Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Psychological Studies

(ICPsyche) 2022
ISSN:
Website: https://proceeding.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/picis/index

Family Functioning: Perspectives of Adolescents

Erin Ratna Kustanti1*, Tina Afiatin 2 & Arum Febriani3

1
Faculty of Psychology, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH, Kampus Undip Tembalang,
Semarang, Indonesia 50275
123
Faculty of Psychology, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Sosio Humaniora Bulaksumur, Depok, Sleman,
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta
Corresponding Author: Sheilla Varadhila Peristianto, sheilla@mercubuana-yogya.ac.id

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Submitted: May 16th, 2022 The aim of the study was to explore family functioning, particularly the
Accepted: July 28h, 2022 roles of fathers and mothers according to the perspective of adolescents.
Published: September This qualitative study was conducted based on data obtained using open-
15th, 2022 ended questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis.
The subject of the study consisted of 600 adolescents in Junior High
School (41.8% of the population were boys and 58.2% of the population
KEYWORDS
were girls) ranged from 12-16 years old. The results of the study show that
adolescents gave positive responses to family functioning. In their
family functioning, perspectives, mothers’ role is higher (93.5%) compared to fathers’ role
adolescent, (84.49%). According to them, mothers were perceived to have higher role
compared to fathers in every aspect. Fathers were perceived to have good
role in the quality of role (93%), attitude in handling dangerous situations
(91%) and the quality of relationship (88.83%), as well as attitude in
handling dangerous situations and responding to problems. However,
fathers were perceived as lack of openness and involvement in solving
problems. This finding has implications for the need to increase and
reinforce the role of fathers in accomplishing family functioning.

INTRODUCTION
Family is an important part of the adolescents who are in transition. Families that are able to maintain
successful family functions are families with good family functioning. Family functioning can be measured
from the extent to which family members are emotionally attached, communicative, cooperative and flexible
(Abar et al., 2015) Family functioning can help children and adolescents carry out better developmental tasks
towards the next stage (Attar-Schwartz et al., 2019).
Family functioning has remained a protective factor for adolescent development, and conversely,
dysfunctional families are risk factors for adolescent development. Family variables as protective factors
include the presence of two parent figures (Chan & Wong, 2015) positive communication (Cho et al., 2017)
authoritative parenting (Wiebe & Johnson, 2016) secure attachment to family (Cukur et al., 2004) and parental
support (De Angelis et al., 2016).
Poor family functioning results in disturbed emotional conditions in adolescents (De Los Reyes &
Ohannessian, 2016) involvement in juvenile delinquency (De Los Reyes et al., 2019) and engagement in
delinquency behavior (Niesche & Haase, 2012)The results of longitudinal studies suggested that children who
leave the house are caused by delinquency behavior problems and poor family functioning (Eşkisu, 2014) Poor
family functioning is also a predictor of adolescent involvement in drug abuse (Grusec et al., 1997) increasing

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the risk ofbeing bullies (Guion et al., 2009) and has become a risk factor for adolescents to experience internet
addiction (Guo et al., 2018) Based on the explanation, family functioning plays a very important role in
adolescence so that a study is needed regarding how adolescents perceive family functioning.
Family functioning is perceived by all family members. Most research on family functioning focuses the
assessment of one of the members, for example from the adolescent side. The results of research show that
adolescents responded negatively to assessments of family functioning than parents (Brooks Holliday et al.,
2017) Differences in perceptions of family functioning for parents and adolescents have several impacts,
including having a bad influence on adolescent psychosocial development (Keshavarz & Baharudin, 2012)
causing anxiety, low psychological well-being and self-competence in adolescents (Kim, 2005) and increasing
risk behavior in adolescents (King et al., 2018).
Differences in parenting patterns applied in individualist and collectivist cultures allow the emergence
of different assessments of family functioning from the perspective of adolescents. For example, the results
of the study indicate that the authoritarian parenting pattern is more appropriate to be applied in collectivist
cultures, whereas domestic parenting is the most appropriate parenting style in individualist cultures. The
results of a study show that parenting style provides explanations to the development of external problems
including bullying problems (Lestari, 2016) Based on the dominant cultural values in a society, perceptions of
parental interactions may change (Li et al., 2018)Adolescents in collectivist cultures perceive parental control
as positive and related to parental acceptance and warmth. On the other hand, adolescents in individualist
cultures perceive parental control as a negative thing (Luk et al., 2016) The results of other studies show that
collectivist societies adopt authoritarian parenting styles and individuals who come from such cultures prefer
authoritarian parenting, because it is associated with positive development in adolescence (Mazzone &
Camodeca, 2019)Research related to the assessment of family functioning according to the perspective of
adolescents in collectivist cultures is still rarely conducted. The aim of the study was to explore the
functioning of the family from the perspective of adolescents in the Indonesian context.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Family functioning is a multidimensional construct that reflects the extent to which family interactions
in carrying out tasks and functions are to maintain family integration, seek optimal welfare and optimize
development for each family member (Maurizi et al., 2012)Walker and Shepherd (Miller et al., 2000) define
family function in terms of how family members communicate with each other, relate to one another, maintain
relationships, and make decisions as well as solve problems together. Family function is identified from
problem solving, behavior control, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, and communication
(Montemayor, 1983).
One of theories of family functioning was suggested by Epstein, famous for his McMaster Family
Functioning Mode Theory (Murphy et al., 2017) The main concept of his theory is that the process of family
functioning is the root of a family system, and the basic function of the family is providing appropriate
environmental conditions for family members for physical, psychological, and social development. Families
should fulfill a series of tasks that includes developmental tasks and tasks in times of crisis to fulfill these
basic functions. The family system develops the whole family including each member of the family in order
to complete a series of tasks. Family functioning according to McMaster Family Functioning theory is identified
from six aspects, namely problem solving, communication, family roles, affective responses, affective
involvement and behavioral control.
The dimension of problem solving is defined as the ability of the family to solve problems in which the
family has difficulty finding solutions, and whose existence threatens the integrity of the family. The
communication dimension describes how information is exchanged within the family, whether explicitly or
secretly, directly or indirectly, and the message is clear, or veiled, or unclear. (Offrey & Rinaldi, 2017) The
dimension of Family roles are described as repetitive behaviors in which each member can fulfill both
instrumental and affective functions. Affective responsiveness dimension is defined as the ability to respond
to stimuli with the appropriate quality and quantity of feelings. The quality of the response can be seen from

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the emotional experience displayed whether it is in accordance with the stimulus and situational context.
While the response quantity focuses on the level of response from non- or less responsive to a reasonable or
expected response, to an excessive response (Ohannessian et al., 2000) The dimension of Affective
involvement is defined as the willingness to show interest, provide support for each other and how high the
level of involvement among family members. The dimension of Behavioral control is defined as a pattern that
families apply to handle behavior in physically hazardous situations, situations that involve the fulfillment of
psychobiological needs. and situations that involve socializing behavior (Ohannessian et al., 2000).

METHODOLOGY
Participants
The participants in the study were 600 adolescents in grade VIII and IX of junior high school
(Syakarofath & Subandi, 2019) within the age range 12-16 years old. The biggest percentage of the participants
was 14 years old (Sánchez-Queija et al., 2016) followed by 13 years old (Rigby, 2013) 15 years old (Rinaldi &
Howe, 2012) 12 years old (Ryan et al., 2012)and the least was 16 years old (0.5%). There were adolescent with
following characteristics: having both parents and living with them.. sampling technique using cluster random
sampling.

Data Collection and Analysis

This research is a qualitative study based on the data collected using an online open-ended
questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared based on the aspects of family functioning according to
Epstein, namely: (Schwab et al., 2006)relationship quality; (Shek, 1998)role quality; (Shek, 2008) proximity;
(Shetgiri et al., 2012) warmth; (Shetgiri et al., 2012) communication; (Van Heel et al., 2019) openness;
(Waizenhofer et al., 2004)joint activities; (8) control; (9) freedom; (Wang et al., 2020) rewards; (Walker &
Shepherd, 2008)(11) emotional responses; (12) response to problems; (13) involvement in the problem; (14)
attitude in dangerous situations; and (15) problem solving. The questionnaire consisted of two types of
questions, namely closed ended questions to assess the quality of each aspect to obtain quantitative data
based on ratings; and open-ended questions to explain the reasons for giving the value to the aspect in
question to obtain qualitative data. Data were collected by providing open-ended questionnaire to be filled in
by the research participants. Open ended questionnaire was made in google form format. The research form
is distributed online through applications. The researcher included informed consent stating the participants'
willingness to participate in the study.
Data analysis was carried out through descriptive analysis on quantitative data and content analysis on
qualitative data. Content analysis was conducted by interpreting and understanding the words in the overall
data collection results (Creswell, 2010). The analysis was conducted in three stages, 3 namely: open coding,
axial coding and selective coding (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Data analysis used three phases of coding, open
coding, axial coding and selective coding. Participants’ answers were first typed into the exel file . based on
this data, writer coded the data using open coding, which was then collected into relevan categories using
axial coding and collected into themes using selective coding.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of preliminary studies conducted to adolescents in Junior High School generally resulted in
positive responses to family functioning. The results of content analysis show the themes for each aspect.
These themes can be seen in the following Table 1:

Table 1. Themes

Aspect Themes
Relationship quality Very good relationship;
close relationship

152 Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche) 2022, 3(1), May 2022
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Role quality Responsible; take care

of family

Proximity Understand children;

attention; clumsy

Warm Comfortable; patient;

affection
Communication Kidding; good listener;
rarely communicate

Openness Honest; don’t trust the

children

Joint activities Spending time with

family; busy parent
Control Supervise; advise

Freedom Parent forbid; parent give

freedom
Appreciation Compliment; rarely
appreciated

Attention Care; support

Response to problems Comforting parent; parent

directing
Involvement in the problems Give the solution; parent
helping children

Attitude in dangerous Protect; guardian

situation

Problem solving Wise; calm

The result of There were noticeable differences base on the percentage between fathers’ and mothers’
role. Mothers are perceived having higher score in their roles in every aspect compared to fathers. The
results of descriptive analysis are presented in Figure 1 and 2.

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Family Functioning: Perspectives of Adolescents

Figure 1. Adolescent’s Perception of Mother’s Role

Figure 1 shows the assessment of family functioning based on mothers' role. Based on the diagram,
mothers got excellent ratings in all aspects of family functioning. Mothers were perceived as having a very
good function, especially in the quality of roles (97.60%), warmth (96%) and communication (96%). All aspects
of family function were considered excellent with the percentage above 88%. Only in the aspect of freedom,
13.17% of the adolescents gave negative responses, meaning that some of the participants felt that they did
not get freedom from their mothers. Based on the results of content analysis from qualitative data, the themes
that emerged related to the quality of roles were taking care of the family, being considerate, responsible and
resilient. The themes that emerged regarding warmth are loving, caring, familiar, giving peace. Meanwhile, the
themes that emerged related to communication were exchanging stories, being open, and being a good
listener. In the aspect of freedom, the themes that emerge were guarding, supervising, having limits, worrying,
and restraining.

Figure 2. Adolescent’s Perception of Father’s Role

Figure 2 presents the assessment of family functioning in terms of fathers' role. Fathers were
perceived to have a very good function in the quality of role (93%), attitude towards danger (very high
score, 91%) and relationship quality (very high score, 88.83%). All aspects of family functioning were
considered very good with a percentage above 80%. Only on the aspect of openness, 29.83% of the
adolescents responded negatively, which means that there was a lack of openness between fathers and

154 Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Psychological Studies (ICPsyche) 2022, 3(1), May 2022
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adolescents, and on the aspect of father's involvement in problems, 23.50% of the adolescents experienced
lack of father involvement. It can be concluded that although almost all aspects of the father's function
were considered good, compared from the assessment of all aspects, adolescents experienced a lack of
openness with fathers and a lack of father involvement in the problems experienced by adolescents. Based
on the results of the content analysis of the qualitative data, the themes that emerged regarding the quality
of roles were being responsible, hardworking. The emerged themes related to the attitude towards danger
were protecting, caring, helping, calming, finding solutions, and worrying. While the emerged theme
related to the quality of the relationship were close and motivating.
Based on the results of the research above, the assessment of the mother's function shows that
mothers are perceived to have a very good function, especially in the quality of roles, warmth and
communication. Only in the aspect of freedom, 13.17% of the adolescents gave a bad score, meaning that
some adolescents felt that they did not get freedom from their mothers. This can be explained that the
lack of freedom experienced by the adolescents is due to the control and monitoring of parents, especially
mothers. Control, an effort to direct children by pressing, forcing by ignoring the child's point of view
without any explanation, will be interpreted negatively and have negative consequences for the child
(Lestari, 2012). Monitoring is an activity that allows parents to know the whereabouts and activities of
adolescents (Montemayor, 2001). Intensive monitoring can cause feelings of discomfort in adolescents
and correlates with poor adjustment of children. Adolescents' openness to tell about their activities is
seen as better than parents tracking traces and conducting supervision (Shek, 2008). When compared
between fathers and mothers, mothers tend to know more about children's activities and get information
through active supervision than fathers. Fathers usually obtain information from mothers (Waizenhofer,
et al, 2004).
Whereas in the functions of the fathers, all aspects are perceived as having a good function,
adolescents identify a lack of openness with their fathers as well as less fathers' involvement in their
problems. These conditions are the results from the parenting culture in Indonesia, which is inseparable
from collectivist culture. In parenting in Indonesia, fathers mostly maintain their distance from their
children (Suseno, in Panuti, 2019). Fathers have difficulties in expressing love, tend to make physical
distance as an expression of their authority (Riany, et al, 2016). The pattern results in adolescents'
unwillingness to express their feelings and desires to their fathers.
The results of assessment showing better mothers’ functions compared to fathers’ functions is
presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Percentage of Assessment on Perception of Adolescents to Family Functioning

Family Functioning
Assessment
Good Fair
Fathers Percentage 84,89% 15,11%
Mothers Percentage 93,75% 6,25%

Table 1 shows that mothers have a better score in family function assessment by adolescents which
was recorded as 93.75%, compared to the score of the fathers, recorded as 84.89%. The results show that
the fathers' roles are as important as the mothers' because the roles affect the development of the child,
yet the time spent with the child is relatively less than the mother (Lamb, 2010).
The results of this study differ from the results of research conducted in Western Countries which
showed that adolescents gave a worse assessment of family functioning, while in the Indonesian context,
adolescents generally gave a good assessment. The differences are caused by cultural differences,
especially in the application of parenting patterns where in collectivist cultures authoritarian parenting is
considered a more appropriate parenting pattern to be applied so that this affects adolescents' assessment

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of the functions of fathers and mothers related to parenting such as aspects of control, closeness, warmth,
and communication.

CONCLUSION
From the results of the study, it can be concluded that in Indonesia, adolescents studying in Junior
High School has given positive responses to family functioning. Nevertheless, some aspects of family
functioning should be given more attention, namely, the aspects of openness, involvement in problems
experienced by adolescents, and freedom. The assessment on family functioning was conducted by all
family members and, ideally, every family member gave similar responses. Further studies are needed to
determine the assessment of family functioning from the parents' perspective. The approach to data
collection methods can also be enriched by in-depth interviews and the use of questionnaires which are
in accordance with Indonesian culture to get a more precise and comprehensive picture of family
functioning. The assessment of family functioning as seen from the mothers’ function which shows higher
results compared to the assessment of the fathers’ function implies the need to enlarge and strengthen
the fathers’ role in creating a well-functioning family.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia
and Doctoral Programs Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.” The funders had no role in the design of the study;
in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to
publish the results.

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