UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE NUEVO LEON

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA MECANICA

ELECTRICA

United kingdom facts and figures

Teacher: Guillermo Roberto

NAME: ANGEL DANIEL SANCHEZ SOTO
Subject: BRITISH CULTURE
1970680
11/8/23
UK FACTS
United Kingdom facts and figures

ENGLAND:

1) Etymology
At the present time, this island, following the number of books in which the divine law is
written, contains five nations: those of the English, the Bretons, the Scots, the Picts and the
Latins, and each of them cultivates in its particular language the sublime study of divine truth.

2) History
The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was
that of Homo antecessor, which dates to approximately 780,000 years ago.14
The oldest human fossil discovered in the territory is more than 500,000 years old.15 The
discovery was made in present-day Norfolk and Suffolk. Modern man arrived in the
territory 35 000 years ago, but due to the difficult conditions of the last glacial period, they
fled from Britain to the mountains of southern Europe. Only large mammals such as
mammoths and rhinoceroses remained.

3) Average age
After the withdrawal of the Romans, Britain was exposed to invasion by warlike seafarers
such as the Saxons and Jutes, who gained control in areas of the southeast. Their advance
could be contained for a time after the victory of the Britons at the Battle of Mount
Badon.
4) modern and contemporary age
Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, the impetus of the Royal Society and
other English initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment led to the creation of
important innovations in science and engineering. This paved the way for the
establishment of the British Empire, which at its territorial peak came to encompass nearly
a quarter of the earth's surface. Domestically, the Industrial Revolution, a period of
profound changes in the country's cultural and socioeconomic conditions.

5) government and politics

Prior to the union, England had its own monarch and its own parliament to run its
government. Today England is directly governed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom,
although other constituent countries have developed their own governments.

6) terrorist organization
The organization of local government in England is complex, due to the fact that the
distribution of functions varies according to local arrangements. Local legislation is the
responsibility of the British Parliament and the government of the United Kingdom, since
England does not have a devolved parliament. The top level of England's subdivisions is
formed by the nine regional government offices.

7) economy
The Bank of England, founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson, is the central
bank of the United Kingdom. Since its foundation it acted as a private bank for the
Government of England, and continued in this role for the Government of the United
Kingdom until it was nationalized in 1946. It also has a monopoly on the issue of
banknotes for the official currency of England and the whole of the United Kingdom.
 8) Demographics
With almost 50 million inhabitants according to the 2001 census, England is the most
populous constituent country in the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the total
population. If it were a sovereign state, these figures would make England the 25th most
populous country in the world. In turn, with a density of 407 people per square kilometer,
it would be the second most densely populated state in Europe after Malta.

9) Languages
As its name suggests, English, a language spoken by millions of people around the world,
originated as the language of England, and is the most widely spoken language in the
world today, Annex: Languages by total number of speakers

10) Religion
After Anglicanism (with 55% of the population), the Catholic Church is the denomination
with the largest number of followers, with 4.2 million people, approximately 7.8% of the
English and Welsh population.37

Especially since the 1950s, various religions practiced in the former British colonies began
to appear due to immigration, Islam being the most common among them, representing
approximately 3.1% of the population.

WALES:

1) Self-government
Following devolution in 1997, the Government of Wales Act 1998 created a devolved
Welsh assembly, the National Assembly for Wales, with powers to determine how the
Welsh central government budget is spent and administered.

2) Law
According to tradition, Welsh law was compiled during an assembly held in Whitland
around 930 by Hywel Dda, king of most of Wales between 942 and his death in 950. The
"law of Hywel Dda" (Welsh: Cyfraith Hywel), as it became known, codified the folk laws
and legal customs that had evolved in Wales over the centuries. Except in the Marches,
where the law of March was imposed by the Lords of the Marches, Welsh law remained in
force in Wales until the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284. Edward I of England annexed the
Principality of Wales after the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and the Welsh Law was
replaced for criminal cases by the Statute.
3) Geology
The geology of Wales is complex and varied;35 its study has been of considerable
historical importance36 in the development of geology as a science. All geological periods,
from the Cryogenian (late Precambrian) to the Jurassic, are represented in outcrops, while
younger sedimentary rocks are found beneath the seas immediately off the Welsh coast.

4) Fauna
Around Cardigan Bay and the Pembrokeshire coast, minke and pilot whales are common in
summer, while fin and killer whales are rare. Bottlenose dolphins are common and Risso's
dolphin and Atlantic white-sided dolphin are rare. Whales and gray seals can be seen.
Herring, mackerel and hake are the most common marine fish in the territory, but basking
sharks and sunfish can also be seen.

5) Demographics
The population of Wales in 2014 was approximately 3 092 000 pop, an increase of 9600
pop (0.31%) over the previous year, which had the lowest growth rate of any country in
the UK.39 The main population and industrial areas in Wales are in South Wales,
specifically Cardiff, Swansea and Newport and the adjacent South Wales Valleys.

6) Cardiff
Cardiff is the capital of Wales. It is a major commercial, cultural, sporting, educational and
media center of the country.

7) North Wales
North Wales is an unofficial region in the far north of Wales, bordering Central Wales to
the south and England to the east.

8) The Roman period (48-410 A.D.)

Until the Roman conquest of Britain, Wales was not a distinct country, divided between
the Deceangles, Ordovics, Cornovii, Demetes and Silures.Dav. 2 All the native inhabitants
of the Roman province of Britain spoke Brythonic languages (a subfamily of the Celtic
languages) and were called Britons (or Brythones). The Silurians, in present-day southeast
Wales, and the Ordovics, in the center and northwest, were the most numerous and
powerful tribes.
 9) World wars
In 1921, internal conflicts in Ireland over demands for Irish Home Rule eventually led to
the partition of the island.52 At the same time, the victory of the Sinn Féin party in the
1918 general election, followed by a war of independence, led to the creation of the Irish
Free State; Northern Ireland opted to remain part of the United Kingdom.

10) Government and politics

The United Kingdom is a parliamentary monarchy whose head of state is Charles III. He is
also the head of state of the fifteen countries which, within the framework of the
Commonwealth of Nations, constitute independent monarchies, placing the United
Kingdom in a personal union with those nations. The king has sovereignty over the Crown
Dependencies, the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey. These are not
part of the United Kingdom, although the British government manages its foreign relations
and defense, and parliament has the authority to legislate on its behalf.

SCOTLAND:

1) The Kingdom of Scotland was an independent state until 1707, when the Act of Union with
England was signed to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, since the union of the crown,
or monarchy, had already taken place in 1603. The union did not alter Scotland's own legal
system, which since then has been distinct from that of Wales, England and Northern
Ireland, so it is considered in international law as a distinct legal entity.

2) It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the North Sea, to
the south by England, and to the southwest by the North Channel and the Irish Sea. The
Scottish territory covers 78 772 km², and its population was estimated at 5 479 900
inhabitants in 2021,7 giving a population density of 67.5 inhabitants per km
3) Etymological origin
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of the 10th century is the oldest document in which the term
Scotland appears, formed from the Latin term Scoti, of doubtful origin, used as a reference
to the inhabitants of Hibernia (present-day Ireland). The word Scotia, which appeared in
Vulgar Latin, was used only to refer to the area of Scotland where Gaelic was spoken;
moreover, this term alternated with Albania, from the Gaelic word for Scotland.

4) National symbols
The flag of Scotland or The Saltire consists of a white St. Andrew's Cross on a blue
background, emblem that also became part of the flag of the United Kingdom or Union
Jack in 1606. There are many other symbols of Scotland, official or not, such as the thistle
(the national flower), the Declaration of Arbroath, the tartan pattern, related to the
Scottish clans, or the flag of the "Lion Rampant" that appears on the Royal Standard of
Scotland.

5) Romanization of Scotland
The written history of Scotland begins with the Romanization of south-central Britain, as
present-day Wales and England, which formed the province of Britannia. The Romans
initially called Scotland Caledonia ("Land of Caledonians"), after the immense Caledonian
pine forest that stretched from north to south and east to west across the country.

6) Medieval History
The kingdom of the Picts, based at Fortriu around the sixth century, underwent significant
development during the Middle Ages, perhaps in response to Roman imperialism itself.17
A major milestone in this struggle for survival and expansion was the Battle of Dunnichen
(685), in which the Picts defeated the tribes of Northumbria during the reign of Bridei III
7) Modern History
The Modern Age opened in Scottish history with the Rough Wooing (1544-1551), a series
of intermittent military offensives by which England sought to force a marriage between
Mary I Stuart and Edward VI of England, a goal that was ultimately unsuccessful. In
addition, the 16th century was the century of the Protestant Reformation, which was
more radical in Scotland than in England. In Scotland it was led by figures such as John
Knox and supported from England.

8) Scottish illustration
Enlightenment or Scottish School was a cultural movement of the eighteenth century
characterized by the outstanding intellectual, scientific, and cultural production developed
in Scotland, especially from the second half of the century. Usually seen as a Golden Age in
the history of Scotland, this movement meant the cultural hatching of the Scots,
internationalizing and turning Scotland into one of the main cultural centers of Europe.

9) Industrial revolution
After the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the
commercial, intellectual and cultural centers of Europe. Glasgow and Edinburgh, in
particular, developed rapidly at the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century,
with the tragic parenthesis of a great famine (1846-1857) resulting from the same late
blight plague (phytophthora infestans) that caused the great Irish famine (1845-1849). This
event, which affected mainly the Highlands, led to great emigration, but a heavy
shipbuilding industry sprang up on the banks of the River Clyde, transforming Glasgow into
the "Second City of the British Empire" after London.

10) Independence movement

On March 1, 1979, the 1979 Scottish referendum was held, which was the first popular
consultation for the reinstatement of the Scottish Parliament (its own legislative
chamber), after its integration into the British Parliament in 1707. The affirmative answer
(51.6% in favor, 48.4% against) did not obtain the qualified majority needed to validate the
proposal of the Scotland Act of 1978.
NORTHERN IRELAND:
1) It was founded in 1921 by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, in application of the
Government Act of 1920 which involved the partition of Ireland into two entities:
Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland.3 The North is made up of six counties (Antrim,
Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Derry and Tyrone) which make up two thirds of the
historic province of Ulster.4 When the Southern Irish proclaimed the creation of the
Irish Free State, the Northern Irish parliament expressed its desire to remain under
British sovereignty.5 Within the Northern Irish population, two religious groups are
distinguishable: a majority of Protestants, many of whom are of British descent; a
majority of Protestants, many of whom are of Irish descent; and a majority of
Protestants, many of whom are of British descent.

2) Etymology
The legal and official name of the region is Northern Ireland. This term is accepted by
the governments of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, as well as by
international organizations and the majority of its inhabitants.10 It is also part of the
official nomenclature of the British state: United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland.

3) the island of Ireland was divided into two entities called Northern Ireland and
Southern Ireland under the terms of the 1920 Home Rule Act of the Government of
Ireland that was passed during the course of the Irish War of Independence.29 The
Northern Irish territory was not to be considered a country, but rather a province; it
was to consist of the six northwestern counties, which had a Unionist and Protestant
majority. While the Southern Irish boycotted the new institution, the Northern Irish
did develop a government and parliament of their own under British sovereignty. Self-
government was not particularly popular among Unionists, but it freed the British
executive from any debate at Westminster

4) The Troubles
In 1968, the Northern Ireland conflict (in English: The Troubles) over the political
status of the region broke out, pitting the Unionists, who were in favor of preserving
ties with the United Kingdom, against the Irish Republicans, who were in a
demographic minority, on the one hand. It was an essentially political and nationalist
dispute over the partition of Ireland, influenced by other factors such as sectarianism
and religion. Both sides resorted to arms and the spiral of violence unleashed over
three decades resulted in 3254 dead and more than 50,000 wounded.
5) Government and politics
Since Northern Ireland is one of the constituent nations of the United Kingdom, the
head of state is the British monarch. Constitutionally, the United Kingdom is a unitary
state with a sovereign Parliament and government. However, the Norwegians have
had limited self-government since the passage of the Government of Ireland Act 1920,
currently represented in the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Northern Ireland
Government. Devolution of power came into force in 1999, under the Good Friday
agreements, and was last reformed in 2006.

6) National identity
National identity in Northern Ireland was reflected in the 2011 census as follows: 48%
of its inhabitants were included in the British group, 29% in the Northern Irish group
and 25% in the Irish group.70 If the main identity is taken into account, it is reduced to
40% British, 25% Irish and 21% Northern Irish.

7) Foreign investment
Northern Ireland's main trading partners are the member states of the European
Union, particularly the Republic of Ireland. Europe as a whole accounts for 55 % of the
total, but if the data is broken down, trade with the Irish leads both exports (33 %) and
imports (27 %). The main goods traded are the following: machinery and transport
equipment, food, chemicals and manufacturing.
8) Cltureu
Northern Ireland shares aspects of the culture of Ireland and the culture of the United
Kingdom. The population of Catholic origin tends to identify with the former, while
Protestants are closer to the latter. Since the end of the conflict, it has become a
tourist destination thanks to cultural festivals, visits to natural attractions, and the
practice of sports such as golf and fishing.

9) The history of the region in the 20th century has been marked by clashes between
Unionists and Republicans.5689 The outbreak of the Northern Ireland conflict in 1968
plunged the Ulster into a spiral of violence that was not resolved until three decades
later: the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 has laid the foundations for a
new government in which Catholics and Protestants share power.589

10) Until the early 1920s, Ireland and Great Britain were one country.
But not all Irish were happy with the union and many waged a long and bloody struggle for
independence from London.

A century later, the island is divided into two nations: Northern Ireland, part of the United
Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, in the south.

The partition was finalized in 1921, but tensions in the north lasted for many decades
and escalated with the start of the Northern Ireland conflict in 1968, which unleashed
a wave of violence and lasted for 30 years.