Test Bank For Voyages in World History Volume 1 To 1600 2nd Edition

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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 06—New Empires in Iran and Greece, 2000 B.C.E. - 651 C.E.
1. According to Herodotus, in the debate among the Iranian leaders, Darius defended what kind of government?
a. Republic.
b. Oligarchy.
c. Monarchy.
d. Democracy.
e. Federation.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Darius’s Coup, 522 b . c . e ., p. 115
2. When Herodotus was born, his home city of Halicarnassus was a Greek-speaking part of what empire on the southwest
coast of the modern-day country of Turkey?
a. Athenian.
b. Persian.
c. Roman.
d. Egyptian.
e. Alexander's.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Chapter Intro, p. 110
3. Herodotus called his work Historia, meaning "investigation" or

a. "Survey."
b. "Speeches."
c. "Interviews."
d. "Study."
e. "Inquiry."
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
4. History has honored Herodotus

a. As the founder of Greek democracy.
b. For his work, The Histories of Persia.
c. For his description of the Mediterranean world of his time.
d. By calling him the father of history.
e. For his biography of Alexander the Great.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
5. Which of the following topics does Herodotus' Histories describe?

a. History.
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1

Name: Class: Date:
b. Folklore.
c. Geography.
d. Plants.
e. All of these choices.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
6. The largest and most powerful empire during the lifetime of Herodotus was
a. Sparta.
b. Athens.
c. Persia.
d. Egypt.
e. Macedonia.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
7. During Herodotus's lifetime, what dynasty ruled over the Persian Empire?
a. Sassanid.
b. Parthian.
c. Medean.
d. Achaemenid.
e. Zoroastrian.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
8. When did the Indo-European migrants begin to settle in modern-day Iran?

a. 1000 B.C.E.
b. 500 B.C.E.
c. 200 B.C.E.
d. 100 C.E.
e. 5000 B.C.E.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Rise of the Achaemenids in Iran, 1000–330 b . c . e ., p. 113
9. Although the Persians were the most powerful empire at the time, what area were they unable to defeat?
a. Turkey.
b. Spain.
c. Greece.
d. Assyria.
Name: Class: Date:
e. Egypt.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
10. The Indo-Iranians closely resembled the Aryans who settled in India, except that they Indo-Iranian caste system had
how many ranks?
a. Unlimited.
b. Seven.
c. Two.
d. Five.
e. Three.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
11. The first Indo-European migrants settled in Western Iran, which had all the following geographical features except
a. High plateaus.
b. A major river system.
c. High mountains.
d. Deserts.
e. Salt lakes.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
12. The first area that Indo-Iranians irrigated for farming was an area in southwest Iran called
a. Media.
b. Bactria.
c. Babylonia.
d. Parthia.
e. Persis.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
13. The third ruler of the Persian Empire, Darius, ruled through satraps, who were local governors responsible for
a. Invading nearby states and adding them to the Empire.
b. Selecting the fittest soldiers for the Persian army.
c. Converting local populations to Zoroastrianism.
d. Collecting taxes and forwarding to the Persian emperor.
e. Building a local palace for the Persian emperor.
ANSWER: d
Name: Class: Date:
POINTS: 1
14. Although the Avesta contains the core teachings of Zoroastrianism, it is also an important source of knowledge about
the
a. Era of Persia ruled by Alexander.
b. Achaemenid court.
c. Early history of the migrants to Iran.
d. Relationship of Persia with Mesopotamia.
e. Satrap system.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Zoroastrianism, p. 113
15. According to the Avesta, when the Indo-Iranians migrated into Iran, they found no political groups larger than a tribe
and
a. No cities.
b. Another empire.
c. The Zoroastrian religion.
d. Large cities.
e. Many Babylonia villages.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
16. The prophet Zoroaster my have lived about

a. 2000 B.C.E.
b. 500 B.C.E.
c. 1500 B.C.E.
d. 1000 B.C.E.
e. 100 B.C.E.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
17. The Avesta is book from circa 1000 B.C.E. best described as a collection of
a. Business laws.
b. Hymns.
c. Natural observations.
d. Letters from Zoroaster.
e. Political biographies.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

Name: Class: Date:
18. The Avesta is written in

a. Sumerian.
b. Persian.
c. Hebrew.
d. Indo-Iranian.
e. Greek.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
19. According to the Avesta, Zoroastrians believe that Ahura Mazda is the Lord of
a. Peace.
b. Art.
c. Rain.
d. Speech.
e. Truth.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
20. The major concept in Zoroastrianism is that all humans would appear before Ahura Mazda on the day of judgment and
a. There was no moment of creation; the world always was.
b. Correct donations to Ahura Mazda will guarantee one's passage into the land of light.
c. Each human has the ability to shape his world by choosing between good and bad.
d. There is no conflict between good and evil.
e. Fire-altars guarantee an afterlife in the light.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
21. According to Herodotus, the fundamental virtue of Zoroastrianism was

a. Military prowess.
b. Speaking the truth.
c. Dedication to farming.
d. Domestic harmony.
e. Physical beauty.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
22. Zoroastrian rituals revolved around

Name: Class: Date:
a. Fire altars.
b. Water.
c. Wheat.
d. Sacred cows.
e. Horses.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
23. Believing that dead flesh polluted the ground, how did Zoroastrians treat their dead?
a. Cremation.
b. Mummification.
c. Exposed body to elements and animals, and then buried remaining bones.
d. Immediate burial in unmarked graves so evil spirits could not find and steal the remain's soul.
e. Had to be buried facing west.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
24. In 550 B.C.E., Cyrus was able to found the Achaemenid dynasty when he defeated what rival tribe?
a. Babylonia.
b. Greek.
c. Parthians.
d. Scythians.
e. Medes.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Military Success of the Persian Empire, 550–486 b . c . e ., p. 114
25. Which of the following is not true of the army created by Cyrus?
a. The king's bodyguards, the Immortals, were an elite corp in the Persian army.
b. The citizen-soldier army became professional and full-time.
c. A description of the army organization was provided by Herodotus.
d. Only Persians were qualified to become military leaders.
e. The army consisted of citizen-soldiers.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
26. The Royal Road of the Persian Empire linked the capital of Susa with
a. The Black Sea trade ports.
b. Cities on the Aegean coast.
c. Central Asian cities on the Silk Road.
Name: Class: Date:
d. Trade cities on the Oxus River.
e. The capital of the Egyptian Empire.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
27. What is Herodotus describing when he writes: "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stay from the
swiftest possible completion of their appointed stage?"
a. Persian cavalry.
b. Persian attack ships.
c. Phoenician ships.
d. Alexander's cavalry.
e. Persian couriers.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
28. Which of the following statements about Persian couriers is true?

a. They traveled 90 miles a day.
b. Couriers were Persian merchants who developed a vast trade network.
c. They were crucial to government communication with its vast empire.
d. The courier system stationed a man and a horse a day apart.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Military Success of the Persian Empire, 550–486 b . c . e ., pp. 114-115
29. The Babylonian Captivity refers to the

a. Time in Hebrew history when the Jews were made captive in Israel by Cyrus.
b. Defeat of Babylonia and when its Jewish inhabitants were brought to Susa as slaves.
c. Time when the Jews were allowed to return to their homeland in Babylonia.
d. Era when the Hebrew evolved the idea monotheism.
e. Time the Jews were held captive in Babylon by the Achaemenids.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
30. In 530 B.C.E., the Persian army met and was defeated by the Massagetae tribes located in
a. Arabia.
b. Central Asia.
c. The eastern Aegean.
d. Himalayas.
e. Present-day Turkey.
Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
31. Darius I became king of kings by vigorously defending monarchy and

a. Winning a horse race.
b. Assassinating Cyrus.
c. Killing a magi pretender to the throne.
d. Destroying the oligarchical government.
e. Being declared king as son of Cambyses.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
32. In addition to solidifying his rule by marrying Artystone, the daughter of Cyrus, Darius I justified his accession to the
Persian throne by
a. Leading a rebellion against Gaumata the Magian.
b. Having it bestowed on him by Ahura Mazda.
c. Inheriting the throne from his father, who was the brother of Cambyses.
d. Marrying his eldest son to Artystone, daughter of Cyrus and half-sister to Cambyses.
e. Being hailed by a group of Zoroastrian priests.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
33. Which of the following was not a part of the reformed tax system devised by Darius I?
a. Each satrap committed his province to a specific amount of revenue each year.
b. Some regions were allowed to pay in kind.
c. Being a Zoroastrian reduced the amount of tax paid.
d. Silver was the empire's base of value.
e. The officials under the satrap were recruited locally.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
34. Darius's favorite wife was Artystone, who in addition to being a daughter of Cyrus and half-sister of Cambyses, also
a. Was a high priestess of Zoroastrianism.
b. Was half Greek.
c. Could read and write in Perisan.
d. Was appointed satrap of Baylonia.
e. Had her own palace.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
Name: Class: Date:
35. How was the Persian Empire able to survive until 331 B.C.E. despite frequent royal assassinations occurring the last
one hundred years?
a. The strength of the Achaemenid throne.
b. Its administrative structure.
c. The strength of its large professional army.
d. Weaker neighbors.
e. Zoroastrianism.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Darius’s Administration, p. 117
36. At its high point, Athens could have been described as

a. A major military power.
b. The major city-state of ancient Greece.
c. The most democratic of all Greek city-states.
d. A famous cultural center.
e. All of these
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean World, 2000–334 b . c . e ., p. 118
37. As the Indo-Europeans settled down to farm in Greece, they grew olive trees in the foothills and grapes on the
hillsides. Which crop did they find grew well in the lowlands?
a. Wheat.
b. Rice.
c. Grapes.
d. Barley.
e. Millet.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Greek Expansion in the Mediterranean, 2000–1200 b . c . e ., p. 118
38. Why did the Minoan civilization come to an abrupt end, in 1500 B.C.E. according to the most likely theory?
a. They were conquered by the Mycenaeans.
b. There was a civil war between royal factions.
c. An epidemic killed half the population.
d. They were conquered by the Phoenicians.
e. The island Crete was flooded following a volcano eruption.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1

Name: Class: Date:
39. In 1952 Michael Ventris discovered that Linear B was a dialect of
a. Persian.
b. Minoan.
c. Sanskrit.
d. Greek.
e. Turkish.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Greek Expansion in the Mediterranean, 2000–1200 b . c . e .p. 118
40. Which of the following statements about Minoa and Mycenea is not correct?
a. The Minoan civilization had a wide network of trade.
b. The civilization of Minoa was centered on Crete, with the Mycenean based on the Greek mainland.
c. Minoan history has been studied through the translation of Mycenean Linear A.
d. The history of Mycenea is limited to mainly records, lists, and accounting.
e. The epic poems of Homer describe the Trojan Wars, which, if factual, would have occurred during the
Mycenean era.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
41. The Odyssey and the____, written by Homer approximately 800 B.C.E., describes the Trojan War.
a. The History of Greece.
b. Iliad.
c. The History of the Peloponnesian Wars.
d. The Histories.
e. Avesta.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Greek Expansion in the Mediterranean, 2000–1200 b . c . e .p. 118
42. By 814 B.C.E., the Phoenicians had established a Mediterranean port at Carthage and several other cities along
a. The Northern Aegean.
b. The west coast of Africa.
c. The Arabian peninsula.
d. The Nile River.
e. The North African coast.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Phoenicians and the World’s First Alphabet, p. 119
43. Though the veracity of his account is subject of debate, according to Herodotus, how did the Phoenicians
circumnavigate Africa?

Name: Class: Date:
a. They had maps from the Sea Peoples to follow.
b. They invented a new kind of sail.
c. They traded cloth for food with African natives.
d. They planted and harvested grain along the coast.
e. They established trade outpost along the African coast.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
44. Which of the following was not a key aspect of the writing system of the Phoenicians?
a. Its phonetic base could be understood by most languages.
b. Vowels were not used, as readers could insert them.
c. The system was easy to learn and memorize.
d. Each of the 22 letters represented a different consonant.
e. It had no pictorial symbols.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
45. Beginning around 800 B.C.E., a Greek city-state was characterized by

a. Temples to guardian deities.
b. Markets.
c. Individual courts and laws.
d. Its own army.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Rise of the Greek City-State, 800–500 b . c . e ., p. 120
46. The Greeks personally communicate with their gods through prayers and
a. Through high priests.
b. By making human sacrifices.
c. By observing special signs in nature.
d. By consulting with oracles.
e. Through individual prayer.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
47. The Olympic games were held every four years starting in 776 B.C.E. at the temple of
a. Hera.
b. Athena.
c. Zeus.
Name: Class: Date:
d. Aphrodite.
e. Apollo.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
48. Why were Spartan women allowed to run their estates when other Greek women could not?
a. Spartans worshipped a female deity.
b. Their husbands were away at war.
c. The leaders of Sparta were a council of elder women.
d. Spartan women were powerful because they served in the army.
e. Spartan women owned all the land in Sparta.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
49. As an oligarchy, who were the dominant political leaders in Sparta?

a. A small wealthy group of elders.
b. Women.
c. Military generals.
d. Helots.
e. Citizen-soldiers.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
50. Early Athenian democracy, based on Solon's reforms, gave men political power based on
a. Time served in the military.
b. Service and donations given to the city-state in building projects.
c. Public vote by citizens in a public forum.
d. The amount of land and property one owned.
e. Family background.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
51. The term direct democracy, which was established in Athens in 508 B.C.E., gave citizenship to
a. Married women.
b. Foreigners serving in the Athenian military.
c. Male citizens, 20 years or older.
d. Only those Athenians who owned land.
e. Women who had served in the military.
ANSWER: c
Name: Class: Date:
POINTS: 1
52. The description of the stunning Athenian victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon was written by
a. Homer.
b. Darius.
c. Herodotus.
d. Solon.
e. Xerxes.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Greco-Persian Wars, 490–479 b . c . e ., p. 121
53. All of the following occurred during the second Persian attack on Greece led by Xerxes at Thermopylae except
a. The Persian defeat at Thermopylae.
b. The capture and execution of Xerxes.
c. Athens and its allies repelled the Persians.
d. The Athenian navy proved itself to be superior.
e. The Persian defeat at Salamis.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
54. Although the Persians suffered a great defeat at Salamis, why was Artemisia hailed by Herodotus?
a. She acted as a nurse, and in the heat of battle, served both Greeks and Persians.
b. Fighting alongside her son, she saved the lives of many fallen Persians.
c. Captured by the Greeks, she refused to surrender her sword and shield.
d. As a naval commander, she commanded five Persian triremes.
e. She freed her husband, who had been captured and imprisoned in Athens.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
55. What did the Parthenon symbolize to the Athenians?

a. A symbol to the rest of the city-states of the power of Athens.
b. A temple to its city deity, Athena.
c. A symbol of the power of the Athenian navy.
d. A memorial to those who died fighting the Persians.
e. A temple to Athena and a memorial to those who died in the Greek victory against Persia.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Culture and Politics in Athens, 480–404 b . c . e ., p. 122

Name: Class: Date:
56. The Persians, written by Aeschylus, was a tragedy based on what event in Greek-Persian history?
a. Xerxes's failed invasion of Greece.
b. The Greek runner who raced back to Athens to proclaim the Persian defeat at Marathon.
c. The sack of Athens.
d. The defeat of the Persians at Thermopylae.
e. The capture of the Persian king Xerxes.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
57. The closest Athens came to having an empire was when

a. They conquered Sparta after the victory of Salamis.
b. Pericles led Athens to victory over Persia.
c. They tried to force members of the Delian League to become their subjects.
d. Athens created colonies in Sicily.
e. The city created the Delian League and invaded Persia.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
58. What was the sentence of Socrates after he was found guilty of impiety?
a. Drink hemlock.
b. Exiled from Athens.
c. Apologize or face prison.
d. Sacrificed to the gods.
e. Slave work in the silver mines.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Athens as a Center for the Study of Philosophy, p. 124
59. Plato, the student of Socrates, established an Academy which emphasized

a. Military training.
b. Ethics.
c. The weakness in a democracy.
d. Questioning authority.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Athens as a Center for the Study of Philosophy, p. 124
60. Which of the following statements is not true?

a. After the Peloponnesian Wars, Athens never recovered its position as a powerful city-state.
b. Athens became the cultural center of philosophy.
Name: Class: Date:
c. Macedonia assumed the lead in the Greek world as the center of democracy.
d. Macedonia became the powerhouse after the Peloponnesian Wars.
e. Alexander assumed the leadership of Macedonia after the assassination of Philip.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Alexander the Great and His Successors, 334–30 b . c . e ., p. 125
61. In what way was Alexander's empire more Persian than Greek?
a. Government documents were written in Persian.
b. The tax system under Alexander was modeled after the Persian system.
c. After his death, Alexander’s empire broke into three major sections, each ruled by a successor dynasty that
followed Achaemenid practice.
d. Recently discovered leather scrolls indicate that Alexander used the same political format as the Persian.
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Philip and Alexander: From Macedon to Empire, 359–323 b . c . e ., p. 128
62. What happened to Alexander's empire after his death?

a. His army continued on past India.
b. His empire broke into three sections.
c. His empire expanded to include China.
d. His empire expanded to include all of North Africa.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Legacy of Alexander the Great, p. 128
63. After Alexander's death, which third of his empire did the Ptolemy take charge of?
a. Macedon.
b. Greece.
c. Persia.
d. Egypt.
e. India.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Legacy of Alexander the Great, p. 128
Please define the following key terms.

64. Herodotus
ANSWER: Answer not provided.
POINTS: 1
Name: Class: Date:
65. Darius
POINTS: 1
66. Persia
POINTS: 1
67. Achaemenids
POINTS: 1
68. satraps
POINTS: 1
69. The Avesta

POINTS: 1
70. Zoroastrianism
POINTS: 1
71. Ahura Mazda

POINTS: 1
72. Cyrus
POINTS: 1
73. Lydian coins

POINTS: 1
Name: Class: Date:
74. Darius I
POINTS: 1
75. Mycenaean
POINTS: 1
76. Phoenicians
POINTS: 1
77. polis
POINTS: 1
78. oracle
POINTS: 1
79. Sparta
POINTS: 1
80. Athens
POINTS: 1
81. Artemisia
POINTS: 1
82. Socrates
POINTS: 1
Name: Class: Date:
83. Aristotle
POINTS: 1
84. Hellenization
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Philip and Alexander: From Macedon to Empire, 359–323 b . c . e ., p. 128
85. Alexander of Maceedon

POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Alexander the Great and His Successors, 334–30 b . c . e ., p. 124
86. Parthians
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Parthians and the Sasanians, Heirs to the Persians, 247 b . c . e . –651c . e ., p. 129
87. Sasanians
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: The Parthians and the Sasanians, Heirs to the Persians, 247 b . c . e . –651 c . e ., p. 129
88. Thucydides
ANSWER: Answer not given.
POINTS: 1
Please write a thorough, well-organized essay to answer each of the following questions.
89. There is a great deal to argue about when comparing the various political systems that were described in this chapter.
Compare the concepts of democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy, citing examples of each.
ANSWER: In this essay, students should discuss the following key points:
1. Sparta as an oligarchy: -Rule by a few elders -Few could vote -Elders enforced a way of life
Athens as a democracy -Citizens had more to say based on wealth and class -As a
2.
democracy, could be exploitive -Delian League
3. Persia as a monarchy -Was an aggressive empire builder
Provided for local government and culture -Social stability and security -Economic stability
4.
-Flexible government
POINTS: 1
90. What were the basic principles and practices of Zoroastrianism, and how do we know about them?

Name: Class: Date:
1. The world is controlled by forces of good and evil
2. Every human is a mixture of good and evil, and each person must choose
3. Ahura Mazda is a god of truth -Truth is the key virtue for all Zoroastrians
4. Main ritual is the fire ritual
The Avesta, recorded around 600 B.C.E.,contains hymns of Zarathustra, the founder of
5.
Zoroastrianism.
POINTS: 1
91. Throughout this chapter, Herodotus appears frequently, both by name and reputation. As a student of history, explain
why Herodotus is important.
Eyewitness to important era in classical history -Personal involvement and acquaintances
1.
with many important people -As a traveler, he was able to personally see history
Strives to write an objective history: -Does tend to favor the Greeks against the Persians -
2.
Warns readers to be aware of prejudices and exaggerations in writings
3. Known as the father of history
POINTS: 1
92. The Persian Empire ruled the largest empire for its time. How did this empire survive for so long?
Strong leadership -Innovative type of government -Allowed a great deal of local government
1.
control -Tolerant of different cultures in its empire
2. Created a strong economy
3. Built a strong communication system
4. Built and maintained an extensive system of roads.
5. Created a system of uniform laws and taxation
6. Kept a large paid and professional army
7. No other enemy strong enough to challenge until Alexander
POINTS: 1
93. Describe the significance of Darius's inscription to Behistun in 522 B.C.E. What is he trying to establish with the
inscription and how is that message supported by the images on the shield?
1. Inscription establishes that Darius became the ruler by military victory
2. Darius chosen to be ruler by Ahura Mazda -Gives his reign a sacred power
Inscription written in many languages -Establishes that the Persian Empire contained
3.
diverse peoples
4. Visual images reinforced the written text
POINTS: 1
94. Although the Phoenicians are best known in history for their alphabet, discuss other aspects of the Phoenicians during
their time.
Location: present-day Lebanon -Area conducive for shipping and trade -Money from their
1.
sale of purple dye -Carthage important center in the area
Known as seafarers -Understood the importance of prevailing winds and current -May have
2. circumnavigated Africa - Established trading posts across North African coast and southern
coast of Spain. -Eventually destroyed by Romans
Name: Class: Date:
POINTS: 1
95. Compare and contrast the lives of Spartan and Athenian women.
1. Neither city-state allowed women to be citizens
Military obligations expected of all Spartan men allowed women some power -Managed
2.
estates when men were away at war
3. Women in both city-states expected to marry
POINTS: 1
96. Trace the evolution of democracy in Athens.

1. Early history involved rule by strong landowners and kings
Reforms by Solon: -Lowered taxes -Created a society of landowners -Distributed power
2.
because of growth of landowners and merchants
Continuous economic growth and reform expanded democracy: -Eventually, any citizen
3.
could participate in government -In reality, not all Athenians qualified to be citizens
4. Decline of democracy after Macedonian takeover
POINTS: 1
97. How were the Greeks able to defeat both Darius and Xerxes and the huge Persian military?
1. Created alliances among Greek city-states
2. Battle of Marathon, where Athens defeated the Persians
Prepared for another Persian attack by building a great navy: -Great naval victory at
3.
Salamis
4. Greeks fighting for home, made them fearless fighters -Also had better weapons and shields
POINTS: 1
98. What is the process of Hellenization; how does this term apply to the conquests of Alexander? In what ways is the
term inaccurate?
1. Hellenization is the process by which people conquered by Alexander become more Greek
2. As a Macedonian, Alexander is himself hellenized
3. Alexander's army settled in many places they conquered
Term is also inaccurate because Alexander adopted many local cultural traditions,
4.
especially in Persia
POINTS: 1
99. Describe how Athens came to be known as the center of the study of philosophy.
ANSWER 1. Home to several famous philosophers: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
: 2. Socrates believed wisdom allows one to determine right action. -Developed the Socratic Method.
3. Plato encouraged his students to use reason to determine best course of action. Plato Socrates' student.
Aristotle, student of Plato and tutor of Alexander the Great, encouraged students to observe nature, use logic, and ba
4.
of inquiry on sound assumptions.
POINTS: 1

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3. Herodotus called his work Historia, meaning "investigation" or

4. History has honored Herodotus

5. Which of the following topics does Herodotus' Histories describe?

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8. When did the Indo-European migrants begin to settle in modern-day Iran?

16. The prophet Zoroaster my have lived about

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18. The Avesta is written in

21. According to Herodotus, the fundamental virtue of Zoroastrianism was

22. Zoroastrian rituals revolved around

28. Which of the following statements about Persian couriers is true?

29. The Babylonian Captivity refers to the

31. Darius I became king of kings by vigorously defending monarchy and

36. At its high point, Athens could have been described as

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45. Beginning around 800 B.C.E., a Greek city-state was characterized by

49. As an oligarchy, who were the dominant political leaders in Sparta?

55. What did the Parthenon symbolize to the Athenians?

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57. The closest Athens came to having an empire was when

59. Plato, the student of Socrates, established an Academy which emphasized

60. Which of the following statements is not true?

62. What happened to Alexander's empire after his death?

Please define the following key terms.

69. The Avesta

71. Ahura Mazda

73. Lydian coins

85. Alexander of Maceedon

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96. Trace the evolution of democracy in Athens.

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