CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering

Module #10 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Analysis of Accident Statistics Materials:

Learning Targets: Calculator, Pen, Paper
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Analyze the accident rate data. References:
2. Establish the importance of traffic accident analysis. dash1991. (2015). Highway Safety and
Accident Analysis. Retrieved from Scribd
website:
https://www.scribd.com/document/267977455/
Highway-Safety-and-Accident-Analysis
Mannering, F.L. Principles of Highway
Engineering and Traffic Analysis. USA: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Introduction

In your preceding modules, you learned about the different features of a roadway. Now, I will discuss ways
of computing road accident rates and the importance of road accident statistics. Road accidents have been
recognized as one of the major problems in the world. In addition, it has major impacts on the society, economy
and progress of a country. Road accidents occur when traffic conflicts between vehicular movements which can
cause delay and traffic congestions. Also human error, traffic, vehicle and road conditions, and the surrounding
environment have been determined as key factors that influence driving behavior, which can in turn contribute
to road accidents.
The importance of having a road accident data system is that it establishes a reliable road accident database
and analysis system and with regards to this database, it helps in identifying safety problems and in evaluating
the effectiveness of road safety measures introduced.

B.MAIN LESSON

Goal of a Traffic Engineer can be one or more of the following:

 Reduce the frequency or rate of traffic crashes
 Reduce the frequency or rate of injury crashes
 Reduce the frequency or rate of fatal crashes
 Reduce the frequency or rate of specific crash categories, such as, alcohol-related, speeding, older-
driver crashes

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #10 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Accident Analysis
 Accident rates for 100 million vehicle miles of travel (HMVM) for a segment of a highway:

𝐴(100,000,000)
𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365 × 𝐿

𝑅 = the accident rate for 100 million vehicle miles

𝐴 = the number of accidents during period of analysis

𝐴𝐷𝑇 = average daily traffic

𝑁 = time period in years

𝐿 = length of segment in miles

 Accident rates per million entering vehicle (MEV) for an intersection.

𝐴(1,000,000)
𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365

𝑅 = the accident rate for one million vehicle entering vehicles

𝐴 = the number of accidents during period of analysis

𝐴𝐷𝑇 = average daily traffic entering the intersection from all legs

𝑁 = time period in years

 Severity Ratio

𝑓+𝑖
𝑆𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑓+𝑖+𝑝

𝑓 = fatal

𝑖 = injury

𝑝 = property damage

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #10 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Sample Problem

Problem 1.

The number of accidents for 6 years recorded in a certain section of a highway is 5892. If the average traffic
is 476, determine the accident rate per million entering vehicles.

Solution:

𝐴(1,000,000)
𝑅=
𝐴𝐷𝑇 × 𝑁 × 365

5892(1,000,000)
𝑅=
476(6)(635)

𝑹 = 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟐

Problem 2.

It is observed that 50 traffic crashes occurred on a 20 mile long section of Route 120 In one year. If the
average daily traffic on the section was 5500 vehicles, determine the rate of fatal crashes per 100 million
vehicles-miles if 6% of the two crashes involved fatalities.

Solution:

50(100,000,000)
𝑅=
5500(20)(365)

𝑅 = 124.53

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑠 = 124.53(0.06)

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒔 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟐 𝒄𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒔

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #10 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Problem 3.

Data on traffic accident recorded for the past 5 years on a certain stretch of a two lane highway is tabulated
as follows.

Year Property Damage Injury Fatal

2010 110 42 4
2011 210 54 2
2012 182 60 5
2013 240 74 7
2014 175 94 6
Total 917 324 24
Compute the severity ratio.
Solution:

24 + 324
𝑆𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
24 + 324 + 917
𝑺𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟓

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #10 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

C. ACTIVITY
Problem 1.
A 15 mile section of the Kalayaan Road had the following reported accidents for 6 years from 1992. It is
required to compute the accident rates of all accidents.

Year Fatal Accident Injury Accident Property Damage Ave. Daily Traffic
1992 4 46 120 10000
1993 2 52 200 10500
1994 6 70 190 11000
1995 8 65 140 11500
1996 5 82 240 12000
1997 10 98 180 12500

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #10 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Problem 2.
The table shows reported accidents for a 10-mile highway section of the Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard.

Year Average Daily Traffic Property Damage Injury Accidents Fatal Accidents
2000 20,500 165 40 5
2001 22,000 150 45 5
2002 23,500 170 50 10
2003 24,000 170 45 16
2004 25,500 160 60 19
a) Compute the severity ratio.
b) Compute the accident rate for injury accidents in HMVM.
c) Compute the accident rate in HMVM.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #10 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Problem 3.
A certain intersection has an annual average daily traffic (AADT) of 504 vehicles. If there are 4160 collision
incidents per million entering vehicle, find the number of accidents for 5 years.

Problem 4.
In a certain intersection of a highway, the number of accidents recorded for a 4 year period is 2270. If the
accident rate is 2600 per million entering vehicles, find the annual average daily traffic.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #10 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
ACTIVITY:
1. 41.0
2. a) 0.266
b) 56.92
c) 263.30
2. 3826.37
3. 598

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #11 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Fundamental Relations of Traffic Flow Materials:

Learning Targets: Calculator, Pen, Paper
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. List and calculate the parameters of traffic flow. References:
2. Determine the relationship between the fundamental dash1991. (2015). Highway Safety and
parameters of traffic flow. Accident Analysis. Retrieved from Scribd
website:
https://www.scribd.com/document/267977
455/Highway-Safety-and-Accident-Analysis
Mannering, F.L. Principles of Highway
Engineering and Traffic Analysis. USA: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Introduction

Traffic engineering pertains to the analysis of the behavior of traffic and to design the facilities for a smooth,
safe and economical operation of traffic. Traffic flow, like the flow of water, has several parameters associated
with it. The traffic stream parameters provide information regarding the nature of traffic flow, which helps the
analyst in detecting any variation in flow characteristics. Understanding traffic behavior requires a thorough
knowledge of traffic stream parameters and their mutual relationships. Speed is one of the basic parameters of
traffic flow and time mean speed and space mean speed are the two representations of speed. Time mean
speed and space mean speed and the relationship between them will be discussed in detail in this module.

B.MAIN LESSON

Traffic Flow Theory

Traffic flow theories deal with the mathematical relationship between the primary elements of the traffic
stream which include flow, speed and density.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #11 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Fundamental Relations of Traffic Flow

 Time Mean Speed – arithmetic average speed of all vehicles for a specified period of time. It is

associated with a single point along a roadway over a duration of time.

∑𝜇
𝜇 =
𝑛

𝜇 = time mean speed

𝑛 = no. of vehicles

𝑢 = observed speed of vehicle

 Space Mean Speed – is the harmonic mean of time mean speed. It is associated with a specified

length of a roadway.

𝑛
𝜇 =
1
∑
𝜇

𝜇 = space mean speed

𝑛 = no. of vehicles

𝑢 = observed speed of vehicle

 Traffic Density – is the number of vehicles occupying a given length of a roadway.

𝑛
𝑘=
𝑙

𝑘 = traffic density in vehicles per unit distance, typically in units of veh/km

𝑛 = no. of vehicles occupying some length of roadway at some specified time

𝑙 = length of roadway.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #11 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

 Spacing of vehicles – is the distance between two successive vehicles as they pass a given point on

a highway. It is usually measured from front bumper to front bumper.

1
𝑆=
𝑘

𝑘 = traffic density in vehicles per unit distance

𝑆 = spacing, typically in units of km/veh

 Traffic Flow – is the rate at which vehicles pass a given point on a roadway.

𝑞 = 𝑘𝜇

𝑞 = traffic flow, typically in units of veh/hr

𝜇 = space mean speed

𝑘 = traffic density

 Time Headway – is the time that elapses between the arrival of the leading vehicle and the following

vehicle at the designated test point.

1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑦 =
𝑞

 Peak Hour Factor – is the traffic volume during the busiest 15-minutes of the peak hour with the

total volume during the peak hour.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
60
× 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
15

 Design Hourly Volume (DHV)

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝐷𝐻𝑉 =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #11 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

 Capacity of a single lane in vehicles per hour:

1000𝑉
𝐶=
𝑆

𝐶 = capacity of a single lane, typically in units of veh/hr

𝑉 = ave. speed of vehicle in kph

𝑆 = ave. center to center spacing of cars in meters

𝑆 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐿

𝑆 = ave. center to center spacing of cars in meters

𝑉 = ave. speed of vehicle in m/s

𝑡 = reaction time in sec

𝐿 = length of one car in meters

 Min. Time Headway

3600
𝐻 =
𝐶

𝐻 = time headway in sec

𝐶 = capacity of a single lane in veh/sec

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #11 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Sample Problem

Problem 1.

From the following data of a freeway surveillance, there are 5 vehicles traveling distance “S” when

observed on the two photographs taken every 2 seconds apart

Vehicles “S” (meters)

1 24.4
2 18.8
3 24.7
4 26.9
5 22.6
a) Determine the space mean speed.

b) Determine the flow of traffic.

c) Determine the density of traffic.

Solution:

a) Determine the space mean speed.

5
𝜇 =
1 1 1 1 1
24.4 + 18.8 + 24.7 + 26.9 + 22.6
2 2 2 2 2
𝜇 = 11.57 m/s

𝝁𝒔 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 𝐤𝐩𝐡
b) Determine the flow of traffic.
3600
𝑞= ×5
2
𝒒 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐯𝐞𝐡/𝐡𝐫

c) Determine the density of traffic.

𝑘 = 9000/41.65
𝒌 = 𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟖𝟔 𝐯𝐞𝐡/𝐤𝐦

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #11 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Problem 2.

From the tabulated table shows the following counts made during a study period of one hour.

Time Period No. of Vehicles Rate of Flow (veh/hr)

7:00 – 7:15 1000 4000
7:15 – 7:30 1100 4400
7:30 – 7:45 1000 4000
7:45 – 8:00 900 3600
Compute the design hourly volume (DHV).

Solution:

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 4000 + 4400 + 4000 + 3600

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 16000 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟

16000
𝑃𝐻𝐹 =
60
(4400)
15
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = 0.91

16000
𝐷𝐻𝑉 =
0.91
𝑫𝑯𝑽 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟖𝟑

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #11 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Problem 3.

Compute the minimum time headway for cars moving at an average of 60 kph. The average length of

the car is 4.5 m. Reaction time is 0.7 sec.

Solution:
60
𝑉= = 16.67 m/s
3.6
𝑆 = 16.67(0.7) + 4.5

𝑆 = 16.17 average center to center spacing of cars

1000(60)
𝐶=
16.17
𝐶 = 3711 veh/hr

𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝒕 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟏

Problem 4.

Assume you are observing traffic in a single lane of MacArthur Highway at a specific location. You

measure the average headway and average spacing of the vehicles as 3.2 sec and 50 m, respectively.

Determine the traffic flow.

Solution:

1
𝑞= × 3600
3.2
𝒒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐯𝐞𝐡/𝐡𝐫

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #11 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

C. ACTIVITY

Problem 11.
The speed for vehicles A,B,C,D and E were 50, 54, 56, 58 and 60 kph respectively. Assuming all vehicles
were traveling at constant speed for a distance of 1.5 km, determine the space mean speed.

Problem 12.
Two sets of students are collecting traffic data at the two sections A and B 200 m apart along a highway.
Observation at A shows that 5 vehicles pass that section at intervals of 8.18 sec, 9.09 sec, 10.23 sec, 11.68 sec,
and 13.64 sec, respectively. If the speeds of the vehicles were 80, 72, 64, 56 and 48 kph, compute the following:
a) Density of traffic in veh/km.
b) Time mean speed in kph.
c) Space mean speed in kph.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #11 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
ACTIVITY:
1. 55.38 kph
2. a) 25 veh/km
b) 64 kph
c) 68.16 kph

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Ports and Harbors Materials:

Learning Targets: Pen and Paper
At the end of the module, students will be able to:
1. Define Ports and Harbors References:
2. Name, describe and locate the some ports and harbors in dash1991. (2015). Highway Safety and
the Philippines Accident Analysis. Retrieved from Scribd
website:
https://www.scribd.com/document/267977455/
Highway-Safety-and-Accident-Analysis
Mannering, F.L. Principles of Highway
Engineering and Traffic Analysis. USA: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Introduction

Hello class! Good day! This will now be your last module in this subject, transportation engineering. After
dealing with highway engineering let us now explore and discover things about ports and harbor engineering.
Port and harbor engineers handle the design, construction and operation of ports, harbor, canals and maritime
facilities. This type of transportation engineering is different with marine engineering.

B.MAIN LESSON

Harbor
- is a place of security and comfort, small bay or other sheltered part of an area of water, usually protected
against high waves and strong currents, and deep enough to provide anchorage for ships and other craft.
It is also a place where port facilities are provided, e.g. accommodation for ships and cargo handling
facilities.
- A harbor or harbour or haven, is a body of water where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter from
stormy weather, or else as stored for future use.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Manila North Harbor

https://www.northport.ph/Site/Page/10
Terminal 1
Situated at the north end of the Manila North Harbor, the key facilities in this terminal are the berth space for ship to shore
crane operation, container yard and Operations Center 1 building.

Terminal 2
Located in the south end of Manila North Harbor, Terminal 2 caters to ro-ro and passenger vessels. A modern passenger
terminal complex was constructed in 2013 with facilities to provide passengers comfort at the port during departure and
arrival.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
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Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

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Port
- The term port of seaport normally includes the harbor and the adjacent town or city suitable for loading
goods and embarking men.
- A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer
people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are for commercial demand, and for shelter from wind and
waves. Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger, more economical ships.

Port of Manila
Covering an area of some 137.5 hectares (0.5 square miles), Manila is the leading port in the Philippines,
and one of the oldest, busiest and most important ports in the entire southeast Asian region, having been a vital
trade link between the Far East and South America for over 1,000 years.
Today, the Port of Manila is government-owned, and operated by the Philippine Ports Authority. The port has
12 piers and berths for 22 ships, which between them handle nearly 21,000 vessels and over 75 million tonnes
of cargo annually, as well as some 72 million human passengers.
The Port is divided into three areas: Manila North Harbor, Manila South Harbor and the Manila International
Container Terminal. Manila North Harbor is located in the Tondo district on the north side of the Pasig river,
Manila South Harbor in the Port Area district on the south side. Situated between these two, the Manila
International Container Terminal is the 38th busiest container port in the world.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
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Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

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Port Structures:
 Wharf or Quays

- Wharf is the oldest term in English referring to port structures. It denotes any structure of timber,
masonry, cement or other material built along or at an angle to the navigable waterway, with sufficient
depth of water to accommodate vessels and receive and discharge cargo or passengers. The term
can be substituted for quay when applied to great solid structures in large ports.
- Wharf is built along or at an angle to the navigable waterway, with sufficient depth of water to
accommodate vessels and receive and discharge cargo or passengers.
- Quay has one or more berths where vessels can moor.

 Piers
- Is a construction work extending into the harbor with sufficient depth of water alongside to
accommodate vessels, also used as a promenade or landing place for passengers.

 Jetty
- is a long, narrow structure that protects a coastline from the currents and tides. Usually made of
timber, concrete or stone.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
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Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

 Moles or Breakwaters

- Mole or breakwater is a massive port structure made of masonry or large stone blocks laid in the sea
to protect the harbor from waves and current.

Berth - place where a ship can safely lie alongside to discharge or lay up for repairs.
Dock - It is an artificially enclosed basin into which vessels are brought for inspection and repair.
Dock Basin – a space between two wharves or piers for the mooring of ships.

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 CIE 128: Principles of Transportation Engineering
Module #12 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

C. ACTIVITY
Identification. Write in the provided space the term defined in each number. Be honest! Answer the
questions first before looking at the key answers.
1. It is an artificially enclosed basin into which vessels are brought for inspection and repair.
2. is a long, narrow structure that protects a coastline from the currents and tides. Usually made
of timber, concrete or stone.
3. is built along or at an angle to the navigable waterway, with sufficient depth of water to
accommodate vessels and receive and discharge cargo or passengers.
4. is a body of water where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter from stormy weather, or
else as stored for future use.
5. is a massive port structure made of masonry or large stone blocks laid in the sea to protect the
harbor from waves and current.

Check for Understanding.

Based on your own understanding, what is the difference between a port and a harbor? You can answer this
question by means of essay or poster.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
ACTIVITY:
1. Dock
2. Jetty
3. Wharf
4. Harbor
5. Breakwater

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