146 Small Arms Production
146 Small Arms Production
146 Small Arms Production
t535'
A785'
7
02 .
CANBERRA PAPERS ON
STRATEGY & DEFENCE NO. 146
Published in Australia at the Australian National University , 2002 .
© David Capie .
This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing private
for
the purposes
of
permitted under the Copyright Act part
no
study research criticism
or
as
review
,
,
by
.
be
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of
Australia
Cataloguing Publications entry
in
-
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.,
H
-
.
3
.
,
1
.2
-
-
.
.
.
on
).
327 1740959
.
Fax 62480816
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:
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sdsc
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:
SMALL ARMS PRODUCTION AND TRANSFERS
IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
David Capie
Published by
2002
Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence are a series of mono
graph publications that arise out of the work of the Strategic and
Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University . Previ
ous Canberra Papers have covered topics such as the relationship of
the superpowers , arms control at both the superpower and South
east Asian regional level, regional strategic relationships and major
aspects of Australian defence policy . For a list of Canberra Papers ,
please refer to the last pages of this volume .
Mr Alan Dupont
Dr Coral Bell
Ms Kitty Eggerking
Abstract
This work offers the first comprehensive study of small arms pro
duction and transfers, both licit and illicit , in Southeast Asia . It in
all
cludes detailed country studies of ten ASEAN states covering
,
national production inventories and holdings known imports and
,
,
exports societal problems with small arms and weaknesses exist
in
,
-
.
of
and addresses the sometimes considerable small arms holdings
-
as
non state actors such insurgent groups and private armies The
.
-
study concludes that Southeast Asia has serious problem with the
a
leakage legally owned weapons and with the illicit trafficking
of
of
-
profile
of
's
been slow taking effective action combat illegal arms transfers
in
to
.
Author
David Capie
of
Post doctoral Research Fellow the Institute
at
is
a
-
at
the University
of
the author
is
,
security including
on
,
M
.
- -
of
Singapore 2002
,
).
Notes on Sources
Most of the research for this book was carried out between July
2000 and April 2001 . It is based on open source materials and inter
views in Cambodia , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Thailand and
Vietnam . Representatives of the Lao , Brunei and Philippines gov
ernments were also interviewed outside their respective countries . In
addition , the author carried out interviews with regional armsmanu
facturers , serving and former military personnel from ASEAN states ,
NGO representatives , academics , policy analysts , diplomats and
journalists .
)
ing the research would especially like
on
is
I
.
express my thanks
of
the Chair the Committee Professor Ann
to
to
,
for
all
.
Any substantial research work cooperative venture and
is
a
a
large number people provided me with invaluable assistance dur
of
to
.
anonymous for variety the others special thanks
of
reasons but
of
,
a
are dueueto Mak Joon Nam who very generously shared his time and
to
knowledge Makmilitary
Joonry small arms and arms control issues with me
of
ana
Small
Ken
.
I
,
Amitav arms
Bot
am
re
all
Eaton Andrew Jenks and Matthias Maass who helped with
,
on
research
to
to
In
,
I
.
Greene John Head Edgar Janz Herman Kraft Kwa Chong Kuan
,
,
Steve Martin Yeshua Moser Puangsuwan and Rizal Sukma for shar
,
eign Affairs and Trade MFAT and New Zealand Defence Force
(
in
in
a
am
in
I
.
,
.
in
,
's
me rummage through the Survey 's library and files . Maria Haug also
kindly provided me with information about national country reports
of small arms exporters . I am very grateful to them both . At the
Department of Internal Affairs in Wellington , Ingrid Kamstra and
Dalpat Nana both provided unfailing logistical support and kept the
administrative side of the project running smoothly .
Finally , could not have completed this manuscript without Sally
I
Hill , whoread the final draft, offered many valuable suggestions and
heard more about guns than she ever expected or wanted . While the
all
report could not have been written without the help of the people
the text that follows are the sole
or
responsibility
of
the author
.
David Capie
CONTENTS
Acronyms
1 . Introduction 1
Brunei -Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao People ' s Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Myanmar (Burma )
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
5 . Meeting the Small Arms Challenge in Southeast Asia :
Policy Recommendations 103
Notes 112
Glossary 152
Korea
EMEC Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Corps
European Union Curbing Small Arms
on
EU ASAC Assistance
-
's
-P
Introduction
Small arms and light weapons have been responsible for the overwhelming
number of deaths in armed conflicts since 1945 . For most of this time these
weapons were seen simply as the most basic pieces of military equipment ,
uncontroversial and , unlike weapons of mass destruction , largely unregulated .
However , in the late 1990s several factors have worked to bring them to the
attention of the international community . First , since the end of the Cold War
there has been a shift in the nature of armed conflict from inter -state to intra
state wars . In these conflicts most casualties have been caused by small arms
and light weapons — not large conventional systems . In Somalia , Rwanda ,
Sierra Leone and East Timor these casualties were also predominantly civil
ians , not combatants . Second , in response to these intra - state conflicts the
1990s also saw the expansion of multilateral peacekeeping and peace enforce
ment operations. During UN operations in Cambodia , Rwanda , Somalia , An
gola , Albania , Bosnia and East Timor , large stocks of uncontrolled small arms
presented asignificant threat to the security of peacekeepers . Finally , the de
velopment and spread of broader concepts of security during the 1990s helped
redefine the international security agenda . Traditional notions of ‘national
security ' that focused primarily on securing the interests of states at the ex
pense of individual rights or humanitarian concerns, began to be challenged
by new concepts . The growing acceptance of ideas like 'human security ' has
helped bring humanitarian issues to the attention of policymakers and offi
cials. Nowhere was this more apparent than in the successful campaign against
anti - personnel mines.
Together , these three factors have helped spur a burgeoning international
interest in the challenges posed by the proliferation and misuse of small arms
the
Landmines coalitions
,
of
governments take action control the spread small arms These they
to
to
,
.
argue are the real instruments war responsible for more civilian deaths
of
in
,
',
“
mass destruction
,
.* -
of
the proliferation light weapons Some such Canada Japan and Norway
as
of
,
.
Others have been more cautious but even many the states that op
of
das
,
.
their interests
in
in
it
up
,
.
of
States (OAS ) has adopted an Inter - American Convention against the illicit
manufacturing and trafficking in firearms , ammunition and explosives .? To
try
and develop global response the problem the United Nations convened
to
,
a
all
major conference aspects
on
the illicit small arms trade New York
its
in
in
in a
July 2001
.
For all the increased interest the subject however most analysts admit
in
,
let
little known about the legal small arms trade alone illicit trafficking
is
too
.
Certainly comparison the trade larger conventional weapons small
to
in
in
,
,
arms have received negligible scrutiny While the availability
of
information
is
.
improving for example through the development the Geneva based pub
of
—
-
lication Small Arms Survey gathering information about small arms produc
an —
tion and transfers remains important empirical challenge This study seeks
.
the growing literature the subject by offering the
on
make contribution
to
to
a
first comprehensive study small arms production and transfers both licit
of
ten
all
provides detailed country studies
of
and illicit Southeast Asia
It
in
,
,
and exports societal problems with small arms and weaknesses existing
in
,
gun control legislation also summarises intra state conflicts and addresses
It
-
.
as
the sometimes considerable small arms holdings
of
non state actors such
-
insurgent groups and private armies
.
of
The book five chapters This introduction addresses some the key
is
in
.
by
of
as
as
definitional issues raised terms like small arms well the difficulty
'
'
distinguishing between the lawful and illicit small arms trade The second
.
chapter provides legal arms production and trade
an
introduction the
to
in
ASEAN region identifying the known producers and exporters small arms
of
,
of
and ammunition ASEAN the
in
It
.
key factors that are driving the illicit trade the region The fourth chapter
is
in
collection
in
,
a
The study concludes that Southeast Asia has serious problem with the
a
legally owned weapons and with the illicit trafficking small arms
of
of
control
-
international
of
,
.
tention ASEAN members have been slow taking effective action combat
to
in
,
's
illegal arms transfers The fifth section contains some policy suggestions that
.
gional Forum might wish consider meet the small arms challenge
to
to
common parlance the term small arms describes weapons ranging from
In
'
'
clubs knives and machetes through light machine guns the government
to
,
In
.
and academic literature however the term has acquired has narrower
,
a
Introduction 3
Arms, the category includes 'revolvers and self -loading pistols , rifles and car
bines, sub -machine guns, assault rifles and light machine guns' as well as the
ammunition they require. " Various hand - grenades and portable explosive
devices are also included . 12
,
of do
ply list the small arms otherwise would risk portraying less than
To
a
.
of
of
the size
gling operations
.
a
'
'
or
in
a
/
physical movement small arms from one jurisdiction another Such trans
to
of
'
fers include not only direct sales small arms but also exchanges barter
of
,
for
,
or
aid credit
.
is
a
a
'
'
of
the UN Panel
to
's
.
mental Experts Small Arms the right export and import small
of
on
states
to
,
to
in
is
's
,
-
legitimate
on
to
as
unable
a
fer
Their report noted that there are no globally agreed norms and standards
'
'
.
concerning small arms and rather vaguely defined illicit arms trafficking
of as
the
in
is
'
16
'.
/
illicit transfers All states Southeast Asia distinguish between groups and
in
.
4 Small Arms in SE Asia
individuals who are lawfully entitled to possess small arms and those who are
not (even if in practice this distinction is sometimes ignored ) ."? Consequently ,
the transfer of small arms from a lawful possessor (for example , a member of the
military or the police ) to an unauthorised party or individual within the state
would clearly constitute an illegal transfer . The unlicensed or unauthorised
export of those weapons by a group or individual to another party outside the
state (whether a state or non- state actor ) would also be a criminal act .
But what about the situation where a state covertly transfers small arms to a
non - state actor country ? This would clearly be illegal in the jurisdic
in another
tion where the arms are imported , but the transaction ' s status at international
law is hotly disputed . In 1999 the Canadian government offered a draft treaty
to outlaw all transfers between states and non - state actors but this was vigor
ously opposed by the United States .18 The US argued that states should have
the right to supply arms to groups fighting oppressive regimes . For the moment
the situation is deadlocked and the status of transfers between a state and a
law
.
get around this impasse this report uses simple three part typology
To
to
,
a
. -
distinguish between different kinds small arms transfers The three types
of
or
are black market
;
;
(1
(2
(3
:
-
)
)
grey market transfers
'
to of
terms three distinct sets
In
clients for small arms transfers from producer national arsenals transfers
a
(
:
military
or
(
's
by
national and foreign governments These transfers are regulated domes
19
)
laws and export import regulations the supplier and recipient states
tic
in
In
/
.
be
of
to
,
a
transfer cannot breach United Nations arms embargo
a
The key distinction between illicit black market and grey market sales
state actors Grey market transfers include secret and legally is
of
the involvement
.
questionable transfers from states non state actors another country against
to
in
-
the wishes
.
from
,
a
, .
law
Often these transfers violate the export regulations the supplier state
in
or
by
but they are made possible through deals arranged intelligence services
active approval the state political leadership
or
While grey
be of
.
bys
handled brokers
,
or
the behest
an
Unlike black market sales grey market transfers are almost always motivated
,
by
are
of
(
a
Introduction 5
responsible official in the source or supplier state . They are illegal at domestic
law
are
and when they involve extra national shipments not supported
or
,
,
-
approved by the appropriate government authorities the exporting im
or
in
porting state Financial gain the principal motivation for black market sales
is
.
by.
can
include everything from the sale single weapons
of
These transactions
disgruntled soldiers well organised commercial transfers pariah em
or
to
to
bargoed governments They can involve sales local warlords criminals
or
to
,
.
insurgents as well supplies insurgents overseas
20
to
in
This three part typology recognises and evolving state
of
the uncertain
-
as
ternational law small arms flexible analytical
also offers
to
relates
It
of it
a
.
capturing the full range
of
framework capable arms transfers within ASEAN
.
see
as
is
For
in
,
in
of a
small arms and light weapons but vast number weapons are also moved
,
a
illicit and grey market transfers
in
.
Small Arms Production and Transfers in Southeast Asia
Small arms production Southeast Asia predates the emergence of the
in
colonists ran several small arms companies around the Javanese city of
Bandung . In 1917 , the Philippines , still under US colonial rule , proposed leg
islation to build a factory to make arms and ammunition . But despite these
early efforts and plans , it was not until after World War II that modern arms
industries as we understand them today began to be created by Southeast Asia 's
new states . Since then much has changed . The diffusion of advanced technol
ogy has made modern military weapons easier to produce . The end of the Cold
for
all
War has likewise changed the incentives local production For these
.
changes however most states Southeast Asia are still trying find ways
to
to
in
,
of
This chapter provides legal small arms
of
broad overview the state
a
of
in
It
.
of
arms and ammunition the types weapons they manufacture and the rationales
,
of
also addresses the sensitive issue small
It
.
arms transfers and sales who selling what whom What drives the export
to
is
?
:
of
small arms and ammunition While more detailed answers these ques
to
?
tions are provided the ten country studies that follow this chapter de
is
in
signed
to
serve
to
in
a
Production ASEAN
in
(u
well the
as
),
to
.
is
More than the developing world produce their own small arms
25
countries
in
."
as
states Malaysia and Vietnam are not believed produce any weapons
to
,
such but have produced small arms the past Malaysia manufactured rifles
in
,
as
Vietnam
.
assault rifle during the war with the United States and currently has
an
duced
are
the ability
as
good
to
new
,
.
up
its
own arms again the future Three
in
.
ASEAN states Laos Cambodia and Brunei are non producers Accord
—
,
.
by
their respective gov
all
ing available information including statements
to
,
ernment officials they do not produce small arms ammunition spare parts
or
,
.
What do they produce
?
Six regional states manufacture their own spare parts and
or
small calibre
/
ammunition Typically this ammunition includes 9mm 56mm and 62mm
,
5
7
.
.
rounds with the mix depending the type and calibre the weapons used
on
of
,
by
of
The scale
,
, .
Singapore Myanmar Malaysia Indonesia Thailand and the Philippines each
,
,
has the capability produce tens millions rounds annually All
six
of
of
are
to
.
be
in
in
,
of -
cases for example Malaysia they are not producing anywhere near capac
to
,
(
)
ity
is
a
's
.
supply Informed sources Hanoi suggest that Vietnam does not produce
to its
in
.
own small arms ammunition but rather relies imports Recent attempts
on
,
for
acquire arms production technologies from abroad may allow ammunition
production the present time
be
the future but this cannot
at
confirmed
in
.
Seven ASEAN states have some time manufactured automatic rifles As
at
.
has been the case throughout the developing world this manufacturing typi
,
cally began with licensed production arranged through foreign supplier
.3
a
During the 1970s and early 1980s Singapore and the Philippines manufac
the M16A1 assault rifle under licence from the American
of
,
.
li
which
it
it
,
cence Both Malaysia and the Philippines also licensed produced Heckler
,
,
.
and Koch weapons and until recently Malaysia was also manufacturing the
Austrian Steyr AUG rifle Indonesia produced the Italian BM59 rifle and Model
.
submachine gun under licence from Beretta and later made the Belgian FN
12
FNC rifle under licence from Fabrique Nationale Vietnam has also produced
.
56
of
its
own copy the Chinese Type assault rifle itself copy the AK47
of
a
(
Today only three ASEAN states produce assault rifles Singapore manu
,
21
5
a
-
. -
-1
in
4
.)
Singapore and Myanmar also produce their own light machine guns LMG
).
its (
-
.
'
weight and low recoil important part the Singapore Armed Forces
of
an
It
is
, '
.
of
)
8 Small Arms in SE Asia
including several in Asia and the Pacific . Myanmar 's new range of indig
enous weapons also includes a light machine gun designated MA - 3, although
details are sketchy . One possibility is that it is simply a version of the 5 . 56mm
EMERK - 1 assault rifle with a heavier barrel . Malaysia recently halted produc
tion of the Steyr AUG ,which could fulfil a LMG role . Neither Thailand nor the
Philippines is producing rifles or LMGs at present .
At least six
ASEAN states have the capacity make their own mortar tubes
to
and mortar ammunition even they are not currently manufacturing these
if
In
products Singapore Malaysia Myanmar Thailand the Philippines and
,
,
.
donesia each produces range 60mm and 81mm mortar bombs All five are
of
a
.
produce have until recently range grenades
of
known
or
also These
to
.
(
)
include hand grenades velocity
to as
and low rifle launched grenades such the
,
-
be
an
fired from American
M16 Some states also make high velocity HV 40mm grenades for use with
.
)
automatic grenade launchers Both Singapore and Indonesia produce auto
an
.
matic grenade launcher Indonesia makes the Singaporean CIS 40mm AGL
(
.
It
is
has the ability produce own mortars and mortar bombs .)
its
to
.
Why produce
?
by
by are
for
states but far the most important the desire greater autonomy deter
is
in
,
integral part
of
coun
an
a
“
An
as as
try defence capability indigenous defence industry perceived is
'.4
's
the world
in
chases are approved under the US Foreign Military Sales FMS program
.
's
They also fear that foreign suppliers may not prove reliable
of
an
for
boycott
already reality Myanmar military regime
or
embargo This
is
,
a
.
's
European Union and the United States since the late 1980s Indonesia also
.
an
found itself under arms embargo after violence erupted East Timor
in
in
by
September 1999 Even states not immediately threatened embargo are con
.
in
,
.
pore
of
,
a
's
by
As
its
former
.
Small Arms Production & Transfers 9
Foreign Minister .
S Rajaretnam warned the UN General Assembly in 1976 :
the
it a measure of dependency part
of
The flow of arms carries with on the
the
arms not unlike that prevailing under old imperial
on
of
client the seller
of
system The massive flow arms the third world confronts with new
to
it
a
..
.
all
danger
of
of
on
first drain the economies third world countries
;
is
,
,
It
is a
.
but even more important the fact that dependence
of
creates new form
it
a
to on
the great powers which can exploit the third world dependence
on
them
, ,
's
manipulate them engineer conflicts between them and
as
use them
to
to
,
proxies their competition for influence and dominance
in
.
This primary objective preserving national autonomy
of
reflected the
in
is
of
types small arms products being made the region While state can
in
a
.
its
arms embargo already has sufficient weapons national
an
survive
it
if
in
inventory cannot fight without the ability ammunition sup
its
replenish
to
,
it
ply
and provide spare parts from local source Not surprisingly then most
,
a
.
ASEAN producers make their own ammunition and spares
.
Economic incentives
on
often based the
is
in
.
expectation that will reduce the cost weapons Manufacturing small arms
of
it
be
can
least
,
,
in
an
in
,
,
if
.
it
's
its s'
it
.
producing weapons and ammunition locally creates jobs espe
Second
,
,
of
and doubtless have political appeal Historically most ASEAN states have
,
.
the part
of
on
is
in
arms companies strategic industries Indonesia has helps make what are
as
',
,
'
often
is
a
.
supply making
of
a
.
of
advantage with lower labour costs the expense importing raw materials like
,
be
brass rods and primers for ammunition means local production can often
more expensive than buying products
on
cials from Malaysia state owned arms company SME admit that because
of
's
on
the
market. This is also true
for
weapons particularly since the end
of
Cold
,
as
large quantities
of
War small arms from the former Soviet Union and East
,
ern Bloc states have flooded what was already buyer market
's
.
Reconciling desire for national autonomy with the need balance the
to
a
for
books has caused dilemma some regional policymakers the case the
of
In
a
.
most basic defence goods such ammunition most states ASEAN have
as
so
in
,
far opted for autonomy over economic imperatives the regional
of
the wake
In
.
economic crisis however there are
, signs that the balance might be shifting
fu 's .
Malaysia producer
its
decision close national small arms and Indonesia
to
's
recent decision acquire Chinese made mortar bombs and possibly the
to
in
,
-
(
ture infantry weapons suggests that economic rationality might play greater
,
a
)
10
the future
in
in
.
Technology transfer for
to
,
important rationale for local production technology transfer persistent
is
A
.
many ASEAN states when dealing with arms manufacturers
of
demand the
in
developed world that suppliers transfer not just the arms but also the tech
is
,
nology and knowledge required produce and maintain them Singapore
to
's
."
this almost from the moment they were
on
created
to
,
a
.
adopted the principle that every licensed production contract must include
'
of
as
,
the
fers
-
an
domestic arms industry may give
,
13
scientific research and the
to
'.
the region can afford arms manufacturer that does not
an
to
as
's
the large quantity non defence products and services they offer including
of
,
-
aircraft and automotive production servicing and repair While small arms
,
can
,
for
or
Exports
As was noted above when proposals for indigenous small arms produc
,
for
tion are debated the desire national security autonomy often runs into
,
standing armies , cannot justify the expense involved the creation of an indig
enous small arms industry for such small production runs. One solution ,
however , that allows for both the preservation of state autonomy and a degree
of cost management is to pursue export sales .
While there are several rationales for the transfer of small arms from ASEAN
producer states , the primary motivation for such transfers is commercial . Arms
sales generate revenue and the income raised by exports helps offset the initial
investment made by the producer state in local manufacturing capacity
its
.
directed into new production future research efforts
be
Revenue can also
to re
or
,
-
into military budgets cover budgetary shortfalls
.
Second exporting weapons allows for longer production runs which lower
,
,
the per unit cost weapons and also keep facilities and employees working
of
of It
.
advantage permitting have surge capacity
of
time
to
also has the state
in
a
a
'
‘
national emergency conflict
or
.
the export small arms can also provide producer state with po
of
Third
,
a
tential non economic benefits These include the opportunity supply allies
to
,
-
or
to
.
low
Singapore profile but high volume arms trade with Myanmar moti
of is
-
-
no 's
by
vated small part strategic calculations about the future role Burma
in
15
as
Similar notions also inform extra regional suppliers such China and the
-
important supplier
of
an
to
is
,
.
an are
by
and while today these transfers mostly dictated commercial rather than
geostrategic interests retains interest maintaining links with former
it
,
in
at
purchasers military arms
of
its
at
sold
to
'
allies like Thailand and the Philippines Likewise China also using small
is
,
.
try
the region
its
to
to
in
.
by
Laos and Myanmar have been motivated some important non economic
-
in
,
a
's
east Asian politics and the more specific objective acquiring signals intelli
of
gence posts southern Laos and the Andaman Sea More recently India
in
's
.
concerns about growing Chinese influence Southeast Asia have also led
in
it
to
offer small arms and assistance states like Myanmar and Vietnam
to
states some major advantages over licensed production Under licensing agree
.
ments with suppliers the developed world states are sometimes limited
in
is in
,
for commercial reasons For example Colt did not permit Singapore export
to
,
.
locally made M16 other than for post production period for fear
its
limited
,
a
-
product cheaper price Heckler and Koch likewise did not permit
at
quality
a
.
12 Small Arms in SE Asia
up
weapons end
its Sweden for example requires that Singapore get con
its
,
,
.
sent before transferring the 84mm rockets that Chartered Industries makes un
the early
an
der licence from Forenade Fabriksverken This became issue
in
."
reports Singapore Myanmar
18
1990s after there were had sold the rockets
to
.
Who exports
?
Of
six
are known
byto
,
the past Of these Singapore
or
have exported either arms ammunition
in
is
,
.
far the most important Indeed Singapore Technologies the only manufac
is
,
.
in
to
in
arms market Singapore has exported arms almost since the creation
of
its
.
as
defence industries
in
in
weapons mostly the developing world
its
of
It
SR in
,
.
Myanmar Papua
SR
88
to
and
, ),
, ,
,
(
New Guinea Slovenia the Solomon Islands Sri Lanka and Thai
Somalia
,
,
land Singapore Ultimax light machine gun by Croatia Slovenia Fiji
is used
,
's
.
19
the
,
.
According Singapore Technologies the CIS 40mm GL grenade launcher has
to
,
its
been sold around the world and 40mm Automatic Grenade Launcher
is
',
'
to
.
its
Malaysia has also sold some weapons the past although not nearly
of
in
,
as
Singapore
on
the same scale hence the recent closure its state owned
of
(
-
producer SME Technologies According company officials small consign
to
,
.)
of
ments Pakistan
to
(p
reshipment and few dozen Steyr Tactical Mission Pistols TMPs were sold
a
)
the Philippines Malaysia has sold ammunition the open market again
on
to
,
.
with mixed success Past clients include Nigeria New Zealand and private
,
.
a
's
tional weapons systems which offers for sale does not appear have
to
It
it
rifles
its
of
series keen
to
is
,
-1
develop export market While there are rumours that Pindad rifles have
an
to
the
been transferred rebel groups fighting along Thai Burma border this
to
,
-
be
its
cannot confirmed Pindad has had little more luck with ammunition
,
in a
.
,
it
it
in
,
,
.
Thailand , the Philippines and Vietnam have also sold quantities of arms to
the region . According to officials of Thailand ' s Army Weapon ' s Production
Centre , 2 per cent of total output between 1998 and 2000 was exported
its
' , in to
Malaysia and Singapore presumably for export The Philippines gun
re
,
'
-
.
dustry also sells arms and ammunition largest private producer ARMSCOR
Its
,
.
products The Philippines
22
more than
its
claims have sold countries
to
to
.
state arms producer Government Arsenal tried break into exports during
to
,
,
restrictions under Filipino law
of
the 1980s but was unable do
to
so
because
It
,
.
recently expressed renewed desire pursue foreign sales following changes
to
a
the law
in
it
it
Vietnam
Vietnamese regime these weapons went
of
backed South Transfers
to
1975
in
.
Cuba and from there Central America and communist rebels fighting
to
to
in
(
)
the Philippines Today there are reports that Vietnam continues sell stocks
to
,
.
Vietnam war surplus The Hanoi based General Import xport Van Xuan
of
'
-
.
-E
Corporation VAXUCO Ministry Defence owned company that deals
of
in
is
a
', '
(
spare parts which are reputed include small arms addition Vietnam
to
In
,
‘
.
supplied arms and ammunition the communist regime established Cam
to
in
it
its
bodia after invasion has also provided close ally Laos with
its
late 1978
It
in
. .
to to
,
or
.
weapons sales
no
,
report suggested that the government had the long term goal exporting ord
of
-
to
,
21
Future trends
of
at
,
.
produce
six
- of
least five the ten ASEAN states can their own arms and are more
or
has become major player the international arms market and now licenses
in
,
a
the production
of
in
,
a
future
.
While too little still known about the economics small arms production
of
is
,
it
for
most ASEAN states The flood
of
choice former Soviet and Eastern Bloc
-
.
small arms onto the world market and the need import raw materials for
to
ammunition production makes extremely difficult for Southeast Asian prod
it
ucts cannot compete internationally price Tough competition within ASEAN
on
.
for
has further reduced the opportunities revenue generation through exports
.
only those producers offering range
of
Under such conditions advanced
a
products competitive prices and with
at supply and marketing
an
established
structure will prosper only one producer
In
Southeast Asia there this
is
in
,
.
class Singapore Technologies As Malaysia SME Technologies found out
,
's
.
recently failure develop export markets can lead closure
to
to
,
.
be
of
It
to
for
be
no
mean other regional producers There will doubt continue pressure
to
.
of
governments non
on
a
economic reasons particular national autonomy some cases corruption
In
in
,
, ,
.
be
as
as
factor long
in
a
.
challenges
or
states believe they are facing serious internal external security
then they are likely maintain their own production capabilities But
to
.
should these challenges be overcome quasi democratic states like thein
,
-
Philippines and Indonesia may become more difficult persuade the
it
to
public that the symbolic value highly subsidised arms industry
of
is
a
cascade
to
is
,
a
.
be
states like the
in
forced
,
on
consolidate
to
of
ture ammunition
It
of is
,
.
Malaysia SME and the decision the Indonesian military buy mortar
to
's
,
may be signs things
of
come
to
.
Illicit Small Arms Transfers In Southeast Asia
the
and production
of
of
This chapter introduces problem the illicit transfer
small arms Southeast Asia three parts First identifies the five key
,
in
in
is
It
it
.
.
that drive the proliferation small arms and light weapons South
of
factors
in
both the supply and demand side Second
on
east Asia outlines the various
it
of ,
,
.
sources illegal weapons including leakage large commercial sales and grey
,
market transfers notes the major supply routes through the region and dis
It
.
cusses the supply small arms into Southeast Asia from extra egional actors
of
of .
-r
the challenge small arms smuggling represents for some
on
Third touches
,
it
.
There are some methodological noted before making
be
caveats that need
to
claims about the shape and size illicit arms transfers region like South
of
in
a
By
in
east Asia very nature the illicit arms trade secretive and actors
its
is
.
to
to
in
as
of
researchers rebel
.
do
groups are cautious about identifying their suppliers nor they typically
,
or
their acquisitions
of
to
is
It
.
measure and describe precisely the regional trade illicit small arms Re
in
.
ported seizures arrests provide clues but illegal drugs pro
or
the trade
if
in
,
the iceberg
of
however
It
,
, is,
,
.
possible identify broad trends supply and demand
of
to
types weapons being moved and the various motivations that lead illicit
of
to
,
arms transfers This limited but important objective particularly given the
is
,
a
.
well established link between illegal weapons movements and violent conflict
-
.
Factors driving the trade
.
of
First the large number intra state conflicts the region and the concomitant
,
in
-
for
need illegally sourced weapons among non state actors Second the region
,
-
military small
of
's
.
po
lice The fourth and related point that the region home significant
is
to
is
.
a
of
number weak states These are political entities that lack the capacity
to
'
'.
effectively control their borders and interdict arms traffickers and other
transnational criminal activities Such states also often store national invento
.
ries
in
making theft loss and consequently smuggling possible Many also lack ad
,
equate domestic gun control legislation and enforcement Fifth despite the
,
.
for
absence overt inter state conflict the region more than two decades and
of
in
-
,
16 Small Arms in SE Asia
persist in many parts of Southeast Asia . While the Cold War practice of sup
plying weapons to insurgents in neighbouring countries has largely been
delegitimised as an instrument of national policy , some recent instances reveal
that it has not disappeared completely . In summary, in Southeast Asia today
there is a significant demand for weapons , a ready supply , and many states
lack the capacity to police what are often long and porous borders . The combi
nation makes an ideal environment for illicit arms transfers .
for
While Southeast Asia has not seen a major inter - state conflict more than
years large number be fought
20
to
in
,
a
-
region Of these the most bloody are Aceh Maluku and Kalimantan
in
in
,
,
.
in
,
's
borders with Thailand India and Bangladesh Other low ntensity conflicts
, ,
-i
are simmering Laos Vietnam Cambodia and West Papua The intra state
in
-
.
these conflicts supports the regional proliferation illegal small
of
of
nature
arms for two reasons
.
First while inter state warfare typically fought with heavy conventional
is
,
-
as
weapons such artillery aircraft and tanks intra state conflicts small arms
,
, ,
in
-
are the weapons They are light affordable easily concealed and
of
choice
,
.
an
use
to
to
,
(
important factor for what are often untrained irregular forces and extremely
)
For example assault rifle like the Chinese Norinco Type copy
an
56
lethal
, ,
(a
.
ubiquitous
of
of
in
in
,
)
600 rounds per minute Small arms are also better suited
of
of
rate the
to
fire
a
.
by
re
rilla operations and ambushes Consequently rebel forces throughout the
.
up
,
:
launchers light machine guns and light mortars Some also reportedly have
,
access
to
).
(
-
-
-
Second
,
tional market generally more difficult for non state actors obtain weap
to
is
it
,
ons through licit channels Some simply lack the resources buy new
or
to
even
.
of
used modern military equipment With the end the Cold War most
of
the
.
for
once generous patrons like the United States has also dis
of
and largesse
-
the
the
appeared Groups like Karen rebels fighting along Thai Burma border
.
have complained that their supplies arms and ammunition are low and they
of
lack the resources needed replenish stocks For such groups getting arms
to
and ammunition cheaply crucial They can only afford used sometimes near
is
obsolescent small arms weapons that can be most easily obtained illegally
,
.
)
Illicit Arms Transfers 17
On the other hand , there are several non - state actors in the region for whom
money is not a problem . The most prominent of these at present are the Abu
Sayyaf group in the Southern Philippines and the pro - Yangon United Wa State
Army (UWSA ) in Myanmar. Abu Sayyaf successfully traded hostages for sev
eral million dollars in ransom in 2000 and the UWSA has reportedly made
large profits through drug production and sales , particularly the trafficking of
methamphetamines into Thailand . But even for these comparatively wealthy
groups, it is difficult to find willing sellers on the legal international arms
market . There is an emerging norm , shared by some important supplier states ,
that states should not sell weapons into zones of intra - state conflict .? This
obstacle forces even well - funded insurgent groups to turn to the illicit weapons
market instead . There , brokers and arms dealers can obtain and supply sig
nificant quantities of used military hardware at an affordable price and , more
importantly , with no questions asked .
Ifthe prevalence of intra - state conflict sustains a demand for small arms,
the
of
Southeast Asia offers
of
then
in
a
As
supply Krause has noted unlike the trade conventional weapons much
in
,
'
.
the trade small arms and light weapons concerns existing stockpiles not
of
in
new production This certainly the case Southeast Asia where most
in
,
is
in 8
'.
small arms used violent struggles are recycled weapons from former con
flicts
.
in
after the US withdrawal 1975 Even after government crackdown there are
in
,
a
.
be
still believed between 500 and one million military style weapons
to
000
,
is
.
society with between 600 000 and 700 000 guns registered with the Philip
,
as
of
arms circulation vary wildly ranging from 270 000 600 000 weapons
11
to
in
Philippines Center for Transnational Crime report citing the PNP Fire
,
A
's
up
arms and Explosives Division FED comes with figure closer 350 000
to
-re ,
,
,
a
‘ (
',
,
,
2
-
157
12
,
‘
'.
“
unlike Cambodia the Philippines has own major gun industry and
its
own
its
,
to
There are three important channels through which these weapons are
di
verted the illicit arms circuit First there leakage where weapons are sold
to
is
,
.
'
‘
,
.
unauthorised actors. These can vary from just a few weapons , to consignments
of modern weapons and ammunition worth tens of millions of dollars . Third ,
are
there grey market politically motivated transfers non state actors which
to
,
,
-
occur with the knowledge and approval the exporting government
of
.
Leakage
for
the most important sources weapons any insurgent group has
of
of
One
always been opponents and Southeast Asia today
its
no exception Rebel
is
.
forces rely heavily small armsthat they either capture from security forces
on
in
combat that they buy from disaffected corrupt soldiers that they steal from
or
or
,
of
.
leakage from national inventories and stockpiles plague Southeast Asia
.
Cambodia leakage problem the worst the region European Union
is
in
A
's
.
the
of
(
ASAC has documented the poor quality
of
storage facilities for the thousands
)
confiscated housed
.
weapons taken from demobilised soldiers and armed civilians are stored
in
or
unlocked sheds police stations poorly guarded depots Once there they
13
,
,
.
for
to
a
it
is
In
in
,
-
corrupt elements the armed forces and police directly supply weapons
to
in
criminal gangs and arms dealers April 1999 government sub decree
an
While
-
, .
has made gun possession illegal sources say illegal arms are still easy buy
to
.
Phnom Penh infamous Tuk Thla market which once openly displayed mili
,
's
of for
tary hardware sale now only overtly sells uniforms and equipment but
a
complete range military products still available Vendors take potential
is
buyers locations away from the market where weapons are available for
to
in
,
.
of
Leakage has also been serious problem Indonesia During the recent
in
a
violence Maluku many military weapons were stolen from overrun police
in
stations and military armouries For example just one attack police
on
in
,
a
.
station Tantui July 2000 823 military style rifles were stolen Of these 115
in
in
.
of
were later recovered but more than 700 the weapons apparently remain
in
,
in
.16
the town
in
On Java there have been accusations that weapons and explosives have gone
,
missing from the country sole arms producer PT Pindad These captured the
,
's
headlines 2000 when was revealed that the explosives used bomb
in
in
it
found outside the Attorney General office Jakarta were from Pindad
in
's
's
-
Bandung factory
."
Illicit Arms Transfers 19
its
to
GAM
18
rebels .
insurgent groups openly admit that their most impor
the Philippines
In
the
are
weapons the Philippines AFP and
as of
the Armed Forces
of
tant sources
, (
)
Philippines National Police PNP As well weapons stolen lost cap
19
or
(
).
tured during combat rebel groups have also been known raid AFP arms
to
,
depots municipal armouries and have even seized small arms from civilian
,
.20
addition there
In
,
in
is
by
lem raid
in
A
.
ten
tember 2000 netted men Bulacan and Nueva Ecija provinces along with
in
,
and ammunition that were destined for unspecified rebel group
an
in
,
be
According the police most the weapons could only
Mindanao found of
to
',
.
)
the government armory
21
in
'.
's
the
the
less developed
of
to
's
states The issue was highlighted Malaysia July 2000 when large cache
in
in
a
.
an
Perak state
let in
.
Fifteen men dressed military uniformspersuaded sentries them into the
to
in
camp and seized more than one hundred M16 and Steyr AUG rifles machine
of ,
guns grenade launchers mortar shells and thousands ammuni
of
rounds
,
After five day standoff during which two hostages were killed the
22
tion
,
,
a
-
.
for
group surrendered The Malaysian government quickly laid the blame the
.
the
as
of
of
raid door Inner
a
'
(“
Power but
')
the
sympathetic group
23
to
While the Grik incident grabbed the headlines the robbery was not unprec
,
edented Four Steyr AUG automatic rifles were stolen from another army camp
.
the hands
in
in
in
,
gang bandits which the press quickly tagged the Steyr Gang The group
of
a
'
'.
on
armed robberies
,
a
by
before four members were shot dead police and the weapons were recov
Several group members including the alleged mastermind were proven
.25
ered
,
to
surplus weapons
of
Sales
for
While leakage the principal source illegal arms transfers rebel groups
to
is
fighting throughout Southeast Asia there also large and well organised
,
is
-
20 Small Arms in SE Asia
The most important source of weapons for the region ' s many intra - state
conflicts is Indochina , particularly Cambodia . Vietnam and Laos are impor
tant transit states for weapons from southern China, and Thailand has become
an important centre for the illegal brokering and ‘ facilitation ' of small arms
transfers , but Cambodia is especially important as a supplier . The vast number
of weapons remaining there after the civil war means it acts as a kind of weap
ons supermarket for arms dealers and brokers searching for low cost military
hardware . These individuals are aided in their business by corrupt officials
and military personnel , both in Cambodia and across the border in Thailand .
Once illegal weapons enter Thailand , they can be supplied to domestic crimi
nal actors , or shipped by sea or over land to markets in Burma , Sri Lanka , or
Indonesia . According to one writer , these kind of dealers fall into two camps.
First , there are the small time operators who often work alone, buying weapons
in Cambodia and reselling them in Bangkok to gangs , Burmese rebels or even to
criminal organisations in Taiwan and Hong Kong . 27 These sales are not insig
nificant but represent the '
tip
of
28
The second
'.
of
from Cambodia China and Vietnam smuggled with the tacit permis
southern
,
sion and sometimes active participation Cambodian and Thai military per
of
sonnel and politicians These include everything from assault rifles surface
to
.
air missiles
29
to
such ,
(
of of
hopping Rayong and Pattaya the Gulf Thailand One senior Thai
to
80 in
military officer has estimated that per cent the weapons smuggled
of
out
by
30
number
a
.
rebel forces including the Tamil Tigers LTTE Burmese and Lao rebels and
,
),
(
organisations operating
31
's
by
the Shan State Army SSA and Karen National Union KNU are supplied
(
land through Thailand with the porous Thai Cambodian and Thai Myanmar
,
the border and corrupt individual soldiers are known play role the
to
in
,
August Royal
of
In
1998
a
.
officer was arrested Bangkok when police found 600 000 rounds
of
Czech
in
,
33
an
.
Illicit Arms Transfers 21
for
the Tamil Tigers are shipped from
weapons depots near Phuket
on
destined
speedboats
of
35
trawlers and are transferred off the coast Sri Lanka With
to
.
000 vessels fishing Thai waters and large number
of
small
10
more than
a
islands where weapons can transshipped effective interdiction
of be
extremely
is
,
difficult complicity military smuggling operations
36
in
.
also impedes law enforcement efforts At one time the LTTE occupied base
on
a
.
Myanmar through understanding with several generals
an
Twante Island
in
in
to
in
Sri
pirate group which has been implicated small arms smuggling
38
Lanka
to
in
,
.
The scale this trade difficult quantify but seizures alone suggest very
to
of
,
is
an
one incident March 1999
In
in
,
.
of
armed trawler carrying weapons destined
10
an
$
for the LTTE was sunk joint operation between the Indian and Sri Lankan
in
a
May
of
45
navies and
In
,
.
A
. .
quent investigation revealed that the boats were linked the LTTE
40
March
In
to
1997 the Thai Navy seized ship reportedly destined for Sri Lankan waters
,
carrying M16s mortar tubes M79 ammunition RPGs 62mm and 56mm
,
,
7
In 5
.
.
ammunition anti tank rockets and chemicals for bomb production
41
March
,
.
1996 Bangladeshi authorities seized 600 assault rifles and large quantity
of
a
explosives
on
.
's
According
of
an
Thailand and from there across the Strait Malacca Aceh
to
to
,
,
's
group largely armed with Chinese made replicas Soviet weapons and
of
is
-
42
M16 A1s These are believed have come from two sources the Indonesian
to
:
-
point the process According officials based Aceh weapons are trans
to
in
in
,
.
Malacca
in
,
at
again sea before reaching their final destinations Sumatra places like
in
in
,
Padang Tanjung
of
43
sea by Malaysian
or
at
,
the
to
is
A
.
the south
in
in
,
at
Mandaue City Cebu where there are more than 3000 gunsmiths
44
work
in
.
are
addition Danao two major licensed arms makers there many illegal
or In
to
,
's
.
'
'
-l
Small Arms in SE Asia
many paltik weapons are literally hand -made — often crafted from pipes , steel
bars, even old car parts — there is growing evidence that some producers are
now making high quality , made- to -order military - style small arms as well .45
Buyers for Filipino weapons include local crime organisations and rebels , as
well as Taiwanese and Japanese crime syndicates . 46 In what is a highly organ
ised process , agents collect finished products from a variety of small producers
and consolidate the weapons on pre- designated bodegas for shipment to Japan .
Important exit points include Batangas , Ilocos Sur and other northern parts of the
country . In the southern Philippines , gunrunners are especially active in Agusan ,
Misamis , Surigao, Sulu , Basilan , Tawitwai and Zamboanga provinces .48
There are also reports that Filipino weapons have been smuggled to Mus
lim
,
.
helicopter had airlifted shipment weapons
of
Merdeka reported claims that
a
a
the Philippines Ambon with the tacit approval
of
from Davao island the
to
in
TNI No evidence was provided support this allegation which was strongly
to
,
.
by
of
.
of
the
's
traditional vessel from the Philippines January 2001 The
as
scribed
in
a
'
.
vessel was apparently destined for the Malukus carrying six guns and 454
bullets The guns were World War vintage
50
II
.
conflicts
in
in
-
Southeast Asia during the Cold War China Thailand and Singapore and the
.
all
or
US supplied
plied trans shipped weapons the opposition factions fighting
to
or
also
-
((
transs
US also funded and supplied anti government forces
and
in
,
funded
-
provided
cheap arms regional allies Vietnam and Phnom Penh while
of
While these
to
in
these
.
geopolitical rationales largely disappeared with the end the Cold War
of
at
,
least one set international ideological linkages remains important today
of
:
Islamic fundamentalism
.
Iran
,
in
Lebanon Pakistan Sudan and Libya Islamic insurgent groups the South
to
in
,
ern Philippines and Aceh the Abu Sayyaf and the Aceh Merdeka
of
51
Members
.
movements who were trained Libya and Tripoli reportedly facilitated the
in
,
the MILF
of
to
in
-
the southern Philippines More recently the Saudi terrorist Osama Bin Laden
52
,
.
has also been linked Filipino rebels including the MILF and Abu Sayyaf
to
Bin Laden brother law Mohammed Jamal Kalifa lived the country for
in
in
,
,
's
-
-
several years and was active establishing welfare organisations which are
in
to
to
a
.
is
,
)
Illicit Arms Transfers 23
one important conduit for channeling funds from Bin Laden to Abu Sayyaf . A
Philippines government intelligence report stated that the IIRO is ' utilised by
the
for
foreign extremists as a pipeline through which funding local extremists
sic
are being coursed through
53
)'
.
(
While Libya North Korea Sudan and Iran are also frequently
as
states such
,
state sponsored terrorism
to re
mentioned discussions other actors
of
the
in
in
,
-
gion have also been involved politically motivated transfers weapons
of
in
-
insurgents and non state actors fighting within Southeast Asia While sending
.
arms rebels neighbouring states has declined since the Cold War has
to
it
in
,
not disappeared entirely The Thai and Myanmar governments have traded
.
accusations that the other involved actively supporting various rebel fac
in
is
tions along their border Thailand has even admitted that supporting sabo
is
it
.
tage operations against the United Wa State Army inside Burmese territory
.
Malaysia continues tacitly permitting the shipment
be
of
arms
of
accused
to
in to
Aceh and the southern Philippines
of
54
The extent official involvement
.
those cases difficult gauge but one recent example involving extra
to
is
in
,
regional transfers the motivations and risks associated with grey market arms
,
's
two operations against gun running activities off the Andaman and Nicobar
islands Operations Leech and Poorab were ostensibly aimed against Thai
,
.
'
'
'
to
Sri
was major success with the interception several boatloads arms gun
of
of
,
A
a
.
six
battle
,
by
large quantity small arms and lightweapons seized
of
74
Indian Navy late May navy and coast guard vessels intercepted another
,
.
two trawlers off Port Blair the Burma Bangladesh border Upon
en
route
to
.
sighting the ships the trawlers were scuttled and their Thai crews jumped
,
as
overboard As well arms ammunition and explosives the boats were carry
,
,
.
kilograms
56
Burma
of
ing
50
heroin from
.
be
gan get more complicated however when Indian Defence Secretary Ajit
to
in to
in
'
service chiefs that they received any military intelligence about arms traffick
if
ing through the Andaman Sea Cox Bazaar Bangladesh they should take
to
in
,
's
at
.
'
'
The instructions provoked outrage from the chiefs and were ultimately with
controversy quite different picture
of
,
a
.
24 Small Arms in SE Asia
for
Burmese rebels Arakan
in
They were part
of
and Chin Province secret Indian operation support the
to
a
.
attempt offset growing Chinese influence the military regime
an
on
rebels
in
to
Yangon cold display realpolitik the arms transfers were fact part
of
of
In
in
in
,
a
.
dual track approach which India was also offering assault rifles elec
in
,
a
to
,
mese government
.58
go
Intelligence officials said some the intercepted arms were intended
of
to
groups preventing the transfer weapons
of
rebel whose help they wanted
to to
in
Indian insurgent groups like the National Socialist Council Nagaland
of
the
NSCN the United Liberation Front of Asom ULFA and People Libera
),
(
's
Army Manipur PLA
of
of
tion But news the transfers infuriated the Indian
).
(
army which argued that large proportion these very weapons were find
of
,
ing their way back across the border the very separatist groups they were
to
to
:
for
of
a
the fact that many ASEAN members are weak states They lack the capacity
is
perform many
of
to
prevent illicit arms transfers Thanks the vagaries post colonial boundary
of
to
-
.
for even the best resourced governments The financially strapped Indonesian
.
000 islands
to
is
,
.
-
land share
is
500
or ,
,
2
a
major towns roads The frontiers between Burma Thailand Cambodia and
,
,
.
Laos are often poorly marked and some cases formal border demarcation
is
in
still taking place The border region between Indonesian Irian Jaya West Papua
.
in )
some
is
the world
.
the
Indonesia are also unclear and some senses highly artificial These geo
in
graphic factors are complicated by people who have traditionally lived and
off
on
of
of
worked both sides the border For example fishermen the coast
,
.
go
,
Illicit Arms Transfers 25
between Malaysia and the Philippines with little regard for immigration for
malities . Even where there are clearer maritime boundaries , for a state like
Thailand to police the 10, 000 fishing vessels that work waters each year
its
is
difficult say the least
to
.
Refugees and illegal immigrants further complicate matters There are
in
.
250 000 illegal Filipino immigrants living
of
excess Sabah and the Thai
in
,
refugee camps for people who have
of
Burma border also has large number
a
fled the conflict inside Myanmar
of
Likewise there sizeable number Lao
is
, ,
a
. .
refugees northeastern Thailand For many trip across the Mekong Laos
In to
in
a
regular occurrence not something that requires official sanction
is
such
are ,
a
.
conditions refugees often able move back and forth between states
to
in
,
,
some cases moving arms supplies with them
or
.
Weak states also lack strong institutions and the lack professionalism
of
,
among some regional customs military and law enforcement personnel an
is
of ,
other important component the regional trade illicit small arms Some
in
.
states simply have idea about how many arms are legally held
no
their
in
records are kept
all
they are often incomplete
or
at
national inventories out
If
,
.
in
depots Police and military personnel find easy sign weapons out and
to
,
or it
.
often take them home for personal protection use Once outside the armoury
,
.
the possibility theft loss the illegal sale the weapon becomes much
or
of
of
,
of
greater Low wages also help fuel corruption and facilitate the movement
.
This
in
in
is
,
.
clear instances where military and police officials have been implicated the
in
or
weapons
of
theft sale
.
are
law
to
ing smuggled arms and supported by their governments they are often under
,
of
equipped meet the challenge The sheer size Indonesian territorial waters
to
means
ganise more than selective blockades around areas conflict The dispatch to
of
of of
.
to
,
.
back interdict
to
's
Conclusion
by
The above analysis suggests that the challenge posed illicit small arms
extraordinarily complex
of
,
.
of
are diverse both terms states and sources within states Cambodia one
in
is
,
.
of
small arms
to
,
as
large quantities also move from China Vietnam and Myanmar well
as
states
,
outside the region Singapore and Thailand are important transit points the
in
.
small arms
.
26 Small Arms in SE Asia
The most important single source within states is leakage : from individual
soldiers , state arsenals and military holdings. The scale of leakage differs
around the region , but it occurs in some form in almost every ASEAN state .
Illegal production and the diversion of legal transfers are other sources , al
though generally speaking , an analysis of illicit trafficking in ASEAN seems to
confirm Krause ' s argument that most weapons involved in these transfers are
recycled rather than new .
Second , while
the arms themselves are also varied , a core group of weapons
involved in illegal transfers can be identified . These reflect both the demands
of insurgent groups and criminals , as well as the most commonly available
arms . The most common items are rifles , particularly variants of the Soviet
AK47 assault rifle like the Chinese Type 56 . American M16s and AR15s are
also ubiquitous , along with older Soviet weapons like the SKS , and World War
era
II American Mls and carbines and M14 automatics Light machine guns
,
.
are
and grenade launchers like the American M203 and M79 also common
.
Perhaps the least well understood area
of
the illicit arms trade Southeast
in
Asia concerns transfers ammunition Unlike simple small arms reliable
of
,
.
military ammunition cannot be easily made by non state actors Mass produc
.
primitive factories but requires raw materials sophisti
be
,
cated industrial equipment and particular environmental conditions Fight
.
ing forces need large quantities ammunition and while leakage represents
of
all
seems unlikely that theft and small scale sales meet
of
one obvious source
it
,
the demand Presumably therefore some states and private producers are mak
.
ing large quantities ammunition that are passing directly into unauthorised
of
hands although quite how this occurs not clear does however present
It
is
,
,
.
one possible avenue for international control matter that will be discussed
in
,
a
in
,
a
and transportation illegal small arms They range from small time operators
of
who buy and sell just few weapons professional arms dealers and brokers
to
,
,
a
as
to
agencies who mastermind grey market transfers non state actors Consum
to
'
illicit small arms likewise range from individual criminals crime syn
of
ers
to
,
dicates private armies and assorted terrorist and insurgent groups The
to
,
motivations behind these transfers are equally complex They include finan
.
simple way
to
often distin
,
is
for by
Finally the methods and routes used smugglers while patterned often
,
states
is
a
.
by
the part
on
of
.
's
for
also highlights the need broad and substantive regional cooperation the
if
It
.
ASEAN Country Studies
Brunei -Darussalam
Interviews with officials from the Brunei Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Feb
does not produce
its
ruary 2001 confirmed that Brunei -Darussalam own small
or
its
arms ammunition Brunei defence needs are instead met through close
's
.'
relationship with the United Kingdom and other external suppliers Accord
.
ing figures released part the US State Department program trans
as
of
of
to
's
parency arms shipments between 1990 and 1999 the US exported 2082
on
,
as
military rifles well
as
unspecified machine guns
30
Brunei
to
.?
armed forces are equipped with widely used military
; of
Brunei number
a
. 's
FN
small arms These include the Belgian 9mm pistol 62mm Heckler and
35
7
:
.
Koch G3 and the 56mm M16A1 assault rifles 9mm Sterling and 56mm Colt
;
5
5
.
.
XM177 sub machine guns heavy barrelled M16A1 light machine gun
;
;
a
FN -
;
-3
its
grenade launchers
be
of
The M16A1 rifle considered near the end life
to
is
.
span and seems likely the Royal Brunei Armed Forces will seek upgrade
its
to
it
in
ammunition produc
or
While Brunei does not have any kind small arms
of
the past decade Most notably was widely reported that the Sultanate
in
it
,
.
of
helped bankroll the purchase and delivery several shipments
of
small arms
Bosnian Muslim forces during the civil war the former Yugoslavia Bru
to
in
.
nei funds long with those from Saudi Arabia Pakistan Iran Sudan Malay
,
,
's
(a
group
of
,
a
)
called One
.
involved 120 tons assault rifles ammunition and mortars shipped from
of
Sudan Bosnia via Slovenia Iran and Turkey were apparently the
to
1993
in
.5
transit points another deal which reportedly also had support and assist
in
ance from the Malaysian government and tacit approval from the United States
.6
Cambodia
military
small arms continue
of
in
A
.
by
Most are left over from war and were originally supplied
the civil wide
a
of
of
arms the
to
to
a
,
, .
India Indonesia the Philippines Sri Lanka and other states Despite export
,
ing many these weapons gun violence and crime remains major problem
of
Cambodian society
in
.
28 Small Arms in SE Asia
History
During the Cold War vast numbers of small arms from the United States ,
China, Cuba , France, Thailand , Singapore , Viet
the former Czechoslovakia ,
nam and the Soviet Union poured into Cambodia . It is impossible to quantify
just how many weapons were transferred to the various military factions ( in
cluding the Khmer Rouge ) but statistics compiled by the United Nations Tran
sitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC ) in 1993 estimated that the opposi
tion factions alone possessed 320 ,443 light weapons and 80 . 7 million rounds
of ammunition . According to a report by one Cambodian NGO , even that
number was too low , as it represented fewer than one weapon per opposition
soldier .8 A 1994 government survey estimated that there were 900 ,000 unreg
istered guns in the hands of the population . Another survey of 15 ,000 Phnom
Penh homes in December 1998 found two out of three admitting to owning a
all
weapon . 10 Analysts Penh admit that
in Phnom these numbers are largely
educated guesses but the general consensus
that today there are somewhere
is
,
between 500 000 and one million military small arms circulating Cambodia
in
,
."
are
Notsurprisingly weapons and ammunition generally cheap and easy
,
of
obtain the
to
seven Cambo
in
A
.
dian provinces concluded that military weapons were available almost every
where the country only organised weapons market the Tuk Thla market
In
,
's
.
40
Phnom Penh AK47s and M16 assault rifles sold for between and 120
in
,
$
an $
handguns for 200 350 Hand grenades oft
59
12
K
$
-$
. $
-
5 -
-
.
for
Cambodia
in
$
–
for
the local NGO Working Group for Weapons Reduction WGWR approached
(
a
'
'
for purchase According WGWR Tuk Thla was actually one the more
of
14
to
.
or an
expensive places
.15
Elsewhere Cambodia
. as to
in
in
,
as
AK47 could be had for little and some cases bartered for food
in
$
5
)
as
as
32
for little
$
Production
Given the fact that the country already awash with guns and ammuni
is
be
no
to
,
involved any weapons production Despite this there have been reports
in
,
.
that Cambodia has limited small arms production capability Forecast Inter
a
national Ordnance and Munitions Forecast claims there state arms factory
it is
a
's
Strung Chral outside Phnom Penh and that was established with
at
located
,
assistance from what was then Czechoslovakia says the factory produces
It
.
'
.'
ASEAN Country Studies 29
Cambodia in February 2001 cast doubt on this claim . Senior Cambodian mili
tary officers and Interior Ministry officials categorically deny that the Kingdom
of Cambodia produces either small arms or ammunition . 18 They claim there is
for
no military requirement additional weapons and point out that the military
still has large stockpiles should need them appears that the factory re
It
it
.
during the 1980s but
no
ferred may have been operation longer exists
to
in
.
Likewise there were reports that Cambodia had entered into agreement
an
,
the
for
pro
for
of
with North Korea March 1994 the construction factory
in
a
repair tanks and small arms According
of
19
duction ammunition and
to
to
.
Jane World Armies this agreement was subsequently canceled avoid caus
to
,
's
20
to
.
One recent development however suggests Cambodia might implicated
be
,
,
the production weapons the future albeit indirectly According
of
an to
in
in
up
informed sources Chinese enterprise called Flour Company has set
,
a
operation Strung Treng province near the Cambodia Lao border growing
in
,
. -
Mai Sek trees which will produce rifle butts The company was
be
21
used
granted 7000 hectares purpose to
enterprise designed
for of
to
is
,
up
provide employment 800 families Land has been cleared for plant
to
.
produc
or
ing but there has not yet been any harvesting trees processing
of
,
,
tion The final destination for the butts presumed be China via Laos and
to
is
.
)
although the road covering the currently poor
10
is is
15km
in
-
rebuild
It
,
it
.
agreement was arranged the provincial level perhaps without the knowl
at
edge
of
Military inventory
no
weapons acquired
of
variety sources during the civil war Current RCAF stocks include
of
from
of a
a
.
FN
from licensed producers Southeast Asia The inventory includes 9mm
in
25
vz
and 56mm
;
;
, 7
5
.
.
/
FN
M16A1 FAL AK47 Type AKM and SVS assault rifles and
56
62mm
,
;
7
.
do
support weapons these are likely include some American M203 and M79
to
,
of
grenade launchers
22
sources including states Eastern Europe the late 1990s the Ukraine
In
in
,
the
in
7
.
Luhans machine building plant The factory past production has been
23
’k
- -
's
April 1999 the Cambodian Ministry the Interior passed sub decree
of
30
On
-
which made the possession of military arms illegal for civilians The
38
,
.
30 Small Arms in SE Asia
for
roadblocks were used to stop and search people weapons
.
Cash rewards were also used for anyone turning guns explosives com
or
to
in
or
mune col
.24
district authorities Since then authorities have confiscated
or
,
lected 107 869 small arms including 000 pieces collected from the defence
15
,
,
(
Of these 505 have been broken down and destroyed Euro
25
36
26
forces
A
).
.
pean Union sponsored program Curbing Small Arms and Light
on
Assistance
,
-
Weapons ASAC has also destroyed several hundred weap
EU
Cambodia
in
),
(
-
public burning ceremonies and has plans destroy more surplus arms
27
ons
to
in
.
According press reports most weapons
, of
the destroyed these confisca
to
in
, ,
programs were AK47s AR 15s M16s SKS rifles carbines and SKs
28
tion
A
-
.
79
of
,
-
29
nition have also been collected
.
ASAC running two pilot projects aimed collecting
EU
at
addition
is
In
,
-
weapons from civilians Bakan district Pursat province and Snuol dis
in
in
in
are
Kracheh province weapons for development
on
trict These based
in
a
'
.
in
,
a
initiative such the building school medical facilities The
or
as
of
road
,
a
.
EU
by
,
-
aid
by
as
as
as
Ja
Nations World Food Program well bilateral donors such
,
'
the Netherlands
,
is
a
all
the RCAF EU
of
.
ASAC has documented the poor quality
storage facilities for the thousands
of
to
.
EU
dier General Henny van der Graf the ASAC project manager great num
,
,
'
-
by
without any registration and safety regulations Some have been stored the
. .
up
army others are piled inside police stations very easy for criminals
on to
It
is
,
and these
to
the black market without any chance that the theft will be noticed
31
to
.'
The problem
to
is
on in
of
storage some parts the country soldiers serving active duty also keep
In
,
.
a
.
at
a
-
dier was sitting small border shack with no fewer than nine assault rifles
in
an a
up
corner
in
a
, )
.
(e
presumed
be
to
in
,
a
river
a
.
ASEAN Country Studies 31
, of
section in any given week also reveals crimes committed
with military style weapons one week February 2001 the Post reported
In
in
-
three attacks the capital carried out with handguns three shootings 59
in
,
K
-
an
with AK47 assault rifles one with
,
,
K
a
fied handgun grenade attack that resulted from drunken quarrel and the
,
,
a
four people when the H107 artillery shell they were hammering ex
. of
death
ploded One report claims that Phnom Penh armed robbery rate four
37
is
's
times higher than that Bangkok and has the highest number armed rob
of
of
,
38
beries and murders Southeast Asia Another estimate that three Cambo
is
in
.
The question weapons circulating within Cambodia caused fresh head
of
lines November 2000 when large group anti government rebels attacked
of
in
-
70
40
60
state offices Phnom Penh Between and men armed with AK47s B40
in
,
.
at
.
of
and attacked the Ministry Defence and Cabinet buildings Fifteen kilometres
.
of
military
on
barracks Both groups were repelled after lengthy gun battles with security
.
forces during which seven rebels were killed and eleven police and soldiers
wounded Government spokesmen accused group called the Cambodian
a
.
of
)
(
,
.
the violence
.
being the real force behind the attack saying they had orchestrated the
of
ment
,
attack
.
's
Diplomats Phnom Penh dismiss this claim and generally support the
in
,
32 Small Arms in SE Asia
as
he
Em
Sam
the deputy president the Cambodian government gun control committee
of
48
is
's
Transfers
a
of
to
insurgent and terrorist forces the Southeast Asia Whereas Thailand was
in
previously vital link the supply weapons the Khmer Rouge and other
of
to
in
a
opposition factions Thai criminals and corrupt officials now play key role
in
,
of
them
in
by
Southeast Asia and beyond These transfers are not sanctioned officially the
.
.
ASEAN Country Studies 33
the
zures probably represent just reports dur
tip
According
of
the iceberg
to
,
.
ing the 1990s the arms trade out Cambodia involved both small scale pur
of
of -
chases and large commercial sized shipments the first kind transfer
In
,
-
.
arms dealers from Thailand often acting their own would buy small num
on
,
,
bers arms from Khmer Rouge RCAF troops the Thai Cambodian border
or
at
of
.
These were then sold criminal gangs Bangkok Burmese rebels were
or
to to
in
,
gangs Hong Kong
re
or
exported
of
49
sometimes Taiwan With the end the
in
-
.
the Khmer Rouge these transfers appear
of
civil war and the collapse
to
have
,
declined
.
of
The second and more lucrative kind transaction involves large transfers
of
conventional arms from Cambodia While some
of
of .
as
Rouge stocks during the early part the 1990s today they are generally
,
sumed come from RCAF arms depots and warehouses The smuggling oc
to
.
curs with the tacit permission and often active participation
of
Cambodian and
Thai military personnel and politicians and the arms include everything from
by
air
surface
to
-
-
Thailand and
in
Phnom Penh For example the Tamil Tigers have used front companies like
,
.
51
Phnom Penh
in
.
-r
Thailand
in
According senior Thai military officer per cent the weapons smug
of
of 80
to
a
by
via
gled out
53
sea
.
Sihanoukville From
(
).
of ( in
to
to in
.
by
weapons are then hipped groups like the Tamil Tigers LTTE and
re
sea
)
-s
the LTTE directed from islands near Phuket and Cox Bazaar Bangla
to
is
in
,
's
55
,
a
a
.
transfers
,
A
.
sea
second major route through southern Thailand and across the Straits
is
more detail
of
Aceh
in
in
.
sea
by
as
over land through Thailand Burmese rebels such the Karen National
to
Union KNU and Shan State Army SSA According one account the routes
to
,
(
'
).
for transporting arms from the Thai Cambodian border the Burmese minor
to
-
ity
forces stayed fairly constant from the 1980s onwards Weapons that
57
.”
of
,
(
Sisaket Surin and Burinam were stored Korat and then forwarded the
to
in
,
)
34 Small Arms in SE Asia
Karen , Mon and Mong Thai Army rebels . 58 Supplies delivered through eastern
provinces of Aranyaprathet , Prachinburi , Trat and Chanthaburi were moved
through Chonburi and Bangkok . 59 Larger shipments sometimes went by boat
to Prachaub Khiri Khan and then overland to Karen rebels in Amphur Saiyok ,
Kanchanaburi , or to Mon forces across the border from Sangkhla district .60
Indonesia
Indonesia 's small arms sector is dominated by a single government -owned
company , Pindad PT (Persero ). Pindad produces a range of small arms , light
weapons and ammunition , mostly for the Indonesian government , although
there have been some exports . Legal gun ownership is not common in Indone
can
or
,
a
gun not generally
violence problem the major cities There serious
is
in
is
a
a
.
problem with illegal small arms the country many conflict regions par
. ,
in
's
ticularly Aceh Maluku Timor and increasingly West Papua Irian Jaya
,
Military holdings
of
the time
in
7mm
,
7
a
Japanese 5mm Dutch the American M1 and British Lee Enfield rifles Dur
,
,
6
, -
.
816 M1 rifles
aid
as
additional
,
along with M1
21
,
A
5
.
cial sales the early 1960s the Indonesian government decided adopt the
to
In
62 BM .
of
,
-
Beretta and
A
.
censed production later took place Other acquisitions included the Model
38
49
/
.
45
sub machine gun the Swedish Model Carl Gustav sub machine gun the French
,
,
-
,
-
FN
vz
52
57
rifle FAL
,
,
.
.
/
ASEAN Country Studies 35
In 1962 , American AR - 15 rifles were added to the mix and issued to Indone
sian commando units . Infantry forces still used the BM59 , but also increas
ingly armed themselves with Soviet AK47 and SKS rifles . Ammunition for the
AR - 15 was purchased from the United States through commercial channels .
The US State Department lists exports of cartridges up to 20mm for 1975 - 1980
as totaling 4,914 , 000 rounds . Other ammunition purchases were made from
Singapore and Europe prior to the development of an indigenous production
capacity (see below ). 64
During the 1970s, the Indonesian government decided to import the M16A1
(Model 613 ) as a replacement for the AR15 . Initial transfers were made as grant
aid under the US Military Assistance Program (MAP ) and an estimated 63,449
rifles were transferred to Indonesia in aid and through commercial sales . In
1990 , this already eclectic inventory was augmented with an unknown (but
probably small ) number of Steyr AUG assault rifles . Some of these may have
been provided by Australian Defence Industries . The AUGs continue in serv
ice today and were implicated in the shootings of students at Trisakti Univer
sity in 1998 that led to massive riots in Jakarta . 66 In 1997 there were also reports
of Indonesian interest in Russian small arms, but nothing appears to have
come of these contacts . 67
More recently , Indonesia has imported a number of Heckler and Koch weap
ons , including the MP5 sub -machine gun , a weapon popular among police
and special -forces units around the world . British Aerospace (which owns
its
1996
In
in
,
.
that MKEK the Turkish subsidiary Heckler and Koch had contracted
of
sell
to
,
400 000 worth sub machine guns the Indonesian police British docu
of
to
,
A
$
mentary also reported that MKEK had sold 500 MP5s Indonesia Septem
to
in
at
East Timor
68
a
on
Domestic production
Indonesia
's
of
now has
it
,
by
,
a
.
the Dutch
to
, ,
's
by
colonial period when arms were produced first the weapons workshop
Artillerie Constructie Winkel AWC and later the Bandung based Artillerie
-
(
Inrichtingen AI AI
passed into Indonesian control with independence and
,
).
(
PSM
(
Factory
of
on
1962 took
,
.
36 Small Arms in SE Asia
its
PT
PT
name was changed Currently Pindad control
70
Pindad Persero
to
is
).
(
led under holding company called PT Bahana Pakarya Industri Strategis
a
Persero 71
).
(
Pindad business operations are grouped into two sections military and
's
:
commercial products These products are turn manufactured by four com
in
.
panies Bandung area about 125 kilometres south
all
the
in
of ,
,
east Jakarta The companies are weapons division mechanical division
,
, .
electric division and the forging and casting division Pindad small arms are
's
built by
.72
produced factory that was the German manufacturer Fritz Werner
in
a
73
ammunition division based East Java
is
,
's
.
Current production
59
BM
the past Pindad has manufactured rifle and Model
12
the
In
-
submachine gun under licence from the Beretta company Italy
of
74
also
It
,
.
produced the Madsen Saetter machine gun under licence from the Danish firm
-
Madsen
is
,
's
.
FN
slightly modified version
SS
of
assault rifle which
is
,
1
a
-
-
Fabrique Nationale Carabine made under licence from Fabrique Nationale
76
),
.
(
go
Pindad manufactures four versions which under the names SS1 V1 SS1
of
,
,
-
V2 SS1 V3 and SS1 V5 The V1 the standard weapon with retractable
is
,
,
.7
a
-
-
V2
as
butt stock The carbine and the V3 has the same barrel length the V1
is
,
a
.
a
.
Pindad own
to
a
's
.
up
V2
600m
a
.
fire but effective only
of
150m without
V5
x
).
.
of (
the
to
,
,
79 1
-
at
reports reduced rate Pindad did not reply requests for additional
to
a
‘
'.
,
or
exports exported
SS
have been
is
1
-
.
It
.
own believed
to
is is
9mm
a
a
.
.
the
licensed copy Browning High Power semi automatic and produced solely
of
-
by
for
the
Ammunition
an
its
factory
of
ammunition Turen
, ,
,
5
5
.
.
ASEAN Country Studies 37
.
5 56mm blank (M200) , 7.62mm , 7 .62mm tracer as well as ammunition for heavy
machine guns, hand grenades and mortar shells . According to the arms indus
try publication Forecast International, Pindad has in the past sustained annual
production runs of 5 , 000 , 000 rounds of 9mm parabellum , 5 ,000 ,000 rounds of
7 .62mm ammunition and 10,000 ,000 rounds of 5 .56mm ammunition . 81 In the
1980s Pindad ' s production apparently reached sufficient levels that it was
able to export small quantities of ammunition to other parts of Southeast Asia .
It is believed that at some point Pindad was supplying the Royal Thai Army. 82
These exports gradually expanded during the 1990s , although competition ,
particularly from Singapore , has hindered Pindad ' s efforts.83 Pindad ' s cur
rent production is not known , but it seems unlikely that it has be able to main
tain the levels of sales seen before the regional economic crisis .
Commercial viability
difficult
to
it
.
the
ket
for
regional
its
AD
of
purchases
of
.
38 Small Arms in SE Asia
for
government to develop a new infantry weapon the TNI detailed survey
87
A
.
by
of Indonesian troops carried out the company suggests that the TNI exist
's
ing weapons are not ergonomically suitable Apparently most Indonesian
88
of ,
'
'.
do
not place their left hands the hand guard
on
soldiers their automatic
weapons while aiming Although standard procedure recommends this troops
,
.
the
usually place their hands closer the body between hand guard and the
to
magazine the front underneath the magazine between the magazine and
or
at
,
,
the trigger This exerts push and pull forces the magazine which over time
on
,
-
-
.
of
can cause bursts fire Pindad
,
's
.
ommendation was that the Indonesian army should design new standard
a
by
infantry weapon presumably one
be
of
89
built Pindad Given the state the
to
,
.
national economy and other more pressing defence requirements seems
it
,
,
unlikely that designing and building new infantry weapons will
be
priority
a
the
for Indonesian government the near future more likely scenario that
is
in
A
.
any new weapons will be purchased from overseas One option China
is
.
.
According report Asia Pacific Defence Reporter recent soft loan arrange
to
in
,
a
a
-
ment with China will enable the TNI acquire the Chinese made mortar am
to
-
munition and other infantry weapons
90
the near future
in
‘
.
'
of
the
to
Council for Security Cooperation the Asia Pacific CSCAP small arms do
in
)
of
not present major problem Indonesia terms everyday crime Guns are
in
in
a
, .
strictly controlled paper get appli
on
an
firearms licence
at
to
least order
In
,
a
.
shooting officially by
be
of
government and he she must then apply the Chief Police for licence
or
of
to
,
a
for
If
is
,
a
a
.
at
When the
it
,
weapon required for hunting the licensee must ask for permission take the
to
is
weapon out The police supply letter authorising the bearer have the
to
a
.
weapon for specific time and area After use the gun must be returned the
to
a
police
91
station
.
to
is
in
a
by
few such
,
.
196
CSCAP there are only some licences for the personal protection
of
selected
,
government officials and private businesses These are typically issued only
.92
or
as
of
,
for
the very rich practice easy people with connections money get
93
or
to
is
In
it
.
to
is
It
a
2000 when former president Suharto daughter Mamiek was arrested for
,
,
's
22
.95
an
,
.
ASEAN Country Studies 39
licences issued for security guards and special police to own weapons and
6513 licences for sport and hunting . % In total, there are fewer than 15 ,000
200
people licensed to own weapons in a country with a population of million
.
The relative guns circulating domestic society especially within
of
lack
in
,
by
as
of
cities like Jakarta has been identified some officials one reason the riots
,
May Conversely
of
press reports
97
deaths number
so
1998 resulted few
in
in
,
a
.
1999 suggested that purchasing small arms Jakarta was relatively straight
in
forward and that weapons were even being sold up market cafes and bars
in
of .
Ethnic Chinese particular sought weapons for self defence after the riots
in
-
1998 Prices seem comparatively high however suggesting there not large
is
,
a
.
an
of
FN
45
a
'
-
.
at
98
dozen bullets 900
$
'
of
small arms ammunition and
by
To
,
a
a
.
police According police sources very few companies are granted permis
to
,
.
Every gun imported must then have import permit Weapons that are
an
sion
.
.
by
as be
the cannot standard less
powerful than those issued the police armed forces For example the or
to
,
.
police use would only permissible import and own
be
38
32
revolver
to
it
,
a
a
.
.
calibre handgun
99
.
1999
firearms gas and electric shock weapons They had apparently mis
of
dreds
,
. ‘
import and sell the guns The
of
,
:
Abadi and PT Batu Karnas Around the same time the Indonesian Directorate
,
.
of
100
265 assorted
to
Illegal transfers
do
While the Indonesian police insist that illegal small arms not represent
a
of
in
's
these four stand out Aceh Maluku West Papua and Timor While
is
,
it
:
beyond the scope this study discuss these conflicts detail the following
of
to
in
sections briefly summarise the reasons for the ongoing hostilities the weapons
use and how they reach the combatants
in
Aceh
•
of for
or
is
a
tip
of
on
102
1976 and is led by Hasan de Tiro , an Acehnese now exiled in Sweden . Some
the
group fighters received training Libya
of
where between 500 750 the
in
in
-
's
103
1980s
.
GAM rebels have been involved low level guerrilla war against Indo
in
a
's
-
nesian forces for more than years but the last few years their fortunes
20
in
,
by
have significantly improved Energised the collapse the Suharto regime
of
.
activists from Malaysia and with people increasingly embit
of
and the return
oppressive military presence GAM
by
total membership
an
tered across
's
as
several factions has increased from just few hundred fighters perhaps
to
a
)
104
many
as
15
000
,
.
Interviews news reports and pictures GAM forces suggest they are pre
of
,
as
dominantly equipped with variants the AK47 well M16s and some
as
of
,
105
be
World War vintage weapons the AKs seem Chinese made
of
Most
II
to
-
.
copies like the Type almost impossible accurately quantify the
56
to
is
It
,
number illegal weapons circulating conflict zone like Aceh but accord
of
in
,
a
the Indonesian maga
by
ing one tally advanced investigative report
an
to
in
zine FORUM Keadlian pro independence forces have more than 100 AK47s
,
, 1
as -
FN
ncluding variants such
52
the AK46 and AK74 almost 700 M16A1s
),
of ,
(i
106
Minimi LMGs and more than 200 military style pistols Reports GAM
,
,
1
.
military operations also frequently mention the use grenade launchers and
of
-
107
There are several sources for these weapons An important one weapons
is
.
108
captured from TNI forces during battle second leakage including arms
is
,
A
.
109
illegally sold GAM by TNI forces diverted from Pindad stocks
or
This
to
.
leakage apparently serious problem and indicates breakdown the
in
is
chain
.
110
as
'.
'
its
as
originate with the TNI Kopassus was the principal player arms sales but
in
,
“
.
that
is
1 in
.
SS
to
—
,
,
-
.
is (
us
in
It
a
(
)
..
.
111
have long complained that weapons were reaching GAM from neighbour
'a
ing country and although they have been reluctant name names the refer
to
,
'
112
ences are Malaysia There are differences opinion about the involve
to
of
.
in
.
,
a
's
sources Jakarta argue that Kuala Lumpur not involved although local
is
in in
,
113
officials
of
ment naturally denies any role and one government official insisted GAM
is
.
ASEAN Country Studies 41
114
ganisation (PULO ) . According Aceh weapons are
an
official based
to
in
,
transported across the Straits
of
Malacca small boats and are often
in
,
sea before reaching their final destinations places
at
retransferred again
in
,
115
near Lhokseumawe Padang Tanjung Balai and Peureulak Sumatra coast
,
's
of .
of
line provides plenty isolated spots land and the use small boats makes
to
by
or
at
One final source for GAM weapons may be local production While reports
.
are very sketchy wire service stories suggest that GAM may have acquired
,
some kind
to
.
February 2001 four alleged GAM rebels were killed when
25
on
France Presse
,
of
in
,
a
by
.
able but the troops reportedly seized pistols and rifles from the
of
number
,
a
116
site
.
Like the weapons themselves GAM funding for small arms purchases
its
,
' of 's
seems come from disparate range sources The group collects various
in to
' .
at
taxes the province and also solicits donations from local people often
,
‘
'
by
armed checkpoints GAM also reported have generated income extort
to
is
.
PT
ing payments from the major businesses Aceh including Mobil Oil Arun
,
,
in
and ASEAN Aceh Fertilisers Infrastructure projects the province are report
in
.
edly taxed per cent According one analyst GAM has charged compa
10
at
to
,
.
nies building railway tracks the province much million rupiah per
as
as
in
1
117
to
It
'
'.
118
buy guns
.
for
GAM
is
A
.
in
to
exile
to in
in
,
a
.
-
-
Singaporean bank accounts has been funnelled GAM and has been found
119
Maluku
•
January 1999 fighting broke out between Muslim and Christian groups
In
in
in
,
simple religious terms the conflict also about economic disparities and rela
is
,
tions between Indonesia outlying provinces and Jakarta the two years
In
's
as
A large number of small arms of varying quality are involved in the conflict
in Maluku . According to news reports , both sides seem to be armed with rifles,
light mortars , grenades and bombs , but homemade weapons also seem to be
120
prevalent. For example February 2000 the Indonesian military seized
in
,
,
some 000 weapons from warring parties Many
of
, these were homemade
4
by .
rifles and bombs which were disposed being dumped into the waters
of
of
, 121
Tanjung Alang Army raids carried out under state
of
emergency declared
a
June .led
army standard rifles including
of
as 32
the confiscation
in
to
2000
',
'
AK47s SMR Bren MR3s and Rugers well 278 home made rifles The
as
,
.
army also seized four rocket launchers unspecified variety hundreds
of
of
an
,
122
of
hand grenades and 070 rounds ammunition early August 2000 the
In
3
,
.
acting governor North Maluku oversaw the destruction
of
of
23
standard rifles
including two M16s 4279 homemade rifles 2278 homemade bazookas and
,
(
)
123
1097 detonators
.
There are four major sources through which the parties fighting Maluku
in
of
obtain small arms First there credible evidence that significant number
is
,
a
.
by by
weapons have been directly supplied both sides Indonesian government
to
124
forces
on
at
A
.
of
for the Ambon Military Command also confirmed that there had been reports
125
smuggling military ammunition into the territory Generally the TNI has
of
,
.
been siding with Muslim settlers the conflict including supply
of
accused
in
,
ing them with small arms and ammunition while the Indonesian Police Mobile
,
's
Brigade BRIMOB has been accused supporting and supplying Christian
of
(
126
An
,
.
127
and police were selling M16s and AK47s for
as
leakage
.
weapons from poorly guarded
of
'
'
Tantui
in
,
,
stated
in
in
a
.
Of
823 military style rifles were stolen these 115 were later recovered but more
,
-
128
a
.
of
lete modern military equipment obtained such manner can make deci
in
,
The third
source supply from sympathetic groups inside Indonesia The
is
) .
Muslim group Laskar Jihad Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jammaah Jihad Force has
(
weapons
In of
source
to
a
the
129
Maluku
early especially April May
on
in
,
ons were unloaded Ambon and taken the local Fatah mosque July
at
to
In
-
Laskar Jihad
'
and any other forces has reached almost 000 people the last three months
10
in
,
ASEAN Country Studies 43
131
and they have become the main reason for the ongoing ground conflict .'
A
Christian equivalent Laskar Kristus has also more recently appeared the
in
,
,
Malukus
.
Weapons are also being funnelled from elsewhere Indonesia the com
to
in
batants July the navy seized 200 grenades and grenade launchers and
In
. 2000
rounds ammunition the liner KM Dobonsolo which had sailed
of
7000 aboard
,
132
from Surabaya via Bali and Kupang Two months later security officials the
in
.
port
of
Buli North Maluku seized hundreds M16 rounds rifles and explosives
of
,
KM
from the passenger liner Albatim Authorities suspected that the arms had
, .
133
Bitung point departure
of
come from North Sulawesi the Albatim
in
's
Finally there are also rumours and reports that weapons reach combatants
,
to
from
in
's
.
Eastern Fleet commander Commodore Djoko Sumarsono weapons from the
,
,
Philippines were being freely traded Maluku Anyone with certain amount
in
he a
.
'
of
money can purchase guns the southern Philippines told the Jakarta
in
],
(
'
134
of
the
in
a
of
the evidence was
to
by
provided support this allegation which was strongly denied the Indone
to
,
135
sian military
.
by
more likely route between the Philippines and Maluku sea Accord
is
A
.
ing North Maluku Military Commander most the weapons destroyed
in of
to
in
,
a
the August ceremony described above were made the Philippines and were
sea
136
confiscated from passengers during raids ports Indonesian navy
on
.
ships have intercepted several vessels from the Philippines carrying weapons
the past July 2000 three ships loaded with unspecified weap
12
months
In
in
,
.
137
onry were stopped North Maluku
en
In
as in
.
January 2001 the navy intercepted what described traditional vessel
it
a
'
for
from the Philippines The vessel was apparently destined the Malukus
.
138
guns and The guns were World War vintage
six
carrying bullets
II
454
.
.
be
Muslim
to
from
Mindanao there are also reports that Christian groups have been supplied
in
these weap
of
ons unclear one possibility the numerous illegal gun factories located
is
is
in
,
139
largely Christian Cebu There have also been press reports suggesting link
a
.
for
six
mili
the
from
.
tias since July 1999 and said that guns and hand grenades could
be
easily bought
from militia personnel now living Kupang The weapons were apparently
in
Ambon
to
in
.
44 Small Arms in SE Asia
Timor
The problem of small arms in East Timor seized the world 's attention when
pro - Jakarta militia forces went on a bloody rampage in September 1999 after a
UN -supervised referendum overwhelmingly supported independence for the
former Portuguese colony . Both pro - Jakarta and pro - independence forces have
access to small arms, although these are of varying quality . Many are homemade
141
and some appear to be obsolete remnants of the Portuguese colonial presence .
Many modern small arms were also used the Timorese conflict but their
in
,
source matter of some conjecture
is
a
.
the
At
,
reports suggesting that the TNI directly supplied military small arms the
to
aid
pro Jakarta militias Several groups and the Indonesian government own
's
-
142
Human Rights Commission supported this conclusion spokesman for
A
.
the Department Defense and Security ABRI also admitted that the TNI had
of
/
supplied weapons pro ntegration civilians East Timor the past Ac
to
bythe in
in
.
-i
to
to
,
'
'
people resistance force counter attacks the pro independence group
to
,
-
'
's
the
FALINTIL He also claimed that the weapons were withdrawn once threats
.
143
disappeared
.
the
on
recent conflict the island militias were certainly armed with some
In
former TNI weapons September 1999 INTERFET forces carried out sur
In
a
.
of
arms including SKS automatic rifles was noted above SKS rifles were used
,
.
by
the TNI the 1960s Indonesian forces were possible source supply
so
of
in
.
Australian troops uncovered another huge arms cache Dili September in
in
in
.
's
50
-
.
chine guns The departing TNI forces had apparently attempted destroy the
to
by .
144
weapons burning them Despite these finds there are differences opin
of
,
.
ion about how well rganised arms transfers were and who was behind them
.
-o
the Indone
a
arm
sian military were involved plan the militia movements the lead
to
in
in
a
to
,
.
Chief the TNI General Wiranto and the head military intelligence Ma
of
of
,
in
-jor -
had previously only been armed with homemade weapons and shotguns were
,
and AK47
re
1s
,
,
-
-e
,
.
by
however this stage the distinction between the militias and the TNI and
,
...
146
by
147
,
a
.
ASEAN Country Studies 45
148
Adam Damiri, of complicity .
Some diplomats Jakarta while not disputing these claims put more em
in
,
of
phasis rogue elements the military soldiers acting
or on
an
the actions
or
in
in
149
oknum unauthorised fashion They say arms were transferred for vari
a
.
(
)
ety
, 150
TNI soldiers married into Timorese families They make the argument that
.
, of
of
transfers were indicative general breakdown the chain command
in
a
government policy
of
expression
an
between Jakarta and Timor rather than
.
the
According TNI weapons that were used
of
one source least some at
to
,
by
151
taken them from TNI soldiers during the civil war report Jane Intelli
in
A
's
.
gence Review claimed that apart from few old Portuguese colonial weapons
,
,
a
guns ammunition and uniforms came from ambushing In
of
all Falintil
,
,
's
‘
(
)
152
of
donesian forces this kind
.'
a
.
up
Zealand peacekeeper killed duty subsequently turned among weapons
153
of
Since the intervention
Interfet and the return
to
,
as
have been confiscated and collected part UN effort disarm the militias
of
to
a
.
Several commentators including UN officials have been critical the imple
of
,
support
of
of
mentation the plan and the lack from Indonesian forces West
in
154
155
military weapons and have only handed obsolete and homemade guns
in
.
of
This very difficult verify but official Indonesian figures show seizures
to
is
confiscated and collected from refugees Atambua late 2000 there were 10
in
in
), ,
,
6
LES Lee Enfield and jungle rifle contrast the same sweep collected
,
In
1
'
(
'.
?
's
156
of
that some
In
, on it
a
in
Maluku February 2000 former pro Jakarta militia leader Florentino Moko
In
,
a
-
.
Soares was arrested Kefamenanu North Timor Tengah district and charged
in
in
,
with illegally trading firearms near the border between East Timor and East
Nusa Tenggara NTT The weapons he was accused selling were appar
of
).
(
157
ently leftovers from the Portuguese colonial presence Other reports suggest
.
that militia members Kupang have sold guns and grenades the com
in
to
158
batants Maluku
in
.
46 Small Arms in SE Asia
low
Irian Jaya West Papua
on
A level secessionist movement has been active
)
The Organisasi Papua Merdek Free Papua Movement
or
since 1976 OPM
is
.
)
of
seeking independence for the ethnic Melanesians the area which was incor
,
porated into Indonesia 1963 Using bases across the border Papua New
in
in
.
Guinea has maintained low level insurgency occasionally attacking Indo
it
,
a
159
nesian military patrols and taking hostages the past years
of
For most
25
.
the
OPM has made little headway but collapse the Suharto regime and the
of
,
successful independence struggle energised secessionist
on
East Timor has
re
-
forces West Papua The pro independence movement now includes groups
in
-
.
other than the OPM During 2000 there were several violent incidents between
.
.
the
For the most part the parties involved nascent conflict Irian Jaya
,
in
in
/
West Papua are poorly armed They rely predominantly swords spears
on
,
.
and arrows although some individuals have access home made guns and
to
,
-
the
160
-
.
forces
to
161
New Guinea and Australia Police sources Jakarta claim that small arms
in
.
by
of
the sale
162
Jaya Australian sources also report attempts the OPM buy weapons by
to
.
from northern Australia and several West Irianese have been arrested con
in in
163
Port
.
Moresby say the OPM very active along the border around Kiunga and Fly
is
164
River and purchases weapons from PNG Highlands region They also
.
's
the
to
of be .
Some reports about weapons smuggling into West Papua however should
,
,
treated with scepticism early July 2000 The Jakarta Post quoted the Speaker
In
's .
the Indonesian
),
,
(
165
mation
in
,
166
claims
.
another disturbing parallel the East Timorese situation 2000 saw the
to
In
emergence rival militia groups Irian Jaya the pro independence Satgas
of
in
Papua Papuan Taskforce and pro Jakarta Satgas Merah Putih Red and White
(
(
-
the
Taskforce The latter has reportedly received funds from government and
).
by
by
may also have been infiltrated Pemuda Pancasila terror group used
,
a
167
be
Satgas Papua nor Satgas Merah Putih currently believed armed there
to
is
.
ASEAN Country Studies 47
'
Lao People s Democratic Republic
its
The Lao PDR does not produce ammunition but
or
own small arms
is
,
on
largely dependent imports from China These have been provided since
.
exchange for the right operate listening posts southern Laos
to
1993
in
in
.
but the govern
of
There are very low levels gun related crime the country
in
,
-
ment Vientiane increasingly worried about several insurgencies two eth
is
in
:
nic Hmong factions the country and pro monarchist rebels oper
of
the north
in
-
ating out
of
Thailand and Cambodia
.
National inventory
good deal the military
circulating equipment currently
Laos dates
far of
in
A
as
The
's
)
tory made principally weapons from China the former Soviet Union
of
,
as
well includes Soviet made
as
and other Eastern Bloc states from Vietnam
,
It
; -
.
9mm pistol 9mm
70
62mm Tokarev and 9mm Makarov pistols the Croat CZ
,
7
.
;
7
-
.
PPSh sub machine guns Soviet AK47s and SKS rifles Chinese Type 56s
,
;
-
and the 62mm RPK light machine gun The RPK fact actually just
is is
in
7
a
.
.
(
old US
, of
of
There also stock
a
.)
-
',
'
168
by
.
Lao government signed agreement with China supply the
an
1993 the
to
In
exchange
of
barter
a
which gives Beijing the right operate signals intelligence and electronic sur
of to
169
veillance posts
of
the south Laos One estimate claims that 1600 tonnes
in
military equipment have been shipped from China since the agreement was
mostly reports
no
signed
of
specific weapon types although the deal likely includes the ubiq
of
available
,
uitous Type assault rifle Laos also signed military technology agreement
in 56
a
.
for
1997
.
sian military equipment Laos and for the training Lao armed forces per
to
of
sonnel Russia The Lao Defence Minister Ghoummali Sai Gnason visited
in
-
.
170
offer
to
to
according Lao officials the country does not produce own weapons
its
and
171to
,
,
or
ammunition There are however two explosives factories that have been
,
,
.
operating the country since 1995 One joint venture between the Lao
in
is
a
.
goes under the name Lao Yun Co Limited The other operation cooperative
is
a
-
172
for
ing but could potentially be diverted military purposes
be
the Lao economy
seems unlikely that Laos will
of
Given the dire state
it
,
making any investment indigenous defence production the immediate
in
in
erhaps sole supplier
as
future Rather China has emerged
of
the dominant
,
.
)
(p
arms the Lao government and likely continue supply small arms and
to
to
to
is
,
ammunition the LPA
to
.
Gun control
of
terms the illicit circulation
in
In
, ,
seeing far fewer weapons public than five years ago even out lying dis
in
in
-
173
tricts beyond effective government control Despite this some weapons are
,
.
circulating and crime committed with military weapons sometimes
society
in
at
In
in
,
a
.
Vientiane were injured when what was described press reports primi
as
in
a
'
174
tive grenade was lobbed from passing motorbike September 2000 Lao
In
,
a
'
.
police arrested husband and wife Vientiane after discovering 2400 small
in
a
weapons their shops and home The weapons were only described pis
as
in
'
.
175
tols and carbines There have also been persistent unconfirmed rumours
if
,
,
’.
that November 2000 Lao police caught eight people trying smuggle hand
to
in
.
by
as
was apparently implausibly explained away the Lao government eight
young men from the countryside who brought the grenades with them for pro
big
176
the
tection city
in
Hmong insurgency
Vientiane
in
is
along the borders with Thailand Burma and Cambodia and the mountain
in
,
ous north where ethnic Hmong carry low level insurgency Many Hmong
on
a
fought with the United States during the Indochinese wars and according
to
a
US Senate report the Reagan administration secretly used donations from POW
,
MIA groups arm and supply anti communist Laotian rebels during the early
to
-
177
in
.
working order The Hmong rebels are reportedly divided into two camps The
.
weaker group called the United Lao National Liberation Front ULNLF
is
(
aligned with General Van Pao the wartime leader who now lives the United
in
,
178
former major
Pa
,
a
, .
's
.
the
in
,
is
It
as
believed
to
179
as
grams . They capture many their weapons from government soldiers
of
well
. as
receiving some smuggled supplies from Thailand Cambodia and
,
180
Burma While analysts based Laos question the ability the Hmong
to
of
in
serious challenge the communist regime there have been some
to
sustain
,
a
181
bloody encounters between rebels and government troops June 1999
In
,
.
Hmong rebels fought LPA troops around Nong Het mountainous area be
,
In a
January 2000 they at
of
tween the Plain Jars and the Vietnamese border
.
tacked the village Jars killing six people and burning
of
of
on
Khoun the Plain
,
182
buildings There have even been credible reports that major rebel offensive
a
.
for
forced the Lao army ask Vietnamese combat troops help for the
in
to
2000
183
first time since the 1980s
.
There are also persistent claims including from the Lao government that
,
the Hmong rebels have supporters outside particular they are be
of
Laos
In
,
.
lieved funding and encouragement from Hmong now living
receive the
to
in
184
of
that the resurgence due funds
of
to
is
in
'
of
from exiles the United States and the
in
185
in
According shortly
of
selves Bertil Lintner after the outbreak the June 1999
to
,
.
Ly
fighting two American citizens Michael Vang and Hua crossed over into
,
,
aim
Laos from the Thai town Chiang Khong with the starting rebellion
of
of
in
a
Keo province Vang was the nephew
Bo
of
.)
assault rifles and backpack money they planned buy off the governor
of
of
to
a
Bo
Keo with the hope that their insurrection would spread south towards
their money leaked out they were robbed
of
,
.
the
186
Monarchist rebels
by
mysterious bomb explosions over the past two years has also suffered sev
It
.
187
eral cross border attacks from rebels based Thailand and Cambodia The
in
signs
to
of
a
regime itself but the cross border attacks are the work
of
-
188
July group
armed men attacked immigration and
of
70
some
In
2000
,
a
customs offices Vangtao Champasak Province near the Thai border town
189at
in
Chong Mek The group including several elderly men who could barely
of
,
.
190
fire their weapons briefly raised the old royalist flag over customs office
,
the arrested men were Thai nationals Thai forces also confiscated
of
Eleven
.
50 Small Arms in SE Asia
130 rounds of 7 .62mm ammunition , 130 grenades and two RPGs from the
192
as
group . One the rebels injured the attack was identified former
of
in
a
the Royalist Lao Army The rebel group widely believed
be
officer
to
in
is
.
193
anti communist Laotians living
by
supported California Several days
in
-
.
later Thai police raided house northeastern Ubon Ratchanthani province
in
a
the
belonging the group Sisouk Salyasaeng and found
of
alleged leader
an
to
,
194
assault rifle and ammunition and Lao resistance paraphernalia
.
Cambodian military intelligence officials have also reported that increas
'
ingly active rebel groups cross over into Laos from Cambodia northern Preah
'
's
Vihear province although they deny claims that the group maintains perma
,
195
nent bases the country The Cambodian Daily newspaper reported July
in
in
.
2000 that Lao rebels were buying weapons and ammunition stolen from RCAF
military bases also claimed that the rebels maintained occasional contact
It
.
with the small anti communist insurgent group active Cambodia the Free
in
,
-
196
Khmer and with the anti communist Free Vietnam Movement An unnamed
,
.
Cambodian general cited Agence France Presse report admitted that weap
an
in
ons had gone missing from depots near the Lao border and were believed
to
197
Malaysia
Malaysia has attempted indigenous small arms industry since
an
to
sustain
as
the early 1970s has produced several modern weapons under licence
It
.
as
well range ammunition and ordnance Exports did not perform well
as
of
a
.
as
expected however and the state owned arms firm SME ceased weapons
its
,
continues
to
in in
spares Gun control Malaysia strict and few people own weapons Despite
is
.
.
that the Malaysian government has been alarmed by several high rofile inci
,
-p
in
Domestic production
a
's
the explosives manufacturer Dynamit Nobel and the Swiss company Oerlikon
,
198
for
Malaysian army 1972 Two years later the Malaysian government bought
in
199
out foreign partners and SME became wholly owned government entity
its
200
rounds Malay
sia its
to
1978
,
a
.
. .
56mm
, 5.
involved was apparently mostly French but also included German and Swiss
201
components
.
ASEAN Country Studies 51
its
headquarters Damansara just outside Kuala Lumpur SME 100 per cent
is
in
.
by
owned the Malaysian government through holding company called
a
SME Group SME Technologies
of
Khazanah Nasional Bhd subsidiary
,
A
. .
of
manufactures small arms Until recently SME produced number small
a
arms products including assault rifles pistols ammunition ordnance and
,
at
explosives Batu Aurang and Sungabulu On February
its
16
factories
in
202
2001 SME arms production operation announced that was closing
it
,
's
its
to
imports 62mm German G3s 56mm Colt M16Als and Heckler and
on
of
,
7
5
.
.
203
Koch HK33s which assembled The M16 subsequently became the stand
it
.
ard infantry weapon and 200 000 M16A1 Model 613 and 000 carbines Model
,
,
5
(
(
204
653 were imported from Colt the mid 1980s Malaysia invited Singapore
In
's
-
.
)
of
80
Charted Industries assault
its
to
-
re
rifle When CIS realised that Malaysia wanted include export clause
to
in
a
-
.
the agreement which would allow them compete with Singapore foreign
to
in
,
205
Ultimately agree
an
markets they did not even bother submit tender
to
,
,
a
.
ment was struck with the Austrian company Steyr Daimler Puch and SME was
206
produce the Steyr AUG A1 assault rifle Production began
to
licensed 1991
in
.
.
bullpup
design which makes per cent shorter than
25
The AUG
it
is
,
a
'
'
other rifles with similar barrel lengths but without compromising ballistic per
formance The bullpup design does away with the folding stock feature found
.
many rifles allowing the AUG quickly available for accurate shoulder
be
on
to
,
firing The weapon can take magazine with either rounds and has
42
30
or
a
a
of .
207
rate fire
rels receivers and spare parts are completely interchangeable from weapon
to
,
of
the addition
as
This with
is
,
.
operational
of
the AUG
of
), :
.
sault rifle light support weapon machine carbine and commando para but
208 it
,
. .
-
.
209
Its
Sungabulu plant was fully automated and used Computer Numerically Con
trolled CNC machinery which according company CEO Ismail Kadir was
to
,
,
of (
210
the art
at
state
a
'
'.
211
15
total
or
000
,
,
a
's
-
at .
all
's
52 Small Arms in SE Asia
212
Kuala Lumpur . SME received semi finished product which then ma
it
a
-
down and assembled Assembly and testing the weapons took place
of
chined
.
at
Sungabulu While SME was capable producing some per cent
of
of
70
the
.
parts for the weapon imported the optics for the Steyr sight from Austria
,
it
's
213
and Japan .
The principal demand for the Malaysian built Steyr was domestic Since
.
106
starting production 1991 SME has supplied 000 rifles the Malaysian
in
to
,
214
Army although these are being gradually phased into active use Army use
,
.
appears divided almost equally between the Steyr and the M16 and some
be
to
territorial units apparently still use the HKG3 the HK33E and the Armalite
,
215
at
80
SLR estimated some
is
,
.
production figures suggest that number Steyrs were produced for reserve
of
stocks This may have implications for the future sale a
old weapons currently
of
.
national holdings
in
of
SME
's
.
cording public statements by Prime Minister Mahathir Malaysia has ex
to
,
216
ported the AUG the past Company officials were reluctant discuss the
to
in
small numbers
of
in
,
(
the range overseas buyers One official said that
of
217 .
)
'
.
tives also said they had taken part international bidding supply weapons
to
in
218
or
to
and
to
.
of
interest from South America Africa the Middle East and from within
,
,
219
by
of
ASEAN Statements the time
.
220
gest that SME was not particularly successful obtaining export orders
at
.
addition the Steyr AUG assault rifle SME also produced another Steyr
In
to
weapon under licence the Tactical Mission Pistol TMP This 9mm
—
is
a
. ).
(
221
submachine gun made almost entirely synthetic material The TMP can
of
,
or
20
25
take
,
a
under contract from Steyr since 1998 and SME officials admit exporting
to
units
to
is
it
,
222
by
the Malaysian police and military and according Ismail Kadir antici
to
,
pated production capacity for the TMP 500 units per month These hopes
of
a
closure 2001
in
addition small arms SME sister company SME Ordnance Sdn Bhd
to
In
,
's
at
Since 1972
in
),
.
(
,
7
5
.
it
,
.
ASEAN Country Studies 53
16 223
machinery . According SMEO management the company has the capacity
to
,
produce 9mm ammunition annually
of
48
million rounds million rounds
of to
,
224
million rounds The American industry jour
of
32
56mm and 62mm
,
5
7
.
.
nal Forecast International has also reported that Pakistan Ordnance Factories
POF has been involved collaborative project share manufacturing tech
to
in
a
(
225
nology with Malaysia
the
addition small calibre ammunition SMEO has past produced
to
In
in
,
its
LAP HE range
of
the 60mm mortar shell which has own 1600 metres and
, ,
1
a
HE 80mm mortar shell with range 5100 metres Both are listed
by
are of
14
SMEO
the
as
industry publications production and service with Malaysian
in
'in
'
as 226
,
a
-
.
for
nated HE HG85 which claims the ideal weapon use the forest
is
in
,
,
it
'
227
jungle and open country The company also manufactures several CS gas
in
.'
228
and coloured smoke grenades thunderflashes and signaling cartridges ,
.
While SMEO brochuresclaim the company can produce anything from
ammunition 155mm artillery shells and even aircraft bombs and rock
to
9mm
'
ets
of
the ordnance advertised
',
a
229
SMEO production
at
an
October 2000
is
In
,
.
manager estimated that the factory was only working per cent
of
20
about
at
230
to
's
.
army and police although SMEO also tenders for export business According
,
.
company executives SMEO receives enquiries from overseas including from
to
231
,
Thailand Australia New Zealand Scandinavia and the US Past exports
,
, ,
.
have gone Nigeria New Zealand and the United States although such deals
to
,
232
were apparently rare One reason for this SMEO inability compete
to
is
's
'.
'
as
A
-
.
233
of
the most expensive the region
in
'
'.
the need import brass rods brass plates and primers from Germany and
to
5
234
on
235
bought little new ammunition since 1997 due economic constraints The
to
government business means SMEO will likely put more efforts into
of
lack
exporting the future although will continue face difficulties competing
to
in
it
,
a
-
-
.
ammunition with the Malaysian government hoping for five year agreement
,
Despite the closure the arms producing sector the company SME Ord
to of
of
illegal weapons among criminal and political groups The police have made
of
.
54 Small Arms in SE Asia
several arrests involving arms smuggling along the Malaysian - Thai border ,
and have also reported that weapons smuggled from Indonesia have been
236
offered for sale.
illegal weapons was highlighted July 2000 when large
of
The problem
,
in
a
military weapons was stolen daring heist from army camp near
an
cache of
in
a
Grik Perak state Fifteen men dressed military uniforms persuaded sen
to in
in
.
them into the camp and seized more than 100 M16 and Steyr rifles
let
tries
, of ,
machine guns grenade launchers mortar shells and thousands rounds
of
,
,
237
ammunition After five day standoff during which two hostages were killed
,
a
-
.
of 238
the group surrendered The Malaysian government quickly laid the blame
the door .
religious cult known AlMa unah Brotherhood
at
as
a
(“
'
investigation several Malaysian soldiers
of
sympathetic the group and Malaysian army captain was among those
to
239
all
the Perak siege not
of
or
at
It
.
the weapons taken the raid have been recovered During early August 2000
in
.
group allegedly plan
by
the missing arms were seized police from
of
some
a
240
ning Lumpur
on
attack
.
While this incident made headlines the robbery was not unprecedented
,
.
Four AUG automatic rifles were stolen from the Armed Forces Royal Ord
241
'
These weap
on
nance Corps armoury Kamaunting Perak July
28
1999
in
.
up
ons ended the hands criminal group the media quickly tagged the
of
in
'
Steyr Gang which carried out
of
on
number armed robberies banks and
a
'
242
of
finance companies Four members the gang were eventually shot dead
.
243
and the weapons were recovered the dead was former sniper
of
One
a
's .
,
'
'
.
245
in
.
for
Support insurgencies
addition leakage from military arsenals illegal weapons are also cir
to
In
culating the porous border region between East Malaysia and the Philip
in
by
pirates and who have little time for immigration formalities when moving back
and forth across the Malaysia Philippines border But analysts Kuala
in
-
,
a
fish
weapons These are suspected going Philippines insurgent groups such
of
to
.
the Moro Islamic Liberation Front MILF and Abu Sayyaf After Abu Sayyaf
as
Sipadan
up
2000 the Malaysian armed forces stepped patrols the region There are
in
in
,
246
support the transfer small arms the MILF but these cannot
be
of
to
confirmed
,
.
ASEAN Country Studies 55
247
The Malaysian government strongly denies any involvement .
In
is
The port Penang with large Acehnese
of
of
its
the Straits Malacca Aceh
to
,
.
important point for the movement illegal goods all kinds
of
population
of
an
,
,
is
including arms and weapons from Cambodia and Thailand are believed
to to
,
248
pass through Penang the Aceh Merdeka rebels According
en
route
to
.
analysts the Malaysian state Kedah play
an
officials active role
to of
Jakarta
in
in
,
this smuggling smuggling
on
For more details Aceh see the Indonesian
in
,
country study
.
249
Myanmar Burma
)
(
on
, of
number
its
,
a
small arms needs notably China Israel Germany Pakistan and Singapore
,
, ,
.
technology transfers however
to its
range
of
Thanks now manufactures
to
it
,
a
by
own small arms for use military the Tatmadaw Myanmar believed
its
is
,
of
be near self sufficient small calibre ammunition and also produces some
in
-
light
of
weapons While mass production
its
or is
.
either arms
is
,
ammunition Illicit arms transfers are major problem the areas along the
in
a
.
Thai Indian and Bangladeshi borders where several rebel groups continue
to
,
to
is
,
.
well funded and well equipped private armies that have ceasefire arrange
-
ments with the government Some these are involved illegal arms sales
of
in
.
implicated illegal transfers arms through the country rebels Sri Lanka
to
of
in
in
and Northeastern India
.
Military Inventory
different
as
as
to
inventory Browning HP
FN
35
)
:
.
;
0
0
.
V
0
0
.
MA rifle
Ka
Pa
No
56mm M16A1
Sa
;
4
. -1
.
MA
Pa
;
5
7
-
.
Type
Sa
( 56
62mm
;
;
7
Sa 7
-
.
/
3A2 Ka
63
Pa
);
7
); -
.
(
Pa
;
G
G
(
-
Heckler
;
);
5
as -3
7
-
.
(
.
FN
chine gun 62mm MAG General Purpose Machine Gun GPMG and
;
7
a
.
62mm inch
M
;
7
-
.
MMG Burma uses 40mm M79 M203 and RPK grenade launchers The
,
(
).
.
56 Small Arms in SE Asia
250
and British 9mm Sten guns in storage . Many
by
these weapons are obsolete
of
for
contemporary military standards and are believed have been passed
on
use
to
by
the
251
police and village militias rather than the armed forces
.
History
According Myanmar has produced
its
to
Andrew Selth own small arms
,
Its
since the early 1950s efforts began with the manufacture the World War
of
.
TZ45 submachine gun under licence from The gun
an
Italian firm
Il
era 9mm
-
.
was built Burma Army Ordnance Workshop near Inya Lake Rangoon
in
in
a
.
engineers
visited Burma oversee construction the factory and the
of
Italian
to
the machinery and by 1953 slightly modified T245 renamed
of
installation
(
as
the BA52 and more commonly referred the Ne Win Sten was the stand
to
's ')
'
252
ard submachine gun The gun simple design
of
.
made cheap produce and easy maintain but frequently misfired and
to
to
it
it
it
,
was not long before the need for more sophisticated weapon was recognised
a
.
1953 the German state owned firm Fritz Werner Industrie Ausrustungen
In
-
GmbH began going association with Burma Together with another
on
its
.
German arms manufacturer Heckler and Koch the company agreed estab
to
,
,
253
re
factory
of
lish manufacture G3 assault rifles Production the G3
to
,
a
named the BA63 began 1957 with financing supplied by the German gov
in
,
254
a
.
255
produced Around the same time Fritz Werner also built factory near Prome
a
.
85
manufacture 62mm and 9mm ammunition 1958 Burma signed
to
In
7
on 5
a
.
.
supply
of
million deal with the United States for the arms The deal was
.
very favourable terms essentially allowing Burma pay own soft cur
its
to
in
,
,
.
of
aid
strict neutrality More arms and ammunition factories were built during the
1970s some reportedly with the assistance engineers from the German Tech
of
,
nical Cooperation Agency and 1984 Fritz Werner entered partnership with
in
a
aim
of
weapons factories
By
believed German
to
1988
,
.
expertise called Ka
so
these
,
a
-
by 258
matic rifles and light machine guns grenades mines and ammunition
,
on
,
a
August
of
in
.
ASEAN Country Studies 57
byall
posed an arms embargo and suspended financial assistance The West
.
, of
German government deeply embarrassed images Burmese troops indis
all
criminately firing G3 rifles unarmed demonstrators also cut off
at
aid
its to
259
EU
Rangoon The soon followed with sanctions and 1991 declared
in
.
own formal arms embargo As result the military junta the State Law and
,
a
.
Order Restoration Council SLORC resolved become self sufficient and
260 to
(
-
launched major import substitution program
a
to
-
.
man assistance was suspended but the German government sold
its
1989
in
,
its
stake Fritz Werner and the company was free relaunch operations
to
in
in
Burma 1990 the company reappeared Burma joint venture called
as
In
in
a
.
of
book value
$
8
a
million According Bruce Hawke Fritz Werner quietly went about resuming
to
,
.
to
'
'
Burma 261
.
to
-
capacity and while working towards this goal Myanmar government has
,
's
continued acquire small arms and ammunition from several foreign suppli
to
ers Imports small arms began flowing almost immediately after the vio
, of
in
.
by
.
the
since seizing power China Singapore and Pakistan have been especially
,
important
.
China
•
China has been Myanmar closest and most generous ally since 1988 and
's
the Sino Burmese relationship has been cemented with large arms
of
number
a
. -
of $1
.4
-
up
tional systems but also some small arms and ammunition The price tag was
,
.
for
huge but was widely considered bargain the quantity and relative
it
,
November 1994
10
56
-
.
assault rifles 40mm RPK grenade launchers recoilless guns and heavy mortars
,
.
for
Ammunition was also supplied these weapons along with other miscellane
263
ous military and dual use materials The rifles and ammunition alone were
-
.
290
264
also said
to
$
a
265
with
-5
a
.
-p
58 Small Arms in SE Asia
for
its
In exchange arms and ammunition China not only bought goodwill
the
and influence with the junta Yangon but also reportedly obtained right
,
in
to run signals intelligence SIGINT listening post the Andaman Sea from
in
,
a
266
can eavesdrop
on
which India missile program The closeness the
of
it
's
.
Chinese relationship has caused concern
. of
other parts South and Southeast
in
Asia ironically with some additional benefit the regime counter growing
To
to
,
in
government range weapons
of
Chinese influence India offered Burma
,
a
's
267
cluding small arms and light weapons counter Indian influence Paki
To
,
.
up
see
supply arms
its
stan has recently stepped efforts the junta below
to
on to
).
(
Perhaps concerned about own growing dependence
its
China 1999 Burma
in
,
268
military credits
of
an
in
$
.
as
to
,
production reports
its
in
,
.
claimed that Chinese engineers inspected locations near Magwe with the aim
building factory produce M21 semi automatics M22 assault rifles and
of
to
,
a
269
for
as
7
.
.
The project does not seem have proceeded although factory built with
to
a
Chinese assistance near Pye does produce Type and Type anti personnel
58
59
-
270
on
mines Singaporean
to
,
.
.
.
Singapore
•
China has been Myanmar biggest and most visible supplier Singapore
,
If
's
do
silent suitor with the
so
has been
to
,
a
'
'
-
271
at
Burma since least
of in
.
of
Bertil Lintner early October
to
in
,
.
's
'
'
from two vessels belonging Burma Five Star Shipping Line The shipment
to
's
contained mortars ammunition and raw materials for the country arms fac
,
's
272
tories The shipment also allegedly included 84mm rockets for Myanmar
's
.
by
These
(
).
of
's
273
eign Ministry officials not deny that the shipment was made but have said
,
that
274
obligations
as
its
licensee
a
to
In
ing based Singapore This time the weapons were alleged originate
to
in
in
,
Belgium and Israel and included used 40mm RPG grenade launchers and
-2
Eastern Bloc anti tank guns which were possibly captured from Palestinian
,
-
275
.
-e
as
has denied any involvement the transfers one writer has noted
is
in
,
it
'[
]
ASEAN Country Studies 59
highly unlikely that any of these arms shipments ... could have been made
276
without the knowledge and support of the Singapore government '. addi
In
tion Singaporean companies are believed have sold the SLORC Chartered
to
,
Industries manufactured M16 automatic rifles and 56mm ammunition
If
5
-
.
proven this would licensing arrangement
be
of
, violation CIS with Colt
.
's
by
of
These early consignments were apparently paid for the sale fishing and
277
logging concessions
.
Perhaps themost controversial sale involving Singapore came 1998 when
in
,
an
Jane Defence Weekly reported that the city state had transferred entire modular
-
's
the
arms factory Myanmar While
transfer has never been confirmed
to
,
is
it
.
by
of
treated fact
a
.
of
was allegedly
built Chartered Industries Singapore with assistance from
,
278
consultants belonging TAAS Israel Industries was built tested disas
to
It
,
-
Sin
sembled and then shipped Yangon February 1998 aboard the Ho
to
in
,
a
by
Co
vessel owned the Singapore registered company Lian Huat Pte The
-
.
cargo weighed 413 341kg and was packaged several 36m 12m containers
in
,
,
x
described the shipping documents containing pre engineered building as
in
's a'
-
279
by
system According documents obtained Jane the shipment notifier
to
's
'.
of
Ltd owned
,
a
a
-
Singapore company
as
The consignee was listed
of
the Directorate Defence
.
Defence which
is
,
-
's
280
ordnance producer Reports suggest the factory may have been reassembled
.
to
is
It
's
.
of up
be
to
is
Myanmar indigenous range small arms see below The Singapore gov
(
).
's
nologies Myanmar
to
Pakistan
•
Pakistan has also been significant small arms supplier the regime
to
in
a
ries POF reportedly visited Yangon offer the SLORC arms and ammunition
.
(
Tin
Shortly afterwards Burma Air Force Chief Tun visited Islamabad and
,
's
000 rounds
50
ammunition and
to
,
,
282
Evidence
,
5
turned Pakistan
.
's
20
rocket
,
$
283
from
-
.
284
,
By
to
1995
it
's
.
of
in
$
2
.5
.
60 Small Arms in SE Asia
two consignments in March and April still , Pakistan has 1999 . More recently
indicated a desire to sell more small arms sales to Yangon , partly to offset
Indian influence . In January 2001 , Pakistan ' s military leader General Pervez
Musharraf visited Yangon where he offered small arms , ammunition and soft
286
loans to the SPDC .
,
's
been source small arms and ammunition for Myanmar Amongst those
a
.
often cited are Israel North Korea India Portugal the former Czechoslovakia
,
, ,
,
South Africa and South Korea France Belgium and Chile have also been
.
of
to
is
it
,
for many alleged transfers
of
these
for
of
Israel has been reliable source arms Burma Transfers have been
for a
.
motivated largely attempt gain greater
an
commercial reasons but also
to
in
287
the consignment as
of
influence within ASEAN As well captured Palestin
.
ian arms mentioned above Israel apparently tried interest the junta pur
to
in
,
by
chasing 9mm Uzi submachine guns the early 1990s visit Israeli engi
in
A
.
neers Yangon 1991 did not lead any major sales but has been regu
to
to
in
it
288
of
larly reported that the bodyguards senior government officials carry Uzis
.
According Andrew Selth Israeli officials deny that they sold the regime Uzis
to
and point out that the weapon manufactured under licence other coun
is
in
289
tries including the United States There are also unconfirmed reports that
,
290
develop the Uzi called the BA94
its
In
,
.
March 2000 Jane Intelligence Review reported that Myanmar and Israel had
's
291
for
signed relations
.
of
with
,
1990
massive consignment North Korean ammunition The shipment
of
of
of
20
a
seasoned Burma watchers curious why the regime didn simply buy from its
,
-
't
regular supplier China Martin Smith has offered one possible answer
—
,
.
suggesting that the weapons were not actually destined for the Tatmadaw but
,
were instead for the government aligned United Wa State Army UWSA the
in
by , -
in
,
s
.
, '
which was officially opposed Beijing made buying the ammunition from
292
China awkward
.
Portugal also transferred mortars and mortar bombs Burma the early
to
in
293
EU
to
,
Lintner the deal was brokered Singaporean arms dealers who arranged
,
294
Companhia
de
EP
Singaporeans did not divulge the final destination the arms and the
of
ASEAN Country Studies 61
As noted , since 1988 the military government - since 1996 called the
above
State Peace and Development Council (SPDC ) - has focused efforts on reducing
its
of
on
.
Specifically has sought replacement for old G2 and G3 assault rifles
its
,
it
295
which Burmese troops apparently found heavy and prone jamming
it
to
.
According Jane Intelligence Review the import substitution program man
to
is
,
's
-
by
a
296
Myanmar Fritz Werner Industries Yangon The army Electrical and
in
's
led .
Mechanical Engineering Corps EMEC has the way designing weap
in
(
)
By
apparently produced
no
16
ons December 1998 EMEC had fewer than
.
of
all
56mm
,
5
.
of
Chinese Type rifle the Israeli Galil the G3 and
56
,
5
a
a
.
as
which analysts have referred the EMERK sometimes called the EMER
to
1
-
(
K1
or
EMER
K
.1
).
are
is
it
-1
:
first thought reverse engi
be
have been designed 1995 and was
at
to
to
in
a
although some have noted
of
it
,
resembles the Chinese bullpup assault rifle unveiled during the handover
, of
297
's
.
as
is
claim 56mm
it
5
a
a
-
.
298
machine gun They report that both versions are nearly identical with
,
.
stamped all metal bodies and M16 type magazines Both are 832mm length in
-
5kg with
an
The
4
(
.
.
difference likely heavier barrel According these accounts the weapons
to
,
is
.)
have the same effective range and firing rate given 400m and 650 rounds per
as
,
299
minute respectively unclear how widely the EMERK has been issued
It
is
1
-
.
troops Some writers have claimed that the weapon was given soldiers
to
to
.
300
sources say that has only seen limited use the field but that examples have
in
by it
301
been captured insurgents both the Thai and Indian border regions
in
the
1
's
-
Jane
,
5
a
's
and assault rifle and 62mm LMG but adds that the EMER seems
to
,
K
3027
.1
a
have been abandoned seems possible that this disagreement the result
It
is
'.
confusing nomenclature
of
of
of
In
example , Andrew Selth does not refer to the EMERK - 1 rifle , but notes the use of
the Ka Pa Sa MA - 1 5 .56mm rifle , a Ka Pa Sa MA - 2 5 .56mm assault rifle and the
303
be
Ka Pa Sa MA -3 LMG . possible that these may the new standard
is
It
names for the EMERK program
1
-
.
additiondeveloping more advanced small arms production capac
to
In
a
the
ity
its
Burmese
to
,
.
The largest armaments complex well guarded facility across the Irawaddy
It is
a
-
includes factories making 56mm
of
River from the town Prome 62mm
,
5
7
.
.
and 9mm ammunition Htonebo Padaung and Nyaung Chidauk Accord
at
(
.
ing Jane Defence Weekly Burma has been making 56mm ammunition since
to
5
's
of
Another facility Malun west the Irawaddy near
at
at
least 1996 located
is
,
.)
Magwe and there are others Inndaing ntaing Pegu district and another
at
in
)
(I
304
to
is
it
,
.
technology transfers recent years has given Myanmar the ability produce
in
51mm 60mm 81mm and 120mm mortar bombs hand grenades 41mm and
,
,
for
51mm rifle launched grenades and probably grenades
its
40mm grenade
-
'
'
launchers 305
.
of
to
's
stances
or
that the government had the long term goal exporting ordnance and small
of
-
is 306
no
arms for foreign exchange evidence support this claim was offered
to
,
.
Given the intense international scrutiny which the regime subjected
to
it
is
,
of
reasonable assume that news any transfers would quickly surface For the
to
.
time being therefore appears that Myanmar government not an exporter
is
it
's
or
of
-
ern
307
eastern and western borders The rebel groups involved these con
in
,
all
flicts vary motivation numbers resources and military strength but they
in
,
308
guns RPGs and might mortars While the past some groups have had
in
,
their own limited production capacity most their weapons are acquired
of
,
as
is
,
tors allied with the government Yangon that also possess impressive mili
in
310
tary arsenals
,
),
.
military power own right The Wa effectively control the north eastern
its
is
in
a
-
.
ASEAN Country Studies 63
Shan state and are massive producers and exporters of narcotics . UWSA op
erations take place with the tacit approval of the government , which views it as
a useful buffer force between Thailand and Myanmar .
the
some of principal rebel groups involved their small arms holdings and the
,
311
their weapons
of
source
.
Thai border region
Karenni Army KA
•
(
The military wing )
the Karenni Army KA was
Karenni movement
of
the
)
seeking
independent
an
founded establish status for the ethni
It
to
of is
1974
in
At
cally Karenni states Bawlake Kyebogyi and Kantarwady one time the
,
.
KA had ceasefire agreement with the Myanmar regime although this
no
is
,
a
of
force Little known about the command structure
is
in
by.
led
total membership
of
that Bee Htoo and believed have fewer
to
is
is
it
a
guerrillas According Jane Sentinel the KA lightly armed with
to
is
than 1000
,
.
's
few
rifles handguns and machine guns The principal source these weap
of
,
as
ons Thailand
as
is
,
other Burmese rebel forces
.
The KNLA the military wing the Karen National Union KNU which
of
is
)
for
has been fighting for Karen homeland Burma more than five decades
It
in
a
.
for
armed with many the weapons that are standard equipment
of
rebel
is
groups the region assault rifles light machine guns mortars and RPGs
in
,
:
.
News reports seem suggest the KNLA relies miscellany rifles includ
on
to
of
a
assault rifle
),
,
(i
312
to
,
.
by
Burma from the Thai Cambodia border where they had been sold Khmer
-
recent years the Karen movement has weakened and suffered several
In
of
major military defeats the most important being the capture headquarters
its
,
4th
The KNLA
at
's
Minthamese opposite the Thai province Kathanaburi also fell the Bur
to
of
,
mese military 1997 The Tatmadaw was aided this cause by the Demo
in
in
.
313
to
,
a
KNU members have also surrendered under the Burmese government weap
's
'
314
for
Despite these setbacks the KNU has not collapsed military force
as
,
In
a
.
of
recent times
in
,
64 Small Arms in SE Asia
when group of KNLA troops armed with assault rifles , rocket -propelled gre
a
nades ,
heavy machine guns and 81mm mortars captured a Tatmadaw military
camp at Tojo Mountain near the Thai border . The victory not only boosted
KNU morale , it also yielded a cache of abandoned arms and ammunition .
According to an Associated Press reporter present during the operation , KNU
troops seized ' thousands of assault rifle rounds and dozens of rocket pro
315
pelled grenades '.
As
to
,
Thailand Many these arms originate Cambodia and are moved
of
ons from
in
.
316
corrupt sympathetic Thai security personnel
of Arms
or
with the assistance
.
317
often move the Karen forces through refugee camps along the border Of
to
.
for
ten
these are stored large caches along the border region later use Sei
in
.
arms shipments Thailand are relatively common but
of
in
318
many are small and thought just
be
of
fraction the total transfers
to
.
rumours that the Thai govern
There are also persistent but unconfirmed
ment covertly supplying the KNLA along with other groups fighting Yangon
is
.
June 2000 Far Eastern Economic Review citing Thai intelligence officials re
In
,
the British Special Air Service SAS have
of
)
been recruited train Karen fighters No other details have emerged
to
.
United Wa State Army UWSA
•
Wa State
The United the successor Army
the Burmese Communist
to
is
Party BCP which collapsed after internal squabbles 1989 When the BCP
in
.
(
of
Chinese
its
,
a
agreement with the government The peace deal was reportedly offered
in
.
exchange for the Wa right keep their arms and produce and sell narcot
319 to
to
's
by
ics
Yangon
unhindered The UWSA has been closely linked one the
to
of
, .
top generals the junta intelligence chief and SPDC Secretary One
Lt
Gen
in
-
Khin Nyunt and fighters work with the Tatmadaw parts
of
the border
its
in
,
320
of
The UWSA one the richest non state militaries Southeast Asia and
in
is
Asia
's
`
321
drug cartel drug operations are based factories just across the Thai
50
Its
in
'.
322
few
pills that have flooded Thailand the past years 1996 following the
In
in
,
.
,
s
'
drug opera
by
presently troops
12
20
to
is
000
,
.
at
base
,
a
their
In
,
.
ASEAN Country Studies 65
network of agents along the Thai and Lao borders that it was prepared to pay
up to 10,000 baht ($ 250 ) for an assault rifle in good condition , either an AK47 or
325
these weapons come from Thai government arsenals
of
an M16 . Most
or
are
smuggled through Thailand from Cambodia open secret that the cross
an
is
It
.
corrupt members
of
border trade would not be possible without the complicity
the Thai and Burmese military border officials and police
of
one recent
In
,
.
of
example two members the Thai police ordnance division were arrested
in
,
of
of
20
000 rounds 56mm ammunition
5
.
from government arsenal Along with two other suspects former police
,
a
a
, .
326
officer and former soldier they had links the UWSA
to
a
.
But addition smuggled arms there are also unconfirmed rumours that
to
in
,
the Wa deals directly with major Chinese arms producers like Norinco Ac
.
cording sources Bangkok not only does the Wa buy from Norinco meet
to
its to
in
weapons ,
other insurgents part from
its
on
to
it
,
(a
327
rivals the Shan State Army profit of for
Some reports suggest that China
, is
,
.
)
supplying the Wa with the aim pushing their drug peddling operation south
328
away from the Chinese border Other analysts have mentioned the govern
.
for
important
an
,
North Korean ammunition shipment mentioned above The relationship be
.
tween the UWSA and Yangon complex however One explanation some
is
.
times given for the Wa recent arms expenditure their fear that any shift
is
in
's
of
the balance for example the fall
—
-
the collapse their ceasefire agreement The Tatmadaw has also
of
could lead
to
.
by
trying
of
in
future operations against the group
.
the
Army
of
State Shan
a
peace agreement with the Burmese government
was also affiliated
It
1989
in
continues
Its
ranks
is
to
to
.
create
.
addition
to
In
,
.
these are bought illicitly from Thailand Laos and southern China There have
of ,
.
of
also been rumours covert supplies weapons from the Thai government
.
fighting the drug trafficking activities the pro angon United Wa State Army
of
.
-Y
Despite
its
in
of ,
strategy
-
's
329
.
66 Small Arms in SE Asia
receiving Thai support , particular after UWSA and Tatmadaw forces launched
a coordinated offensive against the group early in 2001 .
There are several groups fighting the Burmese government using bases along
the borders with India and Bangladesh . The weapons traffic in this region is
two- way , as rebels in the Indian states of Mizoram and Manipur and in Bang
ladesh also buy and sell weapons across the border . Groups like the National
Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN ) , the United Liberation Front of Asom
(ULFA ) and the People ' s Liberation Army of Manipur (PLA ) source weapons
from inside Burma , sometimes in exchange for drugs or the chemical precur
331
for
in A
.
for ULFA intercepted by authorities the mid 1990s contained 775 AK56 as
-
GPMGs RPGs 100 anti tank weapons pistols and thou
65
10
50
sault rifles
,
,
-
332
of
of
sands rounds rifle ammunition The small Indian border town Morea
of
.
one important centre for the exchange weapons and
as
of
has been identified
333
of
the
-
.
the
334
,
's
Army Arakan Army Arakan People Army Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front
,
,
's
Rohingya Army and Rohingya National Army These are generally equipped
.
with AK47s and other rifles and explosives smuggled across the border from
by
Bangladesh Many the weapons originate
of
an
Cox
to
.
's
' of
,
$
.
as
as
40mm rocket launchers well pistols and Chinese made explosives and
-
335
from
it
.
by
Another shipment was intercepted Indian navy vessels off Port Blair
en
336
As
as
1998
in
,
, -
tion and explosives the two boats involved were carrying kilograms
of
50
heroin After further investigation was discovered that the navy had inad
,
it
.
rebels
in
to
the Arakan and Chin states India external intelligence service the Research
,
's
.
Wing
of
Cambodia and arranged for them be smuggled the Chin and Arakan
to
to
337
of
Indian army which argued that large proportion the Indian weapons were
of
,
finding their way back across the border secessionists groups they were
to
to
.
338
Philippines
339
ownership close to that of the United States . also has large domestic gun
It
a
industry both legal and illegal the past illegally produced weapons have
In
.
generally been low quality but some are increasingly being made close
of
to
,
military specifications and have been linked criminal groups and insur
to
gents both inside the Philippines and overseas Filipino weapons
of
Transfers
,
.
reported groups the Maluku islands Indonesia although the
of
have been
to
in
,
smuggling the Philippines
of
to
scale calculate
to
is
'
.
several insurgent groups are also major problem and involve not just leakage
a
and black market sales but also covert grey market supplies from several Mid
,
dle Eastern states Gun violence problem and there strong gun lobby
in
is
is
a
.
a
Philippines politics well increasingly vocal gun control constituency
as
as
an
.
History
The United States has historically been the most important supplier mili
of
weapons
of
tary the Armed Forces the Philippines AFP The AFP was
to
).
created by the US 1936 and after the World War inherited the American
in
it
II
arms and ammunition already the islands The US continued influence
its
in
.
after independence through Military Assistance Agreement MAA with the
a
)
Philippines government which ensured the provision US equipment and
of
,
advisers and which also prevented the Philippines from purchasing arms from
third parties without US consent Not surprisingly the
to
from 1950 1970
,
,
.
percentage
the
340
Of
all
by
below
,
1985
.
arms
a
tous German G3 and the Israeli Uzi submachine gun and Galil assault rifle but
generally US small arms dominated the Philippines imports During the 1970s ,
'
.
the
the
Company see below also sold some 3000 M203 grenade launchers
It
it
(
).
American transfers continue the present day often bargain basement prices
to
at
,
1994 and 1995 alone the US gifted 500 M16A1s 448 M1911A1 pistols
22
16
In
,
,
342 ,
Military inventory
35
9mm
,
's
GLOCK and 9mm M1911A1 pistols 9mm Uzi and the World War
45
era
II
;
,
M3A1 submachine guns 56mm M16A1 and Galil assault rifles 62mm M14
;
;
5
7
.
.
100
56mm 62mm
5
.
's
7
.
68 Small Arms in SE Asia
M60 and FN MAG machine guns . The Philippines military uses American
M79 and M203 grenade launchers .
The AFP is currently in the midst of a modernisation plan . Under the latest
be 000
plan , the army will reduce
its
15
65
50
revised size from men 000 over
to
,
a
year period and eight infantry divisions will
its
restructured into three
,
the
, As
as
organised rapid reaction brigades part army
of
this transition
is
.
acquiring badly needed new equipment including infantry weapons Plans
.
for new assault rifle replace the aging M16A1 have been mooted has the
343as
to
,
a
as
need for more section assault weapons such Given
a
(
).
the Philippines budgetary difficulties and more pressing defence needs
,
'
this acquisition will likely have wait until sufficient new funding be
to
344
comes available
.
Domestic production
. of
an
There interest
in
,
of
nition and munitions the Philippines meas
at
since least 1917 series
in
A
ures was proposed for the creation local arms industry prior independ
to
of
a
of
all
ence but pass until the enactment the 1957 Republic Act This
to
failed
,
.
declared that was government policy achieve within reasonable time
to
it
a
'
self ufficiency small arms mortars and other weapons ammunitions for
in
,
-s
345
these weapons and other munitions for the use the military establishment
of
,
. ”
346
government arsenal for the purpose
of of
.
result was the establishment state run arsenal Camp General Antonio
in
a
Luna 150km from Manila although ground was not broken the site until 1967 at
,
.
The imaginatively named Government Arsenal GA produced
its
first small
(
arms cartridge August 1971 Three years later integrated small arms ammu
in
.
all
,
–
-
347
. '
'
348
M1 Garands
30
pistol ammunition
50
7
.
.
349
56mm ammunition
5
.
The Philippines domestic production was given another boost under the
'
followed surge activity from insurgent groups like the New People
in
a
's
Army NPA and the Moro National Liberation Front MNLF Marcos re
(
).
by
62
,
350
by 1986
be
,
.
greater emphasis was put outfitting them from local sources early 1974
on
In
.
this was formalised when Presidential Decree 415 launched the Self Reliant
-
the
351
be
).
private
of
number
A
.
ASEAN Country Studies 69
companies were ' confiscated ' by the government to achieve this end , including
the Elizalde group . In 1974 an Elizalde subsidiary , the Elisco Tool Manufac
turing Company , was given the task of producing 150 , 000 M16s (Models 613
352
and 653P ) under licence from Colt . turnkey plant for the purpose was
A
by
provided Colt and actual production began 1982 The contract was sub
in
.
60
sequently extended for another 000 rifles These M16A1s remain the stand
.
of
ard infantry weapon the AFP
.
Other SRDP projects involving small arms and light weapons included
mortar production the manufacture
of
81mm mortar tubes began 1974 and
in
); (
by
60mm tubes MKII hand grenade was produced 1978 and 56mm
in
1977
5
a
.
byby
ammunition began produced be
Government Arsenal 1983 M16 rifle
in
to
.
the
production was also accompanied manufacturing
of
various accesso
353
Oro made M16 bayonets
El
ries for example company called
,
,
.
a
of
the manufacture small
in
354
arms under the SRDP They included
.
a
•
)
.
(A
rifle grenade for the SRDP The 40mm grenade was based
on
local
a
.
design and used both live and blank ammunition was designed be
to
It
.
presumably using standard US M203 grenade
an
by
for
launcher The initial contract was 385 000 rounds and 1987 the
,
.
company had delivered 335 912 rounds Avacorp was also contracted
,
million rounds
to
1
.5
By
for
Cortes Manufacturing Corporation produced barrels the old
A
S
.
.
upplied M1 M2 well as
30
American and M14 rifles calibre
as
,
a
.
-s
It
,
M
on
senal produced
19
models
.
950m
,
,
a
by
supply 000 rounds the AFP 1988 Dayton had delivered 300 000
to
,
,
of .
for
,
a
.
the
Ltd 000
An
flares AFP
,
.
.
As
a
-
ing delayed rming fuse for use with 60mm and 81mm mortars The
,
.
-a
for
Production today
as
its
role
the major supplier the Philippines AFP and the Philip
of
the Armed Forces
of
)
pines National Police PNP Under government regulations enacted April
in
(
).
2000 GA charged with developing capabilities enhance self sufficiency
to
is
,
-
. '
the country defence requirements Towards this end the Government
in
of ,
's
Arsenal shall be effectively used the production basic weapons
in
,
the AFP and Philippine Na
for
ammunitions and other munitions
of
355 the use
tional Police GA mandate further allows production facilities
its
use
to
it
's
.'
or
roduction similar arrangements with local
co
to
,
-p
and foreign entities 356
'.
appar
for
GA export market Philippines made arms
an
keen find
to
is
It
, -
by
for
ently explored the possibilities exports the 1980s but was blocked
in
existing laws Under the 1995 Republic Act No 7898 and the regulations de
, .
.
scribed above however GA permitted export arms produced
of
excess
to
is
in
,
'
AFP and PNP requirements The arsenal management describes these
's
'.
357
as
'
'.
)
:
pistol rounds the Gapat Gabin line The ammunition types are 56mm M193
),
5
(
(
-
).
.
calibre M1 and carbine calibre M2
30
30
45
38
62mm M80 calibre M1911
;
;
7
.
.
358
its
in
;
,
.
of
year 2000 Government Arsenal produced million rounds 52
of
17
total
a
.
359
ippines government approval funds There have also been reports that GA
of
'
(
.
to s
its
of
.)
upgrading
of
include the the 56mm and 62mm ammunition lines and the
5
7
.
of
nitration plant give the Philippines
its
of
360
).
Private production
as
well
,
a
a
-
'
-
(
361
'.
the
for
munition both the government and for local gun market factory
in
in
a
tures range pistols revolvers bolt action rifles shotguns semi automatic
,
,
a
. -
as
Among
an
these weapons are the MAK and theM1600 assault rifles, which the company
362
describes as ' exact replicas ' of the M16 and AK47 . The weapons are not
less expensive and less powerful
as
replicas however they are chambered
in
,
,
LR
ent 22 High
Velocity ammunition addition ARMSCOR produces differ
11
In
,
.
.
all
special revolvers four semi auto
22
bolt
38
rifles
action calibre four
);
;
-
-
(
.
.
matic rifles which claims are designed for the satisfaction semi auto tar
of
it
,
, -
'
get shooting enthusiasts and M1911 A1 pistols
45
of
40
selection and
in
';
.
.
363
9mm calibres.
ARMSCOR has also signed agreement with the South African firm Denel
an
364
produce the 9mm Vektor pistol under licence According industry
SP
to
to
1
-
.
reports ARMSCOR will initially manufacture 000 weapons for the Philip
10
,
,
pines National Police PNP and will also sell the pistol commercially
on
the
(
365
large Philippines domestic gun market According the company website
to
,
.
's
are
ARMSCOR also developing several pistols M1911 range that
its
not
in
is
366
terms
of
In
a
Company materials claim produce M1
30
calibres calibre and 56mm
to
5
.
.
as
38 It
,
a
.
. .
(
40
of
22
357 9mm
in
.,
,
.,
,
.
367
its
have exported
45
30
countries although no
22
It
,
.
exports International Marketing
an
an
Inc
subsidiary ARMSCOR Precision
an
in
,
,
a
.
368
Vegas
.
are
to
369
Co
Dionisio According
45 to
&
,
the PNP Firearms and Explosives Division 1998 there were FED April
in
),
's
legal manufacturers small arms 522 authorised dealers and 133 gun repair
370of
around
in
is
.
Danao City and Mandaue City the Visayas where arms production has
25 In in
many
as
as
the gun
,
371
There are two major licensed producers Danao the Danao Arms Cor
in
poration DAMCOR and the Workers League Danao Multi Purpose Coop
of
by-
(
as the
).
total
be to
000
,
6
,
a
sorted firearms annually They are believed dire financial straits how
to
in
,
.
,
372
.
72 Small Arms in SE Asia
With such extensive domestic production , it is not surprising that the Phil-
ippines has problems controlling the spread of small arms . Indeed , it is diffi
cult even to get an accurate picture of how many guns are circulating in the
country . There are currently between 600 ,000 and 700 , 000 guns registered
373
with the Philippines National Police (PNP ). addition there are estimated
In
Of
,
somewhere between 270 000 and 600 000 unregistered weapons
be
circu
to
in
,
,
374
lation Philippines Center for Transnational Crime report citing the PNP
,
A
to 's
.
),
a
(
un
unregistered guns
dividing the total into 189 766
re
350 000 registered
,
,
'
-
-
weapons 156 firearms that are lost and 157 860 weapons simply desig
' 2,
,
,
‘
'
375
The annual output
of
the country gun industry means
as
nated loose
's
’.
65
these totals are 000
to
,
. .
new guns are registered every year Doubtless countless more are not regis
,
tered With many guns being legally produced and owned little wonder
so
it
is
,
.
that many slip into the hands criminals and insurgent groups active the
of
in
country
.
'
to
is
In
,
a
a
illicit producers Many
of
of
significant number these are also based around
.
. or
'
'
.
or
homemade weapons and takes place backyards small primitive factories
in
to be
of
to
to
,
registered and properly authorised produce arms but are unable get ap
to
,
376
Many paltik weapons are literally hand made often crafted from pipes
,
,
-
377
378
is
even
.
incredibly time consuming taking three days produce simple shotgun and
to
,
a
-
for
long handgun Even making
as
can as
38
three weeks make hammer
to
a
.
.
379
pistol
are
'
frequently more dangerous the user than the intended target some higher
to
in
A
-
380
more recent
,
A
.
BBC report claimed that automatic weapons are available Danao with
in
a
381
as
little 375
$
There are paltik sales elsewhere the Philippines well Business the
as
in
in
.
city Santa
382is
in
a
.
2000
.
ASEAN Country Studies 73
that
thei
handgun cost
45
while
20
30
revolver cost between P1000 and P1900
),
A
($
a
-
383
sed
on
to
,
i itis:
.
The widespread illegal production sidearms has also been reported
of
ulating
in
registaMindanao According Merliza Makinano and Alfredo Lubang unlicensed
ire 25
to
,
. .
estima copies calibre pistols are made Western Mindanao and
of
45
and
38
in
.
Zamboanga Prices Mindanao include P25000 for 9mm pistol P24000 for
in
,
ons
the in
a
pl c
384
calibre handgun genuine M16 costs P26000
45
.
a
.
o
close
"e
of
small
arms Many the arms illegally produced a
Danao have reportedly found
of
in
.
their way into the hands insurgent groups and criminal gangs including
of
,
385
Taiwanese and Japanese crime syndicates Until the late 1980s the Yakuza
,
.
wonde used buy arms directly from Danao but crime syndicates now use middle
e
386to
,
the
ve
men what
is
In
,
a
.
on
from
a
-
nated bodegas for shipment Japan Important exit points include Batangas
to
,
of .
'
387
Ilocos Sur and other northern parts the country the southern Philip
In
.
pines gunrunners are especially active Agusan Misamis Surigao Sulu
in
,
,
ne
to
:
388
Basilan Tawi Tawi and Zamboanga provinces According Philippines
to
,
Trounc .
diplomats Japanese gangs now also import Filipino gunmakers rather than
or
,
ik
'
389
tories
gali There are also reports that Filipino weapons have been
smuggled Mus
to
ap
lim
the
In
,
in
of
Merdeka reported
a
from Davao Ambon with the tacit approval the Indonesian military No
of
to
.
pes
,
evidence was provided support this allegation which was strongly denied
to
are
390
sea
by
by
for
,
391
Maluku number
in
A
.
passenger boats travelling from the Philippines and the Indonesian Navy has
intercepted some small craft carrying arms July 2000 three ships loaded
In
,
.
to
392
Halmahera and Ternate North Maluku January 2001 the navy inter
In
in
,
' .
a
six
Malukus carrying guns and 454 bullets The guns were World War
II
.
393
vintage
.
Insurgent groups
,
is
the south
in
Liberation Front MILF the Abu Sayyaf Group ASG the New People Army
),
),
's
(
(
74 Small Arms in SE Asia
the
(NPA ) and Proletarian Army Alex Boncayao Brigade RPA
Revolutionary
(
394
groups political agenda numbers and military
of
ABB These vary terms
in
,
).
all
strength but they rely almost exclusively small arms although there are
on
,
the
reports that MILF and Abu Sayyaf have been trying buy heavy weap
to
395
ons Typically rebel inventories include assault rifles M203 grenade launch
,
, .
346
ers light machine guns RPGs and light mortars According one writer
to
,
.
who spent time with the MILF military wing the Bangamoro Islamic Armed
or —
's
sprinkling
as of
Forces BIAF they are armed with the M14 M16 rifle with
in —
a
(
)
M1 Garands evidence At section level the BIAF uses the M60 GPMG
,
.
'
397
Phil
as
2s
see below
(
-
).
as
ippines intelligence June 2001 Abu Sayyaf had 640
of
sources estimate that
398
men with 208 firearms Jolo and 464 men with 177 firearms Basilan
In
in
in
,
.
addition politically motivated groups there are also several private armies
to
,
-
affiliated with Filipino organised crime figures that possess impressive mili
399
tary arsenals
.
,
most weapons are bought stolen captured from Philippines security per
or
,
sonnel Some weapons also reportedly come through covert channels from
.
to
to
is
in
it
support these claims Philippines rebel groups are some the better equipped
of
.
and better funded Southeast Asia Groups like Abu Sayyaf are able pay
to
in
a
400
hostage taking during 2000 According Peter Chalk the MILF and Abu
of
to
,
-
Thailand most
in
in
,
401
back Mindanao through Sabah The group has also obtained weapons
in
to
in
402
drug trade
.
by
According
reports 1999 the Moro Islamic Liberation Front MILF has
to
in
)
403
,
.
Shariff Mohsin Julabbi told the Philippine Daily Inquirer that the factory had
97
,
as a
-
well
as
404
,
A
.
2s
as
calibre pistols and 60mm mortars also converted M1 rifles into fully
45
it
,
.
405
automatic M14s
.
ASEAN Country Studies 75
for
Anotherimportant source of illicit weapons Filipino insurgents the
is
Middle East the past there have been persistent reports connecting groups
In
.
Lebanon Pakistan Sudan and Libya Islamic rebels the Southern
to
Iran
in
in
,
,
406
Philippines Libya believed have been active the country for decades
to
is
in
.
and President Qaddafi once publicly declared
of of he
had sent arms and funds
to
407
Muslim dissidents Mindanao Members Abu Sayyaf trained Libya
in
in
.
and Tripoli reportedly facilitated the transfer large numbers Pakistani
of
the MILF
at
made RPG HK33s and MP5s the southern Philippines one
to
7s
in
,
,
-
time using financing from the Bank Credit and Commerce International
of
408
,
).
(
Libyan support the MNLF was generous there was time during the
so
to
a
early 1970s that the secessionists were better armed than the forces the
of
'. '
409
Philippine state
Saudi involvement
of
has also been mentioned June 2000 container
In
a
.
M60 machine gun rounds was seized Manila North Harbour shortly
in
2000
,
before the cargo was be loaded onto boat Mindanao The box was
to
to
a
.
marked with labels indicating had come from Jeddah Saudi Arabia Police
it
.
to 410
said they believed the bullets were destined for the MILF More recently the
, ,
.
Bin
in
Saudi terrorist Osama Laden has also been linked Filipino rebels
411
cluding the MILF and Abu Sayyaf The Manila Bulletin newspaper reported
.
1999 the MILF ordered shipment 3000 assorted high ower fire
of
that
in
-p
resumably AK47 variants and tens ammuni
of
of
)
(p
412
of
tion from former member
to
,
a
a
.
Islamic Relief Organisation IIRO the primary conduit for channelling funds
is
(
)413
re
Bin Laden Abu Sayyaf Philippines government intelligence
to
from
byA
.
a
'
'
).
scepticism about these claims may be warranted Even before the September
.
on
2001 terrorist attacks the United States one commentator noted that Bin
,
Laden was useful name for the Philippine government mention order
to
to
in
a
415
'.
Apart from the Islamic connection North Korea China and Vietnam have
,
416
of
According Filipino intelligence reports May 2000 officials from the MILF
to
in
,
of
reportedly met with North Korean discuss the purchase anti tank and
to
a
-
Bin
anti aircraft weapons using million allegedly received from Laden The
,
$
3
-
Akmad Intelligence officials say they doubt the shipment took place al
,
.
though there were sketchy press reports possible North Korean presence
of
in
a
418
Sulu 2000
in
in
.
76 Small Arms in SE Asia
vague to be considered authoritative , but there was high - level concern in the
Philippines about DPRK shipments , although these were played down when
Manila established diplomatic ties with Pyongyang as part of North Korea 's
419
entry into the ASEAN Regional Forum . supply
of
China has been accused
ing arms the RPA ABB terrorist cell charge both the Chinese government
to
,
a
-
and the group itself dispute
.
Leakage
captured headlines insurgent groups have been open admitting that their
in
,
of
of
is
420
AFP and the Philippines National Police PNP These are usually weap
(
)
, .
or
ons that are stolen lost captured during combat but there are also reported
,
421
AFP troops selling their weapons
of
incidents simply
.
Rebel groups have also been known raid AFP arms depots municipal
to
,
armouries and have even seized small arms from civilian competitors shoot
in
422
ing competitions These operations are usually carefully planned and the
.
rebels often wield more firepower than the unfortunate defenders For exam
.
September 2000 200 New People Army NPA fighters at
of
ple force
in
,
's
, )
police station and army detachment Northern Samar making off
an
tacked
in
a
423
with four M16 rifles revolvers and pistols Sometimes the raids are executed
,
an
of
AFP soldiers
In
.
by
army depot Misamis Oriental guarded single sentry from the Citizens
in
'
Armed Forces Geographical Unit CAFGU He allowed them into the armoury
).
(
424
M1 Garands and
an
.
he
to
,
ten
Another police raid September 2000 netted men Bulacan and Nueva
in
in
Ecija provinces along with shipment high powered military firearms and
of
a
(
.
and Belgian
),
,
, -
425
According officials from the Presidential Anti rganised Crime Task Force
an to
-O
as
,
‘
(
426
's
'.
cate One Manila businessman quoted The Straits Times claimed that the
in
.
100
427
practice was worth more than million pesos annually the PNP
to
ons October 2000 employees the Mindanao security firm Anflocor were
In
,
.
by
plantation owned
to
a
,
a
.
ASEAN Country Studies 77
included more than a dozen M16s, rifle grenades, hand grenades , . 38 pistols ,
an unspecified grenade launcher and ammunition . According to police , the
428
. 38 calibre pistols were made in an illegal arms factory .
corruption among officials and members the country lead
of
In addition
's
ing families endemic Many have links organised crime insurgent
or
to
is
.
groups and consequently the movement illegal small arms July 2000 raid
of
A
.
the former mayor handguns
on
of
of
of
the home Sulu uncovered cache
,
a
assault rifles M16s and Galil grenade launchers machine gun and am
),
,
429a
a
(
munition and grenades August 2000 members prominent Anzar
of
In
Cebu
'
.
50 s
family were charged with illegal possession firearms includ
of
more than
,
430
of
ing M16s grenade launcher and host sidearms
,
.
a
of
As gun owner
an
noted
,
pub
Its
ship weapons culture deep rooted and guns are commonly seen
in
is
-
.
431
carrying weapons Each year Christmas and New
of
concealed common
is
.
by
Year are marred by deaths caused celebratory gunfire and national elec
'
'
432
tions send murder rates soaring the past licensing civilian weapons
of
In
,
.
has been notoriously slack with gun permits sold by corrupt officials and
,
by
by
handed out gun control
.
433
as
organisations such the NGO Gunless Society but little avail Lobby
to
,
.
groups like the gun owners organisation PRO GUN were more influential
'
-
434
of
November 1999 the new Chief the PNP Panfilo Lacson announced
In
a
illegal possession weapons severe penalties
on
of
crackdown addition
In
to
.
more cautious
in
,
issuing gun licences He declared that he personally would have sign any
to
.
new permits While Lacson backed away from his original plan ban the
to
.
by
of
of
carrying
all
arms
civilians outside their homes the results even limited
,
435
,
.
436
as
of
as
90
much the
,
other hand anecdotal newspaper reports are any guide seems likely that
it
,
,
if
increase
in
in
-
illegal purchases Not surprisingly the Philippines gun lobby has reacted
,
'
.
437
angrily
.
areas
In
the
of
'
circulation The
in
'
-
-
.
produced mixed results The BARIL ring Rifle Improve Your Livelihood
a
)
.
(B
by
.
78 Small Arms in SE Asia
for
from P1500 to P4000 foreign made pistols and low powered rifles P9000
to
-
for high
P15000 owered assault rifles light machine guns and B40 rocket
to
,
-p
438
launchers These incentives could not hope compete with black market
to
.
M16 could reportedly fetch
its as
prices where
an
much carbine
as
P30000 and
,
a
or
45
taking spending spree
of
calibre P25000 Indeed the wake hostage
in
,
,
.
439
Abu Sayyaf was reportedly offering twice the normal market rate for M16
an
.
by
by
Despite this September 1999 almost 5000 weapons had been turned
10
in
,
MNLF members seeking return civilian life Of these 1760 were M1
to
to
,
.
Garands 1563 were unspecified carbines and 884 were M16s AR15s Only
or
;
.
'
'
440
weapons
of
But despite
20
is
in
it
,
.
thought that only MNLF firearms were handed
of
fraction Indeed accord
in
,
a
.
ing Makinano and Lubang sobering analysis problem
of
the Mindanao
to
it
,
seems likely the number ' of s firearms circulating Mindanao remains high
or is
in
'
441
Singapore
on
an
decades ago The growth and success the country
of
arms industries since
's
.
then has been spectacular by any measure Singapore was not even men 442
.
by
' as
defence producers 1973 yet
of
in
it
443
of is of
,
a
in s
'
small arms industry without peer Southeast Asia the only country '.
It
in
is
.
the region capable producing high quality small arms from the drawing
board the production
line and Singaporean products have proved them
to
holding
of
,
.
have
is
in
leakage military weapons major haven for the broking arms deals
of
an of
an is
,
It
a
.
important
as
for
Over the last three decades Singapore small arms and ammunition
in
1967
,
.
's
of
Despite that the real power behind the arms sector the Singaporean state has
,
's
.
the story
,
of ),
it,
(
(
'
pore Technologies inseparable from the story the country itself the part
is
;
is
)
444
up
'.
of
.
ASEAN Country Studies 79
this was Sheng -Li ( Victory ) Holdings . Sheng -Li was officially owned and
overseen by the Finance Ministry , but in practice was supervised by the coun
445
try ' s Ministry of Defence (MinDef). MinDef appointed the members
of
its
set
broad policy guidelines although company officials
of
board directors and
di
were apparently allowed make day day business decisions without
446to
to
. -
-
rect interference from the government keeping with other Government
In
are
Linked Companies GLCs Singapore defence industries expected turn
to
),
(
's
profit They were also told they could not automatically be assured the
of
a
447
of
.
Singapore defence industries were rationalised and two new
In
1982
,
's
these the Singapore Technology Corpora
of
divisions were introduced One
,
the .
STC incorporated country small arms maker Chartered Industries
),
tion
(
:
's
448
Singapore CIS and several ordnance producers
of
It
(
)
.
arms industry marketing wing Unicorn International
,
.
's
in
Another reorganisation took place
on
19
449
ST
dustries were brought together under the name Singapore Technologies
.
(
)
The choice was supposed reflect the fact that they were increasingly in
to
:
Industrial Ordnance Aerospace and Maritime with small arms production
,
in
falling under Singapore Technologies Ordnance
ST
The Ordnance group .
companies including Allied Ord
16
,
Singapore Chartered Firearms Industries Ordnance Development
of
nance
,
,
and Engineering Singapore Ordnance Engineering and Unicorn International
,
.
by
ST ST
companies
ST
ST
November 1997 the four Automotive
In
now called
,
(
Marine and
,
a
)
on
and traded
,
.
Today Singapore Technologies controlled through Temasek Holdings
is
,
,
government Temasek Holdings holds
57
the Singaporean investment arm
a
.
's
DBS
%
in
),
(
%
),
(4
.3
a
(
2000
.
tered Industries
to
create
a
(
)
as
).
450
fo
's
).
451
In
-
tion
to
ices for military vehicles weapons systems and munitions including from manu
,
452
1967
),
in
(
.
80 Small Arms in SE Asia
. its
first exports the period 1967 supplying sev
69
ammunition and made
in
,
-
Australian forces fighting
of
eral million rounds ammunition
to
56mm
in
5
453
Vietnam CIS also assembled and built parts for the AR15 M16 Model614
/
.
(
454
of
rifle under licence from Colt Under the terms the commercial licence
,
S
)
.
eight primary parts Singapore with the balance pur
of
the rifle were built
in
,
455
have pro
, at
chased from Colt standard export prices
to
CIS estimated
is
.
duced between 150 000 and 180 000 the local M16s between March 1971
of
,
and March 1977 including 000 rifles that were exported
30
Thailand
to
in
,
1973 456
.
457 ,
's
restricted limited production period As result the company subse
to
,
a
a
.
quently entered into negotiations with the British company Sterling acquire
to
458
designs for new assault rifle The result was the Singapore Assault Rifle
a
.
whose first prototypes were made
80
at
1978
in
,
(
)-
.
was designed primarily for export459 and minimise production
80
The SAR
to
'
-
costs the weapon components were made partly from sheet metal pressings
's
on
and partly from standard parts available the commercial market The result
.
was mixed success Despite the fact that the SAR was two thirds the price
80
a
-
.
20
the M16 the Armed Forces ordered
to
,
,
,
as
.
460
among potential buyers and hurt foreign sales Eventually the weapon was
.
Sri
dropped from production but not before was exported Lanka Somalia
to
,
it
461
which purchased The weapon was also
of
10
462
the
80
88
CIS unveiled the successor
the which was SAR
SR
In
1988
to
,
,
-
-
463
in
'
'.
aluminium steel
a
pressing With 750 rounds per minute and the capability fire
of
rate fire
to
a
.
in
also incorporated other design changes
of
464a
-
tended reduce fouling and corrosion Along with the M16S1 became the
to
it
,
.
standard rifle
to
(
465)
thor has also been sold elsewhere the Far Easť Two years later 1990
in
in
,
,
'
SR
CIS produced the 88A which used the same firing mechanism
SR
88
as
the
,
-
carbine
A
.
the weapon with shorter barrel was also produced for use by
of
version
a
SR
special forces The 88A was exported several states including Papua
to
,
-
.
466
Production today
The Ultimax 100 Section Assault Weapon has been mainstay CIS pro
of
a
-
as
duction for more than two decades Billed the lightest 56mm calibre
5
'
.
.
ASEAN Country Studies 81
machine in the world ' , the Ultimax was designed with the help of two
gun
,
Americans Robert Waterfield and James Sullivan (the latter having previously
467
worked on the Stoner AR - 15 weapon , a predecessor to the M16 ). gas
is
It
per
It of
piston operated minute and maxi
be of
with rate fire 400 600 rounds
a
-
fed -
can
mum range
to 20
30
about 800m standard round box
of
be or
from
-
.
by
magazines The Ultimax designed operated
or
100 round drum
is
a
a
-
.
single user and reliability and low recoil
its
renowned for Indeed CIS
is
's
.
the
low
be
patented recoil system weapon can without
so
effective that fired
is
-
by
making
or
the buttstock attached possible use confined spaces
to
,
in
it
it
paratroopers
.
While the Ultimax received glowing reviews from users Jane describes
it
(
's
excellent weapon like the SAR has only had limited success
80
an
an
as
as
,
it
')
'
-
export item One reason
its
that release 1982 came shortly after the Belgian
in
is
.
Minimi appeared
FN
on
,
that would probably have chosen the Ultimax had already committed them
468
by
selves the Minimi The Ultimax has been exported Singapore however
to
, ,
.
of
and currently the national inventories
is
in
,
469
Papua New Guinea the Solomon Islands and Zimbabwe Jane Infantry
,
's
Weapons also reports that service with the Croatian armed forces and
is
in
it
470
.
21
SAR
•
- ,
's
471
as
one That
is
,
it
'
'.
ahead anyone else According Singh and Kwa this risk averse philoso
to
of
-
.
472
Singa
of
phy has prevented catastrophic product failure The unveiling
a
.
21
,
'
In
, a
is
',
'
ground breaking weapon the first assault rifle have laser aiming
be to
is
It
a
a
-
-
.
it
to
it
a
'
'
'
473
assault rifles
,
is
'
'.
confidence their ability design and produce high quality small arms
to
in
Development began
21
of
the SAR
when Chartered Industries 1993
in
to
rifle
a
aim
was
at to
'
.
develop weapon that was significantly more accurate than the M16 while
,
a
the same time keeping compact and light even with integrated optical
an
it
475
474
21
.
.
82 Small Arms in SE Asia
The SAR 21 is a 5. 56mm gas- operated weapon , made of high strength engi
neered plastics and composites . It is a modular design , comprised of five com
ponents : the upper receiver , lower receiver , barrel , bolt and magazine . It comes
with a high - quality integrated 1. 5 X optical scope , which can be up - graded to a
476
3X scope for sniper and sharp shooter use . also equipped
21
The SAR
is
Aiming Device LAD
be
with Laser built into the stock which can activated
,
the a
)
by
can
by
AA battery the LAD
of
switch button Powered single operate
,
a
a
.
for
continually day night operations
be
hours used
or
the
,
can both
in
in
It
4
477
visible and infra red light spectrum
-
.
bullpup
design meaning that the receiver main body
or
of
The rifle
,
is
a
'
(
the rifle the rear and integrated into the weapon
moved stock This
is
to
.
)
's
full length barrel despite the fact that the overall length
of
-
of
of
the weapon The shorter length provides
an
closer that carbine
to
is
.
or
advantage close combat situations when soldiers are mounted vehi
in
in
cles disadvantage typically associated with the bullpup design that the
is
A
'
'
.
of
receiver next the user the event
to
is
in
, ,
a
's
The SAR
,
's ,
a
.
the
the
the
explosion directs force away from
of
an
a
478
face
.
to
of
rate 450 650
is
to
of
effective
to
is
460m
it
-
The magazine which contains
30
of
clear
is
,
,
.
at
perspex and indexed allowing the user glance how many rounds
to
,
see
is
a
479
remain
.
According people who have fired the weapon the SAR very light
to 21
to
be is
,
,
480
an
accurate
is
it
.
by
M16
,
481
using what they called extremely fast semi automatic fire The weapon
'
'.
by one Western user was that appeared that the SAR had been built with
21
it
a
482
quence the rifle felt little undersized general however the consensus
In
,
,
21 a
of .
,
483
be
will
of
21
(
)
Light Machine Gun this differs from the standard weapon that includes
in
) it
-
(2
a
/
-
40mm Grenade Launcher here the SAR fitted with 40mm grenade
is
a
-
ASEAN Country Studies 83
launcher with a 9 - inch barrel and the laser aiming device is mounted on the
weapon ' s quadrant platform to facilitate quick and accurate target acquisition ;
( 3 ) SAR 21 P -Rail - this has a sight mounting platform in place of the integrated
optical scope, allowing for the incorporation of other kinds of sights , depend
ing on the needs of the user ; and ( 4 ) SAR 21 Sharp Shooter - this features a more
powerful 3X optical scope in place of the standard 1X sight .
, as of US market Singapore Technologies gave
its
In 2000 part push into the
in
the SAR various American government agencies
21
demonstrations
to
of
,
484
cluding Special Forces and the US Marine Corps also took part major
in
It
.
defence exhibitions such the Tactical and Security Resources Expo TREXPO
as
);
(
the National Defense Industrial Association Symposium and the Association
the US Army Convention and Exhibition shootoff was organ
21
of
An SAR
'
'
at
,
a
officials addition the weapon was demonstrated the Middle East Africa
In
in
,
,
.
485
to
,
is
.
time in
.
CIS
50
MG
•
machine
gun has been production since 1988 and
50
is
in
.
is
It It
-
. .
lar construction with five basic components uses dual disintegrating
in
a
feed the weapon with ammunition and has
of
of
belt system fire
to
rate 600
or a
rounds per minute The gun can be provided with tripod pintle mount for
a
a
.
486
1990
in
,
a
-
firing 46mm low velocity gre
of
all
of 40
x
made
is
,
it
2
.
high strength engineering plastics The weapon has four major components
. :
.
the barrel and receiver the feed cover and the trigger mechanism and rearsight
,
as
an
Two versions are available one with buttstock for use individual
,
as
weapon and one which can be used with rifle the same manner the
in
a
configured range
be
of
a
.
tion including high explosive illumination tear gas baton and practice gre
,
nades
It
to
400m
a
.
gies has been accepted by many military paramilitary and police forces
it
,
,
487
488
.
CIS
40AGL
•
It
a
light vehicle
by
or
mounted operated
a
a
.
up
)
84 Small Arms in SE Asia
can
broken down into four major assemblies without any special
be
design and
tools Several optical configurations are available including reflex sight
,
a
a
.
489
day optical sight and night vision scope 1993 Singapore sold the rights
In
,
490
Indonesia PT Pindad Persero
the
for licensed production
of
CIS 40AGL
to
).
(
's
Ammunition ordnance and grenades
,
•
ST
of
addition to also manufactures
In
a
FMJ and
as 56
45
ammunition and ordnance These include mm Ball SS109
,
5
)
.
491
as
62
of
Ball M80 Tracer M62 AP61
51mm well blank Exports
,
,
7
a
x
.
.
Singaporean ammunition are known have gone Australian forces serving
to
to
Vietnam Thailand New Zealand Papua New Guinea and the United Arab
in
,
492
of
Emirates There have also been unconfirmed reports sales Cambodia
to
,
.
493
Myanmar and two African states
.
Mortar bombs
•
ST
bombs
(
)
:
494
one smoke bomb The two HE are similar but differ terms their
of
and
in
.
of
fuses Both are made streamlined
1
, . .
TNT One type has A2 super quick delay fuse screwed into the nose fuse
an
/
-
well the other uses SF1 point detonating fuse Both have range
of
an
between
a
.
of
and 5km The smoke bomb filled with 271g titanium tetrachloride
is
150m
2
.
and uses the SF1 point detonating fuse ballistically similar the HE
to
is
It
-
495
bombs
.
Grenades
•
low
ST
and high
,
the SFG
is
of .
grenade made high strength plastic filled with 80g RDX and TNT
of
is
It
,
.
identical but inert training grenade known The company smoke
93
as
SPG
is
's
.
496
grenade conventional hexachlorethane combustion type designated M8
is
,
a
high velocity types The HEDP S401B dual purpose shaped charge and
in is
a
-
.
fragmentation grenade designed for use low elocity launchers like the CIS
,
-v
497
maximum range
of
a
/
of
mild
a
TP
steel which
is
,
,
.
the
on
similar
to
,
all
of
as
capable being fired from launchers such the CIS 40AGL the
or
nades
,
American
3
-
.
nating fuses HE
SD
S412
-
.
.
ASEAN Country Studies 85
The S411 and S413 are capable of penetrating thick mild steel up to 2 . 5 inches
thick and have a lethal radius of 5m . In addition , ST produces two target
practice variants ( TPT S415A and S416A ) . The S413 is promoted in ST materi
als
as
green grenade
its
as
comes with mechanical self destruct feature
It
. it
a
'
'
.
498
has been exported Sweden Licensed production rights for the S411 have
to
499
PT
Pindad Indonesia
of
been Persero
to
sold
.
Kinetics announced plans for the launch upgrade
all ST
of
an
March 2001
In
fit ,
kit designed existing 40mm Automatic Grenade Launchers including
to
,
AGL and the American MK Model The kit called Air Burst
40
19
an
the CIS
,
3
-
.
Munition System ABMS essentially fire control system combined with
is
),
a
(
bursting munition
air
is
,
a
-
.
the
air
ABMS system automatically programs the fuse explode above
to
the
in
500
being
of
the target releasing deadly fragments The munition
of
cloud
is
,
.
fered with the same mechanical self destruct option used with the S413 gre
-
Kinetics has completed feasibility studies and technology demonstra
ST
nade
.
tions for the ABMS which scheduled for the next stage production
of
is
2002
in
,
.
The munition being developed collaboration with the Swiss defence pro
is
in
,
501
Profitability
of
ten
in
by
the
502
world achieving Singapore Tech
of
1999
$
1
is a
.
profitable part
. ST
it
in
a
a
43
on
million
of
14
an
increase
288
,
$
7
S
.
503
on
its
.
the
of
determine
so
it
such
to
,
is
be
'
.
of s
they separately identify revenue gained from the acquisition
as
2000 results
Chartered Industries First quarter 1Q results 2000 for ST Kinetic show total
a
.
504
just under pre tax profit
of
turnover
of
$
$
S
S
a
According unaudited company results this made for after tax profit
/ of
an
to
about 14m for the quarter Of total company sales for the quarter Chartered
,
$
S
the
',
$
S
its
Founders Industries
in
(
'.
per cent
53
in
,
$
9
$
S
increase pre tax profitability Profit for the sector before tax jumped from
in
a
-
505
million
to
mere 2000
in
3
.2
$
S
.
$
S
Gun control
Singapore has the strictest gun control Southeast Asia and some the
of
in
.
86 Small Arms in SE Asia
Explosives Act , which defines 'arms' as including firearms , air guns , air pis
tols , automatic guns, automatic pistols and any other kind of gun from which
any shot , bullet , or other missile can be discharged or noxious fumes
can
be
also includes any component part such weapons such bayo
of
as
emitted
It
,
.
506
nets daggers spears and spearheads also illegal sell replica guns
is
to
,
It
.
507
without a licence
.
Some weapons such shotguns for clay pigeon shooting pistols and
or
can as
,
be
rifles for target shooting legally owned but only with firearms licence
.
Other weapons such military style assault rifles and submachine guns are
as
,
,
-
be
illegal applicant must
an
To
any circumstances get firearms licence
in
,
a
a
.
the
Singa
or
as
Singapore
of
,
a
pore Rifle Association The prospective owner must then apply the police
to
.
no
or
and pass background check showing they have criminal record mental
a
can
be
illness application approved weapon
an
only
at
Even once
,
fired
is
.
in a
a
shooting club and must the gun club armoury
be
regulated all
at
stored
's
be
times when not kept
at
home
in
use cannot
It
.
.
According representative the Arms and Explosives Branch
of
of
the
to
a
Singapore Police Force the penalties for illegal gun possession are extremely
,
to 508
illegal weapon
by
ten
punishable jail sentence
an
of
of
strict Possession
is
a
.
life
Possession
.
a
.
during the commission not anyone
or
injured
of
is
is
a
)
by
509
death
of
,
.
of
its
the ability effectively monitor and enforce firearms laws one only two
is
It
to
510
people authorised
of
to
a
.
The severity the penalties and the generally low incidence
of
of
violent
that illegal arms possession
or
crime leads the country Police Force
to
claim
's
511
,
a
.
60
Singapore annually
of
,
be
512
through Singapore
or
arms into
.
controls
It
.
maintains list
,
,
a
helmets and
,
.
the
of
export most
to
.
(
all
,
of
of -
.
for
by
or
the Government
or
one
to
.
(
)
ASEAN Country Studies 87
Exports
its
,
.
has exported small arms and ammunition almost since Chartered Industries
began production the early 1980s the decision was taken gener
to
1967
In
in
of .
revenues through vigorous exports and more re
at
per cent
40
ate least
'
of '
of
cently the company declared the goal raising per cent
50
revenue from
513
exports and the rest through domestic supplies
by
Chartered Industries used complain that this objective was hampered
to
historically had work within government guidelines
on
the fact that sales
to
it
to
a
'
.
of
clude the sale either ASEAN
of
to
-
514
or
other countries the Far East Quite how concerned the Singaporean
in
'.
government was with these sensitivities debatable Singapore has sold tens
is
.
Thailand Myanmar and Sri Lanka Ultimax
of
of
,
light machine guns the Philippines and Papua New Guinea and has
to
100
licensed the production grenade launchers and grenades Sin
of
Indonesia
to
.
gapore Technologies has also opened marketing office Vietnam with hopes
in
a
515
of
is
,
.
have sold prefabricated arms factory Myanmar 1998 For more details
on to
to
in
a
.
see
.
Entrepôt trade
60
one the world 000
is
of
,
in
vessels annually Many these are carrying entrepôt trade destined for third
of
.
party states Small arms and ammunition are included these consignments
in
.
-
point the international arms trade Some these deals involve illicit trans
in
fers where export licences are granted for the shipment weapons Singa
of
to
pore although not actually their final destination Such was the case when
it
is
,
,
a
516
pore Singapore has also been accused providing false End User
of
Iran
to
-
.
'
'
517
to
(
some reports Pakistan Ordnance Factories POF has also routed weapons des
(
, )
as
tined for non state actors through Singapore has Sri Lanka Liberation
's
-
518
).
(
other states
.
or
as
of , ,
.
according report Jane Defence Weekly Singapore was also the point
to
in
,
a
's
519
1999
in
a
.
88 Small Arms in SE Asia
One other means for probing the entrepôt trade is by cross - referencing na
tional arms export reports published by supplier states . For example , the Di
rectorate Arms Control of South Africa 's Ministry of Defence
of Conventional
exports by category and destination
at
publishes an annual list of Looking
its
.
the list for 1997 1999 we can see that Singapore imported 225 000 Rands
28
,
,
-
infantry hand held and portable assault weapons and
52
of
million worth
($
3
.
'
is 520
of
12
associated ammunition calibre less than 7mm from South Africa
.
Given that Singapore forbids private ownership military weapons and
of
self sufficient small calibre ammunition and small arms this raises the in
in
,
-
up
teresting question where these arms ended Unfortunately
of the South
,
.
African data does provide
an
answer
.
Thailand
at
Thailand produces
its
-
ons centre near Lop Buri self sufficient small calibre and mortar ammu
is
in
It
-
.
nition and also produces range ordnance While past exports have been
of
a
.
increasing
an
modest the Thai armed forces have recently expressed interest
in
,
sales
,
.
lems with the circulation military small arms particular criminal or
of
to
in
,
ganisations and hired guns the past the country was the key conduit the
In
in
,
.
supply grey market weapons the Khmer Rouge and other groups fighting
of
is to
of
central
in to
in
-
.
Sri
ons from Cambodia insurgents fighting Burma Aceh Lanka and north
to
,
eastern India
.
of
From the early 1950s
to
's
small arms was the United States Through until 1980 Thailand received
,
a
.
US
via
military assistance
72
of
total variety
of
programs The US also provided Thailand with 15000 machine guns aid
in
.
as
direct commercial well
the M1917 and M1919
as
the M60 and M2HB models Some 55000 M16A1sModel 613 were purchased
(
Colt 1975 and hundred M16 carbines Model 653 were added
in
from few
in
a
)
521
addition
to
In
FAL 1961 and German Gewehr G3 assault rifles has also bought
It
in
3
(
(
)
weapons and ammunition from closer home 1973 the Thai government
to
In
.
imported 000 Colt M16A1 rifles Model 614S from Singapore and
30
later
it
,
,
(
Singapore
by
000 SAR
of
10
80
-
522
,
).
(
Indonesia and Pakistan state owned arms company Pakistan Ordnance Fac
,
's
-
523
).
ASEAN Country Studies 89
Thai acquisitions to the present day . In 1994 the United States sold Thailand
360 M240 and 180 M85 machine guns ; in 1995 it provided another 601 M60
machine guns , and in 1997 it sold 37500 M16A2s , 107 M2HB machine guns
524
and 4700 M4 carbines . now the standard infantry weapon
, of
The M16A2
is
Royal Army
FN
the Thai but the national inventory also includes G3s FALS
,
525
HK33s HK21E AR15s and M16Als rifles
, Special Forces are armed with
a
.
variety modern commando weapons including the Heckler and Koch MP5
of
,
526
submachine gun The Thai military also uses American M203 and M79 gre
nade launchers . .
large numberweapons many built military specifications have also
of
to
,
,
A
by
been imported into Thailand
individuals
in to
.
of
in
,
'
‘
the
to
3
-
.
527
were brought into the country
.
Domestic production
by
While many
of
,
its
Thailand has long been interested producing own weapons and ammu
in
The Thai government apparently bought the rights produce the post
to
nition
.
war vintage American Ingram Model submachine gun and invited the weap
8
up
of
designer assist with the setting factory make the gun although
on
to
to
,
a
s
'
528
principal pro
no
of
,
.
's
military Ministry Army Weapons
of
of
Lop Bang -
of
Production Centre AWPC located Buri 150 kilometres north
in
),
,
(
30
kok
,
.
529
sault rifles under licence from the German company Heckler and Koch
In
.
1988 the AWPC began produce the HK21E also under licence from Heckler
to
by
after smaller quantities the HK21E had been imported for use
of
and Koch
,
530
is
to
. ,
,
be
police and defence officials and representatives from the Bangkok office
of
,
obliquely that Thailand not producing any guns that could legally sold
be
is
'
531
’.
for
(
532
AR15 rifles over the years Recent comments by company spokesmen sug
)
'.
533
to
is
producing
be
of
,
a
as
60
81
of
,
534
port One industry estimate claims that the centre capable producing
37
of
is
.
90 Small Arms in SE Asia
535
(M193) ammunition annually . According the AWPC Technol
to
of
the head
ogy Division Lieutenant Lerthorn Prahanpot the AWPC also provides Thai
,
land with the capacity be wholly self sufficient artillery and mortar am
to
in
-
536
munition
.
Exports
,
about two per cent production between 1998 and 2000 was sold
of
the centre
's
537
buyers Singapore and Malaysia presumably for export
re
The Thai
to
in
up
ex
Ministry Defence recently announced plans for the centre
, of
its
step
to
port efforts partly attempt earn foreign exchange and ease the army
538 an
to
in
's
be
budgetary difficulties AWPC hopes able sell mortars machine gun
to
to
's ,
.
to
.
of
costs and ISO 9002 status
as
,
importing the raw materials needed produce ammunition seems unlikelyto
,
it
540
do
that Thailand will any better commercially than Malaysia fated SME
ill
-
.
's
Ministry
of
,
A
land cannot compete with Singapore but also suggested that the two countries
,
541the
be
,
in
to
In
to
a
military style weapons called Rungphaisan Industries
or
some
of
ducer
in
,
(
-
542
its in
).
of
the mid 1970s produce small arms for the Thai military Accounts
to
-
a
.
rifle similar the M16 designated the RPS 001 was based around the
It
to
standard The
5
x
-
.
company apparently made unspecified weapons
of
. of
an
543
of
by
set
out
544of
is
A
Duncan Long book According Long the RPS 001 was designed
in
to
1986
,
a
-
.
by team
by
led
as
described
is
It
a
.
AK
5
'
-
fire
it
a
'
-
-
ent models the standard RPS 001 and short carbine version the RPS 0015
,
,
a
is :
-
545
.
“
Thailand has large but apparently tightly regulated domestic gun market
a
,
ASEAN Country Studies 91
are
276
issued in each province . The exception is Bangkok where there some
546
licensed gun dealers Each licence regulates the numbers weapons and
of
.
amount ammunition each dealer can purchase year and this limit
of
to is
in
,
a
strictly enforced and difficult change No single gun shop permitted
to
is
.
import more than weapons each year although this rule has been easily
30
,
547
circumvented
.
regulation strict enforcement less successful Thailand has large
If
is
is
,
a
.
military small arms which had origins during the Vietnam
its
black market in
,
548
in
.
.
has large gun for hire industry and assassinations and murders are com
a
a
-
-
549
solving business and family disputes
of
ten
Thailand annually and police estimate many
as
as
murders one
in
in
is
a
professional hit According police sources assassination only costs
an
to
of ,
.
be
about 100000 baht 2500 but some parts the country killings can
in
),
($
550
arranged for significant the industry that the Thai
So
little
as
as
is
250
$
National Police has Centre for the Prevention and Suppression Hired Gun
of
a
its
as
as
men CPSG
a
(
)
of
Crime Suppression Division organisations maintains list
of
Each these
a
.
551
gunmen Many
on
hired while the GSC listed 866 killers the lists have been
,
,
552
trained rangers former policemen former military personnel
or
The most
,
.
dangerous places for hits are Chonburi Phetchaburi and Surat Thani
of ,
,
while Bangkok despite population million has only
47
sus
its
over
,
,
7
pected gunmen
.
The Thai military has been actively involved circumventing some gun
in
control laws For example April 2001 senior Air Force officer was arrested
in
,
,
a
.
Muang airport and made off with imported 9mm Glock semiautomatic pis
30
553
tols worth million baht 43000 The weapons which were being held
,
1
.8
($
of ).
by
by
tined for
in
,
a
police and Interior Ministry officials was discovered that the military was
it
,
the number
to
could apparently import year Units were importing arms tax free claim
in
,
a
-
.
as
ing they were welfare benefit for officials and employees and saving
a
'
as
much 6700 baht 160 applicable duties per weapon The imported arms
in
($
to
to
,
.
An
the scale this trade was significant estimated 30000 pistols and rifles
of
were imported using this loophole 1996 alone The Thai Supreme Court
in
000
785
($
)
554
for
the brokering and facilita
'
important point for the trans hip
an
of of
tion small arms transfers also
is
It
'
-s
ment weapons from producers and suppliers outside Southeast Asia the
In
.
recent past the Royal Thai Army was extremely important conduit for the
an
,
of
supply arms the Khmer Rouge and other Cambodian opposition forces
to
.
illegal weapons ranges from the
of
Today Thai involvement the movement
in
,
to
serving senior military officers Many transfers take place along the
of
tion
.
country border regions with Cambodia and Burma but southern ports and
,
's
towns are also important for the trans hipment weapons Sri Lanka and
to
of
-s
Indonesia
.
During the 1980s Thailand was key conduit moving weapons oppo
to
in
a
sition forces Cambodia including the Khmer Rouge fighting the Vietnam
in
)
ese backed regime Phnom Penh Weapons and ammunition were provided
in
-
.
by
of
the transfers
,
,
by
ko
as
special unit the Thai military known
po
were arranged bo
to
so
of
a
“
Special Operations Division 315 The unit was headed by then General
or
315
.
'
's
According one book Special Operations 315 was
of
,
.
or
coordinate any government
or
to
to
'
555
military office agents worked civilian clothes and based themselves out
Its
in
'.
556
Bangkok designed private company
of
,
a
.
the
An
of
to
one incident
In
1993
in
,
.
. .
557
,
the
men arrested with shipment confessed that the weapons had come from
a
total
a
.
.
of
1500 tons
,
from China addition heavy weapons the haul included hand grenades
to
In
,
.
of
40
mortar shells RPG rocket launchers and grenades and cases machine
,
-2
the warehouses
of
of In
,
.
558
The Thai government continued send arms and supplies the Khmer
to
to
Rouge signing
of
even after the the Paris Peace Accords and after the United
559
In
a
.
ASEAN Country Studies 93
560
Khmer Rouge from the Thai border town opposite the KR stronghold in Pailin .
The US government also reportedly had satellite photos showing the transfers
561
being made
.
Thai businessmen also supplied guns and money the Khmer Rouge
to
.
of
According member the Thai National Security Council loggers and
to
,
a
traders working KR controlled regions were obliged supply the fighters
to
in
562
with arms food and medicine These were often obtained from the Thai
,
.
army The military also provided weapons exchange for logging and pre
in
.
of
cious stone concessions The scale
.
By
an
1992 there were estimated
.
563
mining for blue sapphires and around Pailin According one American
to
in
.
estimate logging concessions granted Thai businesses were worth between
to
,
564
the Khmer Rouge
10
20
million month
to
$
a
-
.
But weapons poured Thailand during the civil war
Cambodia
if
into from
by
as
and early 1990s the middle the government began
of
to
,
its
the country Cambodia began export surplus arms This was not
of
most
to
,
.
brokers military per
of
done officially but rather involved complex network
,
,
a
demobilised
to
.
up
soldiers and opposition fighters began turn the Thai border As the on
to
.
of
tide the civil war turned against them many Khmer Rouge fighters also
,
on
their
to
-
.
these purchases
of
gangs Thailand but they also involved some exports crime syndicates
to
in
in
,
Taiwan and Hong Kong Larger sales often involved the Thai military The
.
.
the
army which had made the transfers Cambodia first place was per
to
in
,
,
fectly poised advantage weapons
of
of
of
.
Small arms and light weapons also began be exported from Cambodia
to
southern ports For more detail see the Cambodia country study Most 's
: of
(
.)
.
Sri
as
as
's
565
Tigers LTTE
).
(
Transfers Burma
to
Burma one
is
566
security official
of
on
)
567
ons purchased from the Thailand market The routes for transporting arms
'.
from
-
568
fairly constant since the 1980s Weapons that crossed the border the
in
.
of
,
(
)
94 Small Arms in SE Asia
were stored in Korat and then forwarded to the Karen , Mon and Mong Thai
569
Army forces . Supplies delivered through eastern provinces Aranyaprathet
of
,
Prachinburi Trat and Chanthaburi were moved through Chonburi and Bang
,
570
by
kok Larger shipments sometimes went boat Prachaub Khiri Khan and
to
.
then overland Karen rebels Amphur Saiyok Kanchanaburi Mon
or
to
to
in
,
571
forces across the border from Sangkhla district
.
Incidents involving the interception arms being smuggled Burmese
to
of
groups are extremely common Many implicate the Thai military and police
In
.
.
1993 General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh
of
then Minister the Interior admitted
,
that most the trucks caught shipping weapons Burma belonged the
of
to
to
572
Thai government and that most the smugglers were policemen
of
one
In
.
incident 1994 Thai border policemen apprehended two Thais dressed
in
in
,
.
provided and loaded the arms and said they
Sa
of
the north east
to
-
1995 Thai police arrested two soldiers and
en
In
a
.
transporting war weapons Mae Hong Son the Burma border They said
on
in
.
'
'
the arms had come from Cambodia and admitted that they had made the trip
573
Thai military and police involvement this trade continues the present
to
in
day August 1998 Royal Thai military officer was arrested Bangkok
In
in
a
.
an
Czech ammunition and M16 his
in
,
574
of
of
50
cache
,
a
.
and
,
a
-
craft ammunition Police sources quoted the Bangkok daily The Nation said
in
.
corrupt police officials were behind the ring which was smuggling the arms
to
,
575
Karen rebels
.
The movement arms and ammunition along the Burma border closely
is
of
in
,
.
by
the past the main problem was heroin production and trafficking groups
In
like Khun
,
s
'
for
in
,
.
of
than 50000 rounds ammunition for M16 rifles and M60 machine guns were
of
576
bulk
in
,
An
United Wa State Army the eastern Shan State estimated 600 million
in
speed pills crossed into Thailand the last year from the Wa drug facto
to 50
in
's
As well sending drugs the Wa have also exported arms Thai crimi
as
ries
,
.
by
nal gangs Seizures Thai police suggest they also use Thailand trans
as
a
.
groups Myanmar
in
.
ASEAN Country Studies 95
As the Wa' s activities have increased , Thailand has taken a stronger mili
tary posture along the Burmese border . In 2000 , Myanmar 's government ac
cused Thailand of directly supplying arms to Burmese rebels fighting the gov
ernment and the Wa, a claim the Thai government denied . Despite that, in
April 2000 Thai deputy Foreign Minister Sukhumbhand Paribatra admitted
that Thailand was supporting what were described as ' clandestine sabotage
578
operations against the United Wa State Army inside Burma.
to
arms
to
If
,
by
jor consumer the Tamil Tigers move sea Intelligence sources say the most
,
579off
of
of
important areas activity for arms smuggling are islands the coast Phuket
,
as
of
well Canadian Secu
as
the southern
of A
.
rity Intelligence Service report identifies the coastal town
as
Trang another
580
LTTE base Thai military personnel and police are alleged be involved
to
.
and former Norwegian Special Forces members are also have provided
to
said
587
training explosives
of
the use
in
.
the
for
on
trawlers
,
by
apparently
. or
serving members
. of
of
some which are owned former the Thai
military The LTTE also has own Shipments cross the Bay
its
11
to of
of
vessels
Bengal and are then transferred
at
of
sea Sri
582
Lanka With more than 10000 vessels fishing Thaiwaters and large number
a
.
to is
,
-s
583
in
is
it
an
1999 estimated
,
million worth
of
in
$
a
584
tion between the Indian and Sri Lankan navies March 1997 the Thai
In
,
.
of ,
a
of
four mortar tubes four rounds M79 ammunition two RPGs 5000 rounds
,
unspecified anti
33
62mm
,
,
7
5
.
585
tank rockets and chemicals for bomb production February and May
of
In
.
1998 two fishing vessels carrying 146 and machine guns respectively were
45
,
by
boats were linked the LTTE January 2000 Thai police seized another
at to
In
trawler river
,
It
a
, .
tween the LTTE and two Burmese rebel group the Karens and the Arakan
,
587
Liberation Party
.
Southern Thai ports are also important transit points for weapons ship
ments coming from Vietnam and Cambodia According the RAND analyst
to
.
Peter Chalk arms from Cambodia Vietnam and Burma transit through
,
,
'
96 Small Arms in SE Asia
588
the trip across the Bay of Bengal ”. Hat Yai
on
The town the Kra Isthmus
of
,
weapons from the
of
has been identified another centre for the movement
as
Gulf the west coast for shipment
on
Thailand Sri Lanka Burma and
of
to
to
,
India May 2001 two senior military officers were among those arrested after
In
,
.
two sergeants from the 42nd Army Circle southern Songkhla province were
in
caught trying weapons dealer
of
deliver two truckloads arms The
to
to
a
.
detonating pow
60
of
hand grenades 720 bars
23
seizure included landmines
,
der and 15000 rounds The arms were believed be
of
M16 ammunition
to
.
589
LTTE base island nearby
an
on
an
destined for
.
attempt counter arms smuggling the LTTE and insurgent groups
an
to
to
In
India Thailand signed four nation security arrangement with Sri Lanka
in
,
a
590
India and Bangladesh April 1999 While details about specific mecha
in
.
nisms are sketchy the agreement reportedly included improved exchanges
of
,
is
in
a
.
promoting regional cooperation against trafficking small arms and other
in
illicit goods but the absence Myanmar raises questions about
of
its
likely effec
,
tiveness Islands along Myanmar long coastline are often used by smugglers
's
.
of
South Asia The reported involvement personnel
en
to
route Tatmadaw
ar in
.
in
's
rangement the future unlikely According Lloyd London the LTTE
of
to
in
is
,
's
.
on
abandon base Twante Island
to
to
a
Myanmar they occupied through understanding with some generals
an
in
in
591
Yangon
.
Transfers
to
Aceh
Small arms also pass through southern Thailand destined for the seces
Sumatra Many
of
of
sionist group Aceh Merdeka
on
these arms come originally from Cambodia and there are reports that they
move through Southern Thailand and into Malaysia with the help
of
the Thai
592
cording report the Sydney Morning Herald August 1999 while some
to
for in
in
,
a
arms and support Aceh Merdeka come from Malaysia the AK47s
of
the bulk
',
and M16 assault rifles entering Aceh are being smuggled out
of
southern Thai
593
ports
'.
According official sources weapons for GAM are transported across the
to
, ,
Straits sea
in
in
,
594
of
fishing trawler companies used these operations also have close links
to
in
corrupt elements the Thai military and the customs service Some are also
in
595
by
former
.
ASEAN Country Studies 97
its
,
production
of of
country
, of
the small arms The also inherited massive number
a
.
arms the end American War April 1975 Despite that
or
at
the Vietnam
in
(
')
‘
.
gun ownership and gun violence rare Gun smuggling concern particu
is
of is
,
a
.
larly across the border with China and there are reports leakage from mili
,
tary arsenals Vietnam does not have the resources adequately secure its
to
.
borders and gun smuggling and trans shipment through the country will likely
-
remain concern for some time
a
.
Domestic production
of in
,
production
of
Vietnam small arms since the end the Vietnam War 1988
A
on s'
.
Vietnamese defence expenditure notes that imports
of
article small arms
and ammunition from the Soviet Union were necessary because Vietnam has
'
596
no
an
almost
.
”
as
simply referred State Arsenals formerly produced small arms for the
to
'
'
Vietnamese
a
.
of
copy the
,
a
-
597
Chinese Type also appears that Vietnam has produced modified ver
56
It
-
.
sions several other small arms According Edward Clinton Ezell Small
to
of
's
.
on
,
a
62mm pistol has also altered the French 9mm MAT submachine gun
49
It
of ,
7
-
.
by .
left behind colonial forces fire 62mm rounds The People Army
to
,
's
.
PAVN
of
Vietnam rifle see below also modified version the
is
50M
K
of a
(
)
)'
the
598
50
41
-
(
)
.
for
Reliable sources Hanoi say that Vietnam does not have any facilities
in
able
to
is
,
it
.
of
maintenance capability when captured the old US depot Long Binh out
by at
it
a
.
of
599
Military inventory
's
Between and 1971 the Chinese claim have supplied what was then
to
1964
(
98 Small Arms in SE Asia
North ) Vietnam with 2 million rifles and over 270 million rounds of ammuni
600
tion . After Sino Vietnamese relations worsened the late 1970s the Soviet
in
-
Union and subsequently Russia have become more important Soviet ammuni
.
tion produced 1990 and provided Vietnam still use the country
to
is
in
in
in
601
today major supplier
of
China also small calibre ammunition for the
is
a
. .
PAVN
According published sources the current PAVN inventory includes
to
:
Type pistols Russian SKS and Chinese Type
68
56
62mm Tokarev TT33 and
;
7
.
rifles AK47 and AKM assault rifles the Second World War era Soviet PPSH 41
;
-
submachine gun the 62mm 50M submachine gun mentioned above and
;
,
K
7
-
.
the modified French MAT Vietnam also has 62mm DPM RPD and Type
49
/
-
.
602
light guns 62mm SGM medium machine gun Of
53
67 machine and
7
a
/
.
these weapons the today and soldiers guarding military
service
is
50M in
,
K
-
facilities and around Hanoi be seen carrying the weapon Other troops
in
can
.
have been seen with SKS rifles and AK47s Many these weapons are ex
of
.
603
tremely old and poor condition
in
of
Littleknown about Vietnam
,
is
's
the
tion and defence technologies However according leading commenta
to
,
.
to
tor
is
,
,
604
small arms and ammunition has also recently reached agreements with
It
.
several
.
One important source has been North Korea Vietnamese military delega
A
.
Vietnam
to
to s
'
.
-
at
Chin
O
,
u
-
Armed Forces
In
,
.
's
of
of
Korean Peoples Army paid return visit Shortly thereafter emerged that
it
,
.
on
Vietnam and North Korea had struck deal barter trade under which North
a
Korea would supply Vietnam with weapons parts and ammunition exchange
in
605
100
for
for rice Another million barter deal defence equipment was signed
$
.
of
,
's
of 606
Thoi Bung visited North Korea There are also reports that North Korea
,
62mm ammunition
to
Vietnam
in
7
.
607
1999 Contacts between the two countries are ongoing July 2001 the
In
.
second most senior North Korean leader Kim Yong Sam visited Hanoi where
,
,
608
for
.
ASEAN Country Studies 99
Vietnam has also had contacts with India concerning weapons production
and supplies . In May 1995 , a Vietnamese military delegation led by the Chief of
General Staff ,Deputy Defence Minister Senior Lt .Gen . Dao Dinh Luyen , paid a
visit to India . The delegation was received by India ' s Minister of State
for
De
the India Defence Ministry and the com
air of
fence and met with senior officers
's
manders the army navy and During their visit the Vietnamese
of
force
.
delegation studied military training and defence industries including the op
,
erations the company Ordnance Factories Board OFB March dur
of
In
2000
,
).
(
ing
by
return visit Hanoi Defence Minister Georges Fernandes India and
to
,
a
for
Vietnam signed new defence agreement exchange Vietnamese assist
In
a
.
jungle warfare and guerrilla tactics India apparently agreed help
to
ance
in
'
Vietnam manufacturing
small and medium weapons assault rifles and
in
)
609
certain ordnance products missiles Vietnam presently studying the
is
'
'
(
).
610
services available from the Indian Ordnance Factory Board familiar
In
a
.'
pattern Pakistan has been quick match India offers assistance May
of
to
In
,
's
.
2001 Pakistan military leader General Pervez Musharraf visited Hanoi where
,
's
611
the Vietnamese government
he
.
May 2000 Vietnam and the Ukraine also entered agreement
an
into
In
to
,
.
will assist Vietnam the development and production artillery weapons
of
in
612
well armoured equipment
of
as
as
In
.
September 2000 the two sides were expected complete agreement mili
an
on
tary technical cooperation and long term projects the defence industry
on
in
-
weap
of
sector under which the Ukraine may assist Vietnam the production
in
ons 613
'.
Vietnam
In
1994
,
's
.
Minister Tran Duc Luong paid visit the Slovak Republic and held talks
to
,
with Slovak arms manufacturers about the possibilities for cooperation Viet
.
up
,
a
.
Again details about the specific weapons types involved these discussions
in
,
Vietnam has few problems with gun violence fact given the vast number
In
,
.
of
is
in
, ,
it
are
that there little gun related crime Major cities safe police are lightly
so
is
the
armed and few soldiers armed security personnel are be seen Despite the
or
to
cirn
still
, .
Despiteespe
in
circulation
in
isis ,
weapons
cially rural areas Hanoi most concerned about arms
most conce the central high
in
in
.
the
and government July 2001 the Ho Chi Minh City newspaper Tuoi Tre
,
In
.
reported the province residents had voluntarily
of
Youth that Kontum
in
'
'
(
)
grenades and 556kg explosives the past two
58
handed over 223 firearms
of
in
,
the
years Dak Lak province south authorities had collected 152 firearms
In
to
,
.
and 120 homemade weapons Most the weapons dated back the Vietnam
of
to
.
614
War when locals fought alongside US forces
,
.
There are also reports that anti communist group known
as
an
the Free
,
-
Vietnam Movement FVM low level insurgency operations along
maintains
),
-
(
Cambodian border The group reportedly includes members
of
the Vietnamese
-
by
the former South Vietnamese armed forces and funded expatriates the
in
is
United States and Europe armed with small quantities
of
rifles and
is
It
.
615
sidearms some which were obtained from Cambodian arms depots
of
in In
,
.
one example August 1999 fire the Cambodian navy arms depot
an
at
,
's
616
Kompong Son province was linked the FVM The Ream arms
in
to
Ream ,
.
depot was suspected being source for stolen military weapons sold clan
of
that the fire took place after the Vietnamese embassy Phnom Penh had de
in
manded the Cambodian government reveal those responsible for selling arms
617
to
a
618
Som
,
.
Free Vietnam Movement also believed have cooperated with anti commu
619to
is
-
nist movements Cambodia and Laos
in
April 1975
of
of
,
a
by
North Vietnamese
troops estimated that the US abandoned between and million small
It
is
.15
1
8
.
an
arms and 150000 tonnes ammunition These included
of
South Vietnam
in
, .
estimated 90000 M1911A1 pistols 791000 M16A1s 857 580 other assorted
,
'
rifles 15000 M60 general purpose machine guns and 47000 M79 grenade
',
620
by
621
to
to
.
up
Central America American Vietnam war era weapons have also been
in
-
.
623
seized drug shipments coming into Hong Kong from Vietnam There are
in
also credible reports that US intelligence agency has film Vietnamese weap
of
the a
ons being provided New People Army NPA group the Philippines
to
in
(
.
's
There have also been several reported incidents the past five years
of
in
era
Vietnam War weapons being smuggled back into the United States some
,
624
for
,
.
101
ASEAN Country Studies
of
Customs stumbled across Vietnam
in
a
a
warehouse San Diego The arms included M1 and M2 carbines and M16
in
as .
as
M79 grenade launchers The age the weapons
of
assault rifles well
,
, .
together with the fact that some were missing parts suggested that they might
for
have been shipped spares
.
The circuitous path the shipment took
of
the United States indicative
to
is
the lengths arms smugglers their products Originally
go
will move con
to
a
.
signment journey Ho Chi Minh City
its
two containers the cargo began
of
in
in
,
by
March there Singapore and then
to
travelled
it
From sea
to to
1997
, .
By
Bremerhaven Germany the time the shipment left Germany had grown
it
.
San Diego two
At
of
a
.
then
it
,
Minh City .
Thailand and then back Long Beach California before being
to
to
,
put New York City August 1997 two American citizens one
on
of
to
train
In
,
a
.
Vietnamese origin were charged with conspiracy import firearms parts into
to
the United States According prosecutors the weapons were intended for
to
,
.
625
firearms dealers California and Oregon
to
sale
in
is
In
to it
,
ammunition were also transferred allies Cambodia and Laos during the
in
626
The TUR rifle for example has been identified both countries
In
1980s
in
,
,
1
-
.
.
addition Vietnam believed have sold North Korean made Igla SAMs
to
to
is
,
'
'
the Tamil Tigers LTTE and there have been rumours that Vietnamese weap
(
In
1992
in
,
a
.
shipment 56mm US made rifles originating from Vietnam was reportedly
of
5
-
.
,
627
caches
In
1994
,
.
trawlers operating
of
the South China Sea The fact that some the fishermen
in
'
'
.
arrested
to
in
that there may be leakage from Vietnamese government arms depots and
629
armouries
.
as
ment area for weapons originating China and Russia Chinese weapons
in
they are loaded onto cargo ships Reports Russian weapons moving through
of
.
at
Vietnam suggest they arrive directly Vietnamese ports where they are further
630
dispersed throughout Southeast Asia and possibly beyond The traffic not
is
.
all one direction Arms also move from Vietnam into southern China There
in
has been some limited cross border cooperation with Chinese authorities try
to
-
102 Small Arms in SE Asia
631
gler based in Caobinh Province . Despite this even with bilateral coopera
,
be
tion between the two countries will difficult eliminate the trade alto
to
it
of
gether customs saythat with total staff whom about
of
Vietnamese 7000
,
a
.
2000 work administrative positions impossible totally secure the
to
in
it
is
,
632
country long and often remote border regions
.
's
Meeting the Small Arms Challenge in Southeast Asia :
Policy Recommendations
the
The previous chapters have described in some detail
is of
nature and scale
small arms production and transfers Southeast Asia They suggest that
in
it
.
extremely difficult draw clear line between the legal and illegal trade
to
in
a
by
of
small arms and light weapons Most the illicit arms used terrorists and
.
insurgent groups were one time legally produced possessed and transferred
at
.
Once these weapons fall into the wrong hands however they can present
a
serious challenge both state sovereignty and human security Large accumu
to
.
lations illegal weapons help fuel conflicts impede economic development
of
,
and foster corruption and crime This tragically clear the southern Philip
is
in
.
pines Aceh Maluku and parts Myanmar
of
,
.
But while small arms present significant threat sovereignty and good
to
a
governance parts Southeast Asia there are many simple practical steps
of
in
,
meet that challenge This final chapter outlines some initia
be
that taken
to
can
.
tives that might be taken ensure better management the production trans
of
to
,
of
fer and control small arms region steps that need be taken
to
the These are
in
by
by
by
individual states groupings like ASEAN and the ARF and the inter
,
.
National level controls
National responses by individual ASEAN
states will vital part any be
of
a
response the small arms challenge since both domestic and international
to
by
to no
states There
is
state
in
,
ASEAN that does not need take least some national action address
to
at
trans
its
or
weaknesses
in
fers
.
Illegal production
at
Few
.
ability make their own arms and the only area where illegal production
an
to
is
in
.
by
addressed
is to
of
ment and clear statement who and who not permitted produce arms
to
is
a
Given that large number people the area are dependent arms produc
of
be on
in
a
for
tion their livelihood these measures will also need matched with
to
,
.
104 Small Arms in SE Asia
the region most weapons in illegal circulation are generally not new , but recy
cled . The most important step states can take to prevent these small arms
transfers is to improve security over weapons already lawfully in circulation .
Most of these arms reach unauthorised actors when they leak from government
arsenals , security forces and private owners . Two responses to the problem of
leakage are necessary : improved regulation of private firearms and better secu
rity and management of military and police stockpiles and holdings .
Improving controls over small arms stockpiles is one of the most important
steps individual ASEAN states can take to reduce leakage and illicit small
arms transfers. Action to secure stocks can be divided into two distinct areas :
improving controls over arms manufacturing facilities in producer states , and
improving the security of weapons in national military holdings and arsenals
in both producer and non - producer states .
its
leakage
its
of
from
,
factory Bandung used bombings Jakarta last year Even this dis
in
is
in
in
.
puted According the company the illegal transfer may have occurred once
to
,
.
the materials had already left the company for the Indonesian military The
.
important reminder however that ASEAN governments need
an
incident
to
is
,
closely monitor their own arms industries ensure that weapons and ammu
to
go
nition produced only authorised recipients
to
.
Leakage from military stockpiles armouries and magazines much more
is
a
of
serious problem This kind transfer probably the single most important
is
.
the
for
in
A
.
prehensive response this challenge will require multiple steps The first and
to
.
for
be
some states
to
.
the weapons they believe
of
All ASEAN states should detailed recordcompile
a
by
military police
of
an
are held their and forces The results such audit should
.
then be compared weapons actually deposited armouries police stations
to
in
,
An
of
what
is
in
.
ties and what missing necessary foundation for further action Govern
is
is
a
.
ments also need make clear who exactly responsible for the security and
to
is
those needed
.
ten
was indicated the country studies many regional militaries still hold
in
World War
to
,
II
ons have no practical value modern military
.
police force but could still
or
to
,
of a
a
.
surplus
of
'
weapon The Organisation Security Cooperation Europe OSCE has
on
in
up.
)
be
come with some basic indicators that could applied within ASEAN One
.
state
is
it
i.e
a
?
's
',
'
for
ing operations Each state would have decide this figure itself but shar
to
,
.
be
ing the information with other states the region could useful confidence
in
to a
building measure Producer states could then choose only supply states that
.
.“
are
left where they can stolen m isplaced transferred criminals and insur
or
to
,
The destruction
is
.
sive According the Bonn International Centre for Conversion BICC sev
to
),
.
eral cost effective options for destruction are available ranging from cutting
,
-
106 Small Arms in SE Asia
can
While destruction programs offer a simple way to reduce the arms that
unauthorised hands funding can issue for some developing
be
an
leak into
,
currently international fund for providing assistance with
no
states There
is
.
by
surplus arms although one has been suggested the Brit
of
the destruction
,
ish government
be
Such fund would useful Southeast Asia where several
in
a
.
states lack the resources needed organise demobilisation destruction and
to
,
reintegration DD programs
&
R
.
(
)
be
Third there must better security for those weapons that are deemed nec
,
essary for national security purposes Some effective measures that could be
.
taken here would cost very little Weapons not use should be separated from
in
.
or
their magazines
be
bolts and these should stored safe and secure area
in
a
ar
away the principal arms storage area Access military and police
to
from
.
mouries and ammunition storage magazines should
be
restricted author
to
be
ised personnel only All weapons should stored separately from ammuni
.
of
.
in
,
.
be
tures lined with pressed steel Armouries need adequately secured with
to
, .
appropriate fencing guards locks and where possible alarms The weapons
,
.
inside should be stored cage and preferably should be locked onto gun
in
a
.
for
There also need better weapons control practices There little point
is
is
be out
signed
or
and without detail records being kept who has what weapon Ideally mili
of
,
.
tary small arms should only signed out specific personnel for specific
be
to
be
of
as
be
be
given
to
be
sure none
of
,
putting gun someone head and demanding access but they make gain
to
,
a
's
professionalising regional militaries and police forces States that have mili
.
tary assistance and defence cooperation programs with ASEAN members might
want consider funding initiatives help develop these habits
to
to
.
Policy Recommendations 107
address small arms and light weapons would be incomplete if they did not
include due regard for ammunition ' .' Ammunition is the vital ingredient that
makes the misuse of small arms possible . It is impossible to mass -produce
reliable , military quality ammunition without precise industrial equipment ,
special conditions and imported raw materials . Insurgents and criminals there
fore either need to acquire it through leakage or by direct sales from private
producers and states .
addition to the controls on military stocks noted above, ASEAN states should
enact regulations requiring that privately owned ammunition be stored se
from weapons and that it must be properly marked with
curely and separately
an identifying Some ASEAN states also lack basic legislation specifying
code .
the amount of ammunition a person can own at any given time.10
ten 15
those
.
)
(S
in
, -
priority possible
be
be
it
,
.
only
be
in
.
ASEAN states will mean that well kept paper records kept local police
in
a
-
108 Small Arms in SE Asia
station will probably be a more useful resource for law -enforcement personnel
than an expensive but inaccessible computer -based system far away in the
national capital . National measures should also be complemented with ap
propriate regional action , such as steps to make this information available to
other ASEAN states .
Brokering
Capacity building
Even if adequate gun control and import / export legislation were introduced
all
by ASEAN states the much bigger challenge enforcing those laws would
of
,
the lack
of
remain
is
.
weak states Southeast Asia Even assuming there political will sup
to
is
in
press illicit arms trafficking states like Indonesia Cambodia Laos Vietnam
,
to
tiers secure and destroy surplus weapons and enforce gun control laws They
,
.
do
often not have the funds needed hire train and adequately pay the cus
to
,
a
tional financial institutions IFIs like the International Monetary Fund IMF
(
and World Bank have been reluctant link their restructuring programs
to
to
what might be perceived national security issues but given the influence
as
Regional measures
While national level measures are important, tackling the illicit trade in
small arms will also need to be supplemented with greater levels of regional
cooperation . Here , the first steps should focus on developing greater levels of
cooperation between ASEAN officials at the working level .
law
be
cially important While there already regional institution ASEANAPOL
is
,
a
.
which brings together senior police officers from around the region more atten
,
the operational level Too often
be
to
.
or
.
contacts and exchanges need be established between the customs justice
to
,
and police officials who are charged with enforcing existing laws and regula
day day basis
on
tions
to
a
by
better exchanges
. of
These links also need
be
matched information
to
about state export controls and authorised small arms transfers Here some
by
.
of
Simply identifying and exchanging the names the officials each state who
in
can
positive development clear national policy statement from each ASEAN
A
a
member listing the people and institutions within that state that are authorised
issue export permission and End User Certificates EUCs would also be
to
)
-
, ,
.
with the four nation security arrangement signed between Thailand Sri Lanka
,
-
India and Bangladesh April 1999 The agreement seems require little
.19
to
in
is
it
,
in
of
arms and other illicit goods There are clearly other parts the region that
.
The kidnap
of
.
110 Small Arms in SE Asia
on
and track two seminar
at
),
a
'
‘
(
tional Arms Transfers and Small Arms Cambodia February 2001 The
in
in
'
.
on on
the ARF context was
an
one substantive initiative taken small arms
so
far
in
Australian proposal for the responsibilities
of
declaration member states
a
concerning small arms transfers While the wording the declaration was
of
.
only aspirational and not especially demanding China Russia and several
,
ASEAN states worked hard progress After some debate the ARF
its
at
block
to
.
Senior Officials Meeting SOM meeting Vietnam May 2001 the initiative
in
in
,
by '
)
was opposed Indonesia and other ASEAN members and not passed
on
to
the Foreign Ministers meeting Hanoi This reflected very poorly
on
the ARF
in
.
'
regional initiative
no
and meant the Asia Pacific had take the UN Confer
to
to
-
ence New York July While progress even less likely now than before the
in
in
is
.
pressure
be
ARF action
of
on
conference for some sort small arms should sus
,
by
as
members like Australia Canada Japan and New Zealand
as
tained well
,
,
more sympathetic ASEAN members like Malaysia All ARF members should
.
be
UN
set
of
Action
in
.
International action
important recognise that regional action small arms Southeast on
to
in
is
It
Asia will some extent depend what happens the wider international
on
on
to
,
of
the issue allowed the wake the
to
is
in
If
.
United Nations conference ASEAN states may feel less compelled take posi
to
,
is
It
in
Action
to
in
.
of
in
an
such
in
international
.
marking regime mentioned above tougher action control brokering and arms
to
;
craft
so
called
to
;
'
-
for
velopment
of
or
(
-
non state like entities badly needed overhaul the highly problematic
of
and
);
a
-
as
End User Certificate EUC system Small arms measures should also be seen
.
(
All
as
ASEAN and ARF members should be encouraged make timely and detailed
to
.
Policy Recommendations 111
Conclusion
Small arms production and proliferation in Southeast Asia present a com
plex and multi- faceted challenge . The illicit trade alone includes leakage both
large and small from state arsenals and stockpiles , illegal production , domes
transfers criminal groups well organised commercial size shipments
tic
to
,
-
state authorised covert transfers Steps address the
to
and non state actors
to
-
.
by
small arms will therefore require action
at
problems presented
of
range
a
the state level while necessary and important will
on
its
levels Action at own
,
.
of
be insufficient combination
,
A
.
of
needed better regulate the legal trade reduce the illegal supply small
for to to
to
is
of
arms and begin remove the underlying causes insecurity that create the
to
.
UN
to
will impinge proposals improve the management
on
of
their sovereignty If
to
.
way that
as be
be
small arms are successful ASEAN they must presented
in
to
in
a
not perceived threatening regional norms which place premium
to on
is
be
sovereignty and non interference The best approach for advocates will
-
on
,
a
'
be
.
especially difficult Given that the requirements statehood are usually
be
of
.
as
understood
be
to
to
in
,
the current activities illicit arms traffickers actually undermine their sover
of
eignty Once these states accept the need for action control small arms the
at
to
.
can
building
on
Introduction
1 These factors are set out in Keith Krause , Norm - Building in Security Spaces :
The Emergence of the Light Weapons Problematic , paper prepared
for
the
the International Studies Association Washington DC
of
Annual Conference
,
March 1999
.
On small arms and civilian casualties see Lora Lumpe Curbing the Prolifera
',
2
to
tion
',
on
ence the Center for Preventative Action Council Foreign Relations
,
December 1998
.
Lora Lumpe Transparency the Legal Small Arms Trade paper presented
in
,
',
3
18
20
on
the Swiss Government
at
,
's
-
1999
.
Jeffrey Boutwell Michael Klare Small Arms and Light Weapons Control
&
- ', ',
4
:
ling the Real Instruments War Arms Control Today September 1998
of
A
.
org
at
http
/ of
on
version the article available line www armscontrol ACT
is
:/
/
/
.
.
augsep98 mkas98 htm
.
Department
for
See Freedom From Fear Canada Foreign Policy Human Security
,
5
's
(
of
.9p
&
of ,
),
's
:
Role Disarmament and Development Ministry Foreign Affairs Tokyo 2000
in
29 ,
);
(
also Kavi Chongkittavorn Tackling new global agendas The Nation Octo
' “,
',
, ,
ber 1998 AAP Newsfeed No
13
Howard backs move limit small arms to
,
;
vember 1999
.
of
For the full text the ECOWAS moratorium see Jacqueline Seck West Africa
,
,
6
the Imple
for
Small Arms Moratorium High Level Consultations
on
the Modalities
-
:
mentation
(
and the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament Africa
in
,
Geneva and Lomé 2000
,
).
Inter American Convention Against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking Fire
in
7
, -
of
arms Ammunition Explosives and Other Related Material The full text the
,
Convention
at
available http
is
:/
/
/
/
/
.
.
treaties 63 html
a
.
-
/
Small Arms Survey 2001 Oxford University Press London 2001 For more
,
,
8
).
(
information
,
:/
/
.
.
',
9
'
,
(
)
(
:
' .
)
52
,
A
'
/
/
August
27
11
1997
p
,
.
.
.pp
12 11
11
12
Ibid
,
-
.
areincluded
in
,
(
but are usually empirical studies the grounds that they are
on
excluded from
already addressed their own This was the approach adopted
of
literature
of in
a
by
be
13 Some early scholarly accounts include light anti - tank weapons and shoulder
fired anti -aircraft weapons as 'small arms '. See for example the contribution of
Stephanie Neuman , cited in Swadesh Rana , Small Arms and Intra - State Conflict ,
UNIDIR Research Paper No . 34 (UNIDIR , Geneva , 1995 ), pp . 3-4 . In 1996 the
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR ) defined small
arms as including ‘ certain types of heavy machine guns (HMG ) with a calibre
not exceeding 12.7mm , man -portable anti- aircraft and anti- tank missiles and
mortars ,mines and grenades '. See UNIDIR , Small Arms Management and Peace
keeping in Southern Africa (Geneva , UNIDIR , 1996 ), p . 8 . This definition appears
the
Small Arms and Light Weapons
of
14 Lora Proliferation
'.
51
16 15
,
1948
).
Au
52
Small Arms United Nations General Assembly Document
27
298
',
,
A
'
/
/
gust 1997 para para
34
57
,
.
the regional regulation
of
firearms United
on
17
,
Nations International Study
on
,
(
by
see also the excellent summary Katherine Kramer Legal Controls
on
1998
,
);
Small Arms and Light Weapons ASEAN Small Arms Survey Non Violence
in
&
). -
(
International Small Arms Survey Working Paper No Geneva 2001
,
,
2
.
see
18
www
to
/
/
.
/
ments gov nov proposal htm
99
canada
_
.
, /
Krause
.
by
non state
-
American States regional convention
of
in
'
regulating arms trafficking well the UN Protocol against the Illicit Manu
as
in as
terials The OAS convention defines illicit trafficking the import export
as
, ,
'
'
.
or
of
of
one
State Party
of
that
to
-
.
1,
2
.
added
).
Chapter
2
, , p,
1
.v
.
, ,
3
J.
or in
Il
&
',
D
-
-
.
Moon eds The Dilemma Third World Defense Industries Supplier Control
of
:
(
.)
34
,
?
.
(
)
114 Small Arms in SE Asia
4 Bilveer Singh & Kwa Chong Kuan , “ The Singapore Defence Industries :
Motivations , Organization and Impact ,' in Chandra Jeshurun (ed ), Arms and
Defence in Southeast Asia ( Institute for Southeast Asian Studies , Singapore , 1989 )
pp .21 -22 , 96.
5 Although , as Singaporean commentators frequently note , Singapore ' s goal
has not been complete self - sufficiency , which would be unrealistic for a small
state . With the exception of sidearms such as pistols , however , Singapore is
completely self -sufficient in small arms and ammunition .
6 Quoted in Andrew L . Ross , “ The International Arms Trade , Arms Imports , and
Local Defence Production in ASEAN ,' in Jeshurun (ed ) , Arms and Defence in
Southeast Asia , pp .21 - 22.
8 Interview with Professor Dato ' Zakaria Haji Ahmad , Institute of Diplomacy
and Foreign Relations, Kuala Lumpur , 17 October 2000 .
9 Singh and Kwa , p . 98 .
10 Although it should be noted that price was not the only consideration identi
fied by
Indonesian military officials when they announced their intention to
seek Chinese mortar ammunition . They also complained that mortar rounds
produced by the Indonesian defence manufacturer Pindad were unreliable
and of low quality . Unfortunately for Pindad , China also offered the Indone
sian government cheap loans with which to finance the purchase . See ‘Defence
Developments ', Asia - Pacific Defence Reporter , June / July 2000 , p .47 .
11 See for example , the interview with the then Malaysian Defence Minister Datuk
Seri Syed Hamid Albar in Jane's Defence Weekly , 26 November 1997 ; see also
the comments of Kamaruzzaman Shariff , then Secretary General of the
Malaysian Ministry of Defence in ‘ Towards a Balanced and Credible Defence
Capability ', Military Technology , No. 8 (1993 ) pp .65 -69 , 67 .
defence indus
.pp
'try
21
20
,
-
-
.
Singh
14 13
98
Kwa
,
.p
&
, .
For more details see Pindad website http www pindad com
,
's
:/
/
/
.
.
/
15
its
',
Pete
in
,
'
,
(
)
(
:
94
),
2000
.p
.
The licensing agreement required that third party sales could only proceed
17
Burma receives ad
of
vances
'.
not deny that the shipment was made but have said that
do
18
Swedish officials
,
an
investigation into the matter concluded that Singapore had not breached
of its
,
.
.
Notes 115
19 A list of national inventories of small arms can be found in Jane ' s Infantry
Weapons 1999 - 2000 (Jane ' s Information Group , Coulsdon , 2000 ) .
20 '
Jane s Infantry Weapons , 1999 - 2000 , p. 579 .
21 Hawke , ' Exposed — Burma' s weapons industry ', Jane 's Intelligence Review , 1
December 1998 .
Chapter 3
1 One complication , however , is that often news reports do not accurately iden
tify the weapons they refer to . For example , few newspaper writers are able
to distinguish between the Soviet / Russian AK47 and the Chinese copy of the
AK47 , the Type 56 assault rifle . Many reports that refer to the use of AK47s
might actually be referring to Type 56s . While there are few differences in
terms of the guns ' capabilities , the precise identity of the weapon obviously
provides important clues about where it may have come from .
2 According to one survey , of
major conflicts fought since 1990 , small arms
49
and light weapons were the only arms used in 46 . See Jeffrey Boutwell &
Michael Klare , 'Small Arms and Light Weapons: Controlling the Real Instru
ments of War ', Arms Control Today , August / September 1998 .
3 Raymond Bonner , ‘ A Tamil Tiger Primer on International Arms Bazaar ', Inter
national Herald Tribune , 10 March 1998 , p .4 ; Peter Chalk , “'Liberation Tigers Of
Tamil Eelam ' s (LTTE ) International Organization And Operations – A Pre
liminary Analysis ', Canadian Security Intelligence Service , Commentary No.
77 (Winter 1999 ) .
.
-r
Interviews with informed sources Bangkok November 2000 see also David
,
,
;
5
24
in
,
',
,
'
vember 2000 Nelson Rand Nothing Left Lose Life and Death the Karen
47 to
in
,
;
44
State Soldier
',
-
.
James East Thais fighting losing battle with Myanmar drug lords The Straits
',
',
6
's
March 2001 AFP Cash guns paid for hostages Philippine Daily
13
Times
,
, ' ',
; ;
Inquirer August 2000 Armand Nocum and Donna Cuesto AFP chief admits
,
,
2
P245M paid for hostages release Philippine Daily Inquirer August 2000
',
;
8
'
In
Carlito Pablo Abu Sayyaf shopping for heavy weapons Philippine Daily
‘,
',
all
The Canadian government offered draft treaty that would outlaw trans
7
by
fers between states and non state actors but this was strongly opposed the
-
United States among others For the draft and reactions see http
to
,
it
,
.
:/
all /
www prepcom org documents gov nov canada proposal htm Not
99
_
_
.
/
/
.
/
.
re
, .
sells them various other groups excluding the SSA Interview source
to
in
,
in
p
8
7
(
.
).
Michelle Vachon Ana Nov Unreliable Gun Statistics Agree Only that Nation
&
',
9
,
8
-
.
116 Small Arms in SE Asia
its
claim that
,
average average increase 802 registered firearms each
‘, 65
on
& an
of
there
is
,
on
PP
year Rodrigo Gracia Camilo Cascolan PCTC Paper Illegal Manu
an P
.
.
facturing Trafficking Firearms paper presented the Jakarta Re
to
of
in
',
the Illicit Trafficking Small Arms and Light Weapons
on
gional Seminar
in
,
3
of 4
-
May 2000 According separate 1998 PNP intelligence report
12
13
56
to
%
,
% ,
a
.
in -
weapons the Philippines are
21
all
23
Mindanao are Luzon are
%
in
in
in
,
,
the Visayas See PNP reports 137 645 guns loose nationwide Business World
',
,
.
September 1998
'
28
.
11
Carlito Pablo Gov vies with Sayyaf Mindanao arms market Philippine
in
, ,
',
'
't
Daily Inquirer August 2000
8
.
PCTC Paper
13 12
15
Gracia Cascolan
',
’,
.p
7
EU .
Curbing Small Arms
on
Interviews with representative
from Assistance
-
and Light Weapons
EU
February 2001
19
Cambodia ASAC Phnom Penh
in
),
;
-
see also the presentation by Brig Gen (
ret Henny van der Graaf Project
,
.
)
Manager the ASEAN Regional Forum Seminar
EU
on
ASAC Conven
to
,
,
-
21
Febru
,
,
ary 2001
.
February
17 16 15 14
.
Calls for intl troops Maluku brushed aside The Jakarta Post August 2000
in
',
, 7
.
' '
12
Jakarta Post March 2001
',
', ,
, .
AG
8
July 2000
.
Indonesian Australian
',
'
',
,
1
'
October 1994
.2p
,
.
rebels raid Quezon town hall seize guns Philippine Daily Inquirer De
20
60
',
,
8
'
cember 2000 Cynthia Borgueta Joey Gabieta 200 NPA rebs attack Samar
&
,
;
22 A
“
.
cops troops Philippine Daily Inquirer September 2000 Gerry Baldo Shoot
,
',
',
, ;
ers lose guns rebels Philippine Daily Inquirer October 1999 Delfin Mallari
27
to
',
,
;
NPA rebels raid Laguna police station seize guns Philippine Daily Inquirer
,
',
,
8
‘
August 2000 Lax management and lost weapons also major problem For
is
a
.
.
'
'
example October 2000 120 police officers from Negros Occidental were
in
,
114
pistols
13
rifles 14s
M
,
a
-
and shotguns See Carla Gomez Policemen sued for failing return pistols
to
‘,
,
.
rifles Philippine Daily Inquirer October 2000 The same article quotes the
',
,
4
police director for the Western Visayas ordering the return 600 weapons
of
the
issued
to
to
.
big
21
‘,
in
,
, .
.
22
There were minor differences news reports about the exact quantity
of
in
for
missing weapons
',
.
‘
Notes 117
The Straits Times ,5 July 2000 ; Thomas Fuller , Malaysia Armory Thieves Sur
rounded ', International Herald Tribune , 5 July 2000 .
23 Jestyn Cooper , 'Rebel group threatens Malaysian security ' , Jane 's Intelligence
Review , 1 September 2000 ; Wan Hamidi Hamid , Mahathir : Arms heist gang
out to topple government ' , The Straits Times , 11 July 2000 ; ‘Nine more soldiers
involved in arms heist questioned ' , The Straits Times , 13 July 2000 .
24 Bernama News Agency , 'Two cases of theft at army camps in last five years ',
22 November 2000 .
25 'Audit check at military camp armouries after Steyr thefts ', The New Strait
Times , 8 August 1999 ; Bermana , ‘All four stolen Steyr automatic rifles recov
ered ', 19 January 2000 .
cit
29
3
).
Craig Skehan Thais run huge arms trade The Sydney Morning Herald
30
14
',
',
,
August 1999
.
by
18
Arms seized
',
,
‘
March 1997 Anthony Davis Thailand tenders anti trafficking plan others
to
;
',
-
“
April
21
.
's
Phnom
,
13
of
,
'
.
op
Davis note
,
,
(
)
'
-
;
'
Karniol Sri Lanka says Tigers are trading arms Cambodia Jane Defence
in
, ,
',
's
'
Weekly October 1996 Bertil Lintner LTTE purchases link with Cambodia
‘,
',
;
2
a
's
Disrupting
of
,
‘
International Arms Pipeline Guerrilla and Terrorist Groups The Asian Case
to
with Special Emphasis Sri Lanka paper presented the workshop organ
to
to
',
Industrial Aspects
of
Limitations
'
on
no
June
',
(
/
).
1999
,
,
9
.
' '
Army
29
chief insists rebels have local base The Nation March 2000 Tamil
', , ',
';
',
.
"
"
13
pirates
of
Leader March
for to
Thailand Times
;
,
.
118
SE
Small Arms Asia
in
op
31
39
Davis Thailand tenders anti trafficking plan Unless other
cit
note
,
'
'
(
).
all
wise indicated dollar amounts are US dollars
.
Kyodo News Service investigate Tamil weapons depots Janu
40
11
Thailand
to
,
',
ary 1999
.
41
Navy seizes weapons reportedly destined
for
Tamil Tigers
12
Thailand Times
',
,
March 1997
.
FOKUS Cara GAM Mengail Dana Forum Keadilan No
42
31
November 2000
',
,
5
.
'
. :
pp
80
86
-
.
An
Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta
43
in
-
.
notes provided
the author See also John McBeth Nate Thayer
to to
view
&
, ,
.
July 1999
29
Bertil Lintner Worse Come Far Eastern Economic Review
,
',
.p .
Aiming for legitimacy January
45 44
19
29
Alexandra Seno Asiaweek 1996
,
',
,
A
, '
.
.
by
Justin Morozzi Rest work and play the gun Firearms ownership dealership
,
,
:
are
19
routine in
',
.
Interview with Philippines Ambassador Francisco Atayde
46
Cambodia
to
,
H
E
.
.
big
February 2001 Disraeli Parreño Danao City supplier
22
Phnom Penh
,
.p ',
;
Y
.
alleged weap
of
an
183 On
',
.
ons for drugs partnership between Abu Sayyaf and the Hong Kong
14
-K
-
-
crime syndicate see Donna Cueto Abu links int drug ring probed
to
,
.pp. ,
',
S
.
'l
Philippine Daily Inquirer July 2000
17
,
49 48 47
PCTC Paper
17
19
Gracia Cascolan
‘,
',
&
-
.
20
Ibid
p
,
.
.
of
FE
Summary January
11
.
/
/
RP
for
16
The Jakarta Post 2001
',
.
The
51
',
“
.1pp
,
.
to 30
violence The Jakarta Post
, ',
't ,
-
‘
July 1999 Cathy Rose Garcia Manolette Payumo MILF tells gov
&
;
C
A
.
.
or
peace February
22
,
:
.
Bin
53
Laden funds Abu Sayyaf through Muslim relief group Philippine Daily
',
‘
23
,
'
"
""
's
'
38
,
1
.
.
59 58 57 56
Ibid
.
Ibid
.
Ibid
.
by
For discussion
a
see reform
,
,
"
"
.pp
ice
no
20
22
),
6
's
(
'
-
.
.
AL
Jayapura
',
-
August 2001
29
Infopapua
,
.
Notes 119
Chapter 4
bin
Interviews with Mohd Shahrul Nizam Umar Research Officer Ministry
of
1
,
Pg
Foreign Affairs and Dk Dalo Shariffuddin Shazainah Research Officer Min
,
istry regional
. at
Foreign The interviews took place
of
Affairs Brunei Darussalam
a
-
.
on
19
conference small arms Phnom Penh Cambodia February 2001
in
at
called 655 reporting data available
on
This drawn line
so
is
from
,
2
-
am
www fas org very grateful Maria Haug for originally providing me
to
.
.
.
I
with this information
.
Brunei Jane Sentinel Security Assessment Southeast Asia March August
.p ',
,
3
's
-
'
41
2000
,
for
James Coflin Small Arms Brokering Impact Options Controls and Regulations
,
,
4
:
report prepared for the Canadian Department Foreign Affairs and Interna
of
tional Trade Ottawa May 2000
11
,
.p s p,
.
.
(
)
The embargo that wasn Iran arms shipments into Bosnia Jane Intelli
',
5
's
"
't
, '
:
gence Review December 1997 538
,
1
.
White House admits knew other countries sent weapons Bosnia Deutsche
to
it
',
6
;
,
. 's
'
on
,
8
's
Michelle Vachon Ana Nov Unreliable Gun Statistics Agree Only that Nation
The&
',
7
of
20
For
.8p
',
a
-
.
Chinese transfers the Khmer Rouge and other opposition factions which
to
included B40 rockets AK47s and 60mm mortars see Anne Gilks and Gerald
,
48
London 1987
.p
,
),
.
(
,
8
'
'.
by
as
it
9
officials whom many people would not admit they owned unregistered
to
19
Feb
,
,
.
ruary 2001
.
The Disarming
of
11 10
,
.p
.
for
',
July 1998
24
30
Penh Post
,
-
Disarmament Survey
,
,
at -
available line
,
:
/
/
.
/
Kyodo News Service Phnom Penh bans sales toy guns knives
of
13
curb
to
. . ‘,
August 2000
28
theft
',
Edgar Janz
16 15 14
Interview
,
Cambodian
&
',
'
paper presented
on
and Trade the Asia Pacific Sofitel Cambodiana Hotel Phnom Penh Cam
20 in
,
-
19
.
120 Small Arms in SE Asia
20 Jane's World Armies , Issue 8 (Jane 's Information Group , Coulsdon , December
2000 ) , p .121 .
21 Interview with informed source , Cambodia , February 2001 . Mai Sek timber
apparently has a range of uses , including the manufacture of rifle butts , but it
is not clear what proportion of the future harvest will be devoted to making
the butts and what (if any ) for other products .
22 This list is drawn from Jane's Infantry Weapons , 1999 - 2000 and Edward Ezell
Clinton , Small Arms Today : Latest Reports on the World ' s Weapons and Ammuni
tion (Stackpole Books , Harrisburg , PA , 1984 ) ; and Jane ' s Sentinel - Security As
sessment , Southeast Asia , March -September 2000 .
23 Taras Kuzio , 'Ukraine ' s arms sales continue to expand ’, Jane s Intelligence
' Re
108
12
Xinhua Cambodian of on October 1998
,
',
.
'
on
,
,
‘
trol and Law Enforcemenť paper presented the International Conference
to
,
on
Small Arms Proliferation and Trade the Asia Pacific Sofitel Cambodiana
in
,
-
February 2001
19
20
,
.2p
-
.
26
Ibid
.
Ad
for
Interview with
,
-
EU
February
19
.
-
June 1999
in
', ’,
8
,
' '
.
Over 800 illegal weapons collected Sihanoukville Cambodian July 1999
in
7
,
.
EU
Brig Gen ret Henny van der Graaf Project Manager ASAC untitled
,
,
.
(
to )
Seminar
Transfers and Small Arms Phnom Penh Cambodia February 2001
.3p
,
,
.
EU
Assistance
-
February 2001
19
),
;
-
(
April 2001
by
Eyewitness account
33 32
February
18
22
Penh 2001
,
-
’,
, 7
"
Comments
,
,
a
weapons destruction ceremony Phnom Penh July 1999 Reuters Gun theft
in
'
July 1999
of
( rid
29
',
.
36
50
.
Notes 121
37 Aun Pheap , Police Blotter , The Phnom Penh Post , February 16 - March 1 2001 , p . 14.
38 Joshua Kurlantzick , War 's residue fuels culture of violence ', The Washington
Times ,6 August 2000 , p . C9 .
39 James East, ‘Need a gun ? It ' s easy to get one in Cambodia ' , The Straits Times , 26
November 2000 ; ‘ Violent crime thrives in wounded society ' , Inter Press Serv
ice August 1998
25
,
.
AFP Rebels raid army base city centre The Bangkok Post
41 40
25
November 2000
', .p
,
of ',
,
1 .
AFP Eighty two arrested
27
fighting police hunt
46
wake Cambodian
in
,
,
-
‘
November 2000
.
48 47 46 45 44 43 42
February
21
an
Interview with ASEAN ambassador Phnom Penh 2001
.
February
18
22
Interviews Phnom Penh 2001
,
,
-
.
Interviews with informed sources Phnom Penh February 2001
.
Sinthay The problem small arms
of
',
',
p
3
.
.
Personal observation Phnom Penh April 1997 and again February 2001
in
,
.
of
Kurlantzick War residue fuels culture violence
',
'.
's
Lon Nara Phelim Kyne Handgun brings travel ban for top official daugh
&
, , ,
's
‘
,
S
;
'
'
Brings Issue Forefront The Cambodian Daily
22
March 2001 This was not the
to
.
first incident involving Cambodian officials April 1999 RCAF Deputy Com
In
mander Chief Kun Kim was temporarily banned from Singapore after be .
in
-
-
', .
Arms cache for minority groups seized
49
, ', ,
10 12 6
‘
September 1996 On the Hong Kong and Taiwan connection see Lilian Wu
,
.
',
',
, ;
‘
on
'.
John McBeth Nate Thayer Bertil Lintner Worse Come Far Eastern
to
&
,
',
‘
18
Economic Review
p
,
,
;
's .
'
to
in
',
,
2
one account the restaurant concerned was the Ranni owned and operated by
,
Tamil rebels See Bertil Lintner LTTE purchases link with Cambodia Jane
,
‘,
',
a
.
.
as
as
have Penh
to
Phnom
in
.
52
in
,
on
.
'
The
14
Sydney
', . ,
',
,
‘
August 1999
's
38
,
for .p
1
12
on
',
.
Sri
cut
May 1999
26
Reuters Cambodia
‘,
',
the information that follows drawn from the luridly titled but highly
of
Much
is
informative Guns Girls Gambling Ganja Thailand Illegal Economy and Public
,
's
)
.
.
122 Small Arms in SE Asia
58 Ibid .
59 Ibid .
',
,
in
-
ning Guns
93
.p
.
Up
69
Its
Hasnan Habib Indonesia Defence Industry Role Mission and Set
',
,
in A
's
-
.
'
:
ed
(
Southeast Asian Studies Singapore 1989
. .p
,
,
.p )
:
Defence Industry
71 70
76
Habib Indonesia
',
',
's
the
:/
/
's
25
Edminston
,
),
.p
.
(
92
; 'p,
's
.
.
202
,
.p
.
's 's
,
.p
.
Habib says that Pindad modified the FNC suit the special conditions speci
to
'
fied by the users and the local environment Indonesia Defence Industries
',
's
.'
on
-
.
in
it
in
;
a
,
pore 1995 then Defence and Security Minister Edi Sudradjat said the FNCs
in
of
had been adjusted the size Indonesian armed forces members They are
to
.
'
short and light See Jacob No rifle deals with Australia Jakarta Jane Infan
,
's
“
'.
.'
:
try
Belgian FNC but says these likely reflect difference the Indonesian propel
in
,
,
's
-
.
.
.
Notes
,
Asia
/
.pp
59
60
2000
,
.
-
89 88
Ibid
.
of
of
information
to
Ibid
.
reflection
a
.
'
. fa
as
surveyed said they preferred the M16 weapon
SS 48
.p - 26
of
first choice
%
,
, FN ,
the
the
for
16
no
47
Reporter
,
.
/
Interview with Brig Gen Ret Jeanne Mandagi Jakarta
23
November 2000
,
,
.(
.
.
Light Weapons information sheet dated
of
. '
by
author Ret
23 to
1999 the
,
,
(
)
.
the very selective individuals that are allowed possess and use
93
of
list
to
A
a
'
.
'
as (
.)
'
(
of
of
,
;
a
, of
cial
,
,
/
tary impor
an
,
/
tant within the Government office Private Companies Brig Gen Ret
job
.
', .
.'
.)
/
on
,
-
February 2001
20
19
-
The
of
',
,
's
“
24
November 2000
.
family
95
26
Ibid See also Police seize firearms from Soeharto The Jakarta Post
,
',
,
's
.
September 2000
.
124 Small Arms in SE Asia
Light Weapons
do
of
Illicit trafficking and Production
96
These numbers not
'.
'
reconcile with numbers provided Brig Gen Mandagi Phnom Penh confer
in
's
.
.
ence paper February 2001 While these numbers are presumably more
in
.
recent they are considerably higher some categories and lower others
in
in
,
.
According the conference paper there are 5846 licences for sport 1618 are
to
(
handguns and 4228 are shoulder guns 7918 licences for security guards and
;
'
')
special police 3074 handguns and 4844 shoulder guns and 891 licences for self
)
as
described simply pieces
11
defence
'),
. .p
.
(
“
98 97
21
Interview , Jakarta November
,
2000
are
Dewi Loveard Arms sales handle their own security
as
brisk citizens
',
';
April 1999
30
Asiaweek
,
.
with Brig Gen Jeanne Mandagi
99
,
.
.
(
.)
100 Five Indonesian companies illegally importing firearms Xinhua Lexis Nexis
',
),
-
‘
(
March 1999
5
Mo
While
of
101 this
,
Kaliman
as
as
ead
many
, of
violenceleaving 400 people dead Most the carnage carried
in
, ,
.
out far has been with knives machetes and spears not small arms al
so
,
though there have been some reports arms seizures by militants AFP
, of
reporichetes
,
.
The
ne
Terror grips Madurese The Bangkok Post February 2001 Sampit tense
26
',
;
'
'
missing The Jakarta Post
go
12
again after guns March 2001
,
',
.
Far
29
, 18
102 Bertil Lintner Quarter Eastern Economic Review
",
',
,
.p
.
Libya trained
30
103 rebels blamed for current Aceh violence The Jakarta Post
',
-
‘
July 1999
.
by
,
a
one
to
is
2000 5000
,
.
Aceh Time
in
,
; ',
,
‘
Exiť Time
of
the Cause
,
',
',
September 1999 On the oppressive tactics
16
,
2
.
.
by
,
; ; ‘
Time Front
',
',
‘, 's
“
'
Porch Asiaweek
&
,
,
"
John McBeth
in
',
,
;
7
‘
19
11
treat Far Eastern Economic Review November 1998 soldiers arrested for
',
;
'
February 1999
23
’,
reports AK47 use and seizures see Wiranto pledges pardon separatist
of
to
,
'
rebels Aceh The Jakarta Post 21 August 1999 Military kills 41 latest Aceh
in
in
;
, , ',
strife Report The Jakarta Post July 1999 Many civilians have firearms
27
in
,
, ‘;
:
troubled Aceh military says The Jakarta Post February 1999 Rebels kill six
11
',
,
;
“
',
,
'
in
’,
;
'
',
;
“
30
The Jakarta Post June 1999 For M16 use see Aceh rebels kill nine more
,
,
.
';
,
5
.
Notes 12
106 ‘FOKUS : Cara GAM Mengali Dana ', FORUM Keadilan , No. 31 , 5 Novem
ber 2000 .
107 ‘Military kills 41 in latest Aceh strife: Report .'; ‘Aceh rebels kill nine more
people ' (op
cit
note 105
).
108
Many civilians have firearms troubled Aceh military says The Jakarta Post
in
',
,
‘
February
11
1999
, .
109 Interview Jakarta November 2000 Pindad says not fault for confiscated
at
,
;
‘
bullets The Jakarta Post March 2000 Indonesian solider arrested for Aceh
',
;
9
‘
weapons sales Australian Broadcasting Corporation January 2000
',
,
6
.
110 Interview Jakarta November 2000
,
.
Paul Harris No solution sight anarchic Aceh Jane Intelligence Review
in
111
in
,
',
,
‘
's
May 2001
29
p
,
.
.
112 Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism September December 2000 169
.p
,
,
's
.
113 Interview Jakarta November 2000
,
,
.
114 John McBeth Nate Thayer Bertil Lintner Worse Come Far Eastern
to
&
,
',
',
pp
July 1999
29
16
18
Economic Review
,
,
.
.
Interviews Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta Worse
al
et
See also McBeth
to
115
in
.,
.
'
Come
'.
116
26
AFP Aceh rebels The Bangkok Post
to
, ,
',
,
p ‘
2001
7
.
.
analyst Jakarta
22
.
kill five injure July
22 20
20
118 Aceh rebels soldiers others The Jakarta Post 1999
,
',
,
‘
.
119 Interview security analyst Jakarta November 2000
,
.
120 Ambon residents flee after overnight raid The Jakarta Post July 2000 Five
',
;
8
‘
‘
injured
on
26
fresh clashes Ambon island The Jakarta Post September 2000
in
',
;
Violence continues Maluku province The Jakarta Post October 2000
in
',
,
9
.
The
23
of
,
121 calm Jakarta Post
. .
122
int
Calls for troops Maluku brushed aside The Jakarta Post August 2000
',
,
in
7
'l
'
123 Ibid
.
The
',
,
8
' '
.
Civil emergency
12
125
in
',
2000 Other military representatives strongly rejected the charge pointing out
,
.
that the ammunition could have been part the consignment seized during
of
the raid
.
126
aid
',
'
.
(
that soldiers
in
in
Ambon
of
kilometres south
in
,
,
.
. '
',
,
2
32
’,
', ,
, .p,
' '
Calls for intl troops Maluku brushed aside The Jakarta Post August
in
128 2000
7
129 Interviews Jakarta November 2000 Jihad Force chief faces questioning The
;
, ,
',
-
September 2000
11
Jakarta Post
.
126
SE
Small Arms Asia
in
with regional diplomat Jakarta
22
130 Interview November 2000
.
Maluku Govt DPR The Jakarta Post July 2000
15
131 No martial law
in
',
,
“
.
National rights body team visits devastated Maluku July
28
132 The Jakarta Post
',
,
‘
The Dobonsolo belongs the Indonesian state shipping line PT Pelni
to
2000
In
.
.
August 2000 the Dobonsolo along with four other state owned vessels were
,
-
barred from carrying passengers into Ambon and other ports
an
Maluku
in
in
by
attempt prevent arms smuggling passengers See Reconciliation efforts
to
. ',
.
up
stepped August 2000 The ban was lifted
11
Maluku The Jakarta Post
in
in
',
,
September 2000
.
Port security foils smuggling Septem
30
arms munitions
of
133 The Jakarta Post
',
,
‘
ber 2000
.
28
134 Quoted team The Jakarta Post 2000
in
',
.
S1
FE
135 BBC Summary January 2000
11
World Broadcasts
of
D3734
,
/
, . in' /
.
136 North Maluku Military Commander Colonel Sutrisno q uoted Calls for int
'l
troops Maluku brushed aside The Jakarta Post August 2000
in
',
, ', ,
7
July
National rights body
28
137 team visits devastated Maluku The Jakarta Post 2000
.
RP
for
16
138 ship Jakarta Post 2001
',
I ‘
.
139
am
to
.
140 John Martinkus Militias sell weapons arm Ambon religious conflict AAP
to
,
,
Newsfeed Lexis Nexis February 2000 Joanna Jolly Militia sells arms
to
,
, ;
8
(
)
-
on
February 2000 available line
',
,
9
-
http www scmp com News Asia Article FullText asp ArticleID
at
_
:/
/
/
.
20002090305309
.
RI
for
',
141
-
“
,
;
, 's
(
15
Guide some
to
p
,
,
.
12 .
15
rifles and 60mm and 80mm mortars were abandoned in the territory
-
'
:
,
4
’, ,
),
-
.
(
142 Reuters Indonesia Army Denies Arming Timorese Loyalists February 1999
',
.
Jakarta urged stop arms supply East Timor groups FBIS January
to
to
143 1999
',
,
'
no
UN
Troops
27
144 1999
',
',
Damien Kingsbury The TNI and the Militias paper presented North
at
145 the
,
',
'
University
of
draft version
is
,
,
a
.
.pp
),
3
4
.
(
:
-
.4pp
146
Ibid
,
-5
.
by
147 UN report lists anti Timorese crimes carried out Indonesian army officials
',
'
BBC
,
-
148 Lindsay Timor says what others will not The Sydney
of
',
;
'
.
Notes 127
149 Interview with diplomats from several embassies in Jakarta , 21 - 22 November 2000.
150 Ibid .
151 Interview , Jakarta , 21 November 2000 .
152 Tom Fawthrop , ‘FALINTIL : guerrilla army to professional force ', Jane 's Intelli
gence Review , vol. 12 , no . 7 , July 2000 , pp . 26 - 27.
153 ‘Militia Timor could be dead NZ soldier ' s', The New Zealand Herald ,
weapon in
30 October 2000. This was confirmed in an interview , Jakarta , 21 November 2000 .
154 Marianne Kearney, 'Defiantmilitia leader hands in weapons' , The Straits Times ,
1 October 2000 ; UN ‘sceptical ' about will to disarm militias ', The Straits Times ,
1 October 2000 ; ‘Militia chief arrested for defying arms surrender ', The Straits
Times , 5 October 2000 .
see
Mandagi Illicit trafficking
92
Firearms and Control Measures
of
note
,
'(
).
for
RI
157 Pro Militiaman Facing Death Sentence Illegal Arms Trading Antara
',
-
‘
.
(
Martinkus Militias sell weapons arm Ambon religious conflict Jolly Mili
to
158
';
,
‘,
‘
Ambon fighters
tia
sells arms
to
'.
159 Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism September December 2000 170
p
,
,
's
.
.
Sorong clash August
23
160 Three civilians shot dead The Jakarta Post 2000
in
',
,
‘
.
161 Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism 170
,
.p
.
's
162 Interview with Brig Gen Ret Jeanne Mandagi Jakarta November 2000
,
,
(
.)
.
.
An
163 Jenny Mouzos International Traffic Small Arms Australian Perspective
in
,
, ,
:
Australian Institute Criminology Trends and Issues No 104 Canberra
In of
,
.
(
:
an
in
p
),
.4
.
and living Australia purchased and stored rifles and 2000 rounds ammu
of
in
to
9
.
months jail August 1998 two Indonesian nationals born Irian Jaya and
In
in
on in
,
.
living Papua New Guinea bought arms and ammunition Yam Island
in
in
supplying them
of
the Torres Strait with the goal the OPM They were
to
caught and sentenced months jail See Ian Wing Fighting Other Peo
to
in
5
,
.
'
ple Wars The Balance Sheeť Beno Boeha John McFarlane eds Australia
in
&
,
's
and Papua New Guinea Crime and the Bilateral Relationship Australian Defence
,
:
, ,
),
.
.
.
The
165 Police probe Irian guns Jakarta Post July 2000 Arms smuggled into
;
', ,
,
4
'
‘
. ‘
,
4
21
23
167
Is
, ,
',
R
?
J.
.
'
,
1
.5
n
(
.
168 These weapons are listed Jane Sentinel Security Assessment Southeast Asia
in
,
's
March ugust 2000 233 and Jane Infantry Weapons 1999 2000 785 The
. .p
,
,
's
.
-A
inventories are not identical and the above simply merges the two Some
of
the weapons are extremely old and seems unlikely that the MAT
49
for
it
,
,
-
am
service
in
is
,
I
.
232
'
169 Jane s Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia , March -August 2000 , p.
.
Laos Russian agreement July 1997
13
170 Jane Defence Weekly
21 p
,
,
2
's
-
‘
.
.
171 Interview with Lao PDR official Phnom Penh Cambodia February 2001
.
172 Jane Sentinel Security Assessment Southeast Asia March ugust 2000 234
.p
,
,
's
.
-A
Bangkok February 2001
25
173 Interview with Steven Martin
.
of
174 Matthew Pennington Bomb explosion shatter illusion Southeast Asia last
‘,
's
April
10
Eden
', Associated Press 2000
', .
Laotian police arrest weapons dealers Deutsche Presse Agentur Septem
23
175
,
‘
ber 2000
.
176
, 7
.
Report Shows NSC Used POW Groups Fund Laotian
to
177 Richard Cole Senate
,
'
January
13
Rebels Associated Press 1993
',
‘ 175
178 Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism September December 2000
,
.p
-
.
's
in
is
'
hidden rebellion the mountains Agence France Presse August 2000
in
',
,
6
.
Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism September December 2000 puts the
's
)
-
figure
at
2000
.
180 Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism September December 2000 175
,
,
p
-
.
.
's
,
D
;
, .
threatenCommunists Laos Associated Press Lexis Nexis August 2000
in
',
.
(
)
-
182
Bertil Lintner Political and tribal dissent Laos Jane Intelligence Review
in
,
',
, 1
's
April 2000
.
183 Kirby Laos hidden rebellion Agence France Presse August 2000 Mat
,
',
;
6
's
‘
,
‘
anti communist rebels Associated Press July 2000 One California based
',
,
7
.
-
-
group the United Lao Nation Resistance for Democracy Laos
is
in
.
Laos sells itself July
as
',
, 5
.
.
185 Carlyle Thayer Regional Military Modernization Strategies and Trends
,
',
A
in
'
.,
.
-
September 2000
,
6
7
.
-
186 Lintner Political and tribal dissenť Jane Intelligence Review April 2000
‘,
,
1
's
187 Laos and the mysterious bombs The Economist August 2000
',
,
5
‘ '
.
188
by
exiled
:
July 2000
5
the
to
189
in
.
Thai newspaper The Nation the group called itself the Neutral Justice and Demo
cratic Party The Bangkok Post reported that Thai police captured documents
in
.
is
a
,
',
4
.
at
July 2000 An AFP story quoting Thai army sources the border also gave the
.
name United Lao Nation Resistance for Democracy Laos AFP Lao rebels
as
in
‘,
.
to by
backed exiled monarchy Thai military The Kyodo News Service report
's
'.
:
as
referred the group the United Lao Freedom Fighters Insurgents claim
—
'
Notes 129
Thai , Lao officials helped ', 4 July 2000 . Whatever name the group
its
in attack
,
by Sisouk
led
reportedly Salyasaeng and hasbetween 300 and 600 members
is
.
July 2000
on
See AFP New fighting breaks out Laos Thailand border
',
9
-
‘
.
190
Border raid Ragtag rebels duped scramble for cash They didn know
in
“
‘
't
:
:
July 2000 Gray Rebels threaten Commu
19
an
AK47 The Bangkok Post
to
how use
,
, ,
;
',
"'
nists Associated Press Lexis Nexis August 2000
, ', ',
7
(
)
-
.
192 191
on
AFP New Laos Thailand border
',
9
-
.
AFP Thailand questions rebels after border clash July
',
2000
.
by
193 Lao rebels backed exiled monarchy Thai military Agence France Presse
',
,
‘
:
July 2000 New fighting breaks out July
of on
Laos Thailand border AFP
,
‘ ‘ ‘;
5
9
-
, , .
', '
2000 AFP Thai police raid house Laotian rebel leader July 2000
;
;
8
Pennington Laotian exiles Associated Press July 2000
',
,
7
.
Thai police Pennington
of
194 raid house Laotian rebel leader Laotian exiles
‘,
',
.'
‘
.
195 Deutsche Presse Agentur Officials deny Laotian rebels based Cambodia
in
',
'7,
July 2000
.
196 Ibid
.
no
197 AFP Cambodia says Lao rebels bases reports July 2000
,
',
7
:
.
.pp
Support Industry Firsť Malaysian Business February
16
, 19
26 21
20
198 1986
,
,
'
.
199 Christopher Foss Malaysian Modernisation Jane Defence Weekly No
38 ,
',
's
vember 1997
.p
,
200 Interview with Abdul Hadi Lochman Production Manager Small Arms Am
,
,
SME Ordnance Sdn Bhd Damansara Malaysia
18
munition October 2000
,
.
201 Ibid
, .
202
16
AFP close down after decade
to
',
a
.
203 The HK33 was soon discovered have serious problem with jamming
to
, a
.
After modifications by Heckler and Koch the new HK33e entered service
.
Interview with Professor Dato Zakaria Haji Ahmad Institute Diplomacy of
,
'
October 2000
,
. on
204 Edward Clinton Ezell Small Arms Today Latest Reports the World Weapons
,
's
:
, ),
(
11
15
12
,
'
-
.
206 2001
,
a
, ‘
.
285
208 See the SME Technology website for details http www smetech com my
:/
/
/
.
AUG htm
P
_
.
.
209 Telephone interview with Ismail Kadir Chief Executive Officer SME Tech
,
October 2000
,
,
210 Ibid
.
211 Ibid
.
212 Ibid
.
213
in
.
Lumpur suggest that the optics are the only major components SME does
not make itself
.
130 Small Arms in SE Asia
217 Interview with Abdul Hadi Lochman . Given that Pakistan has
its
own large
small arms production capacity and exporter these weapons
of
an
itself
is
is
it
,
,
possible that Pakistan was not the final destination for the Steyrs
.
218 Interview with Ismail Kadir
.
219 Ibid
Malaysian armsmaker February
16
AFP down after decade
to
220 close 2001
,
',
a
.
221 Hogg Guns Recognition Guide
,
,
Jane 174
's
222 Ibid
.
.
224 Ibid
.
13
225 Forecast International Ordnance and Munitions Forecast October 2000
.p
,
),
.
(
226
619
.pp
Jane Infantry Weapons 1999 2000
,
620
-
-
.
's
,
227
‘
.
's
228 Ibid
.
229 Ibid
.
231 Ibid
.
232 Ibid
.
.
234 Interview with Abdul Hadi Lochman
.
235 Ibid
.
May
10
236 Bermana Two China made rifles and ammo found bushes 1999
in
,
',
;
-
'
sell
to
',
. ‘;
‘
November 1998
in
',
weap
are
of
237 There minor differences news reports about the exact quantity
in
ons seized Cf Military combs Malaysian jungle for missing weapons The
to
',
.
.
,
;
5
rounded leathomas
International Herald Tribune July 2000
',
,
5
ternational
Agency Malaysia
238 Xinhua News Weapon
Heist Drama Ends With Surrender
‘,
's
July 2000
27
of
',
6
239 Reuters Malaysia Checks Border and Seas for Arms Looters July 2000
,
's 3,
;
'
',
,
', ;
1
topple government The Straits Times July 2000 Nine more soldiers
11
out
to
',
Review
'
'
's
September 2000
1
at
army camps
of
',
'
Some reports say the robbery took place July See Steyr Gang
26
on
2000
'
.
.
Notes 131
"mastermind ” nabbed in police ambush ', New Straits Times , 31 August 2000 .
242 'Audit at military
check camp armouries after Steyr thefts ', The New Strait
Times , 8 August 1999 .
243 Bermana , ‘All four stolen Steyr automatic rifles recovered ', 19 January 2000 .
Ibid
Ghazemy Mahmood Security Tightened Military Weapons Stores
at
244
',
',
.
Bermana News Agency January 2000 Jeffri Razali No cover up
19
of
M
,
,
;
-
.
‘
arms thefts New Straits Times February 2000
’,
, 4
.
245 Tony Emmanuel Steyr Gang mastermind nabbed police ambush New
in
,
,
'
'
'
.'
August 2000 Leslie Lau Gang leader was eager
31
Straits Times again
to
rob
;
,
',
',
September 2000
10
The Straits Times
,
.
via
getting weapons Malaysia May
13
Rebels
,
246 The Straits Times 2000
' '
, .
"
“
10
247 Moro arms deal Asian
in
p
.
.
with informed sources Kuala Lumpur
18
248 Interviews October 2000
.
Whether call the country Burma Myanmar not without controversy
or
to
is
249
‘
.
'
'
July 1989 the State Law and Order Restoration Council SLORC officially
In
.eg
changed the name the country along with several other large cities
of
(
Rangoon became Yangon and districts The United Nations and many gov
.
)
,
the United States and Australia still refer the country Burma
as
as
to
tries such
.
(
)
While the SLORC SPDC claims that has simply instated the original translit
re
it
-
/
erations for the country political opponents regard the name change
its
as
ille
,
gitimate and continue use the name Burma this report use both names
to
In
.
I
without intending any political preference but simply avoid repetition
to
,
.
This list drawn from Jane Infantry Weapons Sentinel Secu
is
;
's
's
, -
-
rity Assessment Southeast Asia March ugust 2000 Ian Hogg Jane Guns
,
,
V
's
.
:
, -A
,
's
on An
11
12
of
and Burma Order
In
Battle
,
. 's
:
-
.
terim Assessment SDSC Working Paper No 351 2000 Selth writing the
,
's
.
Burmese military
of
unmatched for comprehensiveness and detail Much
is
well
as
other articles
.
),
p
.
.
.
's
(
252
Defence
(
's
's
–
‘
. 9.
(
),
's
256 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute The Arms Trade with the Third
,
WorldPaul Elek London 1971 452 cited Selth Burma Arms Procure
. in
p
,
. ,
's
.
(
,
.3
n
(
on
in
,
',
,
“
.9p 45
's
.
(
), )
.
Sa
on
of
based
is
Industries
.
132 Small Arms in SE Asia
259
West German involvement detailed Burma Secret Military Partners
in
,
Selth
is
's
136
SDSC Canberra Paper No Chapter
),
2
.
.
(
Defence Expenditure SDSC Working Paper No 309
10
260 Selth Burma
.p
,
),
's
's .
.
261 Bruce Hawke Exposed Burma weapons industry Jane Intelligence Re
,
's
'
–
view December 1998
,
1
.
Arms Procurement SDSC Working Paper
.pp
262 Selth Burma No 289
),
5
-6
.
.
's
(
14
263 Ibid
,
.p
.
Rangoon February
11
264 Bertil Lintner Rubicon Far Eastern Economic Review
',
,
's
'
BBC report quoting Western defence analysts estimates that
28
1993
p
,
A
.
.
1994 the Burmese military obtained
10
000 assault rifles from
to
from 1990
,
China worth nearly US 500 000 See Defense Links Between Rangoon Beijing
,
$
', '
'.
‘
August 1994
19
Viewed BBC Burmese
in
.
265
289
Arms Procurement SDSC Working Paper No
15
Burma
,
),
Selth
.p
(
.
's
28
266 Ibid
.p
,
vie
267 Rahul Bedi India and China for regional supremacy Jane Intelligence
,
',
's
'
pp
September 2000 Rahul Bedi Turf wars muddy the waters
of
37
40
Review
;
,
,
-
.
38
Indian March 1999
.p
’,
,
1
's
.
268
332
Security
Jane Sentinel Southeast Asia March August 2000
.p
-
-
(
.
's
of
of of
56
269 The M21 Carbine the Soviet
is
7
a
(a
.
of
56 (a
).
)
the export version the Chinese Type machine gun copy
. 39 of
(a
the Soviet RPD light machine gun See Selth Burma
of
Arms Procurement
,
,
's
n .
,
(
.
.
its
271 Ashton Burma receives advances from silent suitors Singapore Jane
in
,
's
‘
272 Selth
.4p
.
's
273 The licensing agreement required that third party sales could only proceed
the Swedish government See William Ashton Burma re
of
'
silent suitors Singapore
its
',
,
's
March 1998
1
274 Phnom
,
February 2001
18
Penh
,
),
's
276 Ibid
.
277 Ibid
,
.7p
.
has never been established whether the Israeli consultants were serving
or
278
It
policy
of
As
matter
,
its a
.
confirm
in
Sullivan
O
,
.
'
July 1998
28
’,
, .
no
,
.6
.4
‘
).
(
280 Ibid
.
its
281 Ashton Burma receives advance from silent suitors Singapore Jane
,
in
',
'
's
.
Policy Recommendations 133
285 Shishir Gupta , 'Pak set to woo Myanmar with weapons , soft loans ', The
Hindustan Times Online , 17 December 2000 .
286 Ibid .
136
287 Selth , Burma's Secret Military Partners ( SDSC Canberra Paper No . Chapter
),
4
.
Ibid
23 50
,
288
.p
. .
289 Ibid
,
n
.
10
290 Selth Burma
.p
,
),
's
.
291 William Ashton Myanmar and Israel Develop Military Pacť Jane Intelligence
,
's
Review March 2000
,
292 Smith The Burmese Way Rack and Ruin Selth Burma Arms
to
cited
in
,
.p ,
's
“
42
100
),
, n,
(
.
According the transfer included 120mm 81mm and possibly 60mm
to
293 Selth
,
as
mortars well mortar bombs and artillery ammunition See the appendix
as
.
Arms Procurement SDSC Working Paper No 289
33
Burma
in
p
),
's
.
.
(
Portuguese Men No
of
12
294 Bertil Lintner War Far Eastern Economic Review
, ,
',
,
‘
vember 1992
', .p
8
.
',
's
's
–
296 Ibid
.
22
297 Hawke Defence Weekly
,
',
,
's
‘
.
298 Bruce Hawke Myanmar making small arms imported factory Jane De
in
‘,
',
's
July 1998
22
fence Weekly
,
299 1998
.6
.4
(
‘
).
300 Ibid
.
.
, , , 's
303
)351
), 309 pp
Burma Order
of
. ,
Selth
-
(
.
's 's 's
'
–
‘
',
,
1
's
's
–
'
December 1998
.
by
-
(
of
am
2000
in
-
.
for sharing this and other NVI SEA information with me For complete list
a
-
in
), in
,
,
: -
Revolt Opium and Insurgency Since 1948 Silkworm Books Chiang Mai 1999
,
,
(
Appendix
3
.
134 Small Arms in SE Asia
308 Although the former drug baron Khun Sa ' s Mong Tai Army were also equipped
with a large number of SAM - 7 surface - to -air missiles and heavy mortars . See
‘Khun Sa Reportedly Surrenders SAMs, Other Weapons ,
The
Bangkok Post '
,
9
January 1996
, .
by
309 For example according report Myanmar Network that Khun
TV
Sa
to
a
s
'
Mong Tai Army gave up several weapons factories when the group surren
'
'
dered early January 1996 According the network one factory produced
to
in
,
.
'
various types launchers mortars projectiles anti personnel mines and hand
of
-
grenades Another weapons factory was reportedly surrendered
to
'. the
'
'
Burmese military
, . of
the east bank region the Salween River the eastern
in
in
January
, . of
12 12
Shan State between and 1996 See Radio Details Surrender
‘
by
by
Troops January
Sa
Arms Khun 1996 Burmese translated FBIS
in
',
,
(
)
see
of private armies Anthony
an
&
,
Burma Country that Won Kick the Habiť Jane Intelligence Review March 1998
,
A
's
.
't
:
of
more detailed summary the weapons the various rebel
of
311 For inventories
a
groups see Selth Burma Order Battle SDSC Working Paper No 351
28
of
,
),
.p
.
.
's
(
312 Karen Rebel Arms Cache Seized Near Border The Bangkok Post September
',
,
2
‘
,
.
.
‘
August
29
cache discovered near Burma border Radio Thailand Network
,
',
these weapons presumably makes ammunition
of
31
overcomedivisions The Nation
to
313
',
,
‘
.
Radio Myanmar rebels exchange weapons for peace May 1997
27
16
314
in
',
',
,
(
by
Burmese translated FBIS The report claims the rebels surrendered small
,
a
).
as
,
'
'
munition
.
315 Nelson Rand Karen rebels overrun Myanmar camp dawn raid Associated
in
,
',
10
.
(
, ,
Gambling Ganja Thailand Illegal Economy and Public Policy Silkworm Books
,
's
(
:
pp
Chiang Mai 1998 138 139 Corrupt police blamed for smuggling The
,
',
;
-
.
‘
)
July 1998
31
Nation
,
317 Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism September December 2000 141 Re
;
,
,
's
‘
ports May 1995
14
on
',
,
by
).
(
According press reports seized arms caches contain small calibre rifles light
to
318
,
mortars recoilless rifles machine guns and various types rocket launchers
,
and small arms and mortar ammunition See Army finds big Karen National
.
Union arms cache Matichon March 1997 arge Arms Cache Seized on Thai
3
;
',
'L
Burma Border The Bangkok Post May 1998 reports finding assault rifles and
, ',
, 4
forces that had surrendered Yangon See also Thais seize weapons Jane
to
',
's
.
‘
26
319 Alan Dupont Transnational Crime Drugs and Security East Asia Asian
in
,
',
'
vol
pp
3,
-
.
.
, /
320 Rodney Tasker Shawn Crispin Frustration over Burma illegal drug trade
&
's
‘
',
,
1
Notes 135
2000 . They quote a Thai general describing the Wa as Khin Nyunt' s ' private
army.' Cf ' Troubled regime ', Far Eastern Economic Review , 29 June 2000 where
Khin Nyunt 's main rival in the SPDC, General Maung Aye, is reported as
telling the Wa in future they would have to report to him .
321
goal
be
Cartel security seen February
26
Burma The Bangkok Post
to
,
2001
'
.
's
Rangoon can help should The Bangkok Post September 2000
it
to
322 care
',
, 6
.
12
323 Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism estimates the UWSA has 000 members
,
's
others put the figure much higher See for example James East Thais fighting
,
.
losing battle with Myanmar drug lords
13
The Straits Times March 2001
',
.
The one billion baht figure given Rangoon uneasy alliance with Wa
in
324
is
'
's
April 1999
30
Viewed The Nation
',
.
325 Ethnic rebels launch arms spree Wa move upgrade their potent arsenal
to
',
'
-
The Bangkok Post July 2000
,
1
.
326 Ibid
.
to
2001
,
328 Tasker and Crispin Frustration over Burma illegal drugs
‘,
's
'.
329 Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism
.
's
330 Tasker Crispin Frustration over Burma illegal drugs Far Eastern Economic
&
‘,
',
's
Review June 2000
,
1
331 Jane World Insurgency and Terrorism 145 Tasker Crispin Frustration
p
&
,
,
;
's
‘
over Burma illegal drugs Far Eastern Economic Review June 2000
',
,
1
‘, 's
.
Light arms trading
SE
Jane Review
',
,
's
, 43
2001
p
,
.
.
334 Myanmar denies militants smuggling arms into India Asia Pulse Lexis Nexis
',
-
(
)
July 1999
16
.
335
for
12
on
336 Bedi Turf wars muddy the waters Jane Intelligence Review March . 1999
,
',
,
1
's
.
'
337 Ibid
.
338 Ibid
.
,
8
'
,
' .
in
(
)
),
.p
.
), on
341 Edward Clinton Ezell Small Arms Today Latest Reports the World Weapons
,
's
:
,
,
.
(S
.pp
21
', ,
-
.
343 Jerry Esplanada Army seeks P2B arms without public bidding Philippine
in
',
42
worth
,
(P
.
of
.2
344 Robert Karniol internal affair Jane Defence Weekly August 2000 Robert
;
‘,
, ,
8
's '
', ’
Karniol Modernisation muddle Jane Defence Weekly August 2000 see also
‘,
;
8
136
SE
Small Arms Asia
in
Prasun Sengupta AFP Force Modernisation Aims and Plans Asian De
',
K
.
'
), :
, .pp
No
12
18
fence Journal 1999
, .6
-
.
(
345
133
Republic Act 1884
22
June Hernandez Arms Procuremenť
',
,
1957 cited
in
.p
.op
cit
Note 341
).
.
(
346
133
.op
. cit
Hernandez Arms Procurement Note 341
',
, ,
.p
(
. ).
347 Government Arsenal website http www angelfire com ga3 arsenal
:
/
/
/
backgrd html.
348 Hernandez . Arms Procuremenť 133
p
,
,
‘
.
349 Ibid
.
350 Ibid
.
351 Ibid
.
352 Ibid
.
353 Ibid
.
op
.cit
354 This information taken from Hernandez Arms Procuremenť Note 341
is
‘,
).
(
Implementing Instructions Relation the Government Arsenal Moderni
to
355
in
'
24
',
,
para
D
.1
.
D
2 .
.
See
Historical Background
on
.
Manufacturing Capability
on on
.
at
359 The annual report available line http www angelfire com ga3
is
.
:/
/
/
/
-
.
/
on
.
361 See the company website http www armscor com ph
,
.
.
.
's
:
/
/
362 The Kalashnikov copies are designated MAK22 and MAK47FS They are
.
identical except that the latter has folding stock Likewise the M16 replicas
,
,
a
the M1600 and M1600R also differ only that the latter has hooded barrel
in
.
All
.
's
,
.6
.
365 Ibid
.
367 Ibid
.
website
to
368
is
,
's
Mr Henri
as
named Nahoum
.
369 Shooters Arms Manufacturing has offices Quezon City and Mandaue City
in
.
as
well
as
of
PB
ers bullets and spares Dionisio Co was established 1946 and the
in
is
&
,
'
times
in
',
2001
.
&
' ,
,
‘
South Asia
in
(
)
:
Notes 137
at Gun Point : Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation (Regional Centre for
Strategic Studies , Colombo , 2000 ), p . 145 .
371
op for
Aiming
29
legitimacy January
19
Alexandra Seno
',
,
Asiaweek 1996
.p
A
.
, ‘
.
cit
372 Makinano Lubang 152 note 371
,
.p
&
).
(
Philippine Center Transnational Crime PCTC paper published
on
373 2000
in
A
)
claims there are 633 607 licensed firearms the country Other reports cite the
in
,
.
figure 714 757 Curb those guns Asiaweek September 2000 The 700 000
',
, ,
,
8
('
.)
on
figure the PCTC report figure taking into account
its
based claim that
is
,
's
of
average there average increase 802 registered firearms each
65
on
an
is
,
,
year Police Superintendent Rodrigo Gracia and Police Inspector Camilo PP
P
.
.
on
on
Cascolan Police Center
‘,
to
in
',
the Illicit Trafficking Small Arms and Light Weapons May
12 on
Seminar
in
,
% , 3
56 4
-
2000 pp According separate 1998 PNP intelligence report
of
in 13
to
%
a
,
.
-
23
21
Mindanao are Luzon are
%
in
in
in
,
,
the Visayas See PNP reports 137 645 guns loose nationwide Business World
',
,
.
September 1998
28
374 Carlito Pablo Gov vies with Sayyaf Mindanao arms market Philippine
in
, ,
,
'
't
Daily Inquirer August 2000 Curb those guns Asiaweek September 2000
‘;
',
,
8
.
.op
Gracia PCTC Paper 15
cit
375 Cascolan note 374
‘,
',
,
.p
&
).
(
28
376 Ibid
.p
,
by
377 Justin Morozzi Rest work and play the gun Firearms ownership dealership
,
,
“
29 19
are routine
in
',
.p ,
.
for
378 Asiaweek
',
',
.
379 Ibid
.
380 Ibid
.
381 Simon Ingram Philippines guns crackdown BBC website Asia Pacific
,
',
),
7
(
'
-
‘
July 2000
.
382
Allan Nawal Davao gun supply can meet rising demand Philippine Daily
‘,
',
't
Iwan
Inquirer August 2000
18
,
383 Ibid
.
op
Makinano Lubang
cit
).
(
385
“ ,
,
H
E
.
.
, ,
;
alleged weap
21
of
ons for rugs partnership between Abu Sayyaf and the Hong Kong
14
K
-
-
-d
see
crime syndicate Donna Cueto Abu links int drug ring probed
to
,
. ,
',
S
'l
.
000
For
guns
10
386 Nirmal Ghosh sale month The Straits Times September 1996
,
',
,
1
a
.
387
.pp
op
cit
PCTC Paper
17
19
',
,
&
-
(
).
20
388 Ibid
.p
,
389 Interview with Philippines Ambassador Francisco Atayde Phnom Penh Feb
,
ruary 2001
.
FE
January
S1
11
,
/
/
.
',
.
138 Small Arms in SE Asia
392 Ibid .
393 ‘RP ship captured for running guns ', Jakarta Post , 16 January 2001 .
394 In some reports the RPA is identified as the Revolutionary People ' s Army .
395
for
Abu Sayyaf shopping heavy weapons
In
Carlito Pablo Philippine Daily
‘,
',
quirer August 2000
, 7
.
396 Jerome Aning Michael Ubac Reds launch attacks Manila Negros Philippine
in
&
',
, ,
',
Daily Inquirer M203s see Associated Press Philippine Com
on
March 2000
,
;
17 3
munists Kill August 2000
22
Attack International Herald Tribune
in
',
', ,
.
Forever Fighting the Philippines Janu
of
397 Mike Winchester Soldier Fortune
in
,
,
, ‘
ary 2001 pp
71
36
, ', 41
,
.
-
.
of
398 Rohan Gunaratna The evolution and tactics Jane
',
's
July
pp
Intelligence Review
29
32
30
, 31
2001
,
,
-
.
.
399 Private armies threaten Philippines polls The Straits Times March 2001
,
8
‘
.
"
"
400 Carlito Pablo Gov vies with Sayyaf Mindanao armsmarket Philippines
in
, ,
,
'
't
Daily Inquirer August 2000 Citing intelligence reports the newspaper claims
8
, .
Abu Sayyaf was offering P48 000 for M16 rifle while the Filipino govern
an
,
of
an
,
.
Young and Noralyn Mustafa Thousands want join cash rich Abu Sayyaf
to
, ',
-
gang Philippines Daily Inquirer August 2000 Arnold Tenorio The Mindanao
11
',
,
;
Question How the rag tag rebel group Abu Sayyaf was transformed into
”
a
"
:
BusinessWorld
',
, .
Light arms trading Jane
44
401 Chalk Intelligence Review March 2001
,
,
p
.
.
's
According the South China Morning Post Hostages exchanged for cash and
to
402
('
guns August 2000 two Filipino journalists were swapped for five million
'2,
),
pesos and weapons including five M16s and five M203 grenade launchers
In
.
July 2000 the group received fiveM16s five M203s and
an
earlier incident
in
,
of
one M60 machine gun exchange for the release two teachers and school
in
boy kidnapped from Basilan See also Cash guns paid for hostages Philippine
,
',
“
.
Daily Inquirer August 2000 Cueto Abu links int drug ring probed
to
;
,
',
2
'l
'
403 Julie Alipala Inot Carolyn Arguillas Muslim Rebels Admit Having Fire
O
&
‘,
-
404 Ibid
.
405 Ibid
.
406 Abu Sayyaf weapons capabilities foreign supporters listed The Philippines
, . ,
',
‘
cit 12
,
,
,
op p
1
.
407
148
).
't ,
-
‘
July 1999 Cathy Rose Garcia Manolette Payumo MILF tells gov
&
;
C
A
.
.
or
,
:
409 Jose Almonte Intra state conflict and Arms Proliferation East Asia
in
,
',
T
.
-
'
and Trade the Asia Pacific Hotel Sofitel Cambodiana Phnom Penh Cam
20 in
,
-
February 2001
19
bodia
,
-
000 bullets for Moro rebs Philippine Daily Inquirer June 2000
,
,
',
,
2
.
139
Notes
op
Intra
cit
411 Almonte state conflict note 410
‘,
,
-
, ).
(
for
3000 guns rebels arriving February 1999
22
Manila Bulletin
',
412
‘ '
.
?
Bin
413 Laden fund Abu Sayyaf through Muslim relief group Philippine Daily
',
Inquirer August 2000
,
9
.
414 Ibid
.41
Fighting January
of
415 Winchester Forever Fortune
',
', ,
,
Soldier 2001
p
.
416 Breakaway group vows more Manila terror attacks March 2000 The Manila Times
4
,
.
417 Carlito Pablo MILF buying weapons from Korea says AFP Philippine
',
, N
‘
.
Daily Inquirer 21 June 2000 Dona Pazzibugan Christine Avenda Cynthia
&
,
;
Balana Government urged postpone ties with North Korea Philippine
to
,
',
'
22
Daily Inquirer June 2000 Deutsche Presse Agentur North Korea assures
it
,
,
;
-
no
14
has sent arms
to
',
.
418
',
in
-
Philippine Daily Inquirer August 2000 25
,
.
Dona Pazzibugan chief says was misquoted Philippine Daily Inquirer
he
419 Spy
',
’,
,
23
June 2000
.
420 Alipala Inot Arguillas Muslim rebels Senator confirms military supplied
&
',
-
'
arms Abu Sayyaf Manila October 1994
to
Standard
.2p
',
,
1
.
421 Ibid
.
rebels raid Quezon town hall seize guns Philippine Daily Inquirer De
60
422
,
',
,
8
'
, In
cember 2000 Gerry Baldo Shooters lose guns rebels Philippine Daily
to
,
',
;
'
October 1999 Delfin Mallari NPA rebels raid Laguna police station
27
quirer
,
,
;
seize guns Philippine Daily Inquirer August 2000 Lax management and losť
',
,
8
, .
'
120
weapons are also major problems For example October 2000 police
in
,
.
officers from Negros Occidental were sued for failing return several hun
to
114
54
,
-
and M2s and large number pistols and shotguns See Carla Gomez
of
,
a
Policemen sued for failing return pistols rifles Philippine Daily Inquirer
to
',
,
4
‘
October 2000 The same article quotes the police director for the Western
.
Visayas ordering the return 600 weapons issued police who were
no
of
to
423 Cynthia Borgueta Joey Gabieta 200 NPA rebs attack Samar cops troops
&
',
',
A
.
,
7
‘
January 1998
.
big
425 Dave Veridiano Government men eyed arms haul Philippine Daily
in
M
',
,
, .
426 Ibid
.
427 Up arms over Manila gun ban The Straits Times January 2001
in
',
,
3
'
by
for
428 Jowel Canuday Weapons meant banana plantation seized cops Philip
',
',
October 2000
- ,
.
Ex
429 Jonathon Ma Mayor house raided guns found Philippine Daily Inquirer
;
'; “,
',
,
's
July 2000 Solon kin held for illegal guns Philippine Daily Inquirer
28
17
',
,
's
November 2000
.
140 Small Arms in SE Asia
430 Jhunnex Napallacan & Kathy Navarro , 'Guns seized in Cebu raid ', Philippine
Daily Inquirer , 8 August 2000 ; see also Frank Cimatu & Voit Contreras ,' “ Last of
the warlords ” rules gambling empire , Philippine Daily Inquirer , 9 October 2000 .
'
431 Aida Sevilla -Mendoza , ‘Pistol - packing Metro traffic aides , Philippine Daily In '
quirer , 25 November 1999 .
432 ‘ Brawls , firing of guns taint Christmas in Cebu ', Philippine Daily Inquirer , 27
December 2000 ; Cristina Arzadon , Poll Showdown : Comelec confirms arms
buildup in Ilocos Norte , Philippine Daily Inquirer , 8 January 2001 .
'
433 'Get guns off the streets , Lacson told ', Philippine Daily Inquirer , 26 December
1999 ; Nandy Pacheco , “ There ' s a need for gun control in public places ' ,
Business World , 22 June 2000 ; 'Stick it to 'em ' , Philippine Daily Inquirer , 24 June
2000 ; Kina Jimenez - David , 'Social shunning of gun -bearers ', Philippines Daily
Inquirer , 31 August 2000 .
434 PRO -GUN stands for Peaceful and Responsible Owners ofGuns. For an argu
ment from this point of view , see 'Gun , balance of terror ' , Philippine Daily
Inquirer , 8 August 2000 .
435 ' Double threat , The Philippines Daily Inquirer , 24 November 1999 .
436 Ingram , Philippines ' guns ', BBC website (Asia -Pacific ) , 7 July 2000 .
437
Pro
Alcuin Papa
22
gun group hits Lacson plan Philippine Daily Inquirer
,
',
,
-
164
439 Pablo Gov vies with Sayyaf Mindanao armsmarkeť Philippines Daily
in
',
,
't
.p .
441 Ibid
.
is on
if
442
,
's
's
(
berra Paper No
Sir
70
,
.
).
's ,
'
:
.pp
12
,
;
. '
-
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Howarth Singapore
75
,
,
H
;
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1983
',
,
.
pp
A
ed S
, ' .
) .
-
tion
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E
; .
the Ord
on
:
-
January 1989
no
,
1,
Asian Defence
.
443 Defence Attache magazine quoted Bilveer Singh Kwa Chong Guan The
in
,
&
,
:
ed
Chandra Jeshurun Arms and Defence Southeast Asia Institute for South
in
(
),
:
444 Towards Tomorrow The Singapore Technologies Story WordMaker Design Sin
,
:
gapore 1997
11
,
),
's .p
.
445 Singh
13
446 Ibid
'
.
's
]
(S
as
as
do
ments well ensure that they not undertake activities which could
to
Notes 141
195
216
state revisited ', The Pacific Review , vol. 13, no . 2 ( 2000 ) , pp .
.
447 The closest New Zealand equivalent the Singaporean GLC the State Owned
to
is
Enterprise SOE model On the relationship between the defence industry
.
(
)
pp
21
Small Arms
33
and the SAF see Towards See also
to
Tomorrow From
,
.
. ‘
Artillery The Emergence Military No
12
26
Technology
of
CIS 1993
p
',
),
:
.
.
(
448 See The Singapore Technology Corporation Singapore Own Military Indus
,
's
-
.pp
, no
trial Complex
11
16
27
The Pointer vol October December 1984
),
.p 1
-
.
.
"
28 (
449 Singh Singapore Defence Industries
,
's
.
450 Singapore Technologies Press Release Change
Engineering name Sub
of
of
',
sidiary April 2000 According Tan Pheng Hock the Chief Operating
to
',
,
of 5
.
ST Engineering the rationale for the takeover was
ST
Officer
to
need
s
'
market vehicles weapons systems and ammunition total integrated land
as
. ,
. a'
ST
combat system What the customer wants solution With Kinetics we
is
of a
can now provide such solution the form total package See the inter
ST in
a
.'
view with Tan Pheng Hock Engineering An Emerging World Class
in
'
:
Player the International Defence Market Military Technology No 2000
in
',
),
.6
(
140
.pp
137
.
-
451 Harnessing technology for defence SAF and the local defence industries
',
-
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.2pp
-3
.
pp
Singapore All Terain Tracked Carrier Pioneer July 2000
20
21
452 Made
in
',
;
'
-
.
ST
see also More about Kinetics undated press release Singapore Technolo
',
,
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sg
.
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, 38
,
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cut 2000
,
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the
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,
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also
is
,
.
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Towards Tomorrow
,
457
458 The negotiations are described James Edminston The Sterling Years Leo
in
(
.pp
67
),
-
.
Charles Cutshaw Singapore rearing bullpup rifle for home and export
',
459
is
Q
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: '
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at
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2
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Singh
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,
's
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cut 2000 For information about Sri Lanka and Somalia see the national
p
,
,
.
.
)
's
.
-
142 Small Arms in SE Asia
Edminston ,
The
69
462 Sterling Years
,
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.
463 Ian Hogg Small Arms Pistols and Rifles Greenhill Military Manuals tackpole
,
V
, .
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Books Pennsylvania 1994 132
p
,
),
.
.
Small Arms Round p Rifles New Wave Singapore International
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464 from
',
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20
Defense Review 1987 916 919
, ),
,
7
(
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.
Ian Hogg Jane Harper Collins Glasgow
465 Gun Recognition Guide 2nd edn
,
's
(
327
2000
p
),
.
.
466 Personal observation Rove Police Armoury Honiara September 2001 Papua
as ,
.
New Guinea bought about 100 weapons part
of
trials find standard
to
a
for
infantry weapon the Papua New Guinea Defence Force PNGDF While
).
the weapon was apparently popular with troops the PNGDF eventually pur
of
chased the M16A2 instead Interview with Colonel Peter llau Chief Staff
,
, .
PNGDF Murray Barracks Port Moresby October 2001
,
,
9
.
467 Ultimax 100 Singapore Technologies advertisement author copy
',
's
'
.
468 Hogg Jane Gun Recognition Guide 398
.p
,
,
's
be
listnational inventories small arms can found Jane Infantry Weapons
of
of
469
A
's
The Fiji information interview with diplomats
an
1999 2000 comes from
in
-
in
in
.
2001 The Royal Solomon Islands Police apparently had about the weap
50
of
, .
ons although many were stolen from the RSIP Rove armoury during the
's
of
tensions that rocked the island Guadalcanal 1999 and 2000 Some have
in
.
since been handed the International Peace Monitoring Team IPMT
to
in
),
(
although some may still be According Chief
its
of
circulation Staff the
to
in
,
.
Papua New Guinea Defence Force also bought between 300 400 Ultimaxs
.
Murray Barracks Port Moresby
at
,
9
.
470 Hogg Jane Gun Recognition Guide 398
,
,
.p
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's
471 Ingemar Dorfer quoted Singh Kwa The Singapore Defence Industries
in
&
,
',
op
cit
).
(
472 Ibid
.
473 Charles Cutshaw Singapore rearing bullpup rifle for home and export
is
Q
',
.
,
's
line http www janes com defence land forces news idr
at
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21
Singapore
32
33
2000
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September 1999
,
p
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.
.
of
Cutshaw
is
476
,
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,
's
.
for
Singapore Military
21
2
,
/
'
478 Ibid
.
479 Ibid
.
480
',
;
'.
'.
.
143
Notes
21
483 New Variants for the SAR
. ',
,
'
sg
Technologies
website http www
.4pp , st
com
:/
/
.
.
.
484 Singapore Technologies Engineering Singapore Technologies Engineering An
Engi
ST
nual Report 2000 ingapore 2001 On the US push see the
,
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-
.
)
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neering annual report and also Lee Siew Hua pore defence gear made
in
.1p ,
. 'S
-
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US
19
the The Straits Times October 2000
',
,
485 Ibid
.
399
486 Hogg Jane, Gun Recognition Guide
,
p
.
.
', 's Kinetic publication
487 CIS 40GL Singapore Technologies
'
.
McGregor Barracks police armoury Port Moresby
11
488 Personal observation
,
October 2001
.
ST
of
489 This information taken from CIS 40AGL The Power One Kinetics
',
is
a
:
‘
.sg
publication available http
on
www
at
line com
st
p :
. /
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.
490 Jane Infantry Weapons 1999 2000 783
,
-
.
's
491 Ibid
.
, 13
492 Forecast International Ordnance and Munitions Forecast October 2000
,
.
(
)
The PNG information on
interview with the PNGDF Chief
of
based Staff
is
,
9
.
493 Ibid
.
494
627
Jane
p
-
.
.
's
495 Ibid
.
496
.
's
498 has had repeat orders with the Swedish manufacturer Försvaretmaterielverk
Defence Materiel See Singapore Technologies Engineering Singapore Tech
,
.
', ,
.p
-
.
's
500 Singapore Technologies Kinetic 40mm ABMS Enhancing Firepower for the
-
;
'
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.
.
501 Ibid
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ST
An
', .
on
503 Stockwatch
:
' ',
;
9
'
Lexis Nexis January 2001 Abdul Hahdi Singapore Technologies Net Rises
',
',
, ;
9
-
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62 13
15
.
up
on
in
$
S
pore Technologies Kinetic unaudited results for the Group for the first quarter
at
http
31
on
's
-
.
:
/
/
www
sg
com
st
.
.
.
.
505 Ibid
.
506 Interview Arms and Explosives Branch Singapore Police Force October 2000
,
.
144 Small Arms in SE Asia
507 ‘Boy leads police to toy pellet guns ’, The Straits Times , 14 July 2001 .
108 aic
Australian Institute of Criminology at http :/ / / www .
au
gov
.
.
.
513 Singh Kwa The Singapore Defence Industries
',
',
.p
&
.
514
No
Singapore Marks Significant Anniversary Military Technology
70
',
),
1992
.p
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a
' '
.
An
Engineering Emerging World Class Player Engineering has
ST
ST
515 140
',
p
:
.
.
offices the US Middle East Australia China Malaysia and Vietnam One
in
.
arms exporter has been the
as
important reason for Singapore
an
success
's
marketing UI was created
its
to
In
.
(
)
help market Singaporean defence products the highly competitive interna
in
the recognition that more often than not
on
is
it
,
‘
marketing and sales strategy which determines the success
of
failure
or
a
producť According the Singapore Armed Forces journal The
an
article
to
in
,
.
'
Pointer Unicorn pursues aggressive marketing policy which has meant
an
,
'
'
that over the years inroads have been made every continent Unicorn
to
,
's
.
'
primary function handle exports and sales defence materials and sup of
to
is
of
To
have conducted
,
's
.
in
,
Asia the Middle East Africa the United States and Central and South America
,
of ,
.
An
wing with two separate regional sales divisions for the Middle East Africa
,
/
and Latin America and regional sales manager for Asia Unicorn Interna
a
its
Defence
in
equipment needs saying that most manufacturers local agents are inadequate
,
of “
in
it
,
'.
describes
of
of
,
.
'. '
'
measures success dollars and cents See Unicorn International Pty Ltd
in
, :
Service and Responsibility Midef and the Defence Industries The Pointer
to
',
pp
11
28
's 30
no
),
1
(
-
.
. :
pp
Iraq Cassell Academic London 1997 109 119 Sideliners New Statesman
,
',
; ,
';
-
(
)
23
13
16
June 1996 The Arms Sales Scandal New Statesman June 1995
p
.5p
,
,
';
.
Sian Clare Aitken New ArmsIndustry Storm Associated Press July 1995
in
',
, 8
‘
.
.pp
, ,
518 Interview Bangkok February 2001 Peter Chalk Liberation Tigers Of Tamil
,
,
;
-
(
Service
',
.
(
ter 1999
).
Jane 1999
5
'
.
's
Notes 145
526 For evidence regarding the Heckler and Koch MP5 , see the pictures taken in
the aftermath of the Samut Sakhon prison outbreak , The Bangkok Post , 24 No
vember 2000 , pp . 1, 4.
'
527 Firearms Imports : Five- Year Check on Shipments ; Dodgy Deals Come Under
Customs Eye , The Bangkok Post , 28 April 2001 .
' '
528 Hogg , Jane s Gun' Recognition Guide , p . 234 .
529 Ibid , p . 306 ; Ezell , , p. 189. There are also reports that the G3
Small Arms Today
was produced under licence in Thailand , but this cannot be confirmed . The G3
was in service with the Royal Thai Army , however. See Forecast International ,
Ordnance and Munitions Report , January 2000 , p. 12.
530 Forecast International Ordnance and Munitions Report , January
, 2000 , p . 7.
531 Interview with Yeshua Moser - Puangsuwan , Regional Coordinator Southeast
Asia , Non - Violence International, Bangkok , 24 February 2001 .
International , Ordnance and Munitions Forecast , January 2000 , p . 12 .
532 Forecast
533 Doungsuda Fungladda , ' Thai military on production offensive' , The Nikkei
Weekly , 31 January 2000 .
534 Thailand 's army plans ammunition exports ' , Deutsche Presse Agentur , 2 June 1998.
146 Small Arms in SE Asia
535 Forecast International , Ordnance and Munitions Forecast , October 2000 , p. 14.
536 '
Thailand s army plans ammunition exports ',Deutsche Presse - Agentur , 2 June 1998 .
537 ‘ Thai army begins to export spare weaponry ', Xinhua News Agency , 4 Decem
ber 2000 .
538 ' Thailand 's army plans ammunition exports '; Fungladda , Thaimilitary on pro
duction offensive ’, The Nikkei Weekly , 31 January 2000 .
539 ' Thai army begins to export spare weaponry',Xinhua News Agency , 4 Decem
ber 2000 .
540 Ibid .
541 " Thai military on production offensive ', The Nikkei Weekly , 31 January 2000 .
542 Forecast International , January 2000 , p .12 .
544 Duncan Long , Assault Pistols , Rifles and Submachine Guns (Paladin Press , Boul
der , Co ., 1986 ) , pp . 116 - 117 .
545 Ibid .
546 Interview with Yeshua Moser - Puangsuwan ,Non Violence International South
east Asia , Bangkok , 24 February 2001 .
547 Firearms Imports: Five- Year Check on Shipments , The Bangkok Post , 28 April 2001 .
'
548 For estimates on the scale of the informal economy in general , see ' Illegal
economy in Thailand , report viewed ' , The Nation , 25 February 1997 ; see also
Pasuk Phongpaichit, Sungsidh Piriyarangsan & Hualnoi Treerat , Guns , Girls ,
Gambling , Ganja : Thailand ' s Illegal Economy and Public Policy (Silkworm Books ,
Chiang Mai, 1998 )
549 Interview , Bangkok , 27 November 2000 . See , for example , " Three slain amid
family legacy feud ' , The Nation , 25 November 2000 , p . A3.
Prasong Charasdamrong , ‘Killers
for
,
July 2000
2
the term
',
'
-
on
,
2
553
In
,
‘
Only Five Guns Still Not Accounted For The Bangkok Post April 2001 Of
, 16
',
. .'
The
April 2001
he
Nation
',
554
',
,
'
.pp .
133
555 134
.
-
556
Ibid
,
133
.p
.
',
'
14
.
(
558 AFP Thai weapons haul takes another twisť December 1993
,
',
9
559 Tom Fawthorp Thai army linked Khmer Rouge new weapons stock
to
,
’,
's
"
May
14
.
al
560 135
,
'. ,
,
.p
.
146
Ibid
563
, ,
.p .p
. .
564 Ibid 145
by
Thai Navy destined for Indian rebels The Thailand
18
565 Arms seized Times
',
,
'
Anthony Davis Thailand tenders anti rafficking plan
to
March 1997 others
',
;
-t
April 1999
21
Jane Defence Weekly
,
's
.
the illegal arms trade between Cambodia
of
The value Thailand and Burma
is
566
,
extremely difficult but team political economists from Thai
of
to
estimate
a
land Chulalongkorn University has offered one figure Quoting police sources
,
's
.
they estimate that weapons purchased
on
the Cambodian border sell for about
three times their original price by the time they get Burma 1992 there
to
In
.
by
fore the estimated value weapons seized Thai police was over half
of
,
a
billion baht Given that Thai police chiefs have estimated they only intercept
a
.
of
the total volume
of
of
fraction the trade
.pp
51
al
as
as
high
be
could
et
150 151
-
.
.
567 Former officer the Thai National Security Council Phongpaichit
et
in
,
cited
in
al
132
p
,
.
.
the
568
et
of
information
al
,
from 147
in
.p
.
569 Ibid
.
570 Ibid
, , , .
148
Ibid
.p .p .pp
571 147
. . -
.
573 Ibid
13
574 Cache ammunition seized from
', The Nation
,
‘
1998
.
for
,
'
.
Phongpaichit
al
et
576 138
,
.p
.
aim
get August
of
to
', ,
5
‘
.
578 Tasker Crispin Frustration over Burma illegal drugs Far Eastern Economic
&
‘,
's
.
579
',
-
's
April
21
580 Peter Chalk Liberation Tigers Of Tamil Eelam LTTE International Organi
‘,
's
(
43
Winter 1999
,
),
n
.
.
.
(
;
',
,
"
January 1999 On
', ,
.
'
the
',
n
.
.
,
'
.
Sri
',
1999
21 9
.
"
584 Davis Thailand tenders anti trafficking plan Jane Defence Weekly April 1999
,
',
,
's
-
, .
March 1997
.
148 Small Arms in SE Asia
586 Kyodo News Service , ‘ Thailand to investigate Tamil weapons depots ', 11
January 1999 .
587 Anthony Davis , ‘ Bangkok discovers LTTE logistics cell , Jane s Intelligence Re
' '
view, 1 July 2000 .
Chalk , ‘Liberation Tigers ' (op
cit
588 note 580
).
The
Edward Tang Military rogues May 2001
16
589 Straits Times
',
.
590 Anthony Davis Thailand tenders anti trafficking plan Jane Defence Weekly
',
,
-
's
“
April
21
1999
.
Army chief insists rebels have local base The Nation
29
591 March 2000 Tamil
;
',
,
‘
in
,4
.
"
"
592 John McBeth Nate Thayer Bertil Lintner Worse Come Far Eastern
to
&
,
',
'
pp
July 1999
29
16
18
Economic Review
,
,
.
.
593 Craig run huge arms trade Morning Herald
14
Thais The Sydney
,
',
,
Skehan
"
August 1999
.
594 Interviews Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta See also John McBeth Nate Thayer
in
,
.
July
29
Bertil Lintner Worse Come Far Eastern Economic Review
to
1999
&
',
,
‘
.
run
14
huge arms trade
,
',
,
595 Skehan Thais
.
596 Andre Sauvageot Vietnam Defence Expenditure and Threat Perception
,
,
J.
:
Defending Communist Indochina
ed
Chin Kin Wah Defence Spending
in
301 in
'
(
)
for
.7p ),
, . p
.
.
(
597 Forecast International Ordnance and Munitions Forecast January 2000 Some
,
,
reports refer this weapon the TUL See Edward Clinton Ezell Small
as
to
1
.
-
'
'
(
:
Books Harrisburg
PA
1984 229
.p
,
,
,
the Type
50
Ezell Small Arms Today modifications included the
to
the wooden butt stock and the addition the same wire sliding
of
elimination
of
of
-
.
The Vietnamese People Army VPA may also have the ability carry out
to
599
's
loads
it
,
-
manufactured
If
,
-
.
off
VPA would
to
600 Anne Gilks Gerald Segal China and the Arms Trade Croom Held London
&
,
(
49
1986
p
),
.
.
601
In
in
,
a
62mm auto
7
a
x
.
matic rifle round commonly used the AK series weapons Close exami
of
in
,
nation Soviet
an in
it
.
see
to
how
,
Up
on
,
's
.
.
.
602 Jane Sentinel Security Assessment Southeast Asia March August 2000 571
,
,
.p
-
.
's
.
Notes 149
604 Carlyle A . Thayer , “ Regional Military Modernization Strategies and Trends ' ,
presentation to the conference on ' Security and Societal Trends in Southeast
Asia ', White -Meyer House Meridian International Center , Washington , D . C .,
September 6 -7, 2000 .
605 Ibid .
606 Ibid .
607 Jane's World Armies , Issue 7 (Jane 's Information Group , June 2000 ) p .857 .
608 BBC Asia -Pacific Service on - line , ‘Leading North Korean Visits Vietnam ', 11
July 2001.
609 Thayer , ‘Regional Military Modernization ' (op
cit
note 604
).
610 Ibid
.
.
612 Thayer Regional Military Modernization
‘,
'.
613 Ibid
.
614 Illegal weapons Villagers surrender hundreds Viet govť The Straits Times
to
,
am :
‘
July 2001 very grateful Matthias Maass for drawing this article
14
to
to
. .I
my attention
Cambodia says reports July
no
',
7
:
.
616 Gutted arms depot Cambodia linked to illegal arms sale Moneakseka Khmer
in in
',
,
'
September 1999 by
Khmer translated FBIS
,
1
).
(
617 Ibid
.
618 Ibid
.
no
'.
621 Ibid
.
622 Michael Renner Small Arms Big Impact Worldwatch Institute Washington
. ,
,
(
‘ 41
DC 1997
,
),
.p
Living
of
623 Lara Wozniak the shadow the gun Hong Kong Imail July 2001
,
’,
,
in
.
624 US gun dealers have tried illegally import weapons from Vietnam back into
to
-
To
the United States for collectors See Reza Probes Early Halt
,
,
H
U
.S
' .
.
.
, .
Arms Sale Investigation Inquiry The Los Angeles Times June 1995 A1
.p
;
,
5
.
US
August
13
. ,
Vietnam 1997
.7p '
Regional Security
its
Impact
of
on
A
:
Perspective from the Philippines paper presented the Third CSCAP Meet
to
',
10
on
.p
,
,
-
628 Breakaway group vows more Manila terror attacks The Manila Times March
',
,4
'
2000 FBIS
, ',
, ,
, ;
.p '
1995 Interview
.
',
,
-
41
&
,
;
,
.
Trade and Proliferation East Asia Southeast Asia and the Russian Far East Uni
in
11 ,
:
p
,
,
.
.
.
150 Small Arms in SE Asia
630 Bedeski, Anderson & Darmosumarto , Small Arms Trade and Proliferation in East
Asia , p. 11 .
631 ' Border Defense Units Bar Firearms, Drugs', Fazhi Ribao , 28 November 1995 ( in
Chinese , translated by FBIS ) .
632 Interview , Hanoi ,March 2001.
Chapter 5
1 Sarah Meek , ' Combating Arms Trafficking : Progress and Prospects ' in Lora
Lumpe (ed ) , Running Guns: The Global Black Market in Small Arms (Zed Books ,
London , 2000 ) , p . 183.
16
Aspects
,
Action
,
II,
).
(
Ibid
para
15 14
,
,
9
II
These are Brunei Indonesia Malaysia the Philippines Singapore and Thai
,
, ,
,
21
,
.
taking limited registration military owned small arms and light weapons
a
-
Notes 151
in the Kompong Cham military district. See the presentation by Lt-Gen Chau
Phirun , Director-General,General Department of Material and Technique ,Royal
Cambodia Armed Forces to the ASEAN Regional Forum Seminar on Con
ventional Weapons Transfers and Small Arms, Phnom Penh , Cambodia ,
21 February 2001 .
16 For definitions of terms like brokers ' and a more considered analysis of this
topic , see James Coflin , State Authorization and Information Sharing Concerning
Small Arms Manufacturers , Dealers and Brokers (Department of Foreign Affairs
and International Trade , Ottawa, 1999 ) .
17 Programme of Action , II , para 14.
18 This point was made by Peggy Mason at the International Conference on
Small Arms Proliferation and Trade in the Asia Pacific , organised by the Cam
bodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace and the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung ,
Phnom Penh , 19- 20 February 2001 .
19 Davis , ' Thailand tenders anti- trafficking plan ', Jane ' s Defence Weekly , 21
April 1999 .
Glossary
Ammunition : The assembled components of complete cartridges or rounds ; i.e.
a case or shell holding a primer , a charge of propellant ( gunpowder ) and a
projectile (bullets in the case of handguns and rifles —multiple pellets or single
slugs in shotguns ) .
Automatic : A firearm designed to feed cartridges , fire them , eject their empty
cases and repeat this cycle as long as the trigger is depressed and cartridges
remain in the feed system . Examples : machine guns , submachine guns , selec
tive - fire military / police rifles , including true assault rifles .
can
Bullet : The projectile expelled from a gun . Bullets many materials
be
of
,
shapes weights and constructions such jacket
as
of
solid lead lead with
,
, ,
a
etc
harder metal round nosed flag nosed hollow pointed
,
,
-
.
Calibre The nominal diameter
or
projectile
of
a
:
in
,
a
inch
in
in
in
in
;
millimetres
.
.
:
Cartridge
of
.
A
:
be
.
:
or
cartridge which encloses the bullet acketed not and the propellant
,
.
)
(j
,
A
:
-
of
trigger depression automatically feeds and fires cartridges rifle size greater
or
.
for
gun
of
commonly located under the receiver with the cartridges stacked vertically
.
Tube tubular magazines run through the stick under the barrel with the
or
or
lar mode
.
Glossary 153
Parabellum : A German tradename used for the 9mm Parabellum or Luger pis
tol and Para Bellum meaning
its
ammunition From the Latin Vis Pacem
Si
if
,
.
'
'
'
you wish peace prepare for war
'
'; .
in be
Pistol Synonymous with handgun gun generally held one hand may
in
It
:
'
.
the single shot multi barrel repeating semi automatic variety and
of
or
,
,
-
-
cludes revolvers
up
Primer The ignition component cartridge generally made
of
of
metallic
,
a
a
:
fulminate
.
by
Propellant the chemical composition that ignited the primer
is
In
firearm
,
a
:
air
generate gas airguns the compressed carbon dioxide gas
or
to
In
,
.
.
Receiver The main body the gun and the housing for
of
firearm breech and
a
:
's
firing mechanism
.
to
,
a
a
:
-
successively align each chamber with single barrel and firing pin
a
in
Rimfire rimmed flanged cartridge with the priming mixture located
or
rim A
:
22
side the rimfire
of
is
.
.
for
be
firearm fired
,
A
:
-
's
at
cally
of
some cases the firer
in
in
,
.
Semi automatic firearm designed fire single cartridge eject the empty
to
,
A
-
case and reload the chamber each time the trigger pulled
is
.
Sub machine gun fully automatic firearm commonly firing pistol ammuni
A
-
:
by
20 15
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Desmond Ball
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CP47 Soviet Signals Intelligence SIGINT Desmond Ball
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CP48 The Vietnam People Command
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1975 1988 FitzGerald
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WP262 The Regional Security Outlook Australian Viewpoint Paul Dibb
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WP267 Australia and Asia Pacific Regional Security Peter Jennings
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WP268 Cambodia Past Present and future
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WP269Australia Aerial Surveillance Programme South Pacific Review and New
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WP272Index
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WP273Trends Military Acquisitions the Asia Pacific Region Implications
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WP286Australia and New Zealand Towards More Effective Defence Relationship Rolfe
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160 Strategic and Defence Studies Centre
WP287China ' s Policy Towards the Spratly Islands in the 1990s by Sheng Lijun
WP288 How to Begin Implementing Specific Trust - Building Measures in the Asia -Pacific
Region by Paul Dibb
WP289Burma 's Arms Procurement Programme by Andrew Selth
WP290Developments in Signals Intelligence and Electronic Warfare in Southeast Asia by
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WP292Japan and Australia New Security Partnership by Naoko Sajima
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WP293Chinese Strategy and the Spratly Islands Dispute by Brigadier Chris Roberts
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WP294Transnational Crime The New Security Paradigm John McFarlane and
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WP295 Signals Intelligence SIGINT North Korea Desmond Ball
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WP296 The Emerging Geopolitics the Asia Pacific Region Paul Dibb
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WP297 Maritime Strategy into Twenty First Century Issues Regional Navies
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WP298 The Cold War Retrospect Diplomacy Strategy and Regional Impact Coral Bell
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WP299 Australia Indonesia Security Cooperation For Better Bob Lowry
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WP302 Developing Army Doctrine the Post Cold War Era Bill Houston
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WP306 Force Modernisation Asia Towards 2000 and Beyond by Paul Dibb
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WP317 Alliances Alignments and the Global Order The Outlook for the Asia Pacific
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WP335Transnational Crime and Illegal Immigration the Asia Pacific Region
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WP337Defence Strategy the Contemporary Era Paul Dibb
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WP338The Burmese Armed Forces Next Century Continuity Change Andrew Selth
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WP 356 Factionalism and the Ethnic Insurgent Organisations Des Ball Hazel Lang
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WP 359 The New Submarine Combat Information System and Australia Emerging
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363 A Strategic Framework Missile Defence Ron Huisken
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