Our Lady of Fatima University Valenzuela Campus

College of Nursing

Name : Juan Miguel M. Salvador Course/Year/Sec: BSN 1-Y1-11

Date : September 24, 2023 Teacher: Albert Gironella

EXERCISE NO .1
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

GIO 1. To study the generalities regarding the study of Human Anatomy and Physiology.

SIO:

1. Differentiate Human Anatomy from Human Physiology

The study of human bodily structure is known as anatomy. The identification and purposes of
numerous organs and structures are covered. In addition to anatomy, there are several other
topics covered by human biology. Cellular biology, genetics, illness, and nutrition are a few of
these.

2. Describe the main divisions of Human anatomy

Histology- is the study of tissues and how they work.

Cellular Physiology- is the study of different cell function
Organ Physiology- is the study of the circulatory and cardiovascular systems.
Systemic Physiology- is the study of particular organ systems and how they operate.

3. Describe the main divisions of Human Physiology

Human physiology
is the branch of science that focuses on understanding how the human body functions at
various levels, from cellular processes to organ systems. It can be divided into several main
divisions, each of which explores different aspects of the body's functions:

Cell Physiology:

Cell physiology examines the functions of individual cells, including their structure, metabolic
processes, and how they interact with their environment.
It encompasses topics such as cell membrane transport, enzyme activity, and cellular
metabolism.

Neurophysiology:

Neurophysiology deals with the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and
peripheral nerves.
It explores how nerve cells (neurons) transmit electrical signals and how the nervous system
controls bodily functions, such as movement, sensation, and cognition.

Muscle Physiology:

Muscle physiology focuses on the structure and function of muscles.

It examines how muscles contract and generate force, the role of different muscle types
(skeletal, smooth, and cardiac), and the mechanisms of muscle fatigue.

Cardiovascular Physiology:

Cardiovascular physiology studies the circulatory system, including the heart, blood vessels,
and blood.
It investigates how the heart pumps blood, the regulation of blood pressure, blood flow
distribution, and the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.
 Respiratory Physiology:

Respiratory physiology deals with the respiratory system, including the lungs and airways.
It explores how the respiratory system facilitates the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between the body and the external environment

Renal Physiology:

Renal physiology focuses on the functions of the kidneys and their role in maintaining water
and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and waste product removal.

Gastrointestinal (GI) Physiology:

GI physiology examines the digestive system, including the stomach, intestines, and
associated organs.
It explores how the GI system processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

Endocrine Physiology:

Endocrine physiology is concerned with the endocrine system, which includes glands that
secrete hormones.
It studies how hormones regulate various physiological processes, such as metabolism,
growth, and reproduction.

Reproductive Physiology:

Reproductive physiology focuses on the male and female reproductive systems.

It explores the processes of gamete production (sperm and eggs), fertilization, pregnancy, and
childbirth.

Immunology:

Immunology is the study of the immune system, including how it defends the body against
pathogens (such as bacteria and viruses) and maintains immune tolerance.

Exercise Physiology:

Exercise physiology examines the body's responses and adaptations to physical activity and
exercise.
It is essential in the fields of sports science and physical fitness.

Environmental Physiology:

Environmental physiology investigates how the body responds to environmental factors such
as temperature, altitude, and pressure.
It plays a crucial role in understanding human adaptation to different environments.

4. Explain the term homeostasis and the process of homeostasis regulation.

Stability, harmony, or equilibrium inside a cell or the body are referred to as homeostasis. As
circumstances alter both within and outside the cell, maintaining a stable internal environment
necessitates continuous adjustments. Homeostatic regulation refers to the altering of systems within a
cell.

5. Discuss the different levels of structural organization of the human body.

Chemical Level:
Involves atoms and molecules such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
 These chemical substances combine to form biomolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and
nucleic acids.
These biomolecules are essential for the body's metabolic processes.

Cellular Level:
There are various types of cells with specialized functions, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood
cells.
Cells work together to carry out specific functions and maintain homeostasis.

Tissue Level:
Tissues are formed when similar cells group together and perform common functions.
They have four primary types of tissues in the human body:
Epithelial tissue: Covers body surfaces and lines cavities.
Connective tissue: Supports & connects various body parts.
Muscle tissue: Enables movement through contraction.
Nervous tissue: Coordinates and transmits signals within the body

Organ Level:
Organs are composed in different types of tissues working together to perform specific
functions.
Examples include the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys.
Organs have distinct shapes and structures that allow them to carry out specialized tasks.

Organ System Level:

Organ systems are the groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions.
Examples of organ systems include the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels),
respiratory system (lungs and airways), and digestive system (stomach, intestines, and
associated organs).
Each system has a specific role in maintaining overall health and homeostasis.

Organism Level:
It is the highest level of structural organization.
It encompasses the entire human body, composed of various organ systems working
together.
The organism level represents the living, functioning human being.
Homeostasis:
While not a separate level of organization, homeostasis is a crucial concept that applies across
all levels.

6. Describe a person in anatomical position.

Upright Posture:

The individual stands erect, with their body in a straight line from head to toe.
The person is not leaning or slouching.

Facing Forward:

The person faces forward, toward a reference point or observer.

The front of the body is directed anteriorly, while the back faces posteriorly.

Arms at the Sides:

The arms hang down on the sides of the body.

The palms of the hands face forward (anteriorly), with the thumbs pointing away from the
body.

Legs Together:
 The feet are close together, and the legs are straight.
The toes are pointed forward.

Head and Eyes Aligned:

The head is level and oriented in the same direction as the body.
The eyes are looking straight ahead.

Neutral Hand Position:

The hands are in a neutral position, with the wrists neither flexed (bent forward) nor
extended (bent backward).

Palms and Fingers Extended:

The fingers are extended, and the hands are open.

The palms are facing forward.

Feet Flat on the Ground:

If standing, the person's feet are flat on the ground, with equal weight distribution between
both feet.

7. Describe the following imaginary planes.

A. Sagittal plane

Sagittal plane is one of the three primary anatomical planes used to describe the orientation and
sectioning of the human body. It divides the body into left and right halves, creating two symmetrical
mirror-image portions.

B. Midsagittal plane

Midsagittal plane, also known as the median plane, is a specific type of sagittal plane that plays a
crucial role in anatomical and medical studies.

C. Coronal plane

It is one of the three primary anatomical planes used to describe the orientation and sectioning of
the human body. It is named for its resemblance to a coronal or frontal view of the body.

D. Horizontal plane

Horizontal plane, also known as the transverse plane or axial plane, is one of the three primary
anatomical planes used to describe the orientation and sectioning of the human body.

8. Discuss the following anatomical terms used for the different parts of the body to describe their
relations with one another.

A. Anterior and Posterior

Anatomical terminology like "anterior" and "posterior" are used to explain how different parts of
the body are positioned in relation to one another. And Anterior and posterior are relative terms
used in relation to a reference point or plane, often the midline of the body or the direction in which
the person is facing.

B. Superior and Inferior

"Superior" and "Inferior" designate the higher and lower positions of various body parts relative to
the longitudinal axis. They are used to provide accurate descriptions of anatomical relationships in
terms of height or vertical orientation and play a crucial role in medical communication and
understanding the organization of the human body.

C. Medial and Lateral

 Medial" and "lateral" are commonly used in anatomy to describe the relative positions of structures
or body parts with respect to the midline of the body. Understanding these terms is essential for
describing anatomical relationships accurately. medial" and "lateral" are fundamental anatomical
terms used to describe the relative positions of structures with respect to the body's midline,
providing a standardized way to communicate about anatomical relationships.

D. Superficial and Deep

Understanding its anatomical structure and linkages requires an understanding of both the surface
and deeper layers. These layers aid in describing the relative position and depth of different body
structures. In several disciplines, including medicine, anatomy, and surgery, it is essential to
comprehend how superficial and deep structures interact. To effectively diagnose and treat
illnesses, perform surgeries, and interpret imaging tests like X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, medical
personnel need to be aware of these interactions. Additionally, it is crucial for safety when
performing operations like injections or surgical incisions that require cutting through the skin and
subcutaneous tissues to reach deeper structures.

E. Proximal and Distal

Proximal/Distal: (Near the Trunk or Attached/Farther from the Trunk or Point of Attachment) These
phrases are often used to describe the location of various body limb locations. Although these phrases
may also be used to denote locations of internal tubular organs (near to or farther from the head),
the elbow is distal to the fingers and the knee is proximal to the toes.