Sans 3001-Ag4

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ISBN 978-0-626-29457-1
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Civil engineering test methods
Part AG4: Determination of the flakiness index

of coarse aggregate
WARNING
This standard references other
documents normatively.
Published by SABS Standards Division

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© SABS
© SABS. This non-printable standard is exclusively for approved users of the SABS’ Complete Collection of Standards and Related Documents.
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Amdt 1 2014 Amended to update the tables on slot dimensions, size and mass
of fractions, and sigma values for nominal sizes.
Acknowledgement
The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the Committee of
Transport Officials (COTO) and the South African National Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL).
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS/TC 081/SC 04,
Construction materials, products and test methods – Road and pavement materials testing, in
accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the
WTO/TBT agreement.
This document was published in January 2014.
This document supersedes SANS 3001-AG4:2009 (edition 1).
A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment
No. 1.
SANS 3001 consists of various parts under the general title Civil engineering test methods.
Parts AG of the SANS 3001 series contain methods for testing aggregates.
Annex A is for information only.
Introduction
The flakiness index of coarse aggregate is a measurement of the flatness of an aggregate, which
has an effect on many uses in the construction industry. For example, it affects the bulk density of
the aggregate used for concrete and the performance of road surfacing aggregates.
The manual procedure of determining the flakiness index is the reference method in standard
laboratory practice.
Apparatus dimensions that are critical to the outcome of the method or procedure are given with a
tolerance. All other dimensions are nominal and should be considered fit for purpose. Existing
apparatus that complies with the requirements of TMH1 may be used in this standard until the
apparatus is no longer fit for purpose.
This test method is classified as Group: A, Rating: 3, Activity: AG, in accordance with the
requirements of the South African Construction Education and Training Authority CETA.
© SABS
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
Contents
Page
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Foreword
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3
3 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 3
4 Apparatus .............................................................................................................................. 4
5 Preparation of samples .......................................................................................................... 4
6 Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 4
7 Calculations ............................................................................................................................ 5
8 Test report .............................................................................................................................. 7
Annex A (Informative) Example of the calculation procedure .................................................. 8
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 8
© SABS 1
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
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2 © SABS
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
Civil engineering test methods
Part AG4:
Determination of the flakiness index of coarse aggregate
1 Scope
This part of SANS 3001 specifies a method for determining the flakiness index of coarse aggregate,
expressed as the mass of particles of applicable size passing slots with prescribed widths, as a
percentage of the total mass of the aggregate. It is conducted on coarse aggregate that passes a
sieve with aperture size of 75 mm and that is retained on a 5 mm sieve.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national
and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division.
SANS 3001-AG1, Civil engineering test methods – Part AG1: Particle size analysis of aggregates
by sieving.
SANS 3001-PR1, Civil engineering test methods – Part PR1: Determination of uncertainty of
measurement, repeatability, reproducibility and bias.
SANS 3310-1/ISO 3310-1, Test sieves – Technical requirements and testing – Part 1: Test sieves
of metal wire cloth.
SANS 3310-2/ISO 3310-2, Test sieves – Technical requirements and testing – Part 2: Test sieves
of perforated metal plate.
TMH5:1981, Sampling methods for road construction materials.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definition applies.
flakiness index
FI
quantitative measure of particle shape related to a degree of flatness
© SABS 3
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
4 Apparatus
4.1 Flakiness gauge, of steel (of any suitable rigid form), of nominal thickness 1,6 mm, having
one slot for each fraction to be tested. The slots are rectangular in shape and their dimensions
conform to the relevant values given in columns 3 and 4 of table 1.
4.2 Test sieves, of aperture sizes as given in columns 1 and 2 of table 1 and that comply with the
requirements of SANS 3310-1 or SANS 3310-2.
NOTE Some standards use imperial sieves with aperture sizes of 75,0 mm 63,0 mm, 53 mm, 37,5 mm,
26,5 mm, 19 mm, 13,2 mm, 9,5 mm, 6,7 mm and 4,75 mm, which may be used.
4.3 Riffler, with suitable openings and at least three pans. The size of the openings shall be larger
than the largest particle in the sample. Details of rifflers are given in TMH5.
4.4 Electronic balance, of capacity approximately 5 kg reading to 1 g.

Table 1 — Slot dimensions, size and mass of fractions
1 2 3 4 5
Fraction size Approximate mass of
Slot dimensions
to be gauged test sample that
passes sieves given
in column 1
Passing Retained Minimum length Width
a
mm mm mm mm g
75,0 50,0 150,0 37,5 4 000
50,0 37,5 100,0 25,0 4 000
37,5 28,0 75,0 18,7 4 000
28,0 20,0 50,0 12,5 3 000
20,0 14,0 40,0 10,0 2 000

14,0 10,0 27,0 7,0 1 250
10,0 7,1 20,0 5,0 750
7,1 5,0 15,0 3,5 500
NOTE For other sieve sizes the minimum length is twice the nominal size passing and the width is half
the nominal size passing.
a
Subject to a tolerance of ± 0,1 mm.
Amdt 1
5 Preparation of samples
Divide the sample by riffling (see method MMD1 in TMH5:1981) to a test sample size that complies
with column 5 of table 1.
6 Procedure
6.1 Flakiness of individual fractions
When the flakiness of individual fractions is required, use the procedure given below.
NOTE In some cases, for example graded base material, it is required to determine the flakiness of a
particular fraction(s). The material is sieved to obtain the required fractions and the remainder of the sample is
discarded.
4 © SABS
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
6.1.1 Carry out a grading analysis as described in SANS 3001-AG1, separating the test sample
into the relevant fractions given in table 1 and discard fraction sizes that constitute less than 10 % of
the total mass of the test sample.
6.1.2 Weigh each fraction to be gauged to the nearest 1 g and record the masses (MS).
6.1.3 Gauge all the particles in each fraction size (using the corresponding slot given in table 1),
contains the material that passes through the appropriate individual slots, weigh to the nearest 1 g
and record the mass (MF).
6.2 Flakiness of the whole sample

When only the flakiness index of the whole sample is required (for example, single sized surfacing
stone), use the procedure below.
6.2.1 Separate the test sample by sieving into the relevant fractions given in table 1 and discard
material retained on the 75 mm sieve or passing the 5 mm sieve.
6.2.2 Weigh the test sample to the nearest 1 g and record the mass (MS).
6.2.3 Gauge all the particles in each fraction size (using the corresponding slot given in table 1),
combine the material that passes through the appropriate individual slots, weigh to the nearest 1 g
and record the mass (MF).
7 Calculations
NOTE An example of a calculation method is given in annex A.
7.1 Flakiness index of fractions

Calculate the flakiness index for each fraction to one decimal place as follows:
FIf = 100(MFi / MSi)
where
FIf is the flakiness index of a fraction, expressed as a percentage;
MFi is the mass passing the prescribed slot, expressed in gram;
MSi is the mass of the fraction gauged, expressed in gram.
7.2 Flakiness index of sample

Calculate the flakiness index of the sample to one decimal place as follows:
FI = 100(∑MSi / ∑MFi)
or
FI = 100(MS / MF)
where
FI is the flakiness index of the sample expressed as a percentage;
© SABS 5
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
∑MSi is the sum of the masses of all the fractions passing the slots, expressed in gram;
∑MFi is the sum of the masses of all the fractions gauged, expressed in gram;
MF is the mass of all the fractions passing the slots, expressed in gram;
MS is the mass of all the fractions gauged, expressed in gram.
7.3 Uncertainty of the test method

The uncertainty of the test method depends on the nominal size of the aggregate as well as the
flakiness index of the aggregate. Use tables 2 and 3 to determine σ and the required precision E
(two-sided limit and precision category Ph high) for the statistical analysis of the uncertainty of the
test results as described in SANS 3001-PR1.
Table 2 — Sigma values for nominal sizes
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sieve Crusher
20 mm 14 mm 10 mm 7,1 mm
mm dust
28 1,5
20 1,5 1,5
14 1 1 1
10 1 1 1,2
7,1 0,7 1
5 0,7 1,5
2 1,5
1 1,3
0,600 1,3
0,300 1,3
0,150 1
0,075 1
Amdt 1
6 © SABS
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
Table 3 — E values
1 2 3 4
Nominal size
FI ≤ 20 20 < FI ≤ 30 FI > 30
mm
20 2,0 1,7 1,7

14 1,3 1,5 1,3
10 1,0 1,5 1,3
7,1 1,0 1,3 1,3
Crusher dust 1,5
NOTE FI is the flakiness index.
8 Test report
Report the flakiness index of the aggregate to the nearest whole number. When the flakiness of
each separate fraction has been determined, record each flakiness index to one decimal place.
© SABS 7
SANS 3001-AG4:2014
Edition 1.1
Annex A
(informative)
Example of the calculation procedure
A.1 Calculation of the FI of individual fractions

The calculation of the FI of a sample of single sized 20 mm surfacing stone, including the flakiness
of the individual fractions, is given in table A.1.
Table A.1 — Example of a calculation
1 2 3 4
Mass of Flakiness index
Mass of aggregate
Sieve size aggregate
passing slot(b)
Retained(a) 100(b / a)
mm g g %
20,0 506 131 25,9
14,0 2 858 926 32,4
10,0 437 168 38,4
a
Total 3 801 1 225 32,2
a
Report the flakiness index of the whole sample as 32.
A.2 Calculation of the FI of the whole sample

MS = 3 801 g
MF = 1 225 g
FI = 100(1 225 / 3 801) = 32,2
Bibliography
BS 812-105.1, Test aggregates – Methods for determination of particle shape – Section 1:
Flakiness index.
8 © SABS
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© SABS.

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Civil engineering test methods

Part AG4: Determination of the flakiness index

Published by SABS Standards Division

This document was published in January 2014.

This document supersedes SANS 3001-AG4:2009 (edition 1).

Annex A is for information only.

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3

5 Preparation of samples .......................................................................................................... 4

8 Test report .............................................................................................................................. 7

Annex A (Informative) Example of the calculation procedure .................................................. 8

This page is intentionally left blank

Civil engineering test methods

TMH5:1981, Sampling methods for road construction materials.

4.4 Electronic balance, of capacity approximately 5 kg reading to 1 g.

20,0 14,0 40,0 10,0 2 000

6.2 Flakiness of the whole sample

7.1 Flakiness index of fractions

FIf = 100(MFi / MSi)

FIf is the flakiness index of a fraction, expressed as a percentage;

MFi is the mass passing the prescribed slot, expressed in gram;

MSi is the mass of the fraction gauged, expressed in gram.

7.2 Flakiness index of sample

FI is the flakiness index of the sample expressed as a percentage;

MS is the mass of all the fractions gauged, expressed in gram.

7.3 Uncertainty of the test method

Table 2 — Sigma values for nominal sizes

20 2,0 1,7 1,7

Example of the calculation procedure

A.1 Calculation of the FI of individual fractions

Table A.1 — Example of a calculation

A.2 Calculation of the FI of the whole sample

FI = 100(1 225 / 3 801) = 32,2

SABS – Standards Division

Amendments and Revisions

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