KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SELF-LEARNING MODULE IN EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE Control No.

Quarter 1 / Week 2

Name: Grade and Section:_________

Subject Teacher: LRN:_____________________
I. Competencies and Objectives
A. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (S11/12 ES-Ib-10).
B. Explain how the products of weathering are carried away by erosion and deposited (S11/12 ES-Ib-
11).
II. Subject Matter / Topic and Curriculum Code
Classification of rocks
Process of weathering
III. Learning Resources:
1. MELC’S (Most Essential Learning Competencies) guide
2. Teacher’s Guide
3. Internet
IV. Procedure / Learning Activities

MOTIVATION/PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
What is rocks?
What are the different type of rock?
How do rocks form?

Day 1: ACTIVITY 1 (SELF DISCUSSION)

Rocks are the structural frameworks of the Earth’s outermost solid layer, because they host and
support the Earth’s water reservoir, the habitats for the different life forms, and from the human perspective
and man- made possession. Rocks materials are also vital natural sources of man’s raw material needs for
engineering infrastructure medicine, arts, and aesthetics, equipment and gadgets, among others. Most rocks
originate under much higher temperatures and pressures and in very different chemical settings than those
found at Earth’s surface. Thus, surface and near-surface conditions of comparatively low temperature, low
pressure, and extensive contact with water cause rocks to undergo varying amount of disintegration and
decomposition. Rocks are composed of grains of minerals, which are homogeneous solids formed from a
chemical compound arranged in an orderly manner. The aggregate minerals forming the rock are held
together by chemical bonds. The types and abundance of minerals in a rock are determined by the manner in
which it was formed. Most rocks contain silicate minerals, compounds that include silicon oxide tetrahedral in
their crystal lattice, and account for about one-third of all known mineral species and about 95% of the earth's
crust. The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their names and properties.
Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, permeability,
texture of the constituent particles, and particle size. These physical properties are the result of the processes
that formed the rocks. Over the course of time, rocks can transform from one type into another, as described
by a geological model called the rock cycle. This transformation produces three general classes of rock:
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
Earth’s crust is composed of various types of rocks and minerals. A basic understanding of rocks
requires us to first consider minerals, which are the building blocks of rocks. A mineral is an organic, naturally
occurring, crystalline substance represented by a specific chemical formula. A crystalline substance displays a
specific, repeated, three-dimensional structure at the molecular level. The shape of a crystal is an expression if
the mineral’s molecular structure. Every mineral has distinctive and recognized physical characteristics that aid
in this identification. Some of this characteristics include hardness, color, luster, cleavage, tendency to
fracture, and specific gravity, in addition to the shape of the crystal.
Three types of rock
Igneous rocks are formed directly from the cooling of magma and make up the majority of the Earth's crust.
Igneous rock, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and
metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can
be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. The two main types of
igneous rocks are plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks. Plutonic rocks are formed when magma cools and
solidifies underground.
Sedimentary rocks are often called "secondary" rocks, because they form from small pieces of other types of
rocks, or from minerals that were previously dissolved in water (like the silt in lakes, rivers and seas). These
are commonly found in dry areas. Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or
deposition of small particles and subsequent cementation of mineral or organic particles on the floor of oceans
or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause
these particles to settle in place. The particles that form a sedimentary rock are called sediment, and may be
composed of geological detritus (minerals) or biological detritus (organic matter). Sedimentary rocks can be
subdivided into four groups based on the processes responsible for their formation: clastic sedimentary rocks,
biochemical (biogenic) sedimentary rocks, chemical sedimentary rocks, and a fourth category for "other"
sedimentary rocks formed by impacts, volcanism, and other minor processes. Sedimentary rocks are formed
when sediment is deposited out of air, ice, wind, gravity, or water flows carrying the particles in suspension.
This sediment is often formed when weathering and erosion break down a rock into loose material in a source

JP Laurel corner Quirino Drive, Brgy. Poblacion, SHELLA C. SALILI

Kidapawan City Earth and Life Science
Telephone No.: (064) 572 4144 / (064) 577 9654 Grade 11
Website: depedkidapawancity.com
Email: kidapawan.city@deped.gov.ph
area. The material is then transported from the source area to the deposition area. The type of sediment
transported depends on the geology of the hinterland (the source area of the sediment). However, some
sedimentary rocks, such as evaporates, are composed of material that form at the place of deposition. The
nature of a sedimentary rock, therefore, not only depends on the sediment supply, but also on the sedimentary
depositional environment in which it formed.
Metamorphic rocks are those that have been changed over time due to different chemical surroundings,
heat and pressure. A metamorphic rock is a result of a transformation of a pre-existing rock. The original rock
is subjected to very high heat and pressure, which cause obvious physical and/or chemical changes.
Examples of these rock types include marble, slate, gneiss, schist. Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of
the Earth's crust and form 12% of the Earth's land surface. They are classified by texture and by chemical and
mineral assemblage (metamorphic faces). They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth's
surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above it. They can form from
tectonic processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction and distortion. They
are also formed when rock is heated by the intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior.

Guided Question:
1. List the three types of rocks?
2. Differentiate and describe this three type of rocks?
3. Differentiate between minerals and rocks?

DAY 2: ACTIVITY 2
How are rocks formed?

Many rocks do not remain in their original form indefinitely but instead, over a long time, undergo
process of transformation. The rock cycle is a conceptual model for understanding process that generate,
alter, transport, and deposit mineral materials to produce different kind of rocks. The rock cycle is a basic
concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types:
sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is altered when it is forced out of its equilibrium
conditions. For example, an igneous rock such as basalt may break down and dissolve when exposed to the
atmosphere, or melt as it is subducted under a continent. Due to the driving forces of the rock cycle, plate
tectonics and the water cycle, rocks do not remain in equilibrium and change as they encounter new
environments. The rock cycle explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and how processes
change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes rock change a geologic cycle and, on
planets containing life, a biogeochemical cycle.
Transition to igneous rock
When rocks are pushed deep under the Earth's surface, they may melt into magma. If the conditions
no longer exist for the magma to stay in its liquid state, it cools and solidifies into an igneous rock. A rock that
cools within the Earth is called intrusive or plutonic and cools very slowly, producing a coarse-grained texture
such as the rock granite. As a result of volcanic activity, magma (which is called lava when it reaches Earth's
surface) may cool very rapidly while being on the Earth's surface exposed to the atmosphere and are called
extrusive or volcanic rocks. These rocks are fine-grained and sometimes cool so rapidly that no crystals can
form and result in a natural glass, such as obsidian, however the most common fine-grained rock would be
known as basalt. Any of the three main types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks) can
melt into magma and cool into igneous rocks.
Transition to metamorphic rock
Rocks exposed to high temperatures and pressures can be changed physically or chemically to form a
different rock, called metamorphic. Regional metamorphism refers to the effects on large masses of rocks over
a wide area, typically associated with mountain building events within orogenic belts. These rocks commonly
exhibit distinct bands of differing mineralogy and colors, called foliation. Another main type of metamorphism is
caused when a body of rock comes into contact with an igneous intrusion that heats up this surrounding
country rock. This contact metamorphism results in a rock that is altered and re-crystallized by the extreme
heat of the magma and/or by the addition of fluids from the magma that add chemicals to the surrounding rock
(metasomatism). Any pre-existing type of rock can be modified by the processes of metamorphism.

Transition to sedimentary rock

Rocks exposed to the atmosphere are variably unstable and subject to the processes of weathering
and erosion. Weathering and erosion break the original rock down into smaller fragments and carry away
dissolved material. This fragmented material accumulates and is buried by additional material. While an
individual grain of sand is still a member of the class of rock it was formed from, a rock made up of such grains
fused together is sedimentary. Sedimentary rocks can be formed from the lithification of these buried smaller
fragments (clastic sedimentary rock), the accumulation and lithification of material generated by living
organisms (biogenic sedimentary rock - fossils), or lithification of chemically precipitated material from a
mineral bearing solution due to evaporation (precipitate sedimentary rock). Clastic rocks can be formed from
fragments broken apart from larger rocks of any type, due to processes such as erosion or from organic
material, like plant remains. Biogenic and precipitate rocks form from the deposition of minerals from
chemicals dissolved from all other rock types.
Accelerated erosion
The high mountain ranges produced by continental collisions are immediately subjected to the forces
of erosion. Erosion wears down the mountains and massive piles of sediment are developed in adjacent ocean
margins, shallow seas, and as continental deposits. As these sediment piles are buried deeper they become

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lithified into sedimentary rock. The metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks of the mountains become
the new piles of sediments in the adjoining basins and eventually become sedimentary rock.
An evolving process
The plate tectonics rock cycle is an evolutionary process. Magma generation, both in the spreading ridge
environment and within the wedge above a subduction zone, favors the eruption of the more silicic and volatile
rich fraction of the crustal or upper mantle material. This lower density material tends to stay within the crust
and not be subducted back into the mantle. The magmatic aspects of plate tectonics tend to gradual
segregation within or between the mantle and crust. As magma forms, the initial melt is composed of the more
silicic phases that have a lower melting point. This leads to partial melting and further segregation of the
lithosphere. In addition, the silicic continental crust is relatively buoyant and is not normally subducted back
into the mantle. So over time the continental masses grow larger and larger.
Illustration below shows how rocks are formed.

Guided Question
1. How do rocks form?
2. What is rock cycle?
3. Explain the illustration above?

Day 3: ACTIVITY 3
How products of weathering carried away by erosion and deposited.
What is weathering?
The breakdown of rock material at and near Earth’s surface is known as weathering. Rocks weakened
and broken by weathering become susceptible to the other exogenic process-erosion, transportation and
deposition. A rock fragment broken (weathered) From a larger mass will be removed from that mass (eroded),
moved (transported), and set down (deposited) in an new location. Environmental conditions at and near
Earth’s surface subject rocks to temperatures, pressures, and substances, especially water, that contribute to
physical and chemical breakdown of exposed rock. Many weathered rock fragments become sediment
deposited in such landforms as food plains, beaches or sand dunes. Two important classifications of
weathering processes exist – physical and chemical weathering; each sometimes involves a biological
component. Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct
contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice and pressure. The second classification,
chemical weathering, involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals
also known as biological weathering in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals. While physical weathering
is accentuated in very cold or very dry environments, chemical reactions are most intense where the climate is
wet and hot. However, both types of weathering occur together, and each tends to accelerate the other. For
example, physical abrasion (rubbing together) decreases the size of particles and therefore increases their
surface area, making them more susceptible to chemical reactions. The various agents act in concert to
convert primary minerals (feldspars and micas) to secondary minerals (clays and carbonates) and release
plant nutrient elements in soluble forms.
Erosion relies on transporting agents such as wind, rivers, ice, snow and downward movement of
materials to carry weathered products away from the source area. As weathered products are carried away,
fresh rocks are exposed to further weathering. The products of weathering and erosion are the unconsolidated
materials that we find around us on slopes, beneath glaciers, in stream valleys, on beaches, and in deserts.
The nature of these materials — their composition, size, degree of sorting, and degree of rounding — is
determined by the type of rock that is being weathered, the nature of the weathering, the erosion and
transportation processes, and the climate. There is a spectrum of processes of movement of material
downslope. A landslide is a coherent mass of bedrock that has moved downslope without significantly
breaking up in the process. Many thousands of cubic meters of rock can be translated downhill retaining the
internal structure and stratigraphy of the unit. If the rock breaks up during its movement it is a rock fall, which
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accumulates as a chaotic mass of material at the base of the slope. These movements of material under
gravity alone may be triggered by an earthquake, by undercutting at the base of the slope, or by other
mechanisms, such as water logging of a potentially unstable slope by a heavy rainfall. Movement downslope
may also occur when the regolith is lubricated by water and there is soil creep. This is a much slower process
than falls and slides and may not be perceptible unless a hillside is monitored over a number of years. A
process that may be considered to be intermediate between creep movement and slides is slumping. Slumps
are instantaneous events like slides but the material is plastic due to saturation by water and it deforms during
movement downslope. With sufficient water a slump may break up into a debris flow.

Guided Question
1. What is weathering and what are the two types of weathering?
2. How does physical weathering encourage chemical weathering in rock?
3. How products of weathering carried away by erosion and deposited?

Day 4: ACTIVITY 4:
V. Evaluation / Assessment
INSTRUCTION: Summary question related to the lessons. Read each question and answer choice carefully
and choose the ONE best answer by encircling the letter only.
1. What type of rock can turn into a metamorphic rock?
a. Igneous rock c. sedimentary rock
b. Metamorphic rock d. any type of rock
2. What process is used to form metamorphic rocks?
a. Lava cools and hardens to form a rock
b. bits of sand and gravel form layers that turn into rock from pressure
c. Extreme heat and pressure from inside the earth turn rocks into new rocks
d. Cooling of magma
3. Which of the choices below is NOT one of the three types of rocks?
a. Metamorphic c. sedimentary rocks
b. Igneous d. indigenous
4. Limestone is formed from layers of sands, shells and animal remains that have been compacted
together. Limestone is a _____________.
a. Igneous rock c. metamorphic rock
b. Sedimentary rock d. all of the above
5. Which type of rock is formed when bits of rocks are layered and cemented together?
a. Igneous rock c. metamorphic rock
b. Sedimentary rock d. minerals
6. Weathering is breaking down of rock into______
a. Boulders c. sediments
b. Ice d. mountains
7. __________is movement of sediment from one place to another.
a. Deposition c. weathering
b. Erosion d. transpiration
8. What is sediments?
a. The process of breaking down and carried away
b. The top layer of the soil
c. Bits, of rocks, sand and silt caused by weathering of rocks
d. Decaying plant and animal material
9. What type of weathering is it when acid rain breaks down and changes the rock?
a. Chemical weathering physical weathering
b. Erosion d. biological weathering
10. Sand settles on the beach after waves dropped it there. This is an example of.
a. Weathering c. deposition
b. Erosion d. dragging
11. A rock is a natural solid material that made up of one or more____
a. Rocks c. glaciers
b. Minerals d. ice
12. _______rocks form from magma/lava
a. Metamorphic c. sedimentary
b. Igneous d. minerals
13. What two process make sediments?
a. Weathering and erosion c. weathering
b. Deposition d. melting
14. Rock that forms when pressure, temperature, or chemical processes change existing rock.
a. Igneous Rock c. Sedimentary Rock
b. Metamorphic Rock d.Rock Cycle
15. Which type of rock would be likely to have fossils in it?
a. Igneous c. sedimentary
b. Metamorphic d. minerals
IV- AGREEMENT:
1. Draw and explain rock cycle?
Noted By:
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___________________________________________
Name and Signature of Parent
Date: ______________________________________