9

Consumer Chemistry
Quarter 1 - Module No: 5
Chemical Processes and Principles
Involved in Consumer Products

AIRs - LM
Introductory Message
For the Learner

Welcome to the Consumer Chemistry 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module 4!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will enable to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Target This provides you the skills or competencies you

are expected to learn in the learning material.

Jumpstart This introduces the lesson through varied

activities like an activity, games, graphic
organizer, problem opener, song, or a situation.

Discover This gives a brief discussion of the lesson. It

intends to help you discover and understand new
concepts and skills.

Explore This includes activities for independent practice

to intensify your understanding of the topic and to
harness your skills.

Deepen This provides activities which will encourage you

to apply your new knowledge or skills into real life
situations.

Gauge This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of

mastery in achieving the desired learning
competency.

Answer Key An answer key to a test or activities.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this

module.
 Target

Hydrocarbons are very important industrially. They make up almost all

necessary chemicals in various industry. Knowing this, what could be the
processes and principles involved in making our everyday products? Ever wonder
about them?

This module will provide you with information and activities that will help
you understand the chemical processes and principle involved in consumer
products.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the chemical processes and principle involved in consumer products.

Jumpstart

This activity will enable you to assess your prior

knowledge on types of chemical bonds and the
properties of organic compounds.

Pre-Test/Pre-assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each question. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

____ 1. What refers to any synthetic or semisynthetic organic polymer?

A. Cleanser B. Fertilizer C. Pesticide D. Plastic
____ 2. What refers to the process of forming polymers by the combination of differ-
ent monomers?
A. Neutralization C. Polymerization
B. Polycondensation D. Saponification
____ 3. What property of water must be reduced for cleaning process to happen?
A. Adhesion C. Cohesion
B. Capillary action D. Surface tension
____ 4. Which of the following is NOT a subsidiary low-molecular product produced
by polycondensation?
A. Alcohol B. Polymer C. Salt D. Water

3
____ 5. What product will you use if you want to remove dirt from a particular
material?
A. Cleanser B. Fertilizer C. Pesticide D. Plastic
____ 6. Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing?
A. Bactericides: bacteria C. Insecticides: insects
B. Fungicides: plants D. Rodenticides: rodents
____ 7. Which of the following is NOT a function of surfactants?
A. It holds soil in suspension until it can be rinsed away.
B. It loosens the dirt in the cloth.
C. It lowers surface tension.
D. It provides acidity.
____ 8. Which of the following elements is NOT a major important nutrient for
plants?
A. Calcium B. Nitrogen C. Phosphorus D. Potassium
____ 9. Which of the following is NOT a function of pesticide?
A. act as a drying agent
B. modify a plant's growth
C. drop a plant's leaves prematurely
D. enhance the natural fertility of the soil
____ 10. Which is a good effect of pesticides?
A. Decreases the soil nutrients. C. Promotes bioaccumulation.
B. Increases agricultural yields. D. Pollutes the soil and water.
____ 11. Which of the following statements best differentiates a soap and a
detergent?
A. Soap is not too biodegradable while detergent is biodegradable
B. Soap-making uses fats and oil while detergent-making uses petroleum
derivatives.
C. Soap is obtained by synthetic materials while detergent is obtained by
natural resources.
D. Soap’s cleaning action is not affected by hard water while detergent
produces scum in hard water.
____ 12. Which of the following show/s the benefit of using pesticide?
I. Pesticides help farmers to produce more with less land.
II. Pesticides ensure bountiful harvests.
III. Pesticides help reduce waterborne and insect transmitted diseases.
IV. Pesticides help keep food affordable.
A. I only B. I and II C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV
____ 13. If a long chain of alkane undergoes the cracking process, what will be
produced?
A. Alcohol and a short chain of alkane
B. Alkene and a short chain of alkane
C. Alkyl and a short chain of alkane
D. Alkyne and a short chain of alkane
____ 14. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
I. Hand rubbing provides chemical energy that helps to pull the dirt free.
II. The surfactant’s hydrophilic end is attracted to grease and oil.
III. The surfactant's water-hating end is repelled by water.

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 IV. Warm water helps to dissolve grease and oil in soil.
A. I and II B. I only C. III and IV D. III only
____ 15. Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE?
I. Detergents are made from oleochemicals.
II. Detergents are sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acids or
alkyl sulfate.
III. Soaps are sodium salts of long chain carboxylic acid.
IV. Soaps are synthetic materials.
A. I and II B. II and III C. III and IV D. IV and I

How did you find the pretest? What was your score? If you got 15 items
correctly, you may not take this module. But if your score is 14 and below, you must
proceed with the module.
Have fun in learning about Hydrocarbons! God bless you!

Discover

PLASTICS
 any synthetic or semisynthetic organic polymer (a large molecule made up of
chains or rings of linked repeating subunits, which are called monomers.)
 while other elements might be present, plastics always include carbon and
hydrogen
 while plastics may be made from just about any organic polymer, most
industrial plastic is made from petrochemicals (any products made from
petroleum)
 are derived from natural, organic materials such as cellulose, coal, natural
gas, salt and, of course, crude oil.

To make plastics, chemists and chemical

engineers must do the following on an
industrial scale:
1. Prepare raw materials and monomers
 Start with various raw materials that
make up the monomers.
 Ethylene and propylene come from
crude oil, which contains the
hydrocarbons that make up the
monomers.
 The hydrocarbon raw materials are
obtained from the "cracking process"
used in refining oil and natural gas.
 Once various hydrocarbons are obtained from cracking, they are
chemically processed to make hydrocarbon monomers and other carbon
monomers (like styrene, vinyl chloride,
acrylonitrile) used in plastics. Figure 1. Cracking Process
Source: https://i.stack.imgur.com/rwcJR.jpg

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 2. Carry out polymerization reactions or polycondensation reactions
3. Process the polymers into final polymer resins
 Processing can include the addition of plasticizers, dyes and flame-
retardant chemicals.
 The final polymer resins are usually in the forms of pellets or beads.
4. Produce finished products

Polymerization and Polycondensation Reactions

Polymerization
 The process of forming a high-molecular compound (polymer).
 In the course of the process, low-molecular compounds gradually attach to
each other.
 Initially they start to attach to the active center, which is located at the very
start of the growing chain.
 Polymerization is often classified according to the following characteristics:
by the number of monomers participating in the process:
o homopolymerization (only 1 monomer participates);
o copolymerization (several monomers participate);
by the nature of the active center:
o radical (active center formed by a free radical);
o ionic (active centers formed by ions).

Polycondensation
 The process of forming polymers by the combination of different monomers.
 The process is frequently accompanied by the release of various subsidiary
low-molecular products (water, alcohol, salt).
 For polycondensation, the following monomers are characteristic: com-
pounds with molecules of at least 2 functional groups.
 They are usually divided for convenience into three groups:
o identical functional groups which do not react among each other (di-
amines)
o different functional groups which may react among each other and thus
form polymers (amino acids);
o identical functional groups which may react among each other, forming
simple polyethers;
 In this process, reactions of functional groups of monomers are sometimes
possible not only with other groups, but among each other. This explains
why so many polymers can be formed.

CLEANSING PRODUCTS
Cleanser
 Refers to a product that cleans or removes dirt or other substances
 Can be soap, detergent or any substances of the same function

 In the cleaning process, surface tension must be reduced so water can

spread and wet surfaces.

Surface Active Agents

 aka SURFACTANTS
 chemicals that reduces surface tension
 they are said to make water "wetter"

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  perform other important functions in cleaning, such as loosening,
emulsifying (dispersing in water) and holding soil in suspension until it can
be rinsed away
 can also provide alkalinity, which is useful in removing acidic soils
 are classified by their ionic (electrical charge) properties in water:
o anionic (negative charge);
o nonionic (no charge);
o cationic (positive charge); and
o amphoteric (either positive or negative charge)

How Soaps are Made

1. Saponification
 Saponification of fats and oils is the most widely used soapmaking
process.
 This method involves heating fats and oils (triglyceride) and reacting
them with a liquid alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap) plus
glycerine.
2. Neutralization
 The other major soapmaking process is the neutralization of fatty
acids with an alkali.
 Fats and oils are hydrolyzed (split) with a high-pressure steam to yield
crude fatty acids and glycerine.
 The fatty acids are then purified by distillation and neutralized with
an alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap).

 When the alkali is sodium hydroxide, a sodium soap is formed. Sodium

soaps are "hard" soaps.
 When the alkali is potassium hydroxide, a potassium soap is formed.
Potassium soaps are softer and are found in some liquid hand soaps and
shaving creams.
 The carboxylate end of the soap molecule is attracted to water. It is called
the hydrophilic (water-loving) end.
 The hydrocarbon chain is attracted to oil and grease and repelled by water.
It is known as the hydrophobic (water-hating) end.

How Detergent Surfactants Are Made

Anionic Surfactants
 The chemical reacts with hydrocarbons derived from petroleum or fats and
oils to produce new acids similar to fatty acids.
 A second reaction adds an alkali to the new acids to produce one type of
anionic surfactant molecule.
Nonionic Surfactants
 Nonionic surfactant molecules are produced by first converting the
hydrocarbon to an alcohol and then reacting the fatty alcohol with ethylene
oxide.
 These nonionic surfactants can be reacted further with sulfur-containing
acids to form another type of anionic surfactant.

How Soaps and Detergents Work

Three types of energy are needed for good cleaning results:

 Chemical energy, provided by the soap or detergent;
 Thermal energy, provided by the warm or hot water; and

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  Mechanical energy, provided by a machine or hands.

These types of energy interact and should be in proper balance. Let's look at
how they work together.

1. Let's assume we have oily, greasy soil on clothing. Water alone will not
remove this soil. One important reason is that oil and grease present in soil
repel the water molecules.
2. Now let's add soap or detergent. The surfactant's water-hating end is
repelled by water but attracted to the oil in the soil. At the same time, the
water-loving end is attracted to the water molecules.
3. These opposing forces loosen the soil and suspend it in the water. Warm or
hot water helps dissolve grease and oil in soil. Washing machine agitation or
hand rubbing helps pull the soil free.

FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDES

Fertilizer
 natural or artificial substance containing the chemical elements that
improve growth and productiveness of plants
 enhance the natural fertility of the soil or replace the chemical elements
taken from the soil by previous crops
 Modern chemical fertilizers include one or more of the three elements that
are most important in plant nutrition: nitrogen, phosphorus,
and potassium. Of secondary importance are the
elements sulfur, magnesium, and calcium.

Types
 Most NITROGEN FERTILIZERS are obtained
from synthetic ammonia; this chemical compound (NH3) is used either as a
gas or in a water solution, or it is converted into salts such as ammonium
sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium phosphate, but packinghouse
wastes, treated garbage, sewage, and manure are also common sources of it.
 PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS include calcium phosphate derived
from phosphate rock or bones. The more soluble superphosphate and triple
superphosphate preparations are obtained by the treatment of calcium
phosphate with sulfuric and phosphoric acid, respectively.
 POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS, namely potassium chloride and potassium
sulfate, are mined from potash deposits.
 MIXED FERTILIZERS contain more than one of the three major nutrients—
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Mixed fertilizers can be formulated in
hundreds of ways.

Pesticides
 a general term used to describe a substance (or mixture) that kills a pest, or
it prevents or reduces the damage a pest may cause.
 include any substance that is used to modify a plant's growth (regulator),
drop a plant's leaves prematurely (defoliant), or act as a drying agent
(desiccant).
 Pesticides are usually chemicals, but they can also be made from natural
materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, etc.
 Pesticides can be grouped according to the types of pests which they kill:
o Insecticides - insects
o Herbicides - plants

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 o Rodenticides - rodents (rats and mice)
o Bactericides – bacteria
o Disinfectants – bacteria, virus, other microbes
o Fungicides - fungi
o Larvicides - larvae

Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Activity 1: Fact or Bluff!

Directions: Read each item carefully. Write FACT if the statement is correct while
BLUFF if it is incorrect. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

______ 1. Plastics cannot be made from organic polymers.

______ 2. Polymerization releases subsidiary low molecular products.
______ 3. The hydrocarbon raw materials are obtained from the "cracking process"
used in refining oil and natural gas.
______ 4. The final polymer resins are usually in the forms of pellets or beads.
______ 5. The smallest unit of polymers is called monomer.
______ 6. In the cleaning process, viscosity must be reduced so water can spread
and wet surfaces.
______ 7. Neutralization involves heating fats and oils (triglyceride) and reacting
them with a liquid alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap) plus
glycerine.
______ 8. Electric energy is needed for good cleaning results.
______ 9. Potassium soaps are softer and are found in some liquid hand soaps and
shaving creams.
______ 10. Surfactants are classified by their ionic (electrical charge) properties in
water.
______ 11. Fertilizers replace the chemical elements taken from the soil by previous
crops.
______ 12. Fertilizer is a general term used to describe a substance (or mixture) that
kills a pest, or it prevents or reduces the damage a pest may cause.
______ 13. Pesticides are usually chemicals, but they can also be made from
natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, etc.
______ 14. An example of pesticide is bleach.
______ 15. Mixed fertilizers contain more than one of the three major nutrients—
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Activity 2: The Bubbly Difference

Directions: Read the text below about soap and detergent. List down their
differences as required in the table. Use a separate sheet for your answers.

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 Soap Detergent Surfactant
 Water-soluble sodium or  an effective cleaning product
potassium salts of fatty acids. because it contains one or more
 Sodium salts of long chain surfactants
carboxylic acids  developed in response to a
 Obtain from natural resources shortage of animal and vegetable
from plants and animals (fats, fats and oils during World War I
oils) and World War II. In addition, a
 Calcium and magnesium salts substance that was resistant to
are insoluble in water hard water was needed to make
 Produces scum in hard water cleaning more effective.
which affects its cleaning action  made from a variety of
 Biodegradable petrochemicals (derived from
 Soaps are made from fats and petroleum) and/or oleochemicals
oils, or their fatty acids, by (derived from fats and oils)
treating them chemically with a  sodium salts of long chain
strong alkali. benzene sulphonic acids or alkyl
sulfate
 obtain from synthetic materials,
hydrocarbon of petroleum or
coal
 calcium and magnesium salts
are soluble in water
 hard water does not affect its
cleaning action
 not too biodegradable

Table of Answers:
Soap Detergent
Definition
Manufacturing Material
Salt Solubility in Water
Effect in Hard Water
Biodegradability

Activity 3: Classifying Pesticides

Directions: Classify the following products according to the type of pesticide
(INSECTICIDE, HERBICIDE, FUNGICIDE, RODENTICIDE, or DISINFECTANTS).

____________1. weed killers

____________2. bug sprays
____________3. paint additives
____________4. mouse and rat bait stations
____________5. rose and flower sprays
____________6. insect repellents
____________7. bleach
____________8. moth balls
____________9. weed and feed lawn care products
____________10. pool and spa cleaners

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 Deepen

Activity 1: Consumer Chemistry Crossword

Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle below.

1 2

10

Across Down
4. The process of forming a high-molecular 1. A general term used to describe a
compound (polymer). substance (or mixture) that kills a pest, or it
6. Chemicals that reduces surface tension prevents or reduces the damage a pest may
7. Natural or artificial substance containing cause.

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the chemical elements that improve growth 2. This method involves heating fats and oils
and productiveness of plants (triglyceride) and reacting them with a liquid
8. Refers to a product that cleans or removes alkali to produce soap and water (neat soap)
dirt or other substances plus glycerine.
9. The process whereby complex organic 3. The fatty acids are then purified by
molecules such as long-chain hydrocarbons distillation and neutralized with an alkali to
are broken down into simpler molecules produce soap and water (neat soap).
10. The process of forming polymers by the 5. Any synthetic or semisynthetic organic
combination of different monomers. polymer.

Gauge

Post-test/Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each question. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
____ 1. What refers to any synthetic or semisynthetic organic polymer?
A. Cleanser B. Fertilizer C. Pesticide D. Plastic
____ 2. What refers to the process of forming polymers by the combination of differ-
ent monomers?
A. Neutralization C. Polymerization
B. Polycondensation D. Saponification
____ 3. What property of water must be reduced for cleaning process to happen?
A. Adhesion C. Cohesion
B. Capillary action D. Surface tension
____ 4. Which of the following is NOT a subsidiary low-molecular product produced
by polycondensation?
A. Alcohol B. Polymer C. Salt D. Water
____ 5. What product will you use if you want to remove dirt from a particular
material?
A. Cleanser B. Fertilizer C. Pesticide D. Plastic
____ 6. Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing?
A. Bactericides: bacteria C. Insecticides: insects
B. Fungicides: plants D. Rodenticides: rodents
____ 7. Which of the following is NOT a function of surfactants?
A. It holds soil in suspension until it can be rinsed away.
B. It loosens the dirt in the cloth.
C. It lowers surface tension.
D. It provides acidity.
____ 8. Which of the following elements is NOT a major important nutrient for
plants?
A. Calcium B. Nitrogen C. Phosphorus D. Potassium
____ 9. Which of the following is NOT a function of pesticide?
A. act as a drying agent
B. modify a plant's growth
C. drop a plant's leaves prematurely
D. enhance the natural fertility of the soil

12
____ 10. Which is a good effect of pesticides?
A. Decreases the soil nutrients. C. Promotes bioaccumulation.
B. Increases agricultural yields. D. Pollutes the soil and water.
____ 11. Which of the following statements best differentiates a soap and a
detergent?
A. Soap is not too biodegradable while detergent is biodegradable
B. Soap-making uses fats and oil while detergent-making uses petroleum
derivatives.
C. Soap is obtained by synthetic materials while detergent is obtained by
natural resources.
D. Soap’s cleaning action is not affected by hard water while detergent
produces scum in hard water.
____ 12. Which of the following show/s the benefit of using pesticide?
I. Pesticides help farmers to produce more with less land.
II. Pesticides ensure bountiful harvests.
III. Pesticides help reduce waterborne and insect transmitted diseases.
IV. Pesticides help keep food affordable.
A. I only B. I and II C. I, II and III D. I, II, III and IV
____ 13. If a long chain of alkane undergoes the cracking process, what will be
produced?
A. Alcohol and a short chain of alkane
B. Alkene and a short chain of alkane
C. Alkyl and a short chain of alkane
D. Alkyne and a short chain of alkane
____ 14. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
I. Hand rubbing provides chemical energy that helps to pull the dirt free.
II. The surfactant’s hydrophilic end is attracted to grease and oil.
III. The surfactant's water-hating end is repelled by water.
IV. Warm water helps to dissolve grease and oil in soil.
A. I and II B. I only C. III and IV D. III only
____ 15. Which of the following statements are NOT TRUE?
I. Detergents are made from oleochemicals.
II. Detergents are sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acids or
alkyl sulfate.
III. Soaps are sodium salts of long chain carboxylic acid.
IV. Soaps are synthetic materials.
A. I and II B. II and III C. III and IV D. IV and I

Great job! You are done with this

module.

13
\
Answer Key

Jumpstart: Pre-Test/Pre-assessment
1. D 6. B 11. B
2. B 7. D 12. D
3. D 8. A 13. B
4. A 9. D 14. C
5. A 10. B 15. D

Explore:
Activity 1: Fact or Bluff!
1. BLUFF 6. BLUFF 11. FACT
2. BLUFF 7. BLUFF 12. BLUFF
3. FACT 8. BLUFF 13. FACT
4. FACT 9. FACT 14. FACT
5. FACT 10. FACT 15. FACT

Activity 2: The Bubbly Difference

Soap Detergent
Definition Sodium salts of long
Sodium salts of long chain
chain benzene sulphonic
carboxylic acids
acids or alkyl sulfate
Manufacturing Material Obtain from natural Obtain from synthetic
resources from plants and materials, hydrocarbon of
animals (fats, oils) petroleum or coal
Salt Solubility in Water Calcium and magnesium Calcium and magnesium
salts are insoluble in water salts are soluble in water
Effect in Hard Water Produces scum in hard
Hard water does not
water which affects its
affect its cleaning action
cleaning action
Biodegradability Biodegradable Not too biodegradable

Activity 3: Classifying Pesticides

1. HERBICIDE 4. RODENTICIDE
2. INSECTICIDE 5. FUNGICIDE
3. FUNGICIDE 6. INSECTICIDE

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 7. DISINFECTANT 9. HERBICIDE
8. INSECTICIDE 10. DISINFECTANT

Deepen: Activity 1: Consumer Chemistry Crossword

Gauge: Post-test/Assessment
1. D 6. B 11. B
2. B 7. D 12. D
3. D 8. A 13. B
4. A 9. D 14. C
5. A 10. B 15. D

References
A. Books
Echija, Elena C., et al., editors. Science and Technology for the Future III. Diwa
Scholastic Press Inc, 2003.

B. Online Resources
Burns-Moguel, A. (n.d.). Soap: Clean for the Environment or Just Us? Retrieved
November 08, 2020, from
https://teachers.yale.edu/curriculum/viewer/initiative_11.05.01_u
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety. (2017, April 03). Pesticides -
General: OSH Answers. Retrieved November 08, 2020, from
https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/pesticides/general.html

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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (Ed.). (2019, November 28). Fertilizer.
Retrieved November 08, 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/fertilizer
Freudenrich, C. (2020, January 27). How Plastics Work. Retrieved November 08,
2020, from https://science.howstuffworks.com/plastic5.htm
Helmenstine, A. (2020, April 10). Definition and Examples of Plastic in Chemistry.
Retrieved November 08, 2020, from https://www.thoughtco.com/plastic-
chemical-composition-608930
How plastics are made. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2020, from
https://www.plasticseurope.org/en/about-plastics/what-are-plastics/how-
plastics-are-made
Polymerization and polycondensation reactions. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08,
2020, from https://melscience.com/US-en/articles/polymerization-and-
polycondensation-reactions/
The Soap and Detergent Association. (1994). Soaps and Detergents (Second ed.).
Retrieved November 8, 2020, from
https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/sites/default/files/assets/1/AssetManag
er/SoapsandDetergentsBook.pdf

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