12

Community
Engagement,
Solidarity and
Citizenship
Second Semester Quarter 1 –
Module 2:
Definitions of Community
Community Engagement Solidarity and Citizenship – Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Definitions of Community, First Edition, 2021

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 12
Community
Engagement,
Solidarity and
Citizenship
Second Semester Quarter 1 –
Module 2:
Definitions of Community
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our

dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at
home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and
discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each
lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on
lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on
completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to
self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in
answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions
carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult
your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
 Let Us Learn!

This module will give learners understanding about the meaning of

community from different perspectives (social, institutional, civil society).
The learners will also be given a glimpse of the earliest communities and its
evolution. They will also be given activities to know more about their own
community, its political structure and their own advocacies as members of
the community.

Competency 2: Define using various perspectives, e.g., social sciences,

institutions, civil society, and local/grassroots level (HUMSS_CSC12-IIIa-c-2).

After studying this module, you will be able to:

1. To understand the community through the lens of various social
sciences;
2. To understand the community through the five main social
institutions, namely governmental, economic, religious, educational,
and family perspectives;
3. To understand the dynamics and importance of civil society to our
communities.

Let Us Try!

PRETEST

1 .Which of the following belongs to the social science perspective of

understanding community.
a. Family b. Economic c. Anthropological d. Civil Society
2. Hunting which demands physical tools was mainly the task for males
while women were known to gather wild plants and smaller preys during
this period.
a. Mesolithic b. Paleolithic c. Neolithic d. None of these
3. Which does not belong to the sociological perspective?
a. Social Security b. Social Class
c. Social Mobility d. Social Stratification
4. Simply an agreement between a master and a subordinate under
prescribed rules of conduct and rights
a. Social Stratification b. Social Contract c. Employment Contract
5. It views communities as composed of citizen guided under one
constitution or government.
a. Economic perspective b. Civil Society perspective
c. Sociological perspective d. Political perspective

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6. This period gave rise to the development of metals as farming equipment
as well as water irrigation.
a. Mesolithic b. Paleolithic c. Neolithic d. None of these
7. It is concerned about the behavior of individual actors and their pattern
of consumption. It focuses on individual agents and patterns of decision-
making.
a. Microeconomics b. Economic perspective c. Macroeconomics
8. Authority of a state for self-governance and rule.
a. Sovereignty b. Government c. Law d. Nation
9. A branch of social science that analyzes the history, evolution, structure
and functions of societies.
a. Anthropology b. Sociology c. Psychology d. Philosophy

10. Exists through the sheer will of their members in spreading their
concerns in various platforms like flash gatherings and rallies.

a. Civil Society b. NGO c. Social Movement d. Social Action

11. What characteristic below does not belong to NGO.

a. Organized b. Voluntary
c. Profit-oriented d. Needs-oriented
12. Classifying people in accordance to material wealth, relative social, or
other traits
a. Social Security b. Social Class
c. Social Mobility d. Social Stratification
13. Which is not the characteristic of Social Movements
a. Formal b. Informal c. Issue-based d. Progressive
14. It deals with how individual agent’s collective actions correspond to the
whole.
a. Microeconomics b. Economic perspective c. Macroeconomics
15. It is composed of individuals that share a common background such as
language, history, or religion
a. Community b. Society c. State d. Nation

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Lesson Definitions of Community

Let Us Study

This module will discuss the learning contents using this framework below:
Content Framework
WHAT IS COMMUNITY?
I II III
SOCIAL SCIENCE INSTITUTIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY
PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE

1. Anthropological 1. Government 1. Civil Society

Perspective Institutions Groups
2. Sociological 2. Economic 2. Social Movements
Perspective Institutions 3. Interest Groups
3. Political Perspective 3. Religious
Institutions
4. Educational
Institutions
5. Family Institution

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I. SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
Introduction
 The social sciences are regarded simply as the study of people and
societies. Throughout history, social sciences concentrated on the
factors that shaped and dictated the course of civilization. A study in
social sciences demands a deeper understanding of people’s behaviors
and processes in relation to the scheme of societal order. Different
branches of the field correspond to a specific value of human
processes in varied degrees of scope alongside their inherent
limitations. In the context of social science, community will be defined
according to the perspective of anthropology, sociology and politics.
1. Anthropological Perspective
 Communities are the driving force for civilizations. Human
evolution itself came from the mold of these evolutionary shifts and
has drastically accelerated human development.

 In this perspective, some of the important evolutionary period

of community will be discussed below:

a. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age 2.5 million yrs ago) – Hunter-
Gatherers
 Earliest man crafted tools from rocks and other materials
they could find to be used in cutting and chopping.
 This signifies the earliest period where humans exhibited a
form of communal behavior
 Foraging is one of the earliest form of social stratification
where roles were given to certain members of the group.
 Hunting which demands physical tools was mainly the task
for males while women were known to gather wild plants and
smaller preys.
 This was the first evidence of how men categorized roles
through the division of labor

b. Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age)- Horticultural and

Agricultural
 9,600 BCE, right after the Ice Age
 During this period, humans started to cultivate more
sustainable sources of food and they later formed an
agricultural society.
 Cultivation of plants was essential in building communities
that were less nomadic.

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  This was the start of communal settlement or the creation of
more populous commune.

c. Neolithic Age – Agrarian

 Communes were more efficient
 Herding was a start of a more complex society
 Humans evolved culturally
 Settlements were more permanent and work was becoming
more structured
 Commune became more grounded and systematized,
ushering the dawn of civilization (such as Mesopotamia,
Egypt, China, and Indus Valley – became the origins of
modern state)
 Gave rise to the development of metals as farming equipment
as well as water irrigation.

2. Sociological Perspective

Sociology is a branch of social science that analyzes the history,

evolution, structure and functions of societies. The tools for studying
societies vary from direct participation or more empirical bases to
critical analogies of social phenomena. In traditional study of
sociology, the focus of the study are the following:
a. Social Stratification
 A scholar needs to have a cluster of identifiable traits to
distinguish individuals and groups from one another.
 The classification usually will split subjects into lower class,
middle class, and upper class.

b. Social Class
 Classifying people in accordance to material wealth, relative
social, or other traits.
 Is determined based on a specified set of observable and
quantifiable characteristics relative to a set benchmark
c. Social Mobility
 Is the study of how individuals or groups move across
classifications and stratifications
 Mobility, in this regard, is the transition of subjects in
various social identities within a determined structure

d. Religion

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  It is how people or groups are classified by using core
religious beliefs and practices as an identifiable social
characteristics.

e. Sexuality
 Identifying people and groups through their sexual norms,
orientation, interest, and behavior.
 These characteristics are manifested from the more obvious ,
like fashion and aesthetic preference, to a more abstract and
less identifiable, such as sexual preference and emotional
and spiritual characteristics.

f. Deviance
 In sociology, studying deviance is rooted on the interaction of
society with a certain social anomaly such as a deviant act or
norm-defying stunt.
 Sociology studies the interaction of deviants to emphasize
the dynamics within social systems.

3. Political Perspective
 It views communities as composed of citizen guided under one
constitution or government.
 Individuals are considered as constituents whose identification
can be summed by their citizenship proven by a contract such
as a passport or birth certificate.
 An individual is granted with various rights and privileges such
as the right to vote and is expected to comply with the rules and
duties set by the state for its citizens.

a. Nation – is composed of individuals that share a common

background such as language, history, or religion.
b. State – a political entity that has four characteristics:
population, territory, sovereignty, and government.

b.1 Population – The people sharing a geographical space

(towns, cities, countries)

b.2 Territory – Physical area under the rule or jurisdiction

under a political system or ruler.

b.3 Sovereignty-Authority of a state for self-governance and

rule

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 b.4 Government- A group of individuals that administers the
functions of the state.

c. Nation-State – is when both nation and state come together to

form a unified body that has all four aforementioned
characteristics bound by a common identification of culture,
language, and history.

II. INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

 Institutions are the core establishments that bind people towards a
specific advocacy or goal. When people are left to their own devices,
their inherent power is limited so they need to come together and form
factions and groups that share common purpose.

 Institutions are grand social structures that are made up by

individuals which, when viewed as a whole, exhibit patterns of
behavior that create conventions and norms in our society.

1. Government Institution
 Social Contract – is simply an agreement between a master
and a subordinate under prescribed rules of conduct and rights.
 A government, is born from this social agreement among the
governed and by virtue of compliance and reinforcement, the
state gains legitimacy through its processes.
 The government, as an institution, grants its citizens with the
liberties and rights. It has the power to lead and govern its
citizens within a confine territory.
 The citizens have the obligation to check the power of the
government and counteract any misuse thereof. Our duty to our
country is to work toward improving its current state and our
fellow men through the active participation and vigilance.
1. Economic Institution
 2 major branches of economics:
(1). Microeconomics –is concerned about the behavior of
individual actors and their pattern of consumption. It focuses
on individual agents and patterns of decision-making.
(2).Macroeconomics – deals with how individual agent’s
collective actions correspond to the whole.
 Economists categorize consumers and producers depending on
factors such as size, class, and sector.
 In economics, the commu nity is seen as a web of market
dualities that are played through varying periods of scarcity
and surplus.

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1. Religious Institution
 Religion plays a huge part on how we create our identities. It is
one of the pillars which our civilization is built.
 Religion has played a very critical part in advancing civilizations
and has also been the reason for the downfall of many.
 The importance of Religion as a communal experience, where
in many communities activities are still tied to the concepts and
teachings of their faith.
 Religious institutions have a huge impact in filling gaps where
the reaches of the government fail to grasp.
 Many of their projects focus on rural communities and the poor,
where social services coming from the government stretch as far
as it should.
1. Educational Institution
 Education takes up a quarter of our whole lives
 Our initial impression of the community stems from our
experiences in our very own school, where we learn respect for
authority, the need for compliance, and even the price we have
to pay for complacency and deviance from set standards and
rules.
 School becomes our second home where we make our first
communal affiliations.
 The task of the school system is to arm us with the needed
skills and knowledge in relation with the demand of our
environment.
1. Family Institutions
 Families are considered as the building blocks of society.
 The formation of an organic union among kin perpetuated the
mergence of tribes and communities.
 Karl Marx:
- Family is founded on economic traditions whereby the
structure and roles of each member were derived from the
resources available to the household. Eventually, its structure
is now understood as more of a social design that is due to the
complex functions of each member that come together to form
the foundation.
- At the center of every society is the family, and it is
where the community and our society draw strength
from.

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III. CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE

 Mostly our concept of a civil society is about people and groups,

including the fundamental belief structures that bind them together
toward a shared goal. The importance of civil society will be tackled in
this lesson to advances the reader’s understanding and appreciation
of movements and the importance of mobilization to effect positive and
sustainable change.

1. Civil Society

 Is commonly referred to as the “third sector”, with the government

and private sectors as the other two.
 It is broadly understood as the combination of organizations,
establishments, and individuals that operate outside the influence
of the government institution.
 In the Philippines, Civil Society is all about the spirit of
community service. Volunteerism can be found among many of
its social traditions which contribute to the values of charity and
altruism for the welfare of others.

2. Manifestation of Civil Society Groups

 These groups are formed based on the customs and norms of

the prevailing society by individuals who can freely choose to
associate with not just one but as many as he or she likes.
 This combination of networks and relationships promote clout
in order to carry out the group’s advocacies and goals.
 Diversity is the fitting word that describes the world of civil
society groups.
- Each organization embodies an identity that is parallel to its
specific goal or principal advocacy
- These groups are not jus economic or political; many of them
form out of cultural, historical, and religious significance.

3. Role of Civil Society Organizations (CSO)

 The role of civil society organization (CSO) is a very essential part of

our liberal society.
 CSO operate outside the control of the state and government but
work toward the fulfillment of the same ends

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  Since people under the power of the state are subject to its whims
and decisions, CSO somehow balances this kind of power.
- A very good representation of civil society groups in the
Philippines is the party-list in representation in the House of
Representatives, therefore engaging the state directly.
- The party-list groups come from different sectors of the
society, such as women, youth, farmers, and senior citizens.

4. Nongovernment Organizations (NGOs)

 NGO - a clear representation of how civil society groups can be a

force in terms of lobbying and promotion of the group’s interest.
 NGO dictates many of society’s agendas by having the inputs from
interest groups and individuals and distilling these to a formal
advocacy.
 The characteristics of NGO are:
a. Organized
b. Voluntary
c. Needs-oriented
 NGOs are formed by individuals who are willing to contribute to the
cause of the group.
 NGOs are needs-based and their goals revolve around a specific
societal need. The formation of these formal groups shows the need
for other societal assemblies to stand alongside the government to
provide basic services to the underprivileged.
 NGOs tend to reinforce the role of government by enhancing
initiatives that are put in place.

5. Social Movements

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS NONGOVERNMENT

ORGANIZATIONS
-More formal -Informal
-Have bigger membership -less cohesive and less identifiable
physically

-groups that exist for a sole

purpose or issue and tend to fizzle
out once it is attained.
-their impact is mostly short-lived
and fragile.

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 -exist through the sheer will of
their members in spreading their
concerns in various platforms like
flash gatherings and rallies.

-seek to challenge the status quo -play within the rules and
by proposing a substitute, altering regulations set by the state and
current trends, or totally fighting reinforce structures
against conventions to set a new
standard.
-have more direct impact to society
than NGOs,but the impact is quite
polarizing because of the
progressive nautr of ideas they
seek to advance
- represent the collective disdain of
individuals and groups against a
prevailing system or idea and are
considered by many as more
radical than civil society groups.

 Characteristics of Social Movements

a. Informal
b. Issue-based
c. Progressive
 Their advocacies range across all facets of society, including family,
education, politics, economics, and religion. Examples are LGBT
rights and the Occupy movement (economic)

6. Local and International Organizations

LOCAL INTERNATIONAL
Government Organizations International Organizations
-A state agency that is directly
appointed by the government to
-Institutions that are broader than
carry out its duties for a specified
the NGOs and government
goal. It is considered to be
organizations.
permanent as long as the state
deems it is necessary. -They cover a wide array of issues

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 including global concerns such as
poverty, malnutrition, and
-Led by either an appointed
environment.
personnel or a career official from
their own rank. -They have international
membership and their coverage also
-These are funded by public funds.
goes beyond state boarders or
-central to their agenda is to deliver global.
services to the public.
-They solicit its operational budget
from its members states and groups.
(Example: United Nations)
-Example : DSWD (Department of
Social Work and Development)

Nongovernment Organizations International Nongovernment

Organizations
-Individuals under a democracy -its scope covers global concerns and
have the right to assembly and one their operations go beyond states.
such result of this freedom is the However, they do not have the
formation of associations and support of other state actors;
groups. (Example: nongovernment instead, they are reinforced by other
organizations or NGOs) group s, philanthropists, and
pressure groups that share their
-NGOs exist outside the control of
own sentiments and advocacies.
the state and mostly have a specific
concern or problem. They strive to -While their operations are global,
solve the society’s problems by just like their local counterparts,
engaging them from the bottom up, their advocacies are more specific,
thus making their projects more direct, and issue-based.
rooted to the community than other
(Example: Greenpeace)
organizations.
-NGOs support their operations
through donations and
contributions from the public.
(Example : Gawad Kalinga)

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 Let Us Practice

ACTIVITY 1 : “ I KNOW MY COMMUNITY”

In this activity, let us try to check how familiar with your community when
you view it according to some important details of sociological and political
perspective. Please fill in the form below based on your own knowledge.

_____________________________________________________________
Name of my community ( Purok, Brgy)

A. Political Perspective :

a. Estimated Population:_________________________
b. Names of Leaders:
i. Purok Leader :_________________________
ii. Purok Secretary:_______________________
iii. Purok Treasurer:_______________________
iv. Tanods/Peacekeeping Personnel:
1.
2.
3.
c. Territory ( Draw the map of your purok)

c. Give at least 2 rules/policies/regulations in your purok or

barangay:
1.______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
d. How will you assess the implementation of the safety protocol
against COVID 19 by your purok/barangay leaders? How do the
members of the community respond to such implementation?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________

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 B. Sociological Perspective:

a. How can you describe the social class of your purok or barangay?
Which class is the majority?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

b. Can you name some of the existing religious organizations in your

purok or barangay?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________

c. What programs or advocacies in your purok or barangay that

gives importance on Gender and Development?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

d. How do the purok/barangay leaders handle members who are

deviant to safety protocols?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

Let Us Practice More

ACTIVITY 2 : “Back to the Past”

In today’s generation where most advanced technology is present and doing

things can be instant and fast, yet life can also end easily with COVID19
constantly mutating to become more terrifying for people in a bigger
community called world. If you have the power to go back to the past, what
evolutionary period or age would you choose to live in and list down 5 good
reasons for choosing it and justify each chosen reason. Please follow the
format bellow:

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 Period/Age Reasons for choosing Justification
the period/age
Example: Though we only use rocks to cut
foods but it develops our physical
Paleolithic 1. Abundance of food
strength, and we cannot worry
Age
about the source of food since it is
abundant around us.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Let Us Remember

Activity 3 : “Web of Knowledge”

INSTRUCTION: Draw a concept web about the main ideas/knowledge on

the definitions of community according to different perspectives. Make this
in a separate long bond paper.

For example :

Social

Science

WHAT IS
COMMUNI
TY?
Institu- Civil
tional
Society

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Now its your turn…

Let Us Assess

INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the letter of the correct answer

1. Which is not the characteristic of Social Movements

a. Formal b. Informal c. Issue-based d. Progressive

2. Exists through the sheer will of their members in spreading their

concerns in various platforms like flash gatherings and rallies.
a. Civil Society b. NGO c. Social Movement d. Social Action
3. Which of the following belongs to the social science perspective of
understanding community.
a. Family b. Economic c. Anthropological d. Civil Society

4. Hunting which demands physical tools was mainly the task for males
while women were known to gather wild plants and smaller preys during
this period.
a. Mesolithic b. Paleolithic c. Neolithic d. None of these

16
5. Which does not belong to the sociological perspective?
a. Social Security b. Social Class
c. Social Mobility d. Social Stratification

6. What characteristic below does not belong to NGO.

a. Organized b. Voluntary c. Profit-oriented d. Needs-oriented

7. Simply an agreement between a master and a subordinate under

prescribed rules of conduct and rights.
a. Social Stratification b. Social Contract c. Employment Contract

8. It views communities as composed of citizen guided under one

constitution or government.
a. Economic perspective b. Civil Society perspective
c. Sociological perspective d. Political perspective

9. It is composed of individuals that share a common background such as

language, history, or religion
a. Community b. Society c. State d. Nation

10. This period gave rise to the development of metals as farming

equipment as well as water irrigation.
a. Mesolithic b. Paleolithic c. Neolithic d. None of these

11. It is concerned about the behavior of individual actors and their pattern
of consumption. It focuses on individual agents and patterns of
decision-making.
a. Microeconomics b. Economic perspective c. Macroeconomics
.
12. A branch of social science that analyzes the history, evolution,
structure and functions of societies.
a. Anthropology b. Sociology c. Psychology d. Philosophy

13. Authority of a state for self-governance and rule.

a. Sovereignty b. Government c. Law d. Nation

14. Classifying people in accordance to material wealth, relative social, or

other traits
a. Social Security b. Social Class
c. Social Mobility d. Social Stratification

15. It deals with how individual agent’s collective actions correspond to

the whole.

17
 a. Microeconomics b. Economic perspective c. Macroeconomics

Let Us Enhance

ACTIVITY 4 : LOGO MAKING

If you will create a Social Movement or Non-government Organizations:

1. What will be the name of such organization?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. What advocacies are you going to promote?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. What specific issue of the Government which you are not in favor of that you
need to be given attention to?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4. Design your own logo based on your advocacies and issues of the
government you want to raise and explain the meaning of the symbols and
colors you created in the logo.

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RUBRICS

Description Points

Appearance The picture fits well with the 35

body and is well balanced
Source The picture is taken from 30
internet or magazines and not
drawn
Holistic The image output is in whole 20
body
Overall The final output looks as if 15
original self-photo.
TOTAL 100

Guide questions: (5 pts. each)

1. What do you think influenced you to form this dream?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. How do you think this dream will help you? Your future family? Your
Community?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. What are your advocacies in life? How are these advocacies affect your
dream to be somebody in the future?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

4. What networks or linkages will you need so that your future self can have
positive impact to your community? Expound your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 Let Us Reflect : Activity 4

Choose one among the above-discussed institutions (Government,

Economic, Religion, Education, Family) in your community and make a
reflection on the positive impact of such institution in your life, in your
family and the community as a whole?

Answer key to Activities

PRE-TEST
1. C 6. C 11. C
2. B 7. A 12. B
3. A 8. A 13. A
4. B 9. B 14. C
5. D 10. C 15. D

POST-TEST
1. A 6. C 11. A
2. C 7. B 12. B
3. C 8. D 13. A
4. B 9. D 14. B
5. A 10. C 15. C

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 References

Tabajen, R. and Pulma, E (2016). Philippine Politics and Governance, JFS

Publishing Services Unit, Pasay City Philippines,
DepEd. Philippine Politics and Governance. July 9, 2020.
https://www.deped.gov.ph /wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Philippine-
Politics-and-Governance.pdf.
Filipinas Heritage Library. A History of Automated Elections in the
Philippines. July10,
2020.https://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/articles/a-history-of-
automated-elections-in-t he-philippines/.
Wikipedia. Political Party. July 11, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party.
Wikipedia. List of Political Parties in the Philippines. July 12, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippin
es.

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