GSCNHSSHS PR2Q2Mod2
GSCNHSSHS PR2Q2Mod2
GSCNHSSHS PR2Q2Mod2
SELF-LEARNING MODULE
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SELF-LEARNING MODULE
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
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For the learner:
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
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Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the competency on Constructing an Instrument and Establishing Its Validity
and Reliability. Do you know that valid and reliable instrument is significant part of
the research study particularly in collecting data? Yes, it is. In fact, the quality of
research output depends to a large extent on the quality of research instruments
used.
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What I Know
Before we start the lesson, let us do the following activity to measure your
prior knowledge on the topic that will be taught in this module.
Direction: Read each item carefully. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. This refers to the generic term that researchers use for a measurement device
(survey, test, questionnaire, etc.).
a. introduction c. theory
b. instrument d. assessment
2. This refers to the process of developing, testing, and using the device.
a. instrumentation c. assessment
b. introduction d. research
B. True or False. Write True if the statement is correct; False if it is wrong. Write
your answer on the space provided before each number.
_____1. Instruments fall into two broad categories, researcher-completed and
subject-completed, distinguished by those instruments that researchers administer
versus those that are completed by participants.
_____2. Internal Consistency Reliability which means the consistency of results
across items, is often measured with Cronbach’s Alpha.
_____3. Validity means that if we repeated the study we would get the same results.
_____4. Interview guide and performance checklists are subject-completed
instruments.
_____5. Researcher-completed instruments are administered by participants.
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Lesson Research Instrument
2 Development, Validity,
Reliability and Intervention
In this lesson, you will be taught to construct an instrument that you will be
used to collect data. Learning about the topic will improve your knowledge on the
appropriate tools to use in collecting the data. The success and the quality of
research output depends to a large extent on the quality of research instruments
used.
What’s In
In your previous module, you have learned the different quantitative research
design and sampling procedure and sample.
Before we proceed to the next topic, let’s check what you have learned from
the previous lesson.
Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters to form words that are connected to the
previous lesson. Be guided by the given description.
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4. TALERRCOLANIO This measures the relationship between two
variables without the researcher controlling
Answer: _________________ either of them.
5. SDEPIRCEVIT It is also called observational, because it
observes the subjects without otherwise
Answer: _________________ intervening.
6. TARTSIDEFI It is a method of sampling from a population
Answer: _________________ which can be partitioned into subpopulations.
7. BABOPRITILY It is defined as a sampling technique in which
the researcher chooses samples from a larger
population using a method based on the theory
Answer: _________________ of probability.
Congratulations! You did a great job. You are now ready to explore our lesson.
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What’s New
How are you coping with our lesson? I know you are eager to learn and
discover new learning through the learning tasks that you are going to perform. This
time, you will be engaged in an activity that will introduce you to our lesson.
Direction: Give your insights on the statement of the problem presented below and
write it in a separate sheet of paper.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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2. How do you intend to measure the implementation and satisfaction level of
Barangay Local Government Unit Services in Barangay Calumpang?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. If you were the researcher of the study, what appropriate instrument are you
going to use? Why?
_________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What is It
A. Instrument Development
Description: Instrument is the generic term that researchers use for a measurement
device (survey, test, questionnaire, etc.). To help distinguish between
instrument and instrumentation, consider that the instrument is the
device and instrumentation is the course of action (the process of
developing, testing, and using the device).
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Researcher-completed Instruments Subject-completed Instruments
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1. Usability
Students are asked to rate a lesson immediately after class, but there are only
a few minutes before the next class begins (problem with administration). Students
are asked to keep self-checklists of their after school activities, but the directions are
complicated and the item descriptions confusing (problem with interpretation).
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Teachers are asked about their attitudes regarding school policy, but some
questions are worded poorly which results in low completion rates (problem with
scoring/interpretation).
Validity and reliability concerns (discussed below) will help alleviate usability
issues. For now, we can identify five usability considerations:
It is best to use an existing instrument, one that has been developed and
tested numerous times.
2. Validity
There are numerous statistical tests and measures to assess the validity of
quantitative instruments, which generally involves pilot testing. This includes
external validity which is the extent to which the results of a study can
be generalized from a sample to a population. While the eternal validity is
establishing validity for an instrument, then, follows directly from sampling. Recall
that a sample should be an accurate representation of a population, because the
total population may not be available. An instrument that is externally valid helps
obtain population generalizability, or the degree to which a sample represents the
population.
Content validity refers to the appropriateness of the content of an instrument.
In other words, do the measures (questions, observation logs, etc.) accurately assess
what you want to know? This is particularly important with achievement tests.
3. Reliability
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reliable, but not valid. Consider the NAT, used as a predictor of success in college. It
is a reliable test (high scores relate to high GPA), though only a moderately valid
indicator of success (due to the lack of structured environment – class attendance,
parent-regulated study, and sleeping habits – each holistically related to success).
Second, validity is more important than reliability. Using the above example, college
admissions may consider the NAT a reliable test, but not necessarily a valid measure
of other quantities colleges seek, such as leadership capability, altruism, and civic
involvement.
The combination of these aspects, alongside the NAT, is a more valid measure
of the applicant’s potential for graduation, later social involvement, and generosity
(alumni giving) toward the alma mater. Finally, the most useful instrument is both
valid and reliable. Proponents of the NAT argue that it is both. It is a moderately
reliable predictor of future success and a moderately valid measure of a student’s
knowledge in Mathematics, Critical Reading, and Writing.
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Statement of the Problem
This study was an attempt to determine the level of sports activities management
using 5s among student- athletes in General Santos City National High School.
1. What is the level of sports activities management among senior high school
student- athletes in terms:
1.1 Seiri (Organization);
1.2 Seiton (Neatness);
1.3 Seiso (Cleanliness);
1.4 Seiketsu (Standardization); and
1.5 Shiketsu (Discipline)?
2. What is the level of sports activities management among junior high school
student- athletes in terms of:
2.1. Serie (Organization);
2.2. Seiton (Neatness);
2.3. Seiso (Cleanliness);
2.4. Seiketsu (Standardization); and
2.5. Shitsuke (Discipline)?
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SAMPLE INSTRUMENT taken from the Research Department Archives of
General Santos City National High School
Direction: The following statements are about the level of sports activities,
management using 5s among student athlete in General Santos City
National High School. Put check mark to each column according to
factors affecting sports commitment.
Statements 5 4 3 2 1
A. Organize (Seire)
1. Plan of activities
2. Proper places of my things
3. Bring necessary things in game
B. Neatness (Seiton)
1. Wash jersey before use it into the game
2. Make sure that sports equipment to be use is clean
3. Go to bath before the game
C. Cleanliness (Seiso)
1. Wash jersey before use it into the game
2. Make sure sports equipment to be use is clean
3. Go to bath before the game
D. Standardization (Seiketsu)
1. Regular training schedule
2.Maintain cleanliness of uniform and equipment
3. Proper regular hygiene
E. Discipline (Shitsuke)
1. Follow the rules and regulations of the games
2. Go to the training on time
3. Practice proper training etiquette.
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B. Intervention Description
In all studies, subject characteristics can affect the relationship you are
investigating. Limit their effect either by using a less heterogeneous sample of
subjects or preferably by measuring the characteristics and including them in the
analysis. In an experiment, try to measure variables that might explain the
mechanism of the treatment. In an unblinded experiment, such variables can help
define the magnitude of any placebo effect.
What’s More
A B
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_____2. Anecdotal b. a set of questions to be answered by the
Record subjects of the study
_____3. Performance
c. measure certain traits of individuals or to
Checklist
assess feelings
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Activity 4. What’s That Instrument?
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
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3. ___________________________
4. __________________________
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What I Have Learned
You have come this far! You are truly doing a great job. Now, let us sum up what you
have learned from our lesson by completing the given phrases below.
Activity 5. Complete Me
Direction:
What I Can Do
Now that you are done sharing what you have learned from the discussion on
the key concepts on gathering manifestoes and analyzing the arguments used by the
writers, it’s time to answer another activity.
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General Instruction. Based on the description, to determine the content validity through
the adequacy, appropriateness and acceptability of the test, the content validity will be
established using the scale, please answer the items sincerely and honestly by checking
which, corresponds the value of your rating.
Legend: 5 - Very High Extent
4 - High Extent
3 - Moderate Extent
2 - Less Extent
1 - Least Extent
Score/Value
Criteria
5 4 3 2 1
a. The item in the questionnaire gives the learners
the opportunity to explore the use of the
language.
1. Adequacy b. The item in the questionnaire provides various
experiences in getting the needed data.
c. The item in the questionnaire evaluates skills
performance.
a. The items are appropriate in getting information
about the subject matter
b. The items are relevant in the coming up with the
2. Appropriateness
questions.
c. The terms used are in accordance with the
understanding of the learner
a. The questionnaire contains questions needed in
research.
b. The questionnaire items are understandable and
3. Acceptability
interesting to learn
c. The questionnaire motivates interest in research
activities
4. Other Comments
and Suggestions
____________________________
Name & Signature of Validator
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Assessment
It’s about time to assess your learning by doing the activity below.
Activity 7. MY RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Direction: Construct your research instrument based on your Statement of the
Problem. Then ask at least three (3) teachers to check your instrument guided by
the given form.
General Instruction. Based on the description, to determine the content validity through
the adequacy, appropriateness and acceptability of the test, the content validity
will be established using the scale, please answer the items sincerely and
honestly by checking which, corresponds the value of your rating.
Legend: 5 - Very High Extent
4 - High Extent
3 - Moderate Extent
2 - Less Extent
1 - Least Extent
Score/Value
Criteria
5 4 3 2 1
a. The item in the questionnaire gives the learners the
opportunity to explore the use of the language.
b. The item in the questionnaire provides various
1. Adequacy
experiences in getting the needed data.
c. The item in the questionnaire evaluates skills
performance.
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c.The questionnaire motivates interest in research
activities
4. Other Comments
and Suggestions
____________________________
Name & Signature of Validator
Additional Activities
Congratulations! You’ve come this far. I know you’ve learned a lot about
constructing research instrument and establishing its validity and reliability. For
your additional activities, do the given task below.
Here’s your 3 stars for a job well done. You are now
ready to answer the next module on data collection
procedure and data analysis using statistics and
hypothesis testing.
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What I Know What’s More
1. a What’s In Activity 3
2. d 1. Methodology 1. h
3. c 2. Research Design 2. a
4. b 3. Sample 3. e
5. a 4. f
4. Correlational
6. true 5. d
5. Descriptive
7. true 6. g
8. false 6. Stratified 7. c
9. false 7. Probability 8. b
10. false 8. Non probability
9. Quota
10. Purposive Activity 4
1. interview
guide
2. question
naire
3. performa
nce
checklist
4. anecdotal
record
Answer may vary on some
activities
Answer Key
References
Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal M.D. (2017). Practical Research 2. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 2 for senior high
school: Quantitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
Ravitch, S.M. & Riggan, M. (2017). Reason and Rigor: How conceptual frameworks
guide research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California, USA: SAGE Publishing
Inc.
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DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd – Division of General
Santos City with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the
new normal. Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential
Learning Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used
by all learners in General Santos City in all public schools beginning SY 2020-
2021. The process of LR development was observed in the production of this
module. This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.
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