Unit 4 Ge Esci Contemporary 1
Unit 4 Ge Esci Contemporary 1
Unit 4 Ge Esci Contemporary 1
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Learning Outcomes:
LO1: Distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization.
LO2: Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social and cultural
systems.
LO3: Analyze the various contemporary drivers of globalization.
LO4: Understand the issues confronting the nation-state.
LO5: Assess the effects of globalization on different social units and their responses.
LO6: Analyze contemporary news events in the context of globalization.
LO7: Analyze global issues in relation to Filipinos and the Philippines.
LO8: Write a research paper with proper citations on a topic related to globalization.
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Introduction
Learning Objectives
Key Concepts
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The global flow of media is often characterized as media imperialism. TV, music,
books, and movies are perceived as imposed on developing countries by the West
(Cowen, 2002). Media imperialism undermines the existence of alternative global media
originating from developing countries, such as the Al Jazeera (Bielsa, 2008) and the
Bollywood (Larkin, 2003), as well as the influence of the local and regional media. The
internet can be seen as an arena for alternative media.
Asian culture, for example, has proliferated worldwide through the globalization of
media. Japanese brands –from Hello Kitty to the Mario Brothers to Pokemon- are now an
indelible part of global popular culture. The same can be said for Korean pop (K-pop)
and Korean telenovelas, which are widely successful regionally and globally. The
observation even applies to culinary tastes. The most obvious case of globalized Asian
cuisine is sushi.
And while it is true that McDonald’s has continued to spread across Asia, it is also the
case that Asian brands have provided stiff competition. The Philippines’ Jollibee claims
to be the number one choice for fast food in Brunei.
Hello Kitty remains proof of Japan’s continued influence over global culture.
Global media are dominated by a small number of a large corporations. As McChesney
(1999) put it, this is being “extended from old media to new media” (p.11), such as
Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, Google, and Apple’s iTunes. As a result, in the long run,
the internet could end up being less diverse and competitive. Ritzer (2008) claimed that,
in general, the contemporary world is undergoing the process of Mcdonaldization. It is
the process by which Western societies are dominated by the principles of fast food
restaurants. Mcdonaldization involves the global spread of rational systems, such as
efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control.
Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the globe that ever
before, especially through non-material digital forms. There are three perspectives on
global cultural flows. There are differentialism, hybridization, and convergence.
Cultural differentialism
It involves barriers that prevent flows that serve to make cultures more alike – so
cultures remain stubbornly different from one another. An example of cultural
differentialism is the terrorist attacks on 9/11 and the subsequent wars in Afghanistan
and Iraq. To many people, these events are seen as the product of a clash between
Western and Islamic culture and the eternal differences between them. This is significant
because the concept of cultural diffferentialism emphasizes lasting differences among
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Cultural hybridization
It is a mixture of cultures and the integration of the global and the local (what
some refer to as “glocal”) leading into unique combinations
Examples of Cultural Hybridization
• Martial arts films in the United States that adapt traditional Asian cultural
elements to fit the tastes of the viewing public.
• Techno, a type of electronic dance music, began in Detroit in the 1980s and
made its way around the world, from German Techno to Melbourne Bounce.
Cultural Convergence
Cultural convergence is the theory that two cultures will be more and more like
each other as their interactions increase. Basically, the more that cultures interact, the
more that their values, ideologies, behaviors, arts, and customs will start to reflect each
other. This trend is especially pronounced between cultures that are heavily engaged
with each other through communication and transportation technologies, as well as
organizational associations.
Cultural convergence very often follows lines of communication, as well as the ability to
communicate with people of other cultures. It's essentially what really makes convergence
possible. This means that we can often see the impact of cultural convergence through the
spread of language. Throughout the 20th century, and continuing into today, this has largely
been seen through the spread of English around the world.
Learning Resources
The role of the mass media in the globalization of culture is a contested issue in
international communication theory and research. Early theories of media influence,
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Study Questions
1. People live in this generation wherein global media and platforms are
sprouting everywhere, like TikTok and Facebook. Are there instances in your
life that you are influenced by what you saw or heard from these platforms?
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Learning Activities
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Summary
Global Media Cultures explores the relationship between the media, culture
and globalization. The course approaches past and current challenges concerning
international communication and explores and problematizes the power of media
representation. The media provide an extensive transnational transmission of cultural
products and, secondly, they contribute to the formation of communicative networks
and social structures.
References
Aldama, Prince Kennex R (2018) The contemporary world. Manila: Rex Bookstore,
Inc.
Claudio, et al (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
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STUDY GUIDE
Unit 4: A World of Ideas
Lesson 11: The Globalization of Religion
Introduction
It is now possible for any religion to spread beyond national borders, allowing
even small new religious movements to engage in overseas activities and leading to new
unseen religious developments.
Learning Objectives
Key Concepts
Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current
revival and the resurgence of religion. Today, most religions are not relegated to the
countries where they began. Religions have, in fact, spread and scattered on global
scale. Globalization provided religions a fertile milieu to spread and thrive.
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Such conflicts among the world religion exhibit a solid proof of confirming the
erosion and the failure of hybridization. Globalization, as stated in the above excerpt,
makes religions more conscious of themselves as being “world religions” reinforcing their
respective specific identities. These identities are strengthened by globalization and
cannot, in any way, intermingle or hybridize. Since religions have distinct internal
structures, their connections to different cultures and their rituals and beliefs contradict.
For instance, Islam and Christianity are mostly incompatible with each other. These
religions cannot be hybridized or homogenized even if they often come to contact.
Learning Resources
Religions identify themselves in relation to one another, and they become less
rooted in particular places because of diasporas and transnational ties. Globalization
further provides fertile ground for a variety of noninstitutionalized religious manifestations
and for the development of religion as a political and cultural resource.
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Summary
Globalization refers to the historical process by which all the world's people
increasingly come to live in a single social unit. It implicates religion and religions in
several ways. From religious or theological perspectives, globalization calls forth
religious response and interpretation. Yet religion and religions have also played
important roles in bringing about and characterizing globalization. Among the
consequences of this implication for religion have been that globalization encourages
religious pluralism.
References
Aldama, Prince Kennex R (2018) The contemporary world. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Claudio, et al (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
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Learning Activities
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1. What is your one belief that everywhere you go, you will carry it?
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Introduction
Places like New York, Paris, Dubai, Japan, Australia, and the USA, to name a
few are dream cities many of us want to go to or visit. Not all people have been to
global cities, but most people know about them. Their influence extends even to
one’s imagination.
1. If you had the chance, would you move to New York? Tokyo?
Learning Objectives
Key Concepts
Globalization is spatial because it occurs in physical spaces. You can see it when
foreign investments and capital move through a city, and when companies build skyscrapers.
People who are working in these businesses-of Filipinos working abroad-start to purchase or
rent Highrise condominium units and better homes. As all these events happen, more poor
people are driven out of city centers to make way for the new developments. Globalization is
spatial because what makes it move is the fact that it is based in places. Los Angeles, the
home of Hollywood is where the movies are made for global consumption. The main
headquarters of Sony is in Tokyo, and from there, the company coordinates the sale of its
various electronics goods to branches across the world. In other words, cities act on
globalization and globalization acts on cities. Just as the internet enables and shapes global
forces, so too do cities.
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In years to come, more and more people will experience globalization through cities. In
1950, only 30 percent of the world lived in urban areas. By 2014, the number increased to 54
percent. And by 2050, it is expected to reach 66 percent. This lesson studies globalization
through the living environment of a rapidly increasing number of people.
Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized the term “global city” in the 1990s. Her criteria for
what constitute a global city were primarily economic. In her work, she initially identified three
global cities: New York, London, and Tokyo, all of which are hubs of global finance and
capitalism. They are the homes, for instance, of the world’s top stock exchanges where
investors buy and sell shares in major corporations. New York has the New York Stock
Exchange (NYSE), London has the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE), and Tokyo has
the Nikkei. The amount of money traded in these markets is staggering. The value of shares
traded in the NYSE, for example, is 19, 300 billion dollars, while that of the shares in the
Philippine Stock Exchange is only 231.3 billion dollars.
Limiting the discussion of global cities to these three metropolises, however, is proving
more and more restrictive. The global economy has changed significantly since Sassen wrote
her book, and any account of the economic power of cities today must take note of the latest
developments. Recent commentators have expanded the criteria that Sassen used to
determine what constitutes a global city. Though it is not as wealthy as New York, constitutes a
global city. Though it is not as wealthy as New York, movie-making mecca Los Angeles can
now rival the Big Apple’s cultural influence. San Francisco must now factor in as in as another
global city because it is the home of the most powerful internet companies-Facebook, Twitter,
and Google. Finally, the growth of the Chinese economy has turned cities like Shanghai,
Beijing, and Guangzhou into centers of trade and finance. The Chinese government reopened
the Shanghai Stock Exchange in late 1990, and since then, it has grown to become the fifth
largest stock market in the world.
Others consider some cites “global” simply because they are great places to live in.
Australia, Sydney commands the greatest proportion of capital. However, Melbourne is
described as Sydney’s rival “global city” because many magazines and lists have now referred
to it as the world’s “ most livable city”- a place with good public transportation, a thriving cultural
scene, and a relatively easy pace of life. Defining a global city can thus be difficult. Instead of
asking whether or not one city is a global city (a yes or no question), it is better to ask: In what
ways are cities global and to what extent are they global?
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Economic opportunities in a global city make it attractive to talents from across the
world. Since the 1970s. Many of the top IT programmers and engineers from Asia have
moved to the San Francisco Bay Area to become some of the key figures in Silicon
Valley’s technology boom. London remains a preferred destination for many Filipinos
with nursing degrees. To measure the economic competitiveness of a city, The
Economist Intelligence Unit has added other criteria like market size, purchasing power
of citizens, size of the middle class, and potential for growth. Based on these criteria,
“Tiny” Singapore is considered Asia’s most competitive city because of its strong market,
efficient and incorruptible government, and livability. It also houses the regional offices of
many major global corporations.
Global cities are also centers of authority. Washington D.C may not be as wealthy as
New York, but it is the seat of American state power. People around the world know its
major landmarks: the White House, the Capitol Building (Congress, the Supreme Court,
the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument. Similarly, compared with Sydney
and Melbourne, Canberra is a sleepy town and thus is not as attractive to tourists. But as
Australia’s political capital, it is a home to the country’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and
policy advisors.
The cities that house major international organizations may also be considered centers
of political influence. The headquarters of the United Nations is in New York, and that of
the European Union is in Brussels. An influential political city near the Philippines is
Jakarta, which is not just the capital of Indonesia, but also the location of the main
headquarters of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Powerful political
hubs exert influence on their own countries as well as on international affairs. The
European Central Bank, which oversees the Euro (the European Union’s Currency), is
based in Frankfurt. A decision made in the city can, therefore, affect the political
economy of an entire continent and beyond.
Finally, global cities are centers of the higher learning and culture. A city’s intellectual
influence is seen through the influence of its publishing industry. Many of the books that
people read are published in places like New York, London, or Paris. The New York
Time carries the name of New York City, but it is far from being a local newspaper.
People read it not just across America, but also over the world. One of the reasons for
the many tourists visiting Boston is because they want to see Harvard University- the
world’s top university. Many Asian teenagers are moving to cities in Australia because of
the leading English- language universities there. Education is currently Australia’s third
largest export, just behind coal and iron ore, and significantly ahead of tourism. In 2015,
the Australian government reported that it made as much as 19.2 billion Australian
dollars (roughly 14 billion US dollar) from education alone.
It is the cultural power of global cities that ties them to the imagination. Think about how
many songs have been written about New York (Jay Z and Alicia Key’s “Empire State of
Mind,” Frank Sinatra’s “New York, New York”, and numerous songs by Simon and
Garfunkel) and how these references conjure up images of a place where anything is
possible-“a concrete jungle where dreams are made of”, according to Alicia Keys. Today,
global cities become culturally diverse. In a global city, one can try cuisines from different
parts of the world. Because of their large Turkish populations, for example, Berlin and
Tokyo offer some of the best Turkish food one can find outside of Turkey. Manila is not
very global because of the dearth of foreign residents (despite the massive domestic
migration), but Singapore is, because it has a foreign population of 38%.
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Cities can be sustainable because of their density. As Richard Florida notes: “Ecologists
have found that by concentrating their populations in smaller areas, cities and metros
decrease human encroachment on natural habitats. Denser settlement patterns yield
energy savings; apartment buildings, for example, are more efficient to heat and cool
than detached suburban houses. Moreover, in cities with extensive public transportation
systems, people tend to drive less and thereby cut carbon emission. It is no surprise to
learn, largely because of the city’s extensive train system, New Yorkers have the lowest
per capita carbon footprint in the United States. In Asia, dense global cities like
Singapore and Tokyo also have relatively low per capita carbon footprints.
Not all cities, however, are as dense as New York or Tokyo. Some cities like Los
Angeles are urban sprawls, with massive freeways that force residents to spend money
on cars and gas. And while cities like Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai are denser, their
lack of public transportation and their governments’ inability to regulate their car
industries have made theme extremely polluted. More importantly, because of the sheer
size of city populations across the world, it is not surprising that urban areas consume
most of the world’s most energy. Cities only cover 2 percent of the world’s landmass, but
they consume 78 percent of global energy. Therefore, if carbon emissions must be cut to
prevent global warning, this massive energy consumption must be curbed.
The major terror attacks of recent years have also targeted cities. Cities, especially those
global influence, are obvious targets for terrorists due to their high populations and their
role as symbols of globalization that many terrorists despise. The same attributes that
make them attractive to workers and migrants make them sites of potential terrorist
violence. Only by looking from this perspective will we be able to understand the 9/11
attacks that brought down the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York, and
the November 2015 coordinated attacks in Paris by zealots of the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant (ISIL). Now that real estate magnate Donald Trump is the president of
the United States, security experts believe that properties around the world that carry his
name may be targets of terror attacks There are Trump Towers, for example, in places
like Istanbul and Manila.
In the outskirts of New York and San Francisco are poor urban enclaves occupied by
African-Americans and immigrant families who are often denied opportunities at a better
life. Slowly, they are being forced to move farther away from the economic centers of
their cities. As a city attracts more capital and richer residents, real estate prices go up
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and poor residents are forced to relocate to far away but cheaper areas. This
phenomenon of driving out the poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents is called
gentrification.
In Australian cities, poor aboriginal Australians have been most acutely affected by this
process. Once living in public urban housing, they were forced to move farther away
from the city center that offer more jobs, more government services, and better
transportation due to gentrification. In France, poor Muslim migrants are forced out of
Paris and have clustered around ethnic enclaves known as banlieue.
In most of the world’s global cities, the middle class is also thinning out. Globalization
creates high-income jobs that are concentrated in global cities. These high earners, in
turn, generate demand for unskilled labor force (hotel cleaners, nannies, maids,
waitresses, etc.) that will attend to their increasing needs. Meanwhile, many middle –
income jobs in manufacturing and business process outsourcing (call centers for
example) are moving to other countries. The hollowing out of the middle class in global
cities has heightened the inequality within them. In places like New York, there are
highrolling American investment bankers whose children are raised by Filipina maids. A
large global city may thus be a paradise for some, but a purgatory for others.
Learning Resources
Defining a global city can thus be difficult. Instead of asking whether or not one
city is a global city (a yes or no question), it is better to ask: In what ways are cities
global and to what extent are they global?
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Summary
Global city, an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive advantages and
that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system. The term has its origins in
research on cities carried out during the 1980s, which examined the common
characteristics of the world's most important cities.
References
Aldama, Prince Kennex R (2018). The contemporary world. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Claudio, et al. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
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Learning Activities
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READ REFLECT
REACT
(Insights gained applied
(Specify the parts of the (Give your reactions )
to real life)
selection)
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RUBRICS
Criterion 50 points 45 points 40 points
The output is
incredibly done.
The output is quite The output is lack
Creativity good. of effort.
Total
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