their ancestors.

The evolution of long-necked giraffe took

place from short-necked giraffe due to
continuous stretching of the neck muscles in
order to reach food from tall trees. In the
beginning, the short-necked giraffe used to
eat the grasses. Later on, sources of grass
on land reduced and it forced them to eat
the leaves of tall trees. Stretching of neck is
continuous and is gradually transmitted to

Page | 3
offsprings.

Group 2: They will arrange the image of the

blacksmith’s arm (muscles) depicting the
theory of inheritance of acquired traits and
use and disuse of Jean Baptist de Lamarck.

An example would be found in the

supposed inheritance of a change brought
about by the use and disuse of a special
organ. The blacksmith’s arm (or any other
set of muscles) enlarges when used
continually against an external resistance,
such as the weight of the hammer.

Group 3: They will arrange the image of a

three-illustration that depicts the “survival of
the fittest” of Charles Darwin’s theory of
Natural Selection.

Darwin is associated with the concept of

'survival of the fittest', which describes how
natural selection works. Individual
organisms in an environment are ‘selected
for’. This means that only the organisms
that have the best characteristics for that
particular environment to survive.

Group 4: They will arrange the picture of

the different structures of limbs that depict
the theory of the common descent of
Charles Darwin’s theory.

Darwin’s theory of common descent is

Page | 4
 a basic theory in modern biology which
states that different species of living
organisms can ultimately be traced to a
single common ancestor. Ultimately, at least
in theory, it leads to the conclusion that all
forms of life-bacteria, fungi, plants, and
animals-can be traced back to a single
universal common ancestor.

“Very Good! So, now that you have an

idea of what will be the content of our
discussion, let’s deepen your
knowledge about the evolution of life.”

2. Explore
“Now, let’s discuss.”

“What do you know about evolution?” “Evolution is a theory established by

different scientists that states that
organisms experience gradual change over
time. It involves change in the genetic
makeup of a population from generation to
generation. The idea that living species are
descendants of ancestral species those
were different from the present day ones.”

“Very good! So in simple terms,

evolution is change.”

“There are two theories associated

with the evolution of life. What are
these?” “The two theories associated with the
evolution of life are Lamarck’s Theory of
Adaptation, and Charles Darwin’s Theory of
Evolution by Natural Selection.”

“That’s right. Now, what do you know

about the theory of adaptation? Who
is the proponent of this theory?” “This theory was proposed by Jean Baptiste
de Lamarck. According to this theory,
organisms altered their behaviour in
response to environmental change. Their
changed behaviour, in turn, modified
inherited those ‘improved’ structures.”

“Who is Jean Baptiste de Lamarck?”

Page | 5
 “Jean Baptiste de Lamarck was the first
scientist to study about the evolution of life.
He presented two theories called Theory of
Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the
Theory of Use and Disuse. According to
him, physiological needs drive individual
organisms to change their physical
characteristics and this change might be an
effect of a long term use or disuse of a body
part. These characteristics will then be later
passed to their offspring.”

“Who can give examples where the

theory of adaptation is applied?” “First example: The blacksmith’s arm (or
any other set of muscles) enlarges when
used continually against an external
resistance, such as the weight of the
hammer. If the effect were inherited, the
smith’s children at birth would have
unusually large arms-if not at birth, then
they become adults, even though they had
not used their arms excessively.”

“Second Example: His notable work

included the popular example of an
evolution today, the giraffes. Lamarck’s
noted that the giraffe’s neck grew long as it
seeks to browse higher and higher on the
leaves of tree on which it feeds through
stretching its neck. As a result of this habit,
the giraffe’s front limbs and neck have

Page | 6
 gradually grown longer.”

“Third Example: Another one is the

adaptation of birds to floating in water. To
enable them to rest on water, formation of
the web between their toes happened. He
also theorized that extinction of organisms
never happened. Instead, organisms ‘adapt
to evolve’ into different species.”

“Very good! To simplify the concept of

this theory, from the word itself
‘adaptation’, Lamarck proposed that
living organisms needed to change or
evolve to adapt to the changes
happening in the environment.”

“Now, let’s discuss Charles Darwin’s

Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection. Who is the proponent of
this theory?”

“Charles Darwin is an English naturalist and

geologist, whose work is somewhat related
to Lamarck’s. Charles Darwin explained
evolution through his different ideas namely,
Natural Selection, Idea of Common
Descent, Idea of Gradualism and Idea of
Multiplication of Species. His work was a
product of a voyage in Galapagos Island
where he observed different species of
animals thriving in the island.”

“Very good! What does this theory

mean according to Charles Darwin?” “According to him, natures select which
organism will survive. This gave birth to
term we know today, “survival of the fittest”.
Differential in rates of survival is dependent
on individuals’ heritable traits suited in the
environment. A change in environment (or
movement of individuals to new
environment) may cause species to give
rise to new species depending on the traits
that will be favoured by the new

Page | 7
 environment.

“What example can you think of where

the concept of natural selection is
applied?” “In simple words, organisms need to “evolve
to adapt” to their environment, or else they
will not survive. Example of this situation is
the difference in beak types of birds that
allows them to eat the food suited on the
environment where they live. Another is the
color adaptation, for example, treefrogs use
their color to hide from predators while
hiding on green grasses. But, if a treefrog is
on a branch of a tree, it will be easy for its
predators to find it since its camouflage is
no longer effective on different colored
environment.”
“Excellent! Aside from the mentioned
theories, do you think there are other
theories or concepts related to the
evolution of life?” “Other concepts related to evolution of life
include common descent, gradualism, and
multiplication of species. All of these
concepts were proposed by Charles
Darwin.”
“What does common descent mean?” “In the idea of common descent, he believes
that organisms were just a part of the
common ancestry for which they are
descendant of. This gave rise to the idea
that humans are descendants of great apes.
Evidences that support this theory are the
similarities between the genes of the two
species and fossils found in different parts
of the world.”

“Last evidence for descent with modification

is comparison of pentadactyl limb (limb with
five digits) in different animals. It is believed
that it evolved from the paired fins or
primitive fish.”

Page | 8
“Very good! How about gradualism?
What does it mean?” “The illustration shows that although
different animals shoes different limbs, they
all share same five fingered bone structure.”

“In gradualism, Darwin stated that evolution

is a slow, uniform and gradual process. It is
a process which cannot be presently
observed.”

“And lastly, multiplication of species.

What does it mean?” “In multiplication of species, this postulates
that species multiply, either by a splitting
into daughter species or by “budding”, that
us, by the establishment of geographically
isolated founder populations that evolve into
new species.”

“Now, who is Alfred Russell Wallace?

What did he do in relation to the
theory of evolution by natural
selection?” “Alfred Wallace studied how different
species were distributed in different areas.
This area of study is called biogeography.
Wallace is known as the father of
biogeography. He studied how and why
different species were living in different
places. Alfred Wallace co-discovered the
theory of evolution with Charles Darwin. The
theory of evolution states that evolution is
driven by natural selection. Natural selection
is the process in which organisms with traits
best adapted to their environment will
survive long enough to pass on those traits
to future generations.”

Page | 9
“Very good! Who proved Darwin’s
theory of evolution by natural selection
through his experiment?” “While majority was pondering on the theory
of evolution, an Australian monk name
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) was carrying
our imperative experiments that would
finally prove Darwin’s concept of natural
selection. Using Mendel’s works on
genetics, a couple of studies showed how
genetic traits in an animal or plant
population could be selected by
environmental pressures and how these
populations easily become adapted to its
environment.”

“Who are the key proponents and

developers of the concept of
evolution?” “Lamarck, Darwin, Wallace, and Mendel are
the key proponents and developers of the
concept of evolution that we know today.
However, several others had involvement in
these concepts as well.”

“Now, what is the relationship

between the two theories discussed?” “Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection relies on variation among
individual animals or plants of the same
species. The best adapted individuals will
survive the ‘struggle of life’ and will pass
their successful characteristics onto their
offspring.”

3. Explain
“Let’s summarize what you have
learned in our discussion by
answering these questions.”

1. What is evolution?
2. What is theory of adaptation?
3. Who is the proponent of theory
of adaptation?

Page | 10
4. What is theory of evolution by
natural selection?
5. Who is the proponent of theory
of evolution by natural
selection?
6. Who supported Darwin’s
concept of natural selection by
demonstrating how geography
influenced evolution?
7. Who proved Darwin’s concept
of natural selection by through
an experiment?
8. Who are the key proponents
and developers of the concept
of evolution? Answers:
1. Evolution is a theory established by
different scientists that states that
organisms experience gradual
change over time. It involves change
in the genetic makeup of a population
from generation to generation.
2. This theory states that organisms
altered their behaviour in response to
environmental change. Their
changed behaviour, in turn, modified
inherited those “improved” structures.
3. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
4. In theory of evolution by natural
selection, the natures select which
organism will survive. This gave birth
to term we know today, “survival of
the fittest”. A change in environment
may cause species to give rise to
new species depending on the traits
that will be favoured by the new
environment.
5. Charles Darwin
6. Alfred Russel Wallace
7. Gregor Mendel
8. Lamarck, Darwin, Wallace, and
Mendel are the key components and
developers of the concept of
evolution that we know today.

Page | 11
4. Elaborate
“Now, we will have an activity but this
time, it will be done individually. Each
of you will be given four sticks with
attached symbols on the edges. Each
symbol corresponds to a proponent.
What you will do is to raise the stick
with symbol that corresponds to your
answer to the question. Am I
understood?” “Yes, teacher.”

These are the symbols and their

corresponding proponent:
• Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
• Charles Darwin
• Alfred Russell Wallace
• Gregor Mendel ☂

Statements
1. He believes that organisms were
just a part of the common ancestry for
which they are descendant of. This
gave rise to the idea that humans are
descendants of great apes. Sir,
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Common
descent

2. He also theorized that extinction of

organisms never happened. Instead,
organisms “adapt to evolve” into
different species. Sir, Lamarck’s Theory of adaptation

3. First scientist who study about the

evolution. He presented two theories
called Theory of Inheritance of
Acquired Traits and the theory of use
and Disuse. Sir, Lamarck’s Theory of adaptation

4. He stated that evolution is a slow,

uniform and gradual process. It is a
process which cannot be presently Sir,
observed. Charles’s Darwin Theory of Common
descent

5. He was an Australian monk that

study imperative experiments that

Page | 12
would finally prove Darwin’s concept
Sir, ☂ Mendel’s Genetics
of natural selection.

6. He is known as the father of

biogeography. He studied how and
why different species were living in
different places. Sir, Alfred Russell Wallace: Father of
Biogeography.

7. He and Charles Darwin together

discover the evolution theory. Natural
selection, according to the theory of
evolution, is what propels evolution. Sir, Alfred Russell Wallace: Father of
Biogeography.

8. They are the four key components

and developers of the concept of
evolution that we know today. Sir, ☂
• Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
• Charles Darwin
• Alfred Russell Wallace
Very Good, students! • Gregor Mendle

E. Valuing
“Class, why is evolution important?
Why do we need to understand
evolution?”
“Evolution is important because it explains
how life developed on Earth and how
different species are connected. We need to
understand this concept because this is
essential in finding and utilizing natural
resources, such as fossil fuels.”

“Very good! Now, how can we relate

the theories associated with the
evolution of life to the character
development of a person?” “The theories say that we must adapt in
order for us to fit into our environment and
survive. In relation into our character
development, we must also consider the
people with whom we interact and adjust
our behaviour for us to properly address
them. In this way, we see to it that the
change we make to ourselves is not just for
the betterment of ourselves but also for the
people that surround us. Building a
harmonious community is essential to our

Page | 13
 personal growth and character
development.”

“Very well said!”

IV. Evaluation
Directions. The quiz has two parts: A. Identification and B. Fact or Bluff. Write your
answers on the space provided before the number of each item. Strictly no erasures.
A. Identification
_______________1. He postulated the theory of evolution by natural selection.
_______________2. His experiment becomes a proof to support the concept of
natural selection by Charles Darwin.
_______________3. He is one of the first proponents of the idea of evolution who
proposed that if an animal could develop a particular characteristic in its lifetime,
then this trait could be passed on to their offspring and its succeeding generations.
_______________4. He is a strong supporter of Charles Darwin; he also
demonstrated that geography influenced evolution.
_______________5. It refers to a slow, gradual change that happens over time.

B. Fact or Bluff
Write FACT if the statement is correct, and BLUFF if the statement is incorrect.
_______________6. Theory of evolution by natural selection relies on variation
among individual animals or plants of same species.
_______________7. Alfred Wallace studied how different species were distributed in
different areas. This area of study is called biogeography.
_______________8. Lamarck, Darwin, Wallace, and Newton are the key proponents
and developers of the concept of evolution that we know today.
_______________9. In natural selection, the best adapted individuals won’t survive
the ‘struggle of life’.
_______________10. According to Lamarck, physiological needs drive individual
organisms to change their physical characteristics.

Page | 14
 ANSWERS (Evaluation):
A. Identification
1. Charles Darwin
2. Gregor Mendel
3. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
4. Alfred Russel Wallace
5. Evolution

B. FACT OR BLUFF
6. FACT
7. FACT
8. BLUFF
9. BLUFF
10. FACT

V. Assignment
Directions. Answer the following questions. Write your answers on a ½ sheet of
paper.
1. What are the pieces of evidence of evolution?
2. What is the importance of these pieces of evidence of evolution in the present
time?
Rubrics for Short Essay
Criteria 5 4 3 2
Accuracy All information Most Some Less
provided is information information information
correct. provided is provided is provided is
correct. correct. correct.
Grammar Grammatical Few Some Many
errors are not grammatical grammatical grammatical
observed. errors are errors are errors are
observed. observed. observed.

Prepared by:
JERIC P. ADUCAL
Student Teacher

Checked by:
ABIGAIL B. JOROJORO, LPT
Cooperating Teacher

Page | 15